Дисертації: "Female circumcision"

1

Ivan, Patricia. "Female circumcision, reasons, rights and relativism." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ26123.pdf.

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2

Frissa, Merertu Mogga. "Reproduction of Power: A Critical Discourse Analysis on Female Circumcision." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/19962.

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There is an adverse reaction to the practice of female circumcision in the West. This study investigates the adverse reaction to reveal the public discourse on female circumcision as one that is gendered. Using a critical discourse analysis, the study examines the body of Western discourses to explore the reproduction of system of gender hierarchy in the discourse. Guided by a theoretical analysis of the ‘private’/’public' divide through which feminine and masculine power is enforced, the study exposes ways in which similar power relation is sustained in the body of Western discourses on female circumcision. The study applies a textual analysis inquiring the language use of the Fran Hosken report and policy statements originating from the United States, United Kingdome, and international organizations. Using various themes that emerged during the textual analysis, the study deconstructs the body of Western discourses on female circumcision and presents the construction of femininity and masculinity. The findings suggest the discursive application of control and power grounded in rationality, science, knowledge and ways of being.

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3

Hutt, Nicole L. "Bridging the cultural divide a chronological analysis of female genital cutting in selected anglophone and francophone literature and film /." Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3180.

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Thesis (M.A.)--George Mason University, 2007.
Vita: p. 85. Thesis director: Paula Gilbert. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Foreign Languages. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed July 18, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-84). Also issued in print.

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4

Shermarke, Marian A. A. "Understanding the Canadian community context of female circumcision." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=23981.

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This qualitative research study explores female circumcision within the Canadian community perspective.
Issues examined in the literature review include: the historical background of the practice, its cultural and religious implications, its effects on health, existing social pressures to continue or discontinue the practice and the subjective constructions of majority and minority identities, perspectives and interactions in Canada's multicultural society.
For the purposes of this study majority/minority relations are explored in terms of the interactions between an immigrant community from a FC practicing country and the mainstream community in Canada. The Somali community has been chosen for this case study as the one best known to the author and as one in whose country of origin available statistics indicate a 98% prevalence rate of FC. Canadian mainstream reactions to this practice are analyzed through media reporting and statements from Somalis in Canada describing their interactions with the mainstream community on this issue.
Members of the Somali community in Montreal, Quebec and Ottawa, Ontario were interviewed in order to cover as wide an area as possible, including difference in provinces. The following six themes were chosen after data analysis: the Effects of FC on Health, the Cultural Orientation of FC, Religious Beliefs Regarding FC, Social Pressures, A Sense of Differentness and Efforts to Discourage the Practice of FC. These themes are discussed with special attention being paid to 'differentness' and the mechanisms or coping skills developed to deal with this complex social phenomenon which involves opposing values, beliefs and perceptions.
In its final section, the study examines the social work implications of the findings which address intercultural fears, anxieties and the dynamics of power involved in the way the FC issue has been addressed in Canada.
Practice, program and policy recommendations with regard to discouraging FC practice are made at the end of the thesis.
The study concludes with the observation that the debate around FC in Canada is much wider than the issue itself and that the practice has been sensationalized in a manner which has emphasized perceptions of differentness which exist in our society. No constructive dialogue will be possible around this issue until the issue of differentness is addressed, and mutual fears and anxieties evoked by the perception of differentness are dealt with in a sensitive manner, in both immigrant and mainstream communities.

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5

Hernlund, Ylva. "Winnowing culture : negotiating female "circumcision" in the Gambia /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6474.

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6

Tatah, Emmanuel Fai. "Female Circumcision: A Phenomenological Study of Somalian Immigrant to the United States." ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2461.

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Female circumcision (FC) is the partial or total removal of the female genitalia for nonmedical reasons. This study was designed to examine the lived experiences of Somali women who underwent FC before coming to the United States. FC is widely carried out in Somalia with a prevalence of 98%, making Somalia the country with the highest percentage of circumcised women. There are short- and long-term consequences associated with FC such as bleeding, infection, and death. Therefore, it is important to understand how Somali women who underwent FC think and feel about circumcision, why they would continue the practice, and whether they would recommend the practice for others. Using a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach aligned with the use of social convention theory as a conceptual framework, data were collected from 12 Somali women who underwent FC, who were living in the United States at the time of the study, who were 18 years old and above and who were recruited online through SurveyMonkey without disclosing their identities. Thirty-five open-ended questions were posted online for participants to complete. Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis method was used for data analysis. The respondents reported experiencing negative consequences from FC practice including pain, miscarriages, and heavy bleeding. The majority of the women in the study supported the eradication of FC in all forms. Based on the findings of this study, possible implications for positive social change include enabling health professionals to create culturally-diverse education and care and altering the social convention of FC so that the morbidity and mortality caused by FC is reduced and the lives of girls and women in Somalia are improved.

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7

Snively, Judith. "Female bodies, male politics : women and the female circumcision controversy in Kenyan colonial discourse." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26124.

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At the end of the 1920s in Kenya, Protestant Missionaries, government authorities and Christian Kikuyu clashed when missionaries sought to prohibit female circumcision among their adherents. The mission discourse emphasised the negative moral and physical effects of female circumcision on individual women, while that of the government stressed the function of female circumcision in maintaining the body-politic. The colonial discourse, as whole, is marked by a striking division between issues concerning women and those deemed political. Thus, women seldom appear as actors in historical narratives of the female circumcision controversy, which is generally represented as a nationalist movement initiated by, and of concern to, men.
This thesis presents alternate readings of the relevant colonial records. By examining the processes that functioned to exclude women from the political discourse it provides a different interpretation of the controversy as one in which women did indeed play a central political role, indirectly controlling the issue through men, who were regarded by the colonialists as the legitimate representatives of tribal interests. The thesis explores indirect methods of eliciting the perspectives of women which are muted or absent from the historical record.

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8

Rehel, Erin Marie. "Female genital cutting in the context of Islamic bioethics." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83201.

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Female genital cutting (FGC) has received much attention since the early 1980s. Decried as both a human rights violation and a barbaric example of the patriarchal subjugation of women and girls in developing nations, FGC has only recently been examined within the cultural framework in which it takes place. This thesis will focus on the Muslim communities in Egypt and Sudan who continue to engage in FGC as a required Muslim practice. Starting from the notion that FGC has a limiting effect on a woman's overall health, this thesis will use three foundational notions from Islamic medical ethics to argue against the continuation of FGC. Specifically, it will elaborate and draw on the Islamic position in favor of organ transplantation, thus further illustrating the argument against FGC. By using principles and notions from Islamic medical ethics, this thesis will argue against FGC from within Islam.

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9

Berggren, Vanja. "Female genital mutilation : studies on primary and repeat female genital cutting /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-231-4/.

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10

Reason, Letitia L. "Cultural evolutionary processes and the transmission of attitudes toward female genital cutting among the Kassena-Nankana of northern Ghana /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/6523.

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11

Bosire, Obara Tom. "The Bondo secret society : female circumcision and the Sierra Leonean state." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2012. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/3506/.

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This thesis explores the place of the Bondo secret society, whose precondition for membership is female genital cutting (FGC), in Sierra Leone’s post-war politics. The Bondo society is considered a repository of gendered knowledge that bestows members with significant forms of power in the local social context. Members, especially Bondo society leaders, are dedicated to the continued practice of FGC even amidst calls for its eradication. The Bondo is much sought after and overwhelmingly supported by the political elite due to the role it plays in ordering community life and its position as the depository of cultural repertoires (Swidler, 2001:24). Most women gravitate towards the Bondo who also use it to shape and reshape their identity. For example, as part of post war recovery, I argue, the Bondo was employed by political actors to legitimate and extend the hegemony of political movements. This analysis, therefore, examines the complicated interplay of power between politicians and the Bondo society members in the context of an international outcry against the practice of FGC. The thesis argues that the Bondo society leaders are keen to maintain the status quo because of the forms of power accessible to them in the local socio-economic and political context. Faced with an over-arching discourse of eradication and change concerning the FGC procedure, the Bondo society has in turn fashioned a counter-discourse framed in terms of “defending traditional culture” to forestall changes that could affect the “privileges” they access. I explore the tensions of this situation in this thesis. That is, on the one hand, the tension brought about by opposition between the FGC reform agenda and the Bondo society members’ attempts to resist change in the ritual practice. On the other hand, I am concerned with the tension in the patronage they enjoy from politicians who are caught up in a double bind situation: they simultaneously need support from Bondo members but are, at the same time, reliant on international development aid. In exploring power from below, I examine Bondo society’s community stock of knowledge and how this symbolic power is employed in Sierra Leonean politics. This does not lead to a vindication of FGC but underscores the complex social, economic and political meanings embedded in the Bondo and in discourses of power in Sierra Leone. The thesis points out that eradication advocates need to take account of the various dimensions of the Bondo society’s embeddedness in relation to both state and society.

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12

Wambura, Boke Joyce. "Gender and language practices in female circumcision ceremonies in Kuria, Kenya." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2018. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/21938/.

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Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a global issue which has been declared a violation of human and girl child rights. This has been voiced from different perspectives. However, few studies have related FGM to gender, and none of these have given the issue a critical linguistic approach. This study was set to fill this gap by detailing gendered discourses in the Kuria FGM ceremonies and uncovering ways in which FGM is normalised in discourse. This was a linguistic ethnographic study anchored in discourse analytic methods. FGM songs were audio recorded and participants in the ceremonies interviewed. Observation notes were also made. Data were transcribed and translated then analysed using Fairclough’s (1992, 2003, 2015) Critical Discourse Analysis framework and Sunderland’s (2004) Gendered Discourses approaches. Analysis focused on identifying, naming, describing and interpreting gendered discourses by critically analysing lexical items and metaphors. These were the traces/cues of the gendered discourses identified in the songs and interview responses. Particular interest was on those aspects of discourse that seemed normal and commonsensical but which, when analysed from a critical perspective, functioned to advance gender inequalities and position FGM as acceptable and expectable, even good. Findings show that Kuria female circumcision ceremonies are a site of many gendered discourses; male dominance and female subordination are legitimised through such discourses as: ‘man as provider’; ‘man as protector’; ‘woman as domestic’ and ‘woman as object’. These function as building blocks of the three main discourses, ‘proper woman discourse’; ‘economic value discourse’ and ‘power and control discourse’ in the songs and which are largely re-articulated and confirmed in the interviews. The conclusions drawn from the findings are that men are constructed as different from women, while women who have undergone FGM are portrayed to be better than those who have not and this forms the basis for perpetuation of FGM.

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13

Abdel, Halim Asma Mohamed. "Honorable Daughters: The Lived Experience of Circumcised Sudanese Women in the United States." Ohio : Ohio University, 2003. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1061240934.

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14

Almroth, Lars. "Genital mutilation of girls in Sudan : community- and hospital-based studies on female genital cutting and its sequelae /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-236-5/.

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15

Hussen, Marian Aden. "Services for women with female genital mutilation in Christchurch : perspectives of women and their health providers." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Post graduate Health of science, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/10437.

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Abstract In recent decades there has been increased immigration to New Zealand of women from East Africa. These countries have the highest prevalence rates (between 90-97%) of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) worldwide. FGM therefore has become part of the care experience of some New Zealand health providers. Information on FGM is available on the New Zealand Ministry of Health website. This study captures the experience of a group of East African women in Christchurch who have undergone FGM and given birth in Christchurch Hospitals. Two focus groups, each with ten women, were held so that women could talk about their health services experience. A narrative approach was adopted, listening to their stories in order to explore, to gain insight and to understand how these women felt during reproductive and antenatal care, childbirth and after childbirth. Interviews with three health providers sought their experiences of caring for women with FGM. The study identifies diverse potential explanations with the focus group members telling their stories and identifying issues related to FGM. Several short case histories are presented to illustrate these experiences. The thematic analysis reported four themes: satisfaction with clinical care, concern about infibulation, barriers to knowledge for women, and problems of cross-cultural communication. Health providers reported similar issues, with themes related to their own clinical experience, knowledge gaps, and need for greater cultural understanding and communication. These themes reflect the journey of the East African women with FGM in Christchurch and the challenges faced by them and their providers. This research recommends that women with FGM receive more education and support to manage their relationships with the health system and their own health. Health providers need continuing education and further support in the psychosocial, psychological and physical health needs of East African women living in Christchurch. Service outcomes should be evaluated.

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16

Osman, Suzan. "The psychological, physiological and sociological effects of female circumcision on Sudanese women." The Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1407485029.

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17

Kanywani, Maroushka F. "Talking taboo : representations of female genital mutilation (FGM) in feminist debates, human rights discourse & the media." Thesis, McGill University, 2002. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=29510.

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Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) has been a tough topic to discuss in both local and global spheres. In the past twenty years however, a space has been created for it in the public consciousness. The object of this study is to trace the shifts that have occurred in how FGM has been talked about and make the ongoing dialogue visible. This is achieved by examining feminist debates, human rights discourse and the media as not only primary definers of the issue but also as sites of discourse production.
In moving from the local to global agenda, more actors have become involved in the debates and as such have further complexified an already complex practice. Each site offers a unique perspective and representation on the FGM controversy and has contributed to how the West has made meaning of the practice.

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18

Abubakar, Nasra. "Female Genital Mutilation: Why Does It Continue To Be A Social And Cultural Force?" University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1353112338.

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19

Dele, Anna-Kaisa. "Representation of the “Other” - Discourse of female circumcision in the Journal for Midwives." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21008.

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This thesis studied the representation of female circumcision by analysing 32 articles published during the 21st century in The Journal for Midwives, the union journal of the Federation of Finnish Midwives. With critical discourse analysis, through post-colonial feminist theory, the thesis researched the ways the journal is contributing to the creation of readers’ bias regarding circumcised women and their sexuality.The articles focused on multicultural healthcare, prevention of female circumcision and the most serious health detriments the practice might have. Human rights, criminal law, andgender equality were the main reasons behind the aversion of the practice. Women from the practicing communities were represented as victims of patriarchy, clueless of their position and unable to decide for themselves. Sexuality of circumcised women was widely excluded, only described through possible negative health consequences. Anthropological approach to sexuality and the role of migration was excluded and discussions about complex ethical questions, racialisation, power relations and bias of healthcare professionals were absent. Female circumcision and the practicing communities were categorised and judged based on Western understanding of sexuality and gender equality.Based on the analysis, the thesis recommends more diversity to the production of texts and to the perspectives of articles. Minorities should be included more in the production of the representation of their health issues and wider socio-cultural explanations behind the practice should be presented. Discussions about health inequalities based on ethnicity and reflections about cultural hegemony of West in relation to sexuality are also recommended subjects to be included in the journal. Most importantly, stereotypical representations of broken womanhood and positioning circumcised women as oppressed victims who need to be rescued by outsiders, should be forgotten. Instead, individual care of women and the importance of personal experiences and meanings of circumcision and sexuality should be highlighted.

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20

Lansana, Bockarie. "Experiences of Female Circumcision Survivors| Implications for Human Rights Organizations in Sierra Leone." Thesis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10809507.

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This qualitative phenomenological study on the experiences of female circumcision survivors in Sierra Leone is needed to assist human rights organizations campaigning against harmful traditional practices to eradicate female circumcision in the country. Using the experiences of survivors will potentially help shape the message and communication style by human rights activists that will promote a harmonious relationship between both parties to work together in the process of eradication. There were two cohorts involved in this research, the cultural cohort involved 30 women who have gone through female circumcision, and a Western cohort which involved 30 staff of five human rights organizations directly working on the eradication of female circumcision. The thematic formulation built upon social constructivism and psychological paradigm resulted in ten thematic areas from both cohorts. The traditional notion of culture that the initiators extensively draw to exploit in accomplishing their didactic purposes is urgent to discern while recalling the indelible scars that the Sierra Leoneans left on the psychic paradigm of the tribal communities.

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21

Eisele, Joanna. "Female genital circumcision social indicators that influence attitudes on abandonment of FGC in Nigeria." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2011. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/4888.

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More than "100 million girls and women worldwide have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C) and more than three million girls are at risk for cutting each year on the African continent alone" (Population Reference Bureau 2009). The practice is recognized internationally as a violation of the human rights of girls and women, and constitutes an extreme form of discrimination against women. Research has shown that reasons given for continuing the practice of FGC vary widely across cultural and social contexts. Little research has been conducted towards understanding and predicting attitudes toward FGC, which in turn can help inform program policy in the hopes of better understanding the socio-cultural complexities inherent in the practice of FGC. This study suggests that with increased levels of education support for FGC decreases. Additionally, access to media was shown to have a significant impact on support for the practice. This study found that men and women experience and are influenced by media in different ways. Media based abandonment programs must acknowledge the gender gap in media access and direct their programs towards the most appropriate outlet for the target group. This study's most significant finding is that the strongest predictor of a woman's attitude towards FGC is whether she herself has undergone the procedure. Women who have undergone FGC will likely support the continuation of the practice. Encouraging these women to forgo the practice and let their daughters experience their bodies differently from their mothers is the greatest challenge abandonment programs face.
ID: 029810488; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2011.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-59).
M.A.
Masters
Interdisciplinary Studies
Graduate Studies

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22

Örnerfeldt, Sofia, and Frida Wetterström. "Könsstympade kvinnors möte med västerländsk vård : En systematisk litteraturstudie." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälso- och vårdvetenskap, HV, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-23736.

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Background: Female circumcision or female genital mutilation is a tradition that is carried out mainly in Africa. The intervention refers to that part of- or all of the girl’s external genital organs are removed. Aim: The study's purpose was to highlight the consequences of female circumcision in the encounter with western health care. Method: A systematic literature reviews was performed as a method. Twelve articles were selected for the study and these were sought in Chinal, PubMed and PsycINFO. Analysis and interpretation was done according to qualitative content analysis, inspired by Lundman and Granheim. Eriksson, Birkler, Dahlberg and Segersten’s nursing theory was used as background in the discussion. Results: The analysis process resulted in six categories: laws and guidelines, offence, communication, knowledge, vulnerability and nursing. The results showed that offence occur extensively against genitally mutilated women and the exposure of these women. The results also showed a strong need for knowledge, laws and guidelines. Conclusions: Health care professionals need to have a basic knowledge of female circumcision and clear guidelines to ensure good care. The nurse should also keep themselves updated of new research and search for knowledge to improve their care.

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23

Ukoha, Dorothy Ebere. "Female Genital Mutilation/Circumcision: Culture and Sexual Health in Igbo Women in Dallas-Fort Worth, Texas." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1944.

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Female genital mutilation (FGM) is practiced primarily in many African countries as well as some in Asia and the Arab Peninsula; however, it also takes place elsewhere around the globe among those who migrate from countries to which it is indigenous. This study was designed (a) to investigate the prevalence of FGM among the Igbo women in the Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) area in Texas and (b) to understand the factors that support the continuation of the practice and the effects on women's sexual health. Using a quantitative approach to examine a variety of social variables aligning with the ecological framework, survey data obtained from a sample of 139 Igbo women living in the DFW area were analyzed using a multivariate analysis. Results of the study demonstrated a decreasing prevalence of FGM from maternal incidence (46%), to second generation incidence (31.3%), and future intention for FGM (25%). Nearly half of the responding participants felt the practice was required by their religion, but over 65% felt the practice should be discontinued. Results supported a high incidence of dangerous complications to women's sexual health with the continued practice of FGM. Significant social influences associated with future intention for FGM among the population were found at the micro- and exosystem ecological levels. The findings of this research provide important information on current prevalence and health effects of FGM in Igbo women living in the DFW area. Understanding the reasons behind the culture of FGM will assist public health professionals in designing appropriate culturally-specific intervention strategies that will help to eliminate inappropriate and unsafe practices associated with FGM.

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24

Omoyibo, Kingsley Ufuoma. "Adolescent females' reproductive health in Nigeria : a study on the legislation and socio-cultural impediments to abortion and against female circumcision /." Frankfurt am Main : P. Lang, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39085560q.

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25

Proudman, Charlotte Rachael. "The impact of criminalisation on female genital mutilation in England : from the perspective of women and stakeholders." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2017. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267733.

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Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a global problem that stems from gender inequality. Increased migration from countries that perform FGM to England has led to the practice travelling across borders. FGM is subject to heightened political debate and media sensitivity in the England and across the Western world. Debates about FGM often proceed from a universal standpoint that the practice should be prohibited through law. However, the efficacy of FGM legislation is questionable and rarely subjected to scrutiny. Despite implementing a criminal offence of FGM in 1985 and introducing subsequent stringent legal changes, there has not been one conviction for a practice, which remains prevalent in England. A failure to secure convictions for a practice that continues suggests that the law has left women and girls unprotected. To understand why the practice persists in a context in which FGM is criminalised, this thesis aims to address the potential and limitations of social and cultural change through the law. My qualitative research findings are based on two focus groups each with 11 women from FGM-performing communities and 79 semi-structured interviews with women and stakeholders who are responsible for designing and enforcing FGM legislation, including legal professionals, police officers, Members of Parliament and Members of the House of Lords. I chose to interview these two groups of participants to understand the different perspectives of women subject to the law and stakeholders responsible for enforcing the law. The interview data shows the importance of an intersectional analysis of FGM that accounts for women’s experiences of gender, race, ethnicity, nation, nationality and religion. While FGM is performed upon girls and women’s bodies to control their sexuality, women also identified FGM as representative of other identity issues including race, group rights, migrant culture and religion. The data highlights the complex meanings women ascribe to FGM and the challenges they encounter in accessing the criminal justice system. In contrast, stakeholders believe anti-FGM legislation is a means for the state to eliminate ‘cultural’ violence against women and girls and enforce British values upon minority groups. The findings from the interviews with women and stakeholders revealed a stark divide in the two groups understanding of FGM and their attitudes towards the law. Examining FGM in the context of criminalisation from two different perspectives highlights the core barriers to the enforcement of law.

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26

Chinnian-Kester, Karin. "Female genital mutilation as a form of violence against women and girls: an analysis of the effectiveness of international human rights law." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2005. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&amp.

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27

Marinus, Chanel. "Female genital mutilation in Africa :what will encourage its discontinuation." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_8783_1297850578.

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Between one hundred and one hundred and forty million young girls around the world have reportedly been subjected to some form of genital excision during 2005. Approximately three million young girls are at risk every year of undergoing this harmful procedure (WHO, 2008). Female genital mutilation is reported to occur, and is expected to continue occurring in twenty-eight African countries (London Safeguarding Children Board, 2007). This paper aims to firstly observe the levels of excision in Africa, and then highlight the underlying factors that encourage certain women to continue this dangerous ritual by analysing national datasets, such as the child info database, obtained form the United Nations Children&rsquo
s Fund. By calculating and comparing common indicators, the prevailing ones that dominate FGM appreciation can be further analysed. The final objective will be to suggest strategies that can be put in place to encourage the discontinuation of female genital cutting universally.

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28

Andersson, Marie. "Kvinnlig könsstympning : Hur kvinnlig könsstympning kan förklaras och förstås som ett sociologiskt fenomen." Thesis, Karlstad University, Karlstad University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-2312.

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Kvinnlig könsstympning uppmärksammades i västvärlden på 1970-talet då invandringen till väst från länder där könsstympning praktiseras ökade. När Waris Dirie gav ut sin självbiografiska bok En blomma i Afrikas öken 1999 kom könsstympning åter på tapeten. Eftersom könsstympning är en sedvänja som praktiserats i tusentals år världen över och fortfarande utövas i flera länder idag, väcktes ett intresse att ta reda på omständigheterna kring fenomenet. Vart, hur och varför uppstod denna till synes inhumana och irrationella sedvänja och hur kommer det sig att den lever kvar än idag? Vilka bakomliggande faktorer finns? Hur hänger könsstympning ihop med religion, kultur, genus, makt och så vidare?

Eftersom det verkade handla om ett mycket komplext fenomen togs beslutet att syftet skulle vara ganska brett och omfattande. Hypotesen var att könsstympning kunde förklaras och förstås som ett socialt fenomen och detta är det som undersöks, analyseras och framhålls genom denna uppsats. De sociologiska teorier som använts faller inom ramarna för socialpsykologi och som komplement till dessa teorier har även interkulturella perspektiv och genus- och etnicitetsperspektiv använts.

Metoden är kvalitativ datainsamling. Ett stort urval böcker, artiklar och internetkällor har använts. Dataanalysen har skett parallellt och integrerat med datainsamlingen. Centrala begrepp och teoretiska utgångspunkter har sedan kopplats samman med fenomenet könsstympning i analysen. Slutligen hålls en avslutande diskussion där personliga reflektioner och slutsatser diskuteras.

Resultatet visar på många olika möjliga sociologiska, interkulturella och genus- och etnicitetsrelaterade förklaringsmodeller av hur könsstympning kan förklaras och förstås som ett socialt fenomen. Det har även visat sig vara intressant att dra paralleller mellan den könsstympade kvinnan och den ”jämställda” västerländska kvinnan. Det finns ingen enkel förklaring till varför sedvänjan existerar än idag, det är många olika aspekter och faktorer som spelar in. Vad som är viktigt är att man förhåller sig till fenomenet med viss kulturell relativism och att man beaktar sedvänjans komplexa och multidimensionella natur.

Female genital mutilation (FGM) attracted much attention in the west in the 1970’s, when the immigration to the west from countries where FGM was practiced increased. When Waris Dirie published her autobiography Desert flower: the extraordinary journey of a desert nomad in 1999, the phenomenon got on the carpet again. Since FGM is a custom that has been practiced for thousands of years all over the world and is still beeing practiced in a number of countries today, an interest was awakened for examining the circumstances surrounding the phenomenon. Where, how and why did this apparently inhumane and irrational custom arise and how come it still exists today? What is at the bottom of it? How is FGM related to religion, culture, gender, power and so on?

Since it seemed to be about a very complex phenomenon a decision was made to keep the purpose of the essay quite broad and extensive. The hypothesis was that FGM could be explained and understood as a sociological phenomenon and this is what has been examined, analyzed and emphasizwd through out this essay. The sociological theories falls within the framework of social phsychology, and as a compliment to these theories there has also been a use of intercultural perspectives and gender- and ethnicity perspectives.

The method is qualitative data gathering. A large selection of books, articles and websites have been used. Data analysis has been done throughout and integrated with the data gathering process. In the analysis, theory is related and connected to the pheonomenon FMG. Finally there is a closing discussion in which personal reflections and conclusions are discussed.

The result shows many different sociological, intercultural and gender- and ethnicity related explanation models of how FGM can be explained and understood as a sociological phenomenon. It has also proved interesting to draw paralleles between the circumcised woman and the “equal” western woman. There is no simple explanation to why the custom is still beeing practiced today, there are many different aspects and factors involved. What is important though, is that you relate to the phenomenon with a certain degree of cultural relativism and that you pay regard to the customs complex and multi dimensional nature.

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Spencer, Petra. "When culture harms : A case study on Female Genital Mutilation in Ethiopia and reverberations felt in a wider context from a political and ethical perspective." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle (HOS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-18024.

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Purpose and Questions: The purpose with this thesis is to explore why female genital mutilation (FGM) persist in Ethiopia, and secondly to explore reverberations felt in a wider context from a political and ethical perspective. The aim of this paper is not to argue that traditional female genital mutilation ought to be legalized, but to highlight the double standards of moral involved. Following questions were used as guidance to fulfil the purpose: how is the situation for women and what is the status of FGM in Ethiopia?; are there legal framework mechanisms in place?; what are the attitudes on the biggest challenges in the struggle against FGM and what are the way’s forward?; and what readings can be made with regards to the ‘phenomenon’ of genital alterations in a wider context from a political and ethical perspective? Method: This thesis is a case study of the phenomenon genital mutilation. It has elements of a field study with comparative elements, in terms of the ‘phenomenon’ of genital alterations. The material consists of data from fieldwork conducted in Ethiopia as well as data from literature review. Results: The paper presents an alternative point of view on previously not so well understood relations on the subject matter. Ethiopia is a poor and highly traditional country, where women lack behind in most areas. The legal provisions in the Criminal Code against FGM are not strong enough, or in place. The Criminal Code only restricts the practice and doesn’t explicitly outlaw it. The country is also democratically crippled, and NGOs has been constrained (indirectly) in their work on FGM. Ethnicity and culture, rather than religion, seem to be the most decisive factors for the practice in Ethiopia. However, it seems as though the veil of silence has been partially lifted. There seem to be awareness in some segments of the population, however much more work is needed towards the total elimination of the practice. Awareness on the harm as well as implementation and adherence to the law, and thus change takes time. Western cultural norms however seem to prevail over other cultural norms, and various forms of genital alterations undertaken due to individual non-medical reasons might create skewed attitudes and have a negative impact on the struggle against FGM, from a wider perspective.

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Ahmadu, Fuambai Sia. "Cutting the anthill : the symbolic foundations of female and male circumcision rituals among the Mandinka of Brikama, the Gambia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.420979.

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The main task of this thesis is to elucidate the historical and symbolic contexts of female and male initiation rituals among the Mandinka as well as linkages to matricentric or mother focused religious ideologies. The main argument of this thesis is that female and male initiation rituals correspond with ancient Mande creation mythology. I argue that, in Mande cosmology, excision and circumcision are "hidden" iconographic representations that refer to the creation and transformation of the world from androgynous nature to sexually differentiated culture marked by cross-sex relations of power. Female and male initiation rituals are re-enactments of this cosmology, particularly the third phase of creation, which concerns the symbolic reproduction of culture and the social world: female elders transform female initiates into "male" "seeds" and male elders transform male initiates into "female" "vaginas". In marriage, female elders represent the "Phallus" that transplant the "male" "seed" as "bride" or "foetus" through the groom's "vagina" and into the agnatic "Womb" which the male elders represent. I argue further that when women assert excision as "tradition" and "culture" they are claiming the power of their "grandmothers", or female elders, in passing on prehistoric "matriarchal" religious ideologies that buttress women's key roles in ritual, as well as their socioeconomic and symbolic value as producers of "rice" and reproducers of humans. Chapters one to four of this thesis set the ethnographic and theoretical stage for the analysis of ritual and mythical symbols. Chapters five to seven unravel dominant initiation ritual symbols and their parallels with creation myths and conquer/settlement narratives. This thesis concludes that female and male initiation assert the interdependence and complementarity of both "matriarchy" and "patriarchy" centred on the ideological axis of mother and son, which was in the past embodied by the "circumcision" queen (ngansimbaa) and the "warrior" king (mansoo) or the custodians of "tradition" and land respectively.

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Githiora, Rosa Muthoni. "Attitudes And Perceptions Of Female Circumcision Among African Immigrant Women In The United States: A Cultural And Legal Dilemma." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1278553618.

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Olsson, Lisa, and Linda Ulvenstam. ""Att våga se och våga fråga, våga agera" : En studie om skolsköterskors förebyggande och hälsofrämjande arbete med flickor som är eller kan komma att bli könsstympade." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för hälsa och lärande, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-17152.

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Bakgrund: Kvinnlig könsstympning är en djupt rotad sed. Ingreppet påverkar flickors och kvinnors livsvärld genom inverkan på deras fysiska och psykiska hälsa, samt begränsar deras reproduktiva och sexuella hälsa. En bra fysisk och psykisk hälsa hos elever ökar förutsättningarna för inlärning. Det hälsofrämjande arbetet är en av skolsköterskors huvudsakliga arbetsuppgifter. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att belysa skolsköterskors förebyggande och hälsofrämjande arbete med flickor som är eller kan komma att bli könsstympade. Resultat: Analysen från intervjuerna resulterade i fyra huvudkategorier och åtta underkategorier. Huvudkategorierna blev följande: att skapa en respektfull relation med elever, att identifiera elever som är eller kan komma att bli könsstympade beskrivs som komplext, betydelsen av kunskap och att känna trygghet i arbetet, att samverka är betydelsefullt för erfarenhetsutbyte och leder till ökad kunskap. Konklusion: Studien visar att skolsköterskorna uttrycker behov av ökad kunskap, tydliga rutiner och samverkan i arbetet att identifiera och bistå elever som är, eller kan komma att bli könsstympade. Skolsköterskorna beskriver att de har ett ansvar i att informera om kvinnlig könsstympning. För det krävs kunskap samt förutsättningar för att etablera goda relationer med elever, vårdnadshavare och övriga professioner inom skolan.
Background: Female genital mutilation is a deeply rooted custom that affects the lifeworld of women and girls by causing physical and psychological damage, and also limiting their reproductive and sexual health. A student´s good mental and physical health improves the conditions for learning. Health-promoting work is one of the main duties of a school nurse. Aim: The purpose of this study was to highlight school nurses´ preventative and healthpromoting work with girls who have undergone or are at risk of female genital mutilation. Method: A qualitative study design was chosen. Qualitative content analysis with an inductive approach was used to analyse results. Semi-structured interviewes where conducted with eight school nurses in a large city in western and in middle-sized town in mid Sweden. Results: The analyses of the interviews resulted in four main categories and eight subcategories. The main categories found were: to create a respectful relation with the pupils, identification of pupils in risk of or those already undergone female genital mutilation was found to be complex, the importance of knowledge and confidence at work, and collaboration is important in terms of exchanging experience and leads to increased knowledge. Conclusion: This study indicates a demand for greater knowledge, clear routines and collaboration in the work with identifying and assisting pupils at risk of, or who have already been exposed, to female genital mutilation. The school nurses describe that they have responsibility when it comes to information concerning female genital mutilation, which requires knowledge and prerequisites to establish a relation with pupils, caretakers and other professionals in the school environment.

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Rantamaula, Hanna, and Ulrika Sörqvist. "Womens' experiences of living with genital mutilation : a literature review." Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-3783.

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Background Female genital mutilation refers to procedures where the external female genitalia are either partially or entirely removed. It is estimated that on a global scale more than 200 million girls and women alive today have undergone some form of genital mutilation. It is a present issue and a violation against women’s rights causing severe health consequences, both physical as well as psychological. There is a lack of knowledge and understanding among nurses regarding the issue. Nurses may encounter these women in any medical setting hence increased awareness regarding the consequences is essential. Aim The aim was to describe the experiences of women who have undergone female genital mutilation. Method The chosen design for the degree project was a literature review which is used in presenting an overview of current research within a specific topic and can easily be applied to clinical work. Data was collected using the bibliographic databases PubMed, CINAHL and PsychInfo from which 15 scientific articles were analyzed and compiled. Result The result showed that women consequently experienced suffering in various ways due to female genital mutilation. The procedure was described as a traumatic experience causing psychological issues. Pain was experienced either in connection to the circumcision procedure or as a result of it. Other commonly presented issues were consequences related to sexual health. These consequences included, but were not limited to, pain, lack of sexual desire and pleasure. Women seeking health care in western countries expressed mostly negative experiences due to how they were approached by health care providers, making them feel abnormal and embarrassed for example. Conclusion Women suffer in different forms due to female genital mutilation and are treated with a lack of respect and understanding by health care providers. Increased knowledge and awareness is needed in order for women to be treated in a person-centered way.
Bakgrund Kvinnlig könsstympning innebär procedurer där det yttre kvinnliga könsorganet helt eller delvis avlägsnas och det beräknas att fler än 200 miljoner flickor och kvinnor runt om i världen har utsatts för könsstympning. Det är ett aktuellt problem då det är en kränkning av kvinnors rättigheter och orsakar allvarliga fysiska och psykiska hälsokonsekvenser. Eftersom sjuksköterskor kan möta dessa kvinnor i många olika sammanhang behövs en ökad kunskap och förståelse kring konsekvenserna. Syfte Syftet var att beskriva upplevelser hos kvinnor som är könsstympade. Metod Litteraturöversikt valdes som design för arbetet vilket ger en överskådlig blick kring nuvarande forskning inom ett specifikt ämne och som enkelt kan tillämpas på kliniskt arbete. Resultatet sammanställdes av 15 vetenskapliga artiklar som hämtades från databaserna PubMed, CINAHL och PsychInfo. Resultat Resultatet visade att kvinnlig könsstympning orsakar olika former av lidande. Proceduren beskrevs som en traumatisk upplevelse som resulterade i psykisk ohälsa. Smärta var en vanlig förekommande komplikation som antingen uppstod under själva proceduren eller som en långvarig konsekvens. Ett annat vanligt förekommande problem var sexuell ohälsa som uttrycktes genom exempelvis smärta, nedsatt sexlust och njutning. Kvinnor som sökte sjukvård i västerländska länder beskrev främst negativa upplevelser i hur de blev bemötta av sjukvårdspersonal, vilket orsakade att kvinnorna kände sig generade och onormala. Slutsats Lidande i olika former är vanligt förekommande hos kvinnor som genomgått könsstympning. Dessa kvinnor blir ofta bemötta på ett respektlöst sätt av sjukvårdpersonal. Ökad kunskap och förståelse för deras situation krävs för att sjukvårdspersonalen ska kunna bemöta dessa kvinnor på ett personcentrerat sätt.

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Hallonsten, Sofia. "Help or hinder? : Journalists affecting the future of female genital mutilation in a patriarchal society." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295773.

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Is it possible to cover an issue as a journalist to the extent that you are practically a human rights activist, and still contribute to its continuation by unconsciously upholding the values causing the issue? This study asks the question if journalists help or hinder the elimination of female genital mutilation (FGM), and puts forth the thesis that journalists as a collective in fact are affecting the development more negatively through their attitudes than positively through their actions. The study consists of a theoretical analysis connecting to patriarchy and post-colonialism, and a field study from Tanzania where journalists are interviewed. The theoretical results show a clear connection between patriarchal values and FGM, and that if a journalist upholds these values she will not be as inclined to see the victim of FGM as a subaltern, she will be more likely to generalize the groups status and characteristics and she will be caught in between traditional and modern values. If a journalist ascribes to more traditional values when it comes to the difference between the genders, her attitudes will to some extent be counterproductive to the work she does when she covers FGM with the intention to prevent it. The field study supports this by showing that awareness about gender inequality and FGM does not necessarily mean awareness of patriarchal structures and how they affect men, women and traditions. One journalist can make a significant difference, but if she is a part of a journalist collective with strong, patriarchal values her efforts might not be sufficient to help in changing the overall development of FGM.

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Nomngcoyiya, Thanduxolo. "The impact of cultural attrition on youth behaviour :the case of ulwaluko and Intonjane cultural practices in Mthatha and Mount Frere, Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5576.

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This study explored the impact of cultural attrition on youth behaviour: A case of ulwaluko and intonjane cultural practices in Mthatha and Mount Frere areas, Eastern Cape, South Africa. The study endeavoured to achieve the following specific objectives: (i) to respectively examine youth perceptions of ulwaluko and intonjane cultural practices and their impact towards their behaviour; (ii) to establish different stakeholders’ perceptions on the link between current youth behaviours and attrition of ulwaluko and intonjane cultural practices; (iii) to explore the extent to which cultural attrition has impacted upon the cultural goal posts of both ulwaluko and intonjane practices; and (iv) to establish the effectiveness of policy environment designed to uphold cultural preservation, integrity, growth and development. The study was premised on theoretical lenses of anomie theory, socio-cultural theory, cultural imperialism theory, and cultural feminism theory. Methodologically, the study used both qualitative and quantitative paradigm and was thus guided by mixed research design which was case study and mini survey. The data was collected through in-depth one-on-one interviews, focus group discussions and key informants i n t h e qualitative aspect of the study. In addition, the quantitative data was gathered through distribution of questionnaires. The study used both non-probability and probability methods sample selection, specifically purposive sampling (for qualitative data) and cluster random sampling (for quantitative) techniques were used. Using these techniques, forty-two (42) participants were selected for qualitative interviews, and comprised of eighteen (18) young men and women of both gender divides. Moreover, nine (9) key informants were included in the qualitative data collection. Therefore, the total number of both participants and respondents was 105. Data was analysed qualitatively through thematic analysis, while descriptive statistics was used to analyse quantitative data through the use of SPSS software versions 24. The study revealed the following: a state of cultural crossroad for both intonjane and ulwaluko rites; cultural attrition is indeed a reality; culture incapable of holding their goal posts; modern era a huge driver to cultural attrition; unfriendly policies on cultures a driver to cultural attrition; human rights’ wave and advocacy aiding cultural attrition; political infiltration of cultures; human rights’ wave and advocacy aiding cultural attrition; and community forums as avenues of disseminating the benefits of cultural practices. Based on the evidence gathered in this study, the following recommendations are made: purposive use of mass media to promote indigenous cultures; community awareness in promoting and maintaining cultures; formulating cultural policies that embed stakeholders’ self-determination, and youth ownership and participation in cultural preservation. The study concludes that cultural practices such as ulwaluko and intonjane play a pivotal role in shaping young people’s behaviours and moral conducts. However, modernity forces and various omissions by stakeholders of these cultural practices have contributed to their attrition.

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Larsson, Camilla. "Erfarenheter av sexuell hälsorådgivning i en mångkulturell kontext. En kvalitativ studie med unga svensksomaliska kvinnor." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för hälsa och samhälle (HS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-26021.

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The aim of this study is to gain an understanding of how experiences of sexual-health counseling and sex education are described by young Somali women in Sweden. Further the study aims at finding the best practices when it comes to offering sexual-health counseling in a multiethnic setting; in respect of, what should be communicated, where, how and by whom sex education and counseling should be given.Previous studies indicate that young immigrant women have less access to sexual health-care services. Discussing sexual matters is traditionally taboo among Somalis and a girl who gets pregnant before marriage runs the risk of being excluded from the Somali community. Therefore issues on sexual health are of utmost importance for the well-being of this group.Data were conducted through focus-group discussions and interviews with twelve young Somali women in Sweden. The women’s experiences showed that access to sexual health care services is limited by traditional values demanding chastity and modesty in women. School is perceived as the best place for discussing sexual-health matters. However most participants considered the sex education they received in school to be poor. Participants reported that sex and related attitudes, sexual consequences (from a medical as well as a social perspective) and female circumcision are issues that need to be addressed. The youngest women also expressed a need to understand and address the conflicting sexual norms adolescents have to deal with in a more religious and culturally diverse setting.

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Reinholds, Franciska. "Abolishing Female Genital Mutilation by Cultural Renewal? : An assessment of Alternative Rites of Passage in Kenya." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-106890.

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Many attempts have been made to eradicate female genital mutilation over the past decades, yet the sustained practice continues to be a risk for women’s health and agency. In Kenya, an intervention with increasing proliferation is the alternative rites of passage. The approach has existed for some time, however little and highly contextual research has been produced around it. This thesis examines the general characteristics of an alternative rite of passage by combining primary and secondary data. Interviews were conducted with Kenyan professionals working with alternative rites of passage, as well as a systematic literature review. The findings demonstrate the balance between individual agency and social structure among the different actors usually included in the approach. In both instances, the notion of power is presented through the many perceived costs and benefits of female genital mutilation. Rather than focusing solely on the girls at risk of being cut, the alternative rite of passage is a pursuit to reframe the role of culture in targeted communities. Alternative rites of passage are often a systematic and longer process defined by communication, based on rational choice, external influences, and community validation. This thesis serves as an introduction to understanding the present alternative rites of passage in Kenya. By expanding the knowledge of an approach still at an early stage, it is possible for future research to study its effectiveness and long-term consequences on girls at risk of female genital mutilation.

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Färdigh, Lina. "Könsstympning i svenska tidningsmedier : En kritisk diskursanalys av hur fem av Sveriges största tidningsmedier framställer könsstympning." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Media- och kommunikationsvetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-23656.

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Könsstympning är en sedvänja som främst förekommer i ett trettiotal afrikanska länder och i ett antal länder i Mellanöstern och Asien. På grund av ökad migration har ämnet kommit att bli mer aktuellt i Sverige. Enligt en rapport från Nationellt Centrum för Kvinnofrid ser majoriteten av den svenska befolkningen könsstympning som en främmande företeelse. Vid frågor som är svåra för vanliga medborgare att erfara blir massmedier ofta den huvudsakliga källan till information. Syftet med studien var att ta reda på hur ämnet förmedlas i svenska tidningsmedier. Genom kritisk diskursanalys har jag undersökt artiklar om könsstympning i fem svenska nyhetstidningar under perioden 30 november 2014 – 30 november 2016. Ett antal återkommande teman har förekommit i materialet såsom att det i flera artiklar finns indikationer på att sedvänjan upprätthålls i Sverige. Analysen visar en diskurs om ingreppet som ett övergrepp och ett brott mot mänskliga rättigheter. I lite mer än en fjärdedel av artiklarna förekommer det flickor och kvinnor med egna erfarenheter av ingreppet som uttalar sig om sedvänjan. Men det är i hög grad representanter från samhällsinstitutioner som definierar problemet och presenterar åtgärdsförslag i artiklarna. Utöver diskursteori har dagordningsteorin och gestaltningsteorin varit teoretisk grund för studien.
Genital mutilation is a practice that mainly occurs in about thirty African countries and in several countries in the Middle East and Asia. The topic has become more relevant in Sweden due to the increased migration. Most of the Swedish population sees genital mutilation as an alien phenomenon according to a report from the Swedish National Center for Protection of Women. The mass media often tend to be the main source of information when issues are difficult for ordinary citizens to experience. The purpose of the study was to find out how the issue is conveyed in the Swedish newspaper media. I have analyzed articles on genital mutilation in five Swedish news magazines during the period November 30, 2014 - November 30, in 2016 using critical discourse analysis as method. Several recurring themes have appeared in the material such as frequent indications that the practice is maintained in Sweden. The analysis reveals a general view of the procedure as an abuse and a violation of human rights in the discourse. In more than a quarter of the articles there are girls and women with personal experience of the procedure who speak out about the practice. But it is mostly representatives of social institutions that define the problem and presents proposals for action in the articles. The discourse theory, the agenda-setting theory and framing theory has been the theoretical basis for the study.

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Smith, Courtney Paige 1979. "The politics of the marked body: An examination of female genital cutting and breast implantation." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10266.

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xiv, 246 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
This project is a critical and comparative investigation of Western and non-Western practices of body modification. Situated in the realm of feminist political theory, the project engages the literature and debates concerning embodiment, or the symbolic and concrete meanings of women's bodies. I specifically explore two examples of the physical construction of women's bodies: breast implantation in the United States and female genital cutting (FGC) in Senegal. I demonstrate that each of the practices molds bodies into preexisting naturalized forms. For this project, I conducted eighty in-depth, open-ended, and semi-structured interviews with women and men in twelve different locations in Senegal. Then, I carried out sixty-five in-depth, open-ended, and semi-structured interviews with American men and women from twenty-one different cities. I argue that the information that emerges from looking at body normalization comparatively allows me to make two important claims. The first is that the material that originates from interviews in this comparative study disrupts existing hegemonic discourse on sex-based body modifications. In particular, the comparative findings challenge the viewpoint that espouses a "Western women are free, African women are oppressed" binary. Second, examining FGC in Senegal alongside breast implantation in the US can uncover normalization that is invisible within social fields, or in the lives of women and men. Normalization is hard to see when in it, but easier to see if an individual steps outside of herself, her context, and her patriarchy. Thus, though many women do not recognize the normalizing structures within their own lives, they often are able to see these hegemonic structures in the lives of others. Women stepping outside of their own contexts can provide fresh, critical eyes that recognize embedded normalizations and oppression in other contexts. Further, this realization also can push them to return that critical gaze onto their own environment, which is the beginning of locating mechanisms of control within their own field. The construction of sex and the imprinting of gender norms upon bodies are manifestations of regulation and normalization that occur within socio-cultural contexts, and which individuals can potentially locate through a comparative conversation of this type.
Committee in charge: Dennis Galvan, Chairperson, Political Science; Julie Novkov, Member, Political Science; Leonard Feldman, Member, Political Science; Stephen Wooten, Outside Member, Anthropology

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Lelli, Therese. "Behind Closed Doors: From an Open Celebration to a Secret Practice : An Ethnographic Study of the Meaning and Function of Female Genital Mutilation/Circumcision in Singida, Tanzania." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-356711.

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This research examines the practice of Female Genital Mutilation/Circumcision (FGM/C) as a social phenomenon in Singida Region, Tanzania. The aim is to contribute to a deepened cultural anthropological understanding of the function and meaning behind the practice in Singida, and how it reacts to external factors of change, such as human rights-based laws and projects aiming to eradicate FGM/C. This was done by conducting an ethnographic field study, with the help of staff members from the Christian Council of Tanzania (CCT). Through the theoretical framework, aiming to grasp the complexity of FGM/C, aspects such as visible and invisible violence, patriarchal structures, social schemes, anomalies, change and rites, were analyzed on the collected material consisting of semi-structured interviews and participatory observations. From the conducted analysis, it was shown that FGM/C was a deeply imbedded cultural practice which purpose is to (1) enable women to consolidate to womanhood and ensure a full membership in society and (2) cure girls from a disease known as lawalawa. This is because the clitoris is believed to be connected to diseases and to enhance the risk of abnormal behavior that does not belong to womanhood. The thesis shows how lawalawa was fabricated as a reaction towards the ban on FGM/C in Tanzania and how it was used to (unknowingly or knowingly) justify the continuance of the practice. It was also showed that members of societies who engage in FGM/C, are likely to avoid abandoning FGM/C if possible, however change is achievable if it is implemented in a sensitive way with knowledge on local reaction towards external factors of change.

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Crawford, Matthew A. "Moral Relativism: Can One Community Give Another a Reason to Change?" Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1167.

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This paper examines the popular philosophical theory of moral relativism. Traditionally, the theory argues that communities have their own conceptual frameworks of morality that are inaccessible to those outside of the community. Thus, one community cannot give another community a moral reason to change a practice. In this paper, I will examine David Velleman’s version of the theory presented in his book Foundations for Moral Relativism. This version posits that the drive towards mutual interpretability is a universal drive among human communities. From this drive stem all the practices and moral values of communities. However, Velleman does not believe that this implies that communities can understand each others’ conceptual frameworks. In this way, his account remains a normal version of moral relativism. I will argue that there are some cases in which a person can understand a different community’s conceptual framework enough to provide a reason for that community to change a practice. Importantly, my argument will not say that the reasons for change are moral reasons. They will be practical reasons based on the normative fact that human communities should strive towards mutual interpretability. Thus, my account will also maintain the crucial tenets of moral relativism. If accomplished, this argument will add a great power to the theory.

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Djurberg, Anna, and Thérèse Kodjo. "Kvinnlig könsstympning i Sverige : En kvalitativ innehållsanalys utifrån ett myndighetsperspektiv och med ett beaktande av nyhetsrapportering i svensk dags- och kvällspress 2008–2018." Thesis, Högskolan för lärande och kommunikation, Jönköping University, HLK, Globala studier, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-49568.

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Denna uppsats undersöker kvinnlig könsstympning och hur fenomenet hanteras av svenska myndigheter och intresseorganisationer med ett beaktande av svensk nyhetsrapportering. Särskilt undersöks vad vi i Sverige vet om förekomsten av kvinnlig könsstympning, hur frågan hanteras av svenska myndigheter och intresseorganisationer samt hur svensk tidningsmedia belyser kvinnlig könsstympning. Metoden som har använts för att besvara uppsatsens frågeställningar är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys och det empiriska materialet består av publikationer från myndigheter däribland rapporter från forskare och Socialstyrelsen, Länsstyrelsen Östergötland och Regeringskansliet. Vi har även gjort en kompletterande undersökning av 51 artiklar från svenska tidningsmedia. Dessa undersökningar speglar tillsammans hur det svenska samhället officiellt ser på kvinnlig könsstympning och hur den bör hanteras. Resultaten har analyserats utifrån den genusvetenskapliga radikalfeministiska patriarkatsteorin i syfte att hitta samband mellan myndigheters arbete med att förebygga könsstympning och vår valda teori. Resultatet visar bland annat att svenska myndigheter och intresseorganisationer i och för sig arbetar med att förebygga, upptäcka och bekämpa kvinnlig könsstympning men att det krävs ytterligare insatser i form av kunskap hos tjänstemän och andra som jobbar med frågan för att förhindra sedvänjan i Sverige. Den radikalfeministiska patriarkatsteorin har en stor betydelse i arbetet för att förebygga, upptäcka och bekämpa kvinnlig könsstympning.
This thesis examines female genital mutilation and how the phenomenon is managed by Swedish authorities and non-governmental organizations with consideration of Swedish news reporting. Particularly, this thesis examines what we in Sweden know about the existence of female genital mutilation, how the issue is handled by Swedish authorities and non-governmental organizations, and how Swedish news reporting illustrates female genital mutilation. The method used to answer the questions raised in the thesis is a qualitative content analysis and the empirical material consists of publications from researchers and authorities including inter alia the National Board of Health and Welfare, the County Administrative Board Östergötland and the Swedish Government. We have also performed a supplementary survey of 51 articles from Swedish press. These sources reflect altogether how the Swedish society officially views female genital mutilation and how it should be managed. The results have been analysed on the basis of the gender-science radical feminist patriarchy theory in order to find the connections between the authorities' work towards preventing female genital mutilation in relation to our chosen theory. The results show, among other things, that Swedish authorities and non-governmental organisations are taking measures to prevent, detect and combat female genital mutilation, but that further efforts are required in order to increase the knowledge of officials and other people working to prevent the practice in Sweden. radical feminist patriarchy theory plays a major role in preventing, detecting and combating female genital mutilation.

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Swoger, Megan R. "Analysis of the Prevailing Practice of FGM in the Upper West Region of Ghana: Are International Laws and Domestic Policy Effective in Eradicating FGM Within the State?" Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1527422662295883.

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44

Sjöblom, Linnéa, and Mathilda Wihlner. "Kvinnlig könsstympning - vad har betydelse för att genomföra transkulturell omvårdnad? : en litteraturöversikt." Thesis, Sophiahemmet Högskola, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:shh:diva-3851.

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Bakgrund Idag beräknas 200 miljoner flickor och kvinnor världen över ha utsatts för könsstympning. Det utövas med hänvisning till kultur men fyller inget medicinskt syfte utan orsakar somatiska såväl som psykiska komplikationer och kan i värsta fall leda till död. Övergreppet står i kontrast med mänskliga rättigheter. I dagens globaliserade värld sker transkulturella möten och som sjuksköterska världen över finns en sannolikhet att möta kvinnor som utsatts för könsstympning. Större förståelse och respekt för kulturella skillnader hos sjuksköterskan skulle kunna öka upplevelsen av en god och trygg vård. Sjuksköterskan har möjlighet att uppfylla patienternas behov genom ett transkulturellt omvårdnadsperspektiv och därav finns intresse att belysa vad som har betydelse för att transkulturell omvårdnad ska kunna genomföras för kvinnor som har utsatts för könsstympning. Syfte Syftet var att belysa vad som har betydelse för att transkulturell omvårdnad ska kunna genomföras för kvinnor som har utsatts för könsstympning. Metod I förevarande studie har en icke-systematisk litteraturöversikt genomförts med sökningar i databaserna PubMed och CINAHL. De 17 artiklar som inkluderades i resultatet har kvalitetsgranskats enligt Sophiahemmets bedömningsunderlag och analyserats genom en integrerad analysprocess. Både kvantitativa och kvalitativa vetenskapliga artiklar inkluderades. Resultat Huvudfynden var att bristande kunskap förekom kring kvinnlig könsstympning och förståelse för kulturella aspekter, att relationen var ett viktigt verktyg för att kunna ge en kulturell och individanpassad omvårdnad, kommunikation behövdes för att etablera god relation och kunna identifiera omvårdnadsbehov, och delaktighet kunde bidra till att kvinnorna kände sig trygga inför omvårdnaden. Slutsats Den slutsats som kunde dras baserat på resultaten var att sjuksköterskan kan applicera studiens huvudfynd för att möjliggöra en god transkulturell omvårdnad för kvinnor som utsatts för könsstympning.

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Jawhar, Hanna Nanita, and Dielleza Zymeri. "Socialstyrelsen som resurs i arbete med könsstympning av flickor och kvinnor : En webbaserad innehållsanalys av socialstyrelsens publicerade dokument kring könsstympning." Thesis, Hälsohögskolan, Högskolan i Jönköping, HHJ, Avd. för beteendevetenskap och socialt arbete, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-36370.

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Sammanfattning Bakgrund Fokus för studien är att uppmärksamma Socialstyrelsens vägledande information rörande könsstympning av flickor och kvinnor. Traditionen innebär total eller delvis borttagning av det kvinnliga yttre könsorganet, vilket innefattar avsiktliga skador som förändrar eller orsakar defekter på det kvinnliga könsorganet utan medicinska skäl eller grunder (WHO, 2008). Till följd av migration och befolkningsomflyttningar har traditionen kommit att uppmärksammas internationellt och även i Sverige. I Sverige har traditionen en tydlig relevans för socialt arbete eftersom könsstympning diskuteras och definieras som våld mot kvinnor/barn, förtryck, heder, brott mot mänskliga och barns rättigheter (Talle, 2008). Myndigheter i Sverige står inför en utmaning att informera, uppmärksamma, integrera och arbeta preventivt med denna målgrupp. Syfte Syftet med studien är att beskriva och analysera hur socialstyrelsen via sin webbplattform förmedlar kunskap om könsstympning av flickor och kvinnor. Utifrån hemsidans tillgängliga texter granskas och analyseras vägledning och kunskapsstöd riktade till olika professioner, exempelvis socialtjänsten och hälso-och sjukvård. Vidare studeras hur kunskapsstöd vägleder professioner till att förstå och handla i frågor som rör könsstympning som ett arbete på samhälls-, grupp och individnivå. Utifrån det analyseras hur socialstyrelsen främja det sociala arbetet kring könsstympning. Metod Studien bygger på en kvalitativ forskning baserad på systematisk litteraturstudie och induktiv ansats. Litteraturstudien grundades på analys och granskning av socialstyrelsen kunskapsstöd. Genom en webbaserad innehållsanalys granskades 53 publicerade dokument som direkt eller indirekt berör könsstympning av flickor och kvinnor. Resultat I resultatdelen identifieras tilltänkta mottagare av det publicerade materialet som illustreras i form av ett diagram. Den allmängiltiga informationen representerar hälften av urvalet. De två mer framträdande grupper identifieras som Hälso-och sjukvård och den berörda målgruppen. I mindre omfattning riktas material till socialtjänst och samhälls-/hälsokommunikatörer. Resultat påvisar att Hälso-sjukvården i sitt arbete med könsstympning, har i större omfattning tillgång till praktiskt och teoretisk vägledning i jämförelse med de andra representerade mottagargrupperna. Slutsatser Studien visar att socialstyrelsen förmedlar ett arbete mot traditionen på individ-, grupp- och samhällsnivå. Information kring könsstympning av flickor och kvinnor stämmer i stort sett överens med tidigare forskning gällande ursprung, förekomst, utformning och konsekvenser. Studien visar att Socialstyrelsen är en källa för kunskap och information kring ämnet. Det föreligger dock skillnader i den praktiska vägledningen som skapar grund för handling. Vid det konkreta arbetet på individnivå framträder skillnader beroende på om frågan aktualiseras inom hälso- och sjukvård eller socialtjänst.
Abstract Background The focus of the study is to draw attention to the National Board of Health and Welfare directory information concerning female genital mutilation (FMG). The tradition involving the total or partial removal of the female external genitalia, including intentional damage which alter or cause defects on the female genitalia without medical reasons or reasons (WHO, 2008). As a result of migration and population movements, the tradition came to be recognized internationally and in Sweden. In Sweden, the tradition has a clear relevance to social work because FGM is discussed and defined as violence against women/children, oppression, honour, violation of human and children's rights (Talle, 2008). Authorities in Sweden is facing a challenge to inform, alert, integrate and work preventively with this audience. Purpose The purpose of this study is to describe and analyse how the National Board of Health and Welfare by its web platform conveys knowledge of FGM. Based on the websites available texts examined and analysed guidance and knowledge subsidies to various professions, such as social and health care. Further studies show knowledge and support guides professionals to understand and act on issues related to FGM as a work of social, group and at a individual level. Based on the analysis of how the National Board of Health and Welfare promotes the social work of FGM. Method The study is based on a qualitative research based on a systematic literature review and inductive approach. The literature review was based on analysis and review by the National Board of Health and Welfare knowledge support. Through a web-based content analysis examined 53 published documents that directly or indirectly affects FGM. Results In the results section identified the receiver to think of the published material illustrated in the form of a diagram. The universal information represents half of the sample. The two prominent groups identified as Health and the touch target. In smaller scale material is directed to social and community -/health communicators. Results demonstrate that the health-care system in his work on FGM, has been more widely access to practical and theoretical guidance in comparison to the other receiver groups represented. Conclusions The study shows that the National Board of Health and Welfare conveys a work against the tradition of individual, group and societal level. Information about FGM are broadly in line with previous research on the origin, presence, design and impact. The study shows that the National Board of Health and Welfare is a source of knowledge and information on the subject. However, there are differences in the practical guide to creating a basis for action. In the concrete work at the individual level, disparities, depending on whether the issue arises in healthcare or social services.

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Venchi, Mariane. "A sedução interrompida : sexualidade e poder em narrativas árabe-muçulmanas sobre a circuncisão feminina." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/280716.

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Orientador: Mariza Correa
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T20:27:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Venchi_Mariane_D.pdf: 1312775 bytes, checksum: 08aeb9c4a5dced736e41e4a461f0eb00 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
Resumo: Este estudo de cunho antropológico problematiza práticas agressivas impostas ao corpo feminino em sociedades muçulmanas do mundo árabe, como intervenções cirúrgicas feitas na genitália feminina externa não por razões terapêuticas, mas sim para enquadrar-se em um ideal anatômico compatível com padrões culturais específicos. Concepções como pudicícia, promiscuidade e sexualidade feminina que aparecem nas fontes, sugerem que relações sociais onde atuam raça e gênero não podem ser dramatizadas fora de um cenário que envolve não apenas um idioma religioso de conversão de quem está dentro (crente) e fora (descrente) e em estados de ¿poluição¿ (apóstata), como também na conversão cultural entre masculino/feminino no espaço da nação e na problemática relação com o Ocidente, cujo sentido é dado no contexto pós-colonialista. No cenário antropológico, a prática da circuncisão em mulheres ¿ sobretudo a excisão e a infibulação ¿ teria sido deixada em segundo plano ou fora das etnografias; seja como objeto teórico ou político. Quando se visibiliza em tal cenário, contudo, o tema dialoga com interlocutores externos, como a imprensa, as ONGs e os movimentos feministas. Tal estudo aborda também questões éticas da antropologia e seu conceito primordial,¿cultura¿, e sua proximidade inevitável com os conceitos de ¿história¿ e ¿mudança social e simbólica¿, diálogos necessários em estudos que contemplem práticas opressivas e relações de gênero
Abstract: This study of anthropological nature regards agressive practices imposed upon the feminine body in Muslim and Arab societies, namely genital cutting operations on women performed not for therapeutic reasons but to comform to an anatomical ideal compatible with specific cultural patterns. Conceptions like modesty, promiscuity and feminine sexuality shown in the sources suggest that social relations in which race and gender act out, cannot be dramatized outside a scenario which involves not only a religious language of conversion to whom is an insider (believer), an outsider (unbeliever) and those located in states of ¿pollution¿ (apostate), but also in the cultural conversion between masculine/feminine inside the boundaries of the nation as well as the problematic relation with the West in which meaning is given in terms of postcolonialist context. On the anthropogical point of view the practice of female circumcision ¿ especially excision and infibulation would be partially left or completely left out of the ethnographies as theoretical or political subjects. However, when that subject appears in anthropological settings, the theme sets dialogs among external interlocutors, as the press, NGO¿s and feminists movements. Additionally, such study brings into consideration ethical issues inside anthropology stablishing a dialog to its primordial concept which is ¿culture¿ and its inevitable proximity with the concepts of ¿history¿ and ¿social and symbolic change¿ which are fundamental issues in studies concerning opressive practices and gender relations
Doutorado
Sexualidade, Genero e Corpo
Mestre em Antropologia Social

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Wahlberg, Anna. "Continuity or Change? : Improved Understanding of Attitudes Towards Female Genital Cutting after Migration from Somalia to Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-334703.

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Do people’s attitudes towards female genital cutting (FGC) change after they migrate from a country where the practice is common, to one where it is not? Alongside increased levels of migration, this question is increasingly being raised. This thesis aimed to expand the understanding about attitudes towards FGC held by Somali men and women in Sweden, and thereby to identify potential factors that impede or facilitate the cessation of FGC. Cross-sectional questionnaire data were collected in four Swedish municipalities to assess attitudes to FGC. To further explore perceptions of FGC, as well as the circumcision of boys, semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions were conducted. Data were collected in 2015. The findings identified an overall widespread opposition to forms of FGC that cause anatomical change. A majority (78%) expressed an opposition to the continuation of all forms of FGC, with the odds of supporting FGC decreasing with increased years of residency in Sweden. An identified 18% reported a support for the continuation of pricking (FGC type IV). A support of pricking was linked with perceiving it as acceptable according to Islam, not a violation of children’s rights, and not causing long-term health complications. Pricking was not defined as a form of FGC by 32%. Most men described a preference to marry an uncircumcised woman (76%) or one who had had pricking (16%). How the individuals perceived the support of FGC in the Swedish Somali community corresponded well with their own approval of the practice. While there seemed to be a continuity regarding the Swedish Somalis’ core values of being a good Muslim, not inflicting harm, and upholding respectability, re-evaluation of how these are applied when it comes to circumcision of girls and boys was identified. This resulted in FGC being viewed as a practice that could be abandoned or adapted. Paradoxically, based on the same core values, the circumcision of boys was continuously perceived as an unquestionable required practice. Altogether, these results suggest that a shift in convention towards no FGC is taking place. However, the identified lack of consensus on practices regarded as FGC needs further attention.

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Widmark, Catarina. "Kvinnohälsa i perspektiv : studier med barnmorskor och läkare samt med kvinnor som vårdbrukare : exempel från cervixcancerscreening och obstetrisk vård av omskurna kvinnor /." Stockholm, 2005. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2005/91-7140-395-7/.

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Krall, Lisa. "Beschneidung." Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-220373.

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Beschneidung umfasst einschränkende, genitalverändernde und -normierende Eingriffe. Zu unterscheiden sind unter anderem die Vorhautbeschneidung bei Jungen sowie Genitalbeschneidungen bei Mädchen in christlichen, islamischen und jüdischen Traditionen, medizinisch indizierte Praxen, genitale Schönheitschirurgie und genitalvereinheitlichende Behandlungen intergeschlechtlicher Neugeborener. Letztere sind wie die religiös motivierten Eingriffe Thema anhaltender rechtlicher und ethischer Debatten.

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Krall, Lisa. "Beschneidung." Universität Köln, 2015. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A15393.

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Beschneidung umfasst einschränkende, genitalverändernde und -normierende Eingriffe. Zu unterscheiden sind unter anderem die Vorhautbeschneidung bei Jungen sowie Genitalbeschneidungen bei Mädchen in christlichen, islamischen und jüdischen Traditionen, medizinisch indizierte Praxen, genitale Schönheitschirurgie und genitalvereinheitlichende Behandlungen intergeschlechtlicher Neugeborener. Letztere sind wie die religiös motivierten Eingriffe Thema anhaltender rechtlicher und ethischer Debatten.

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