Дисертації з теми "Feeling of control"

Emotion can influence important user behaviors, including purchasing decisions, technology use, and customer loyalty. The ability to easily assess users' emotion during live system use therefore has practical significance for the design and improvement of information systems. In this paper, we discuss using human-computer interaction input devices to infer emotion. Specifically, we utilize attentional control theory to explain how movement captured via a computer mouse (i.e., mouse cursor movements) can be a real-time indicator of negative emotion. We report three studies. In Study 1, an experiment with 65 participants from Amazon's Mechanical Turk, we randomly manipulated negative emotion and then monitored participants' mouse cursor movements as they completed a number-ordering task. We found that negative emotion increases the distance and reduces the speed of mouse cursor movements during the task. In Study 2, an experiment with 126 participants from a U.S. university, we randomly manipulated negative emotion and then monitored participants' mouse cursor movements while they interacted with a mock e-commerce site. We found that mouse cursor distance and speed can be used to infer the presence of negative emotion with an overall accuracy rate of 81.7 percent. In Study 3, an observational study with 80 participants from universities in Germany and Hong Kong, we monitored mouse cursor movements while participants interacted with an online product configurator. Participants reported their level of emotion after each step in the configuration process. We found that mouse cursor distance and speed can be used to infer the level of negative emotion with an out-of-sample R-2 of 0.17. The results enable researchers to assess negative emotional reactions during live system use, examine emotional reactions with more temporal precision, conduct multimethod emotion research, and create more unobtrusive affective and adaptive systems.

Socioeconomic disparities in life outcomes is a widely observed occurrence. In particular, low socioeconomic status (SES) has been related to a variety of behaviours that tend to perpetuate or even exacerbate the conditions that individuals of such social standing are already facing. The last two decades have been marked by a growing number of studies seeking to disentangle behavioural differences associated with one’s socioeconomic status that fuel the persistence of these differences. This Doctoral thesis joins the discussion by investigating a subset of behaviours associated with low SES. Three empirical chapters and one literature review seeks to answer the following questions: first, what are the consumer behaviour patterns exhibited by low SES individuals? Second, how do poverty-related thoughts influence consumption of (un)taxed temptation goods? Third, what is the effect of perceived individual control on intertemporal preferences? And fourth, how does salient socioeconomic status affect intertemporal choices regarding effort? Chapter 1 overviews literature on socioeconomic status and consumer happiness. We discuss channels through which low SES can impact consumption decisions and present main behavioural patterns of low SES consumers. Low SES has been found to have a significant impact on dietary patterns that include consumption of fruits and vegetables, foods with high calorie content, as well as consumption of temptation goods like alcohol, tobacco, and sugar-sweetened beverages. Moreover, low SES individuals also tend to engage in status-signalling behaviours, despite the scarcity of financial resources. We discuss how SES can delineate consumer happiness, in particular, regarding experiential and material goods. Finally, we review evidence on socioeconomic disparities in satisfaction with product-specific characteristics and health care as well as consumer loyalty. Chapter 2 presents an empirical investigation of the intersection between socioeconomic status and consumer behavior. In particular, we study demand for temptation goods such as alcohol, tobacco or high-calorie foods. One of the most conventional ways that governments control the consumption of these products is through taxes; however, a growing body of research shows the presence of numerous behavioral biases that might prove such fiscal policies less effective. One of these biases is related to financial worries - a concept familiar to deprived individuals. Previous studies have shown that increasing worries shift attention towards pressing needs, potentially at the cost of forward-looking decisions. We run an online experiment in which we manipulate financial worries and ask participants to choose between necessities and temptation goods in the experimental market. We also randomly impose taxes on temptation goods for a subset of participants. Results suggest that under financial worries and no taxes participants demand less temptation goods and this effect is stronger for lower income individuals. However, when taxes are introduced and financial concerns are salient, lower income participants do not react to taxes. This suggests that, on the one hand, financial worries can protect against over-consumption of temptation goods when there are no tax changes; however, low income consumers can be hurt the most when additional taxes are implemented. Chapter 3 investigates another psychological occurrence - a feeling of control - and its impact on intertemporal preferences. Generally, low SES individuals have less chances to exert control in their lives compared with high SES people. If perceived control has a substantial impact on the intertemporal choice, these disparities may have a long lasting impact that might make it harder to move up in terms of social status. In an online experiment we manipulate the feeling of control by asking participants to remember a certain situation. We vary control in terms of level - not having control vs being in full control – and type – being in a situation involving other people or a non-social situation. Afterwards, we ask participants to make intertemporal allocation decisions - either regarding a monetary experimental budget or a number of real effort tasks. We find no evidence of present bias in monetary discounting for either of the control treatments. Results are different for effort discounting: on aggregate level, participants in this condition reverse their preferences more often as they choose to perform more tasks sooner when the decision involves only future points in time, but less when the decision involves also present. Moreover, we find evidence of significant present bias in the low control condition. Allocation decisions are mediated by emotional states activated in the feeling of control manipulation: for money condition, the strongest mediator is the feeling of fear, while for effort discounting it is sadness. Overall, the results suggest that although recalling a situation of (no) control does not influence intertemporal allocation decisions regarding windfall money, it can impact decisions about the allocation of effort. Chapter 4 continues the discussion on intertemporal preferences and socioeconomic status. It is a well established that low SES is related to impatient behaviours. While many works have analyzed psychological channels which mediate this effect, such as cognitive load, stress, emotional affects, and self-control issues, this work seeks to test whether the mere salience of one’s subjective SES has an impact on intertemporal preferences regarding effort. In an online experiment, I prime participants on their SES and ask to make effort allocation decisions. I find that priming affects only low status participants: this group made more present-biased choices by postponing effort to the future even if it mean higher workload. No effect was found for nonprimed low SES participants or higher status individuals in both treatment and control groups. I conclude that even a mere act of making SES salient in your mind can have an adverse effect to low SES individuals by pushing them to postpone work to the future.

La métacognition concerne à la fois les connaissances des individus sur leur fonctionnement cognitif et les processus qui permettent de les réguler (Koriat, 2007). Or, l’étude de la perception du temps a mis en évidence que de nombreux éléments peuvent provoquer des distorsions temporelles, notamment, par exemple, l’attention ou les feedbacks. L’objectif de ce travail est donc de proposer un modèle intégratif de la métacognition de la perception du temps ; autrement dit d’intégrer les données issues des recherches classiques sur la perception du temps au sein d’un modèle métacognitif (Nelson et Narens, 1990).Notre première question était de vérifier l’existence de connaissances sur la perception du temps, et en particulier sur les facteurs à l’origine de distorsions temporelles. Les 3 expériences de notre première étude nous ont conduit à créer et valider le Questionnaire Métacognitif sur le Temps (MQT). Ce dernier, constitué de 24 items, met en évidence l’existence de connaissances plus fiables pour soi (sous-échelle Soi, 12 items) que pour autrui (sous-échelle Autrui, 12 items), sur deux facteurs connus pour affecter la perception du temps : le facteur Emotion (4 items) et le facteur Attention (8 items).Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons étudié l’influence des processus métacognitifs sur les jugements temporels. Ainsi, nous nous sommes intéressées à l’influence du processus de Contrôle métacognitif sur la performance à deux tâches temporelles. Notre hypothèse était que les connaissances sur le temps permettaient de réguler les jugements temporels. Les résultats de nos deux études (Etude 2 et 3, respectivement composées de une et deux expériences) ont confirmé l’importance du processus de Contrôle dans le jugement temporel. Ainsi, la simple conscience du rôle de l’attention sur la perception du temps provoque une réduction de l’effet attentionnel généralement observé (Etude 2). De plus, les connaissances explicites, erronées, données aux individus, provoquent une réduction voire une disparition de l’effet émotionnel automatique de la colère sur les jugements temporels (Etude 3). Enfin, nous avons exploré le lien entre processus de Monitoring et jugements temporels. Notre quatrième étude a mis en évidence la capacité des individus à estimer précisément la justesse de leurs jugements temporels sous certaines conditions. En effet, il apparaît que les individus sont sensibles à la difficulté de la tâche et à la gamme de durée. Ces deux dimensions affectent à la fois les jugements temporels et les jugements de certitude.Dans l’ensemble, les résultats de ce travail soulignent l’importance qu’il y a à tenir compte des processus métacognitifs dans l’étude de la perception du temps
Metacognition concerns both individuals' knowledge about their cognitive functioning and the processes that regulate them (Koriat, 2007). The study of the perception of time showed that many factors cause temporal distortions, including, for example, attention or feedback. The purpose of this work is thus to propose an integrative model of metacognition of time perception; i.e. to integrate data based on conventional research on the perception of time in a metacognitive model (Nelson and Narens 1990).Our first question was to verify the existence of knowledge about the perception of time, especially on the factors responsible for temporal distortions. The three experiments of our first study led us to create and validate the Metacognitive Questionnaire on Time (MQT). The latter consists of 24 items that highlights the existence of knowledge, more reliable for oneself (subscale Self, 12 items) than for others (subscale Others, 12 items), on two factors known to affect time perception: an Emotion Factor (4 items) and an Attention factor (8 items).Secondly, we studied the influence of metacognitive processes on temporal judgments. Thus, we are interested in the influence of metacognitive Control process on performances in two temporal tasks. Our hypothesis was that knowledge about time allowed regulating the temporal judgments. The results of our studies (Study 2 and 3, respectively composed of one and two experiments) confirmed the importance of the Control process on temporal judgments. Thus, mere awareness of the role of attention on perception of time causes a reduction of the attentional effect generally observed (Study 2). Moreover, explicit erroneous knowledge given to participants causes a reduction or even disappearance of automatic emotional effect of anger on the temporal judgments (Study 3). Finally, we have explored the link between Monitoring process and temporal judgments. Our fourth study demonstrated the ability of individuals to accurately estimate the accuracy of their temporal judgments under certain conditions. Indeed, it appears that individuals are sensitive to task difficulty and duration range. These two dimensions affect both temporal judgments and confidence level estimates.Overall, the results of this study emphasize the importance to take account of metacognitive processes in the study of the perception of time

The effects of parental control on Chinese children’s academic functioning have presented a paradox to the parenting literature (Chao, 1994). Chinese parents were empirically found to be controlling and restrictive, and yet their children often managed to perform well academically. Viewing the limit of Western parenting theories in explaining the findings on Chinese parenting, some researchers have turned to study the differences between the Eastern and Western cultures in perceiving parental control. However, the emphasis on what is different between cultures (i.e. the emic) might result in overlooking what is common across cultures (i.e. the etic). The present research put a parallel focus on the emic and the etic processes pertaining to the paradox. It compared how Chinese and American children felt affectively towards their mothers' involvement in an academically related task. Mothers' controlling behaviors could elicit different feelings among children across cultures, and thus result in varied motivational outcomes. This could be the key to resolve the paradox. The present research also examined the role of mother-child socio-emotional relatedness in affecting children’s feelings towards mothers' involvement in the task session as well as task motivation among the two cultures. A total of 142 mothers and their 5th graders were invited to participate in a laboratory activity which resembled everyday homework task. About half of the mother-child dyads (n = 73) were Caucasian Americans recruited in Urbana-Champaign and the other half (n = 69) were Chinese recruited in Hong Kong. The children were asked to work on three similar digit-search tasks. They were joined by their mothers for the second task, during which the mother-child interactions were videotaped. Mothers’ controlling behaviors were operationalized as mothers’ provision of unsolicited interventions during the second task session. Children’s feelings towards mothers' involvement in the task session (i.e. felt anger/hurt, felt loved/cared for), task motivation as well as their social-emotional relatedness with mothers were assessed by self-report measures. 　　　Similar across cultures, children’s feelings instead of the actual unsolicited interventions from mothers were found to be the significant predictors for children’s task motivation. Nevertheless, Chinese and American children differed in how they felt affectively towards maternal control. Heightened unsolicited interventions from mothers were associated with elevated feelings of anger/hurt among the American children but not the Chinese children. Similar across cultures, children were more likely to report elevated feelings of being loved/cared as well as higher task motivation when they reported higher level of socio-emotional relatedness with their mothers. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the effects of socio-emotional relatedness on motivation were different across cultures. 　　　Overall, the findings revealed both the eitc and the emic aspects in how maternal control is associated with children’s feelings, motivational outcomes, and mother-child socio-emotional relatedness. The present research provides a solution to the Chinese parenting paradox through adopting a globally applicable framework that can accommodate both the universality and the cultural specificity pertaining to the effects of parental control. It also makes contribution to the development of global psychology that integrates both emic and etic approaches.
published_or_final_version
Psychology
Doctoral
Doctor of Philosophy

This is a project-based thesis focusing on the investigation of topics related to human newborns and the factors found in their surrounding environment that need to be assessed so as to provide them with a feeling comfort. The objective is to boost their emotional development by the means of light in a close relation to sound so as to provide them with a type of intelligence allowing them to normally interact within a society during their adult life, reassuring social equality and eliminating potential social exclusion due to unexpected behaviours. After researching topics to have a better understanding of the newborn baby and its enclosing environment, a luminaire design solution -functioning with a reactive scheme performed with integrated sound sensors- provided further results to the main topic investigation. The conceptual scheme for the product development was inspired by the connection between the newborn and their life-giver, closely linked to the cross-modality of sensory development before and after birth. Additional results were obtained with light measurement assessments and a parent survey targeting both the intended light quality subjective evaluations and the marketing strength of the designed product. This survey was used -along with other means- as a design evaluation tool at the final stage of the design process. Potential further improvements as well as considerations for a distinct spatial application are discussed in the final part of the thesis. The sustainability aspect covered within this degree project is closely linked to good physical and mental health aspects, clean energy use and efficiency achieved by the integration of input sound sensors and controls, and conscious production and consumption by the proposal of low global footprint materials for the luminaire design. In the conclusions, an overall summary of the thesis outcomes is presented and further research is proposed regarding both the main topic investigation as well as a greater user category that can be related to the light metric assessments that were carried out for this research.

Les discours politiques sur le terrorisme sont avant tout des discours contre le terrorisme. Pour répondre aux incertitudes produites par un attentat, les responsables politiques poursuivent trois objectifs : mobiliser la population, la rassurer et lui expliquer le problème social en le politisant. La visée mobilisatrice s’effectue à l’aide d’un partage de sentiments et de valeurs communes et de la réprobation de l’ennemi terroriste. Ce discours émotionnel se conjugue à un discours décisionnel qui vise à rassurer la population. Celui-ci s’illustre par la diffusion d’un ethos de maitrise et par la légitimation de la judiciarisation présentée comme une approche équilibrée de la lutte contre le terrorisme. Enfin, les dirigeants intègrent le terrorisme dans un méta-récit susceptible d’expliquer la continuité des réponses politiques depuis les années 1980 et le rattache aux désordres du monde
Discourse on terrorism is above all discourse against terrorism. To respond to the uncertainties produced by an attack, the politicians pursue three objectives: to mobilize the population, to reassure it and to explain the social problem to it by politicizing the issue. The mobilizing aim is achieved by the public sharing of feelings and common values and the reproof of the terrorist enemy. This emotional discourse is used in combination with a decision-making discourse which aims to reassure the citizenry. This materializes through the transmission of an ethos of having mastered the problem and on the legitimization of the judiciarisation presented as a well-balanced approach to the fight against the terrorism. Finally, the leaders integrate the terrorism into a meta-narrative capable of explaining the continuity of political responses to terrorism since the 1980s and of connecting it with global disorder

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) language repertoire development varies greatly amongst each individual especially in one’s ability to understand emotions. One way to increase language development and further understand emotions is through stimulus equivalence. Theis present study examined the effefficacy of a stimulus equivalence training procedure in bringing the recognition of others’ emotions under multiple contextual control, and also evaluated co-occurring changes in the flexibility of participant responses to common questions requiring emotional recognition that is multiply controlled. The procedures were taken from the Promoting the Emergence of Advanced Knowledge Equivalence Module (PEAK-E) to aid in replication both clinically and in research. The results suggest that each of the three participants, all with an autism diagnosis, were able to identify the facial expressions of others when provided with a person and a context (i.e., What face does Person A feel at Location B?). In addition, two of the three participants were able to correctly identify an individual when provided with a context and an emotion (i.e., Who feels Emotion A at Location C?). Results from the flexibility probes throughout the study however indicate that the participants did not demonstrate an increase vin flexible responding following equivalence training. ectiveness of stimulus equivalence under multiple control to promote the emergence of an untrained relation via the PEAK – E Curriculum: Feelings in Context. Three participants diagnosed with autism, between the ages 12 and 17, were directly trained nine relations that established under a specific context a person will make a certain facial expression. Results indicate that all three participants demonstrated mastery in the training condition; however, when tested for equivalence only two of three participants were able to do so.

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Analistas de Comportamento têm apontado relações entre contingências de reforçamento, estados corporais (eventos privados) e eventos públicos. O presente experimento teve por objetivo investigar o controle de contingências programadas sobre eventos privados do tipo sentir, empregando um procedimento que eliciou tais eventos e evocou o tacto dos mesmos (sentimentos). Participaram 20 estudantes, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 11 e 14 anos, que cursavam o ensino fundamental em uma escola privada de Vitória-ES, que executaram as tarefas do software PsychoTacto 2.0. Diante de uma tela dispondo de quatro estímulos (cards), um localizado na parte superior central (estímulo-modelo) e três alinhados na parte inferior central da tela (estímulos-comparação), os participantes respondiam clicando com um mouse em um dos estímulo-comparação a conseqüência era programada de acordo com a contingência básica de reforçamento em operação e, ao término de cada procedimento, relatavam o que sentiram. A freqüência cardíaca e a latência das respostas foram medidas; comportamentos motores e verbais foram registrados por observadores treinados; dos verbais foi inferido controle instrucional sobre o desempenho. Resultados: na fase Reforçamento Positivo predominaram relatos de contentamento (30%), ansiedade (30%), satisfação (20%) e alegria (20%). Na fase Punição Negativa, predominaram relatos de frustração (50%), desapontamento (20%), tristeza (20%) e apreensão (10%). Na fase Punição Positiva, predominaram relatos de raiva (30%), aborrecimento (20%), ansiedade (20%), apreensão (20%) e medo (10%). E na fase Reforçamento Negativo, relatos de ansiedade (40%), apreensão (30%) e alívio (30%). Em todas as fases as respostas apresentaram um tempo médio de latência diferente, sendo a maior para o Reforçamento Positivo (3 min e 17 seg) e a menor para o Reforçamento Negativo (1 min e 23 seg). As regras formuladas indicaram a não discriminação do desempenho como variável controlada. Os dados motores, verbais e cardíacos combinados mostram que a exposição a contingências pode eliciar eventos privados do tipo sentir e produzir tactos dos mesmos. Não foram registradas discrepâncias entre os dados obtidos entre meninos e meninas.
Behavior Analysts have appointed relations between contingencies of reinforcement, corporeal conditions (private events), and public events. The aim of this experiment was to investigate the control of programmed contingencies on private events (fellings), using a procedure that caused those events and evoked the tact of them (feelings). Twenty students executed the assignments from the software PsychoTacto 2.0. They were students (both sex aged between 11 and 14 years old) from a private elementary school in Vitória-ES. In front of a screen with four stimulus (cards), one located at the upper central part (model stimulus) and three aligned at the lower central part of the screen (comparison stimulus), the subjectives had answered, clicking with a mouse on one of the comparison stimulus. The consequence was programmed according to the basic contingencies of reinforcement in operation and at the end of each step they told what they felt. The cardiac frequency and the latency time of the answers were measured; motor and verbal behaviors were registered by trained observers; from the verbal ones was inferred instructional control about the performance. In the Positive Reinforcement phase predominated contentment (30%), anxiety (30%), satisfaction (20%) and joy (20%) reports. In the Negative Punishment phase predominated frustration (50%), disappointment (20%), sadness (20%) and apprehension (10%) reports. In the Positive Punishment phase predominated anger (30%), disgust (20%), anxiety (20%), apprehension (20%) and fear (10%) reports. And in the Negative Reinforcement, anxiety (40%), apprehension (30%) and relief (30%) reports. In all of the phases the answers presented a different average time of latency time, being the longest for the Positive Reinforcement (3 minutes and 17 seconds) and the shorter for Negative Reinforcement (1 minute and 23 seconds). The formulated rules indicated the non discrimination of the performance as a controlled variable. The combined motor, verbal and cardiac data indicate that the exhibition to contingencies can eliciate private events (feelings) and produce tacts of them. No discrepancies were registered among the obtained data from both, boys and girls.

The maintenance of social/emotional information in working memory (SWM/EWM) has recently been the topic of multiple neuroimaging studies. However, some studies find that SWM/EWM involves a medial frontal-parietal network while others instead find lateral frontal-parietal activations similar to studies of verbal and visuospatial WM. In this study, we asked 26 healthy volunteers to complete an EWM task designed to examine whether different cognitive strategies- maintaining emotional images, words, or feelings- might account for these discrepant results. We also examined whether differences in EWM performance were related to general intelligence (IQ), emotional intelligence (EI), and emotional awareness (EA). We found that maintaining emotional feelings, even when accounting for neural activation attributable to maintaining emotional images/words, still activated a left lateral frontal-parietal network (including the anterior insula and posterior dorsomedial frontal cortex). We also found that individual differences in the ability to maintain feelings were positively associated with IQ and EA, but not with EI. These results suggest that maintaining the feelings of others (at least when perceived exteroceptively) involves similar frontal-parietal control networks to exteroceptive WM, and that it is similarly linked to IQ, but that it also may be an important component of EA.

碩士
國立成功大學
工業設計學系
103
Traditionally, the stage-lighting regulation requires professionally trained technicians to operate. However, the contemporary requirements of higher-quality performance, making this work needs more preparation before the performance. Technicians or club DJ spends two to three more times before the show to make the lighting control sequence MIDI file to match the music. It is really waste of time. Thus, A methodology for automatic stage-lighting regulation would be helped. Music emotion recognition (MER) got much development these years, so as neural network algorithms. Music feeling has been able to be recognized and even been quantifiable by a supervised machine learning approach. In this paper, A variety of music signal features from 2087 song clips were captured and been selected the main features which are related to music emotion reflected to Thayer's emotion plane in order to produce a linear quantitative value describing music emotion. After that, the music emotion and color preferences of stage-lighting were studied. Using the experimental results trained a support vector regression (SVR) to construct simulations. To be more realistic, we developed an automatic music segment detected methodology based on music signal intensity to present different music strength and feeling of each segment. Furthermore, The factor of music genre has been studied, comprehensively develops an automatic stage-lighting based on feeling, genre and intensity of each segment of music.

碩士
元智大學
資訊管理學系
98
The relevant studies on Whistle-Blowing in Taiwan and elsewhere mainly focus on the factors which affect Whistle-Blowing intention. Emotion as a factor affecting moderating variables is seldom discussed. Therefore, on the basis of Theory of Planned Behavior, this study analyzes and discusses Whistle-Blowing via the features of subjective norm and perceived behavioral control and also sees how emotion affect Whistle-Blowing Intention through experiments. This study investigates employees on-the-job people by using a questionnaire. There were 795 effective questionnaires on verifying the hypothesis of this research recycled. In addition, the research carried out a sample analysis by virtue of path analysis (hierarchical regression analysis) and multiple hierarchical regression analysis and reached the following conclusions: 1. Subjective norm directly affect Whistle-Blowing Intention 2. Some perceived behavioral control influences Whistle-Blowing Intention. 3. Emotion partially affects Whistle-Blowing Intention.

Wong, So-wan.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-53).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter I --- Abstract
English Version --- p.i
Chinese Version --- p.ii
Chapter II --- Acknowledgement --- p.iii
Chapter III --- Table of Contents --- p.v
Chapter IV --- Chapter 1: Introduction --- p.1
Theories of Emotional Expressivity - Individual Level --- p.4
Cross-Cultural Studies on Emotional Expressivity --- p.11
Model of Emotional Expressivity of the Present Study --- p.17
Chapter V --- Chapter 2: Method
Data Source --- p.22
Data Analyses --- p.25
Chapter VI --- Chapter 3: Results --- p.27
Chapter VII --- Chapter 4: Discussion --- p.32
Model of Emotional Expressivity --- p.32
Future Direction --- p.40
Concluding Notes --- p.42
Chapter VIII --- References --- p.44
Chapter IX --- Tables --- p.54
Chapter X --- Figure --- p.60
Model of Emotional Expressivity at the Individual Level --- p.61
Dendogram of hierarchical cluster analysis of the three forms of emotional expressions for the emotion of anger --- p.62
Dendogram of hierarchical cluster analysis of the three forms of emotional expressions for the emotion of joy --- p.63

碩士
國立臺灣大學
心理學研究所
103
Past research has generally indicated that expressive suppression is a rather ineffective and maladaptive emotion regulation strategy. The present study extends the negative outcomes associated with expressive suppression to the domain of self-control. Specifically, the present study incorporates the process of emotion regulation into the cybernetic model of self-regulation, hypothesizing that 1) the habitual use of expressive suppression is negatively associated with self-control, and 2) that this association should be mediated by lower emotional clarity. The results support our hypotheses. After controlling for social desirability, habitual use of expressive suppression was associated with poorer self-control through lower emotional clarity. Finally, issues concerning the weak association between expressive suppression and self-control, study limitations, and future research directions are discussed.

Esta tese acentua e defende a oportunidade de um exercício transdisciplinar que procura uma clarificação conceptual em torno de comportamentos antissociais, de natureza criminal, que ocorrem no espaço público urbano, desenvolvendo processos de sinalização dessas mesmas ocorrências (georreferenciação), e procurando uma interpretação desses comportamentos, acionando uma perspetiva ecológica. Foram, para o efeito, selecionados dois estudos de caso: Alta de Lisboa e Benfica, ambos na Cidade de Lisboa, integrado um amplo conjunto de variáveis de análise, bem como técnicas inovadoras, apoiadas em entrevistas sobre a vivências em contextos vulneráveis. Nesta abordagem do comportamento desviante em meio urbano procura-se igualmente realizar uma reflexão sobre orientações de prevenção criminal que podem contribuir para a redução da antissocialidade no espaço público urbano. O cometimento reformista das políticas públicas de prevenção dessa antissocialidade, geradora de sentimentos de insegurança das populações, nomeadamente em grupos sociais mais vulneráveis a atos predatórios, como são exemplos os mais velhos, assenta nas práticas reabilitadores da qualidade do espaço público e semipúblico, conhecidas sob o acrónimo de CPTED. A prevenção é uma modalidade para combater o crime, evitando-o, apesar de não apresentar garantias como solução economicamente mais vantajosa do que a reação (punitiva) da criminalidade. A investigação que suporta empiricamente este trabalho académico tem, consequentemente, ambições dirigidas ao aumento da qualidade de vida dos cidadãos das áreas urbanas estudadas, e foi subordinada às regras da investigação-ação. A criminalidade abordada nesta investigação concentra-se apenas numa subcategoria: criminalidade em espaço público.
This research emphasizes and defends the opportunity of a transdisciplinary exercise that seeks a conceptual clarification on antisocial criminal behaviour occurring in urban public spaces, developing processes of locating the same occurrences (geolocation), and looking for an interpretation of these behaviours. For this purpose, two case studies (residential zones) were selected, both in the City of Lisbon, using a vast set of variables, as well as innovative techniques, supported by interviews about living in vulnerable contexts. This ecological approach on deviant behaviour in urban areas also seeks to reflect on crime prevention strategies that might contribute to the reduction of anti-sociality in the urban public space. The reformist commitment of public policies to prevent this anti sociality, which generates feelings of insecurity, especially in more vulnerable social groups to predatory acts, such as the elderly, is based on quality rehabilitation techniques of public and semi-public space, known by the acronym of CPTED. Prevention is a way of tackling crime, avoiding it, although it does not offer guarantees as an economically more advantageous solution than the (punitive) reaction of crime. The research that empirically supports this academic work has, consequently, ambitions, involving the citizens’ quality of life enrichment in the urban areas studied under research-action rules. The criminality addressed in this investigation focuses only on one subcategory: crime in public space (street crime).

This research study determined the relationship between personality, as measured by the Myers and Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and sense of coherence and learned resourcefulness. The study was conducted among one hundred technical workers within the context of organizational transformation and the ability to cope with resulting stress. Data was collected by means of the Myers and Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the Orientation to Life Questionnaire (OLQ) and the Self-control Schedule (SCS). The research found that sense of coherence can be predicted at a 5% significance level, while learned resourcefulness cannot be predicted. Extraverts, sensers, thinkers and judgers seem to cope better with stress-provoking demands. The respective personality types probably make use of different coping mechanisms under the same circumstances. Personality type seems to predict sense of coherence, but factors other than personality type could have an Influence.
Industrial and Organisational Psychology
M.Comm. (industrial Psychology)

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
企業管理系碩士班
100
There are many researches about regulatory fit but not many of them discussed about the self-control after regulatory fit. In recent years, awareness of people’s health has gradually necessitated a study of healthy and unhealthy food purchase decision-making. The research aims to discuss healthy and unhealthy food purchase intention by focusing on consumers’ pre-existing regulatory orientation and marketing cues (sales promotions expiration-date duration) prime regulatory orientation. The study examines how the compatibility of these regulatory orientations with healthy food and unhealthy food information frame will affect consumers’ self-control. 　　Study 1 in this research discusses the effect of self-control on regulatory focus (i.e. promotion and prevention) and regulatory information (i.e. promotion-framed information and prevention-framed information). It was found that in both primed promotion focus and prevention focus, people in the regulatory fit condition may buy more healthy food than those in the regulatory non-fit condition. On the other hand, in both primed promotion focus and prevention focus, people in the regulatory non-fit condition may buy more unhealthy food than those in the fit condition. 　　Study 2 in this research discusses the effect of self-control on sales promotion expiration-date duration (i.e. long term and short term) and regulatory information (i.e. promotion-framed information and prevention-framed information). The results showed that in the healthy food sales promotion, longer expiration-date is more compatible with promotion-framed information and expiration-date is more compatible with prevention-framed information. In addition, in the unhealthy food sales promotion, longer expiration-date is more compatible with prevention-framed information and shorter expiration-date is more compatible with promotion-framed information. Thus, people will have higher purchase intention.

This practicum focuses on developing a deeper knowledge about stress and our external environments. It is directed towards the profession of Landscape Architecture, and healthcare facilities including professionals. It outlines critical information about stress: how stress affects people’s physical, emotional, mental health and well-being, and how landscape architects are able to mitigate different types of stress through the design and use of our exterior environments, offering respite and healing in times of great need. Stress reveals and manifests itself in numerous ways. It has become a major problem within our society, much bigger than people care to acknowledge or believe. Landscape Architects have the ability to help people reflect upon the stress that they are under by creating spaces that inevitably sooth their ‘selves’. Through the profession and subsequent work of Landscape Architects the awareness of stress can be addressed, helping bring respite and relieve tension and stress, whether large or small, which is extremely critical in today’s society. Through the use of gardens and exterior spaces designed with stress-relief in mind, we will be able to decrease hospital stays, drug use and the overall amount of money used by medical institutions and governments, while decreasing the progression and succession of illness and diseases related to and accentuated or propagated by, or due to stress. Through this document I will discuss ideas and theories that influence and/or are pertinent to Landscape Architecture and stress, as well as natural elements that should be taken into consideration when starting to design or when planning a design that will be situated within medical institutions and healthcare facilities, but not limited to, and including any other exterior environment (such as a backyard). It will also outline design elements which emphasize appropriate ways to design these spaces and places responsibly and sensitively. By understanding how people respond to stress, Landscape Architects may be able to design appropriate, beautiful spaces. Initially this practicum was directed towards designing beautiful, meaningful gardens for the sick and/or dying, as well as for the families, visitors, and employees within healthcare settings. It has evolved, to include how our brains and bodies are physiologically affected by spaces and places that we encounter, and how these spaces either reduce or increase stress responses within us, therefore, increasing or decreasing our ability to heal, be healthy, and feel well. Stress is a major condition that is often “down-played”, ignored, or not understood within society. It is in fact a very serious condition / illness that has the ability to dictate the outcome of our physical and mental performances, and especially our health and well-being. Landscape Architects have the ability and responsibility to contribute positively to people’s bodily reactions to spaces: exterior and interior.

Dissertação de Mestrado em Direito apresentada à Faculdade de Direito
This dissertation approaches a theme which seems to have fallen in forgetfulness, with the passing of the years, or, at least, gradually diminished the interest of criminal doctrine to treat it. We intend, with this essay, to recapture this discussion and bring to surface the problems it evokes. The central focus of this study is the problematization of the protection of religious freedom through criminal law. Therefore, it will be searched for a satisfactory answer to the following question: What is the reason to exist a Section, in our Penal Code, where religious legal interests are protected? Arguments will be presented, in favor and against this systematization of the Code, through the search of a legal interest protected in each and every one of the crimes in the present Section, ultimately, finding a conducting wire of legal interests related to religion which allows us to accept the pertinence of this legal codification.This dissertation approaches a theme which seems to have fallen in forgetfulness, with the passing of the years, or, at least, gradually diminished the interest of criminal doctrine to treat it. We intend, with this essay, to recapture this discussion and bring to surface the problems it evokes. The central focus of this study is the problematization of the protection of religious freedom through criminal law. Therefore, it will be searched for a satisfactory answer to the following question: What is the reason to exist a Section, in our Penal Code, where religious legal interests are protected? Arguments will be presented, in favor and against this systematization of the Code, through the search of a legal interest protected in each and every one of the crimes in the present Section, ultimately, finding a conducting wire of legal interests related to religion which allows us to accept the pertinence of this legal codification.
A presente dissertação aborda uma temática que parece ter caído em esquecimento, com o correr dos anos, ou, pelo menos, foi diminuindo gradualmente interesse da doutrina jurídico-criminal no seu tratamento. Pretendemos, com este ensaio, retomar esta discussão e trazer à tona os problemas que suscita. Assim, o foco central deste estudo é a problematização da proteção da liberdade religiosa através do direito penal. Para isso, procura-se uma resposta satisfatória para a seguinte questão: Qual a razão de ser de uma Secção, no nosso Código Penal, onde se tutelem bens jurídicos religiosos? Serão apresentados argumentos a favor e contra esta sistematização codificada, através da procura de um bem jurídico tutelado em todos e cada um dos crimes da Secção em causa, no limite, enxergando um fio condutor de bens jurídicos relacionados com a religião que nos permita aceitar a pertinência desta sistematização legislativa.A presente dissertação aborda uma temática que parece ter caído em esquecimento, com o correr dos anos, ou, pelo menos, foi diminuindo gradualmente interesse da doutrina jurídico-criminal no seu tratamento. Pretendemos, com este ensaio, retomar esta discussão e trazer à tona os problemas que suscita. Assim, o foco central deste estudo é a problematização da proteção da liberdade religiosa através do direito penal. Para isso, procura-se uma resposta satisfatória para a seguinte questão: Qual a razão de ser de uma Secção, no nosso Código Penal, onde se tutelem bens jurídicos religiosos? Serão apresentados argumentos a favor e contra esta sistematização codificada, através da procura de um bem jurídico tutelado em todos e cada um dos crimes da Secção em causa, no limite, enxergando um fio condutor de bens jurídicos relacionados com a religião que nos permita aceitar a pertinência desta sistematização legislativa.

This study explores the possible efficacy of a low carbohydrate and high fat nutritional intervention (LCHF) as a treatment possibility aiming to improve the ability of self-control and regulation in the context of carbohydrate-addiction. The study first outlines why increased simple carbohydrate consumption has been implicated as a risk-factor in numerous chronic conditions, and then explores the possibility that a reduction of such consumption could lower general medical expenditure in the healthcare sector of already overburdened institutions, especially in developing countries like South Africa. Since the neurobiological evidence for food addiction is compelling, this study investigates the impact of a low carbohydrate and high fat eating (LCHF) regimen by measuring the change in the severity of addictive behaviour in relation to a reduced carbohydrate consumption. Results indicate that a LCHF nutritional intervention lessened addictive behaviour after just 30 days, resulting in a statistically significant decrease in addiction symptoms from day 1 to day 30. The weight and BMI values of the participants recorded at the end of the study showed a reduction from those obtained during the pre- treatment stage, and the self-perceived ‘feeling in control’ also improved in all participants after the intervention. The introduction of a LCHF nutritional intervention presents a relatively cost-effective treatment and preventative measure to combat carbohydrate over-consumption and its numerous health complications, and it is therefore hoped that the positive findings of this study will foster further research, using larger samples, into this type of nutritional intervention against addictive eating behaviour.
Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)