Дисертації з теми "Feed levels"
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Pugh, Jamie A. "Prediction of optimal rumen degradable protein levels in no-roughage, corn-based feedlot diets." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/6277.
Повний текст джерелаThe entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on January 16, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
Leung, Stanley. "The effect of clinoptilolite properties and supplementation levels on swine performance /." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82276.
Повний текст джерелаThe results from this study show that the zeolite with a particle size distribution either >250 mum or mixed (50% particles greater and smaller than 250 mum) adsorbed the most NH4+. Macro mineral and heavy metal release was similar among all particle size distributions tested, but varied between sources of zeolite. Handling properties of zeolite were not affected by moisture content or particle size. The feed trial indicated that zeolite supplementation, combined with a low crude protein and energy diet and at an inclusion level of 4%, showed potential as a feed additive in swine diets for the purposes of nutrient reduction. Nevertheless, zeolite seemed to have a greater impact on energy ingestion, as compared to crude protein. Even at 6% zeolite inclusion in the feed, hog muscle, kidney and liver tissues showed no significant increase in heavy metal contents, as compared to those fed any zeolite.
Mullins, Chad Ryan. "Feeding high levels of wet corn gluten feed to dairy cattle." Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1640.
Повний текст джерелаURIAS, ALEJANDRO RUBEN. "EFFECT OF DIETARY CONCENTRATE LEVELS ON IN SITU DRY MATTER DISAPPEARANCE, NEUTRAL DETERGENT FIBER DISAPPEARANCE AND DIGESTION KINETICS OF ALFALFA HAY, WHEAT STRAW AND STEAM PROCESSED AND FLAKED MILO GRAIN." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183830.
Повний текст джерелаHarmon, Deidre Danielle. "Phosphorus excretion in beef steers as impacted by increasing levels of corn gluten feed." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50510.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Forster, Lance Allen. "Nutritional value of flat pea hay fed to sheep at different levels." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43855.
Повний текст джерелаTwo experiments were conducted with sheep to determine the nutritional value of 'Lathco' flatpea (Lathyrus sylvestris) hay. In experiment 1, a finishing trial was conducted with 50 group fed crossbred lambs (25 ewes and 25 wethers) fed diets consisting of 70% chopped forage and 30% ground corn grain for 70 d. Five pens of five wethers and five pens of five ewes were selffed diets in which the forage consisted of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 proportions of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and flatpea hay. Feed efficiencies decreased linearly (P<.05) as flatpea increased in the diet. Linear decreases (P<.05) were obtained in kidney and pelvic fat, backfat, leg conformation, and yield grade with increased flatpea in the diet. Blood urea-N (BUN), ruminal pH and NH3-N increased (P<.005) as proportion of flatpea increased. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and acetate concentration decreased linearly (P<.005) and propionate, isovalerate, and valerate levels increased linearly (P<.01) with increased proportions of flatpea hay. In experiment 2, 30 wether lambs were fed diets consisting of 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75 and 0:100 proportions of chopped alfalfa and flatpea hays in a digestion trial. Neutral detergent fiber (NOE), acid detergent fiber (ADE), cellulose, hemicellulose and energy digestibilities decreased linearly (P<.Ol) with increased levels of flatpea hay. Nitrogen retention was not different between sheep fed the different diets. Apparent absorbtion and retention of Ca decreased linearly (P<.05) with increased level of flatpea hay Ruminal pH and NHa-N, and BUN increased linearly (P<.OOl) as flatpea was increased in the diet. Ruminal total VEA, acetate and acetate to propionate ratio decreased linearly (P<.001) and propionate, isobutyrate, isovalerate, and valerate levels increased linearly (P<.001) as level of flatpea increased.
Master of Science
Alvarado, Mario D. "Fishmeal substituted for soybean meal fed at two TDN levels for lactating dairy cows." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45742.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Saavedra, Aracelli Pinelli. "Vitamin E and vitamin C supplementation of sows in a hot environment : effects on reproductive performance, piglet tissue levels and aspects of immune status." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369542.
Повний текст джерелаDu, Plessis J. J. P. (Johannes Jacobus Pieter). "The effect of different dietary levels of energy and protein on the production and body composition of broiler breeders." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51966.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: A flock of 500 Hybro broiler breeders were employed to study the effect of different levels of protein and energy on production and body composition. The daily lysine intake of the birds were 900, 1050, 1200 and 1350 mg respectively, each fed in diets with a daily energy intake of 1800 and 2000 kJ ME to provide a 4 x 2 factorial design. Lysine was used as the reference amino acid in the experiment and all other amino acids were kept in a constant ratio in every experimental diet. The total production was divided into 3 periods of 13 weeks each (week 23 - 35; week 36 - 48 and week 49 - 61) to determine the effect of the treatments over time. Production was evaluated by hen day production; egg weight (g/egg); egg mass (g/day); fertility; hatchability; chicks/hen/week; feed conversion and day old chick weight. Hen day production was significantly (P < 0,05) lower at the high energy intake for period week 49 to 61. Energy and protein levels significantly increased egg weight. Effect of protein was consistent during all three periods of production. Egg mass output had a significant (P < 0,05) response to increasing levels of protein for the total period of production. The birds on the high energy diet produced a significant higher egg mass per hen during the first period of production (week 23 - 35). Hatchability was reduced (P < 0,05) by the higher energy intake for the total period of production and this effect was very significant (P < 0,01) during the final period of production. Similar to hen day production, the higher energy had a significant (P < 0,05) negative effect on the amount of chicks produced. The well-known correlation between egg weight and chick weight was confirmed with the regression equation: Chick weight = 10,5 + 1,22 x Egg weight. Both energy and protein had a significant (P < 0,01) positive effect on chick weight. The feed conversion was lower at increasing levels of amino acid intake (P < 0,01). Higher energy intake significantly (P < 0,05) increased hen weight and protein had a very significant effect during the first period of production (P < 0,01). The isotope dilution technique (tritiated water) was used to estimate the body composition of the breeders. This was done at 5 different periods (week 27, 35, 43, 52 and 61) of the production period to establish changes in requirements over time. Significant correlation were found between carcass moisture and waterspace (R2 = 0,76); fat % and carcass moisture (R2 = 0,78); protein % and waterspace (R2 = 0,35) and fat % and waterspace (R2 = 0,46). The regression equations obtained from these correlation were employed to determine excess energy and lysine consumed at different ages. Energy requirements were calculated according to the effective energy (EE) system and the conventional ME system. According to effective energy the lower energy intake was not sufficient and the maximum requirement was calculated to be 1942 kj EE/day. The metabolizable energy calculations indicated sufficient intakes at every treatment with the maximum requirement 1746 kj ME/day. The lysine requirement was found to be in excess of 1050 mg lysine per day. The recommendation for daily lysine intake is 1200 mg/day and the energy intake of breeders should be 1900 to 2000 kj ME/day from week 23 to 35 and can be reduced to 1800 kj ME/day in the final period of production.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Om die effek van verskillende vlakke energie en proteïen op produksie en liggaamsamestelling te ondersoek is 'n trop van 500 Hybro braaikuiken teelouers gebruik. Die daaglikse lisien inname van die henne was onderskeidelik 900, 1050, 1200 en 1350 mg, wat elk by 'n daaglikse energie inname van 1800 en 2000 kJ ME verskaf is, in 'n 4 x 2 faktoriale ontwerp. Alle aminosure is in 'n konstante verhouding met die verwysings aminosuur lisien in die rantsoen ingesluit. Om te evalueer of daar veranderinge oor 'n tydperk plaasvind weens die verskillende behandelings is die produksie periode in drie periodes van 13 weke elk verdeel (week 23 - 35; week 36 - 48 en week 49 - 61). Die produksie standaarde wat gemeet is, is hen dag produksie, eiergewig (g/eier), eiermassa (g/dag), vrugbaarheid, uitbroeibaarheid, kuikens/hen/week, voeromset en dagoud kuikenmassa. Hen dag produksie was betekenisvol (P < 0,05) laer by die hoër energie innames in die laaste periode van 49 tot 61 weke. Energie en proteïen het eiergewig betekenisvol (P < 0,01) verhoog. Die effek van hoër vlakke proteïen was konstant in alle produksie periodes. Die daaglikse eiermassa (g/dag) het ook saam met stygende vlakke proteïen verhoog en hierdie effek was vir die totale periode van produksie. Energie het die eiermassa in die eerste periode van produksie (week 23 - 35) verhoog. Uitbroeibaarheid is verlaag (P < 0,05) vir die totale periode van produksie deur die hoër energie inname en die effek was selfs groter (P < 0,01) in die finale periode van produksie. In ooreenstemming met die hen dag produksie is die aantal kuikens geproduseer negatief beïnvloed deur die hoër energie inname (P < 0,05). Die korrelasie wat bestaan tussen eiermassa en kuikenmassa is bevestig deur die regressie: Kuikenmassa = 10,5 + 1,22 x Eiermassa. Energie en proteïen het kuikenmassa betekenisvol (P < 0,01) verhoog. Voeromset was laer by stygende vlakke van proteïen inname (P < 0,01). Die hoër energie inname het henmassa ook betekenisvol (P < 0,05) verhoog en proteïen het dieselfde effek slegs in die eerste periode van produksie gehad (P < 0,01). Die liggaamsamestelling van teelhenne is bepaal met behulp van die isotoop verdunnings tegniek (tritium water). Dit is bepaal op 5 verskillende stadiums in die produksie periode (week 27, 35, 43, 52 en 61) om die moontlike verandering in behoeftes oor tyd vas te stel. Betekenisvolle korrelasies is gevind tussen karkasvog en die waterspasie (RZ= 0,76); vet % en karkasvog (R2 = 0,78); proteïen % en waterspasie (R2 = 0,35) en vet % en waterspasie (R2 = 0,46). Die regressie vergelykings van hierdie korrelasies is gebruik om die hoevelheid surplus energie en lisien ingeneem te bepaal. Die" effective energy" sisteem en die konvensionele ME sisteem is gebruik in die bepaling van energie behoeftes. Volgens die " effective energy" was die energie inname nie voldoende by die laer energie innames nie en die maksimum behoefte is bereken as 1942 kJ EE/dag. Die maksimum energie behoefte volgens metaboliseerbare energie is bereken as 1746 kj ME/dag. Die lisien behoefte moet hoër as 1050 mg/dag wees. Die aanbeveling van die daaglikse lisien inname is 1200 mg/dag en die energie inname moet 1900 tot 2000 kj/dag wees tot 35 weke produksie en kan daarna verlaag word na 1800 kJ ME/dag.
Van, der Westhuizen Liana. "The effects of fumonisins on sphinganine and sphingosine levels in hepataocyte cultures, experimental animals and humans." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51973.
Повний текст джерелаKennel, Phyllis D. "The effect of exercise and fish oil supplements on the blood lipid levels of the hamster." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46044.
Повний текст джерелаThe effect of aerobic exercise and fish oil supplements on plasma lipid parameters was investigated in the hamster. The hamsters were fed a basal hypercholesterolemic purified diet (0.1% cholesterol, 15% fat) to elicit an elevated lipid response. Fifty-six hypercholesterolemic hamsters were divided into four groups: control, swimming (trained up to one hour every other day), daily fish oil supplementation (.35g/kg/day omega-3), and a swimming/fish oil combination. The effect of these treatments on plasma TC, TG and pooled samples of plasma HDL-C, HDL2â C, LDL-C and VLDL-C was studied over 12 weeks. All hamsters had a significant increase in body weight. Feed intakes increased at 6 weeks and then declined over the second 6 weeks, but remained above the beginning levels.
Master of Science
Hannon, Robert Logan, of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University, Faculty of Agriculture and Horticulture, and School of Agriculture and Rural Development. "An evaluation of bentonite feed additives in horses and dogs and a reflection on the research process." THESIS_FAH_ARD_Hannon_R.xml, 1996. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/738.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science (Hons) (Systems Agriculture)
Strydom, Marline. "The effect of different levels of supplementary feed on the production of finisher ostriches (Struthio camelus) grazing irrigated lucerne (Medicago sativa) pastures." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5234.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the production of slaughter ostriches in a grazing environment at different levels of supplementary feed. Two grazing trials were conducted. In the first trial, one group of finisher ostriches (six months old) was put into a feedlot and received a complete finisher diet. The other four groups were allowed to graze lucerne pasture (stocking rate of 15 birds/ha) with 1500, 1000, 500, and 0g supplementary feed/bird/day. Pasture production and intake were measured. There was no difference (P >0.05) between the end mean live weights of the feedlot ostriches and those two grazing groups receiving 1500 or 1000g supplementation. The average daily gain (ADG) of the group receiving 1000g supplementation was lower (P <0.05) than the ADG of the group receiving 1500g supplementation, but all three groups reached a mean target slaughter weight of 95kg within the 154 days of the study. Therefore, pastures together with the correct supplementation (at least 1000g/bird/day) can replace complete feeds in the finishing phase of slaughter ostriches and can play an important role in the production of these birds. For lucerne intake, a quadratic relationship (P <0.01) was found between pasture dry matter (DM) intake (g/bird/day) and supplementary feed intake (g/bird/day). The maximum lucerne intake level (1692.8g/bird/day) was achieved at 619.6g supplementary feed/bird/day. In the second grazing trial, finisher ostriches were allowed to graze lucerne pastures at two different stocking rates (10 and 15 birds/ha) while receiving either 0 or 800g supplementary feed/bird/day. Ostriches receiving supplementation had higher (P <0.05) mean end live weights than ostriches receiving no supplementation. Ostriches receiving supplementation reached a mean target slaughter weight of 95kg within the timespan of the trial, but ostriches receiving no supplementation did not. Stocking rate had no influence on mean end live weight of the birds. An interaction (P <0.05) was found between the level of supplementation and stocking rate for ADG of the birds. Stocking rate influenced ADG only for birds receiving no supplementation. As stocking rate increased, ADG of birds receiving no supplementation declined. Results of the pasture data indicated an increasing level of replacement of grazed lucerne DM by supplementary feed as the trial progressed and this was more pronounced at the higher stocking rate of 15 birds per hectare. A high stocking rate seems to have had a gradual depressing effect on lucerne DM production, while the less severe levels of defoliation at a lower stocking rate promoted lucerne DM production. A digestibility trial was conducted with mature ostriches (12 months old) to investigate the effect of supplementation on intake and digestibility of nutrients, as well as to investigate the substitution effect that ostriches may display when they receive supplementary feed in addition to grazing. The same dietary treatments as in the first grazing study were given to ostriches while they were kept in metabolism crates. These diets were also fed to 20-week old roosters to obtain energy values for these diets for roosters. These energy values would be used to predict ostrich energy values for the same diets by means of a regression equation. For the roosters, each diet treatment was mixed with 50% maize to prevent digestive disorders and ensure maximum feed intake. Ostriches started to substitute supplementary feed for pasture when supplementation was supplied at levels higher than 62% (i.e. 1000g supplementary feed/bird/day) of total feed intake. For each increase of 100g in supplementary feed intake, pasture was replaced at a rate of 4.9%. Higher (P <0.05) total feed intakes were reached by ostriches if they grazed lucerne pastures and received supplementation than if they grazed pasture alone. Pasture grazing alone had lower (P <0.05) dry matter digestibility (DMD) and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values for both ostriches and roosters than if pastures were supplied with a supplement. A significant stepwise regression could not be computed for the prediction of ostrich AME values from rooster AME values. The economics of different feeding systems (extensive versus intensive) were evaluated with an economic analysis, which was based on the same materials and methods and results of the first grazing trial. A margin above feed cost (MAFC) analysis was performed to evaluate the economic viability of the different feeding systems. The present value (PV) of the MAFC for the pasture-based system with 1000g/bird/day supplementation was only 8.3% lower than that of the feedlot system over a period of six years, while the PV of the cost of the same pasture-based system was 78.4% lower than that of the feedlot system. Birds finished on lucerne pasture with 1000g supplementation led to a saving of 57% in feeding costs if compared to a feedlot system. A sensitivity analysis of the MAFC revealed that the pasture-based system was less sensitive to changes in feeding costs than the feedlot system. Therefore, the unique circumstances of each ostrich producer will play a role in the decision whether to raise ostriches in a feedlot or on pastures.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die produksie van slagvolstruise in ‘n ekstensiewe weidingsstelsel met verskillende vlakke van aanvullende voeding is gedurende hierdie studie ge-evalueer. Twee weidingsstudies is uitgevoer. In die eerste studie is een groep afrondingsvolstruise (ses maande oud) in ‘n voerkraal geplaas en ‘n volledige afrondingsdieet gevoer. Die ander vier groepe is op besproeide lusernweiding geplaas (teen ‘n weidigtheid van 15 voëls/ha) en het onderskeidelik 1500, 1000, 500 en 0g aanvullende voeding/voël/dag ontvang. Weidingproduksie en -inname is gemeet. Daar was geen verskil (P >0.05) tussen die eindgewigte van die voerkraal volstruise en dié van die weidende voëls wat onderskeidelik 1500 en 1000g aanvullende voeding ontvang het nie. Die gemiddelde daaglikse toename (GDT) van die groep weidende voëls wat 1000g aanvullende voeding ontvang het was laer (P <0.05) as die GDT van die groep weidende voëls wat 1500g aanvullende voeding ontvang het, maar al drie hierdie groepe het ‘n gemiddelde teiken slaggewig van 95kg bereik binne die 154 dae van die studie. Weiding, tesame met die korrekte aanvullende voeding (van ten minste 1000g/voël/dag) kan volvoer rantsoene in die afrondingsfase van slagvolstruise vervang en kan dus ‘n belangrike rol speel ten opsigte van die produksie van hierdie voëls. Vir lusern inname is ‘n kwadratiese passing (P <0.01) tussen weiding droë materiaal (DM) inname (g/voël/dag) en aanvullende voeding inname (g/voël/dag) gevind. Die maksimum lusern inname (1692.8g/voël/dag) is bereik wanneer voëls 619.6g aanvullende voeding/voël/dag ingeneem het. In die tweede weidingsstudie, is afrondingsvolstruise (6 maande oud) toegelaat om lusern te bewei teen twee verskillende weidigthede (10 en 15 voëls/ha) en het ook 0 of 800g aanvullende voeding/voël/dag ontvang. Volstruise wat aanvullende voeding ontvang het, het hoër (P <0.05) gemiddelde eindgewigte bereik as volstruise wat geen aanvullende voeding ontvang het nie. Volstruise wat aanvullende voeding ontvang het, het ook die teiken slaggewig van 95kg bereik binne die tydsduur van die studie, terwyl die volstruise wat geen aanvullende voeding ontvang het nie, nie daarin kon slag nie. Weidigtheid het nie ‘n invloed (P >0.05) gehad op die eindgewigte van die voëls nie, maar ‘n interaksie (P <0.05) is gevind tussen vlak van aanvullende voeding en weidigtheid wat GDT van die voëls betref. Weidigtheid het GDT beïnvloed slegs vir volstruise wat geen aanvullende voeding ontvang het nie. Soos die weidigtheid van die voëls wat geen aanvullende voeding ontvang het nie, toegeneem het, het die GDT van hierdie voëls afgeneem. Ontleding van die weidingsdata het ‘n toenemende vlak van verplasing van die weiding met aanvullende voeding getoon soos die studie gevorder het en dit was meer merkbaar by die hoër weidigtheid. Die hoër weidighteid het ook gelei tot ‘n geleidelike afname in lusern DM produksie, terwyl die minder aggressiewe vlakke van ontblaring by die laer weidigtheid lusern DM produksie bevorder het. ‘n Verteringsstudie is gedoen met volwasse volstruise (12 maande oud) om die invloed van aanvullende voeding op inname en verteerbaarheid van nutriente te toets, asook om die substitusie effek wat volstruise mag toon wanneer hulle aanvullende voeding ontvang op weiding, te ondersoek. Dieselfde dieet behandelings as in die eerste weidingsstudie is vir die volstruise gegee terwyl hulle in metabolisme kratte aangehou is. Hierdie diëte is ook aan 20-week oue hane gevoer om die energie waardes van die diete vir hane te verkry. Hierdie energiewaardes sal dan gebruik word om volstruis energiewaardes te voorspel vir dieselfde diëte met behulp van ‘n regressie vergelyking. Vir die hane is elke dieet gemeng met 50% mielies om inname te handhaaf en spysverteringsstoornisse te voorkom. Volstruise het weiding begin verplaas met aanvullende voeding sodra die vlak van aanvullende voeding hoër as 62% (d.i. meer as 1000g aanvullende voeding/voël/dag) van die totale inname van die voëls was. Vir elke 100g toename in aanvullende voeding, word weiding verplaas teen ‘n tempo van 4.9%. Weiding, tesame met aanvullende voeding, het gelei tot hoër totale droë material (DM) voerinnames by volstruise as wanneer weiding alleen beskikbaar was. Wanneer weiding alleen voorsien was, was daar laer (P <0.05) verteerbaarhede van DM en waarskynlike metaboliseerbare energie (WME) waardes vir beide volstruise en hane as wanneer die weiding voorsien word met aanvullende voeding. Geen betekenisvolle stapsgewyse regressie kon gevind word om volstruis energie waardes uit hoender energie waardes te voorspel nie. Die ekonomie van verskillende sisteme (ekstensief versus intensief) is in hierdie studie vergelyk en is gebaseer op dieselfde materiaal en metodes en resultate van die eerste weidingsstudie. ‘n Marge bo voerkoste analise is gebruik om die ekonomiese lewensvatbaarheid van die sisteme met mekaar te vergelyk. Die huidige waarde van die marge bo voerkoste van die weidingssisteem waar 1000g aanvullende voeding gevoer word was 8.3% laer as dié van die voerkraal sisteem oor ‘n periode van ses jaar. Daarteenoor was die huidige waarde van die koste van dieselfde weidingssisteem 78.4% laer as dié van die voerkraal sisteem. Die weidingssisteem waar volstruise 1000g aanvullende voeding ontvang het, het ‘n besparing van 57% in voerkoste getoon wanneer dit met die voerkraal volstruise vergelyk is. ‘n Sensitiwiteitsanalise van die marge bo voerkoste het getoon dat die weidingssisteem minder sensitief is vir wisselende voerkoste as die voerkraal sisteem. Die unieke omstandighede van elke produsent sal ‘n rol speel in sy keuse om volstruise op weiding of in ‘n voerkraal af te rond.
Archibeque, Shawn Louis. "Finishing diets with elevated levels of alpha-linolenic acid increase feed efficiency and adipose lipogenesis but do not alter beef carcass quality." Diss., Texas A&M University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1969/154.
Повний текст джерелаGoodarzi, Boroojeni Farshad [Verfasser]. "The Effects of Different Thermal Treatments and Organic Acids Levels in Feed on Nutrient Digestibility and Gut Microbiota in Broilers / Farshad Goodarzi Boroojeni." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1058858343/34.
Повний текст джерелаTeague, Paul David. "The effect of two levels of dietary ractopamine hydrochloride (Paylean®) supplementation on growth performance, feed efficiency and quantitative carcass traits in finisher gilts." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60863.
Повний текст джерелаDissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
MSc (Agric)
Unrestricted
Flohr, Joshua Richard. "The effects of various sources and levels of supplemental vitamin D3 on growth performance and serum 25(OH)D3 of young pigs." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15196.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Jim Nelssen
Seven experiments using a total of 3,251 preweaned pigs, nursery pigs, and sows were used to determine the effects of: 1) supplemental vitamin D[subscript]3 on suckling and nursery pig growth, and maternal performance, and 2) high sulfate water, dietary zeolite and humic substance on nursery pig performance. Also, a web-based survey was developed to question pork producers and advisors of the swine industry on their knowledge of feed efficiency. Experiment 1 tested an oral dose of either; none, 40,000 or 80,000 IU vitamin D[subscript]3 given to pigs 24 to 48 h after farrowing. No differences in growth performance or bone mineralization were observed, but vitamin D[subscript]3 supplementation increased serum 25(OH)D[subscript]3 on d 10, 20, and 30, but returned to control values by d 52. Experiments 2 and 3 evaluated an oral dose of vitamin D[subscript]3 to pigs just before weaning, as well as added D[subscript]3 in nursery diets and in drinking water. There were no effects on growth performance; however, serum 25(OH)D[subscript]3 increased with all sources of vitamin D[subscript]3 supplementation. Experiment 4 evaluated if pigs had a preference to 1 of 3 dietary concentrations of vitamin D[subscript]3. Pigs ate less feed from diets containing very high levels of vitamin D[subscript]3 compared to commonly supplemented levels. Experiment 5 evaluated 3 levels of vitamin D[subscript]3 in sow diets. There were no effects on sow productivity, subsequent pig performance, or piglet bone ash content. However, increasing vitamin D[subscript]3 increased sow serum 25(OH)D[subscript]3, milk vitamin D, and pig serum 25(OH)D[subscript]3. Experiment 6 and 7 evaluated the effects of dietary zeolite and humic substances in nursery pigs drinking high sulfate water. Ultimately, pigs drinking high sulfate water had increased fecal moisture content and decreased growth performance, and feed additives evaluated were ineffective in ameliorating these negative effects. Finally, data collected from the feed efficiency survey suggest that there are knowledge gaps about practices that effect feed efficiency. Results from this survey will help extension educators better target specific industry segments with current information and provide more specific areas of future research where lack of information has been identified.
Kunii, Eduardo Miyamoto Fukanoki [UNESP]. "Frequência alimentar e taxa de alimentação para Kinguio criado em hapa: desempenho produtivo e avaliação econômica." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96503.
Повний текст джерелаCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Com o trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho do kinguio (Carassius auratus) em hapas providas com dispensadores automáticos de ração utilizando frequências alimentares de seis, 12 e 24 vezes ao dia e duas taxas de alimentação, 5% e 10% do peso vivo da biomassa, durante 75 dias. As hapas foram instaladas em tanques-rede submersos a um metro de profundidade em um viveiro escavado de 2.000m2. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial com três frequências alimentares e duas taxas de alimentação. Cada tratamento teve três repetições e os peixes foram alimentados com ração comercial. Foram utilizadas 18 hapas de 0,42m³ onde foram distribuídos 75 peixes com peso médio inicial de 5,26± 1,52 gramas em cada unidade experimental. As frequências alimentares de seis, 12 e 24 vezes ao dia foram semelhantes com a taxa alimentar de 10% (P>0.05). Já com a taxa de 5% o desempenho produtivo foi superior naqueles alimentados de hora em hora em relação aos demais – P<0.05. Como esperado, observou-se maior ganho de peso nos kinguios submetidos à maior taxa de alimentação, apresentando o valor médio de 40,01 gramas, enquanto que na menor taxa o valor foi 32,07g. Em relação à frequência alimentar, os melhores resultados foram obtidos com maior parcelamento da ração. Com o fornecimento de ração de hora em hora o peso médio foi de 38,59g, quando os animais foram alimentados a cada duas horas apresentaram peso médio de 36,89g e quando receberam ração a cada quatro horas o peso médio de 33,75g. A conversão alimentar dos peixes que receberam 5% de seu peso em ração foi de 1,66, sendo que para os peixes que receberam 10% foi de 2,85. As conversões para os animais que foram alimentados a cada quatro horas, a cada duas horas e a cada hora foram 2,01; 2,32 e 2,44, respectivamente...
In the present work the performance of kinguio (Carassius auratus) in hapas with automatic feeder, fed with 5% and 10% level of body weight in frequencies of six, 12 and 24 times a day was studied during 75 days. The hapas of 0.42 m³ was distributed in 18 cages submerged one meter depth in a water reservoir of 2.000m². There were used kinguio with 5.26 ± 1.52g in each experimental unit in a density of 75 fishes/m³. The experimental design used was a completely randomized whit three replicates in outline factorial three frequencies and two level, a commercial ration used. In 10% level the times frequency of six, 12 and 24 times a day were similar (P> 0.05). However the performance was higher with 5% level in those fed hourly over the other - P <0.05. As expected, the higher level of body weight provided greater weight gain in kinguios with the average value of 40.01g, whereas the lowest level the value was 32.07g. The best results were obtained with greater fragmentation of the ration in relation of food frequency. The supply of food in each hour, the average weight was 38.59g, when the animals were fed every two hours the mean weight 36.89g and when fed every four hours the average weight of 33.75g. Fishes that received 5% level of body weight the feed conversion were 1.66, while for the fishes receiving 10% were 2.85. For animals that were fed every four hours every two hours and each hour the feed conversions were 2.01, 2.32 and 2.44, respectively. The increase of frequency of food associated a lower level of body weight improved utilization of the ration resulting in better performance
Morejon, Jacome Aida Esperanza. "Determination of the primary levels of the residues of the seeds of wheat, maize, and barley for the elaboration of the food mixture for rabbits." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5404.
Повний текст джерелаGutierrez, Jenny Lourdes Mamani. "Evaluation of diets with different levels of barley sprouts (Hordeum vulgare) in the basic feed of guinea pigs (Cavia aperea porcellus) in the phases of growth." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2001. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5375.
Повний текст джерелаCamilo, Danilo de AraÃjo. "Ingestive behavior, performance, carcass characteristics and non-carcass components of Morada Nova lambs fed different levels of metabolizable energy." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2011. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=7070.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior, average daily weight gain (ADG), feed conversion (FC), feed efficiency (FE), carcass characteristics, commercial cuts weights and yield, weight of gastrointestinal content and compartments, weight and yield of internal organs of Morada Nova growing lambs fed different levels of metabolizable energy (ME). 32 lambs, non-castrated, with average initial body weight of 12.12 Â 1.69 kg and approximately 60 days of age were used. Animals were distributed into four experimental treatments determined by different levels of metabolizable energy (1.28, 1.72, 2.18 and 2.62 Mcal/kg DM), in a randomized block design with eight replicates per treatment. Tifton 85 hay was used as roughage. Lambs were slaughtered sequentially as the group of animals of each treatment reached an average of 25 kg of body weight. Increasing linear effect was observed of metabolizable energy levels (P<0.05) over dry matter (DM) intake and decreasing linear effect for neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, both expressed in g/day, %BW e g/kg0,75. Eating, ruminating and total chewing times, expressed in h/day, decreased linearly (P<0.05) with increasing levels of energy in the rations. Idle time, in turn, increased linearly (P<0.05). Eating and rumination efficiencies were influenced by the energy levels (P<0.05) expressed in g DM/h. The number of ruminal boluses, number of chews and chews per ruminal bolus were not affected by the levels of ME. However, time spent chewing per ruminal bolus was influenced (P<0.05). Increased linear effect (P<0.05) was observed for ADG, without affecting, however FC and FE. Carcass traits such as: empty body weight, hot carcass weight and yield, cold carcass weight and yield, loss by cooling and biological yield were not affected (P>0.05) by the increasing levels of dietary energy. Increased linear effect (P<0.05) was also observed for ribeye area and decreased linear effect (P<0.05) for loss by fasting with the increasing of ME levels. The levels of energy also decreased (P<0.05) the weight of the cuts shoulder and leg (%), and increased linearly the neck (kg), rib, breast and flank expressed in kg and%. There was no effect of energy levels (P>0.05) on weight of gastrointestinal content. Increased linear effect (P<0.05) was observed for the weights of heart, the group of organs lungs, trachea, esophagus and tongue (PTEL), liver and spleen, expressed in kg. Regarding the compartments of the gastrointestinal tract, it was observed increased linear effect (P<0.05) only for rumen-reticulum, in %, and small intestine, in kg. The perirenal, omental and mesenteric fats were also influenced by the energy levels (P<0.05) with linear increase when expressed in kg and %. It was concluded that the increase of ME levels of diets influences the ingestive behavior, promote increases in ADG and ribeye area, and reduction in loss by fasting. Regarding the weights of cuts, levels of ME reduce shoulder and leg and increase neck, rib, chest and flank. Levels of ME also influence positively weight and yield of internal organs, viscera and fats of Morada Nova lambs during the growing period.
Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos, ganho de peso mÃdio diÃrio (GMD), conversÃo alimentar (CA), eficiÃncia alimentar (EA), caracterÃsticas de carcaÃa, pesos e rendimento dos cortes comerciais, peso do conteÃdo e dos compartimentos gastrointestinais, peso e rendimento dos ÃrgÃos internos de ovinos Morada Nova em crescimento alimentados com diferentes nÃveis de energia metabolizÃvel (EM). Foram utilizados 32 animais, nÃo-castrados, peso corporal mÃdio de 12,12 Â 1,69 kg e aproximadamente 60 dias de idade. Os animais foram distribuÃdos em quatro tratamentos experimentais determinados por diferentes nÃveis de EM (1,28; 1,72; 2,18 e 2,62 Mcal/kg de MS), em delineamento em blocos casualizados, com oito repetiÃÃes por tratamento. O feno de Tifton 85 foi utilizado como volumoso. Os cordeiros foram abatidos seqÃencialmente, Ã medida que o grupo de animais de cada tratamento atingia a mÃdia de 25 kg de peso vivo. Foi observado efeito linear (P<0,05) crescente dos nÃveis de energia metabolizÃvel sobre consumo de matÃria seca (MS) e decrescente para o consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), ambos expressos em g/dia, %PV e g/kg0,75. Os tempos de alimentaÃÃo, ruminaÃÃo e mastigaÃÃo total, expressos em h/dia, diminuÃram linearmente (P<0,05) com o aumento dos nÃveis energÃticos das raÃÃes. O tempo de Ãcio, por sua vez, aumentou linearmente (P<0,05). As eficiÃncias de alimentaÃÃo e ruminaÃÃo foram influenciadas pelos nÃveis de energia (P<0,05) expressas em g MS/h. O nÃmero de bolos ruminais, nÃmero de mastigaÃÃes merÃcicas por dia e nÃmero de mastigaÃÃes merÃcicas por bolo ruminal nÃo foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos nÃveis de EM das raÃÃes. Para o tempo de mastigaÃÃes merÃcicas por bolo ruminal houve efeito significativo (P<0,05). Verificou-se efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) dos nÃveis de EM sobre o GMD sem afetar, no entanto a CA e EA. As caracterÃsticas de carcaÃa: peso de corpo vazio, peso e rendimento de carcaÃa quente, peso e rendimento de carcaÃa fria, perda por resfriamento e rendimento biolÃgico nÃo foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelos aumentos nos nÃveis de energia da dieta. Houve efeito linear crescente dos nÃveis de energia sobre a Ãrea de olho de lombo e perda por jejum (P<0,05). Observou-se ainda efeito linear decrescente dos nÃveis de EM (P<0,05) sobre o peso dos cortes paleta e perna em %, e crescente sobre os pesos de pescoÃo em kg e costela, peito e fraldinha expressos em kg e %. NÃo foi observado efeito (P>0,05) dos nÃveis de energia sobre o peso do conteÃdo gastrointestinal. Verificou-se efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) dos nÃveis de EM sobre os pesos do coraÃÃo, do conjunto de ÃrgÃos: pulmÃes, traquÃia, esÃfago e lÃngua (PTEL), do fÃgado e baÃo, expressos em kg. Em relaÃÃo aos compartimentos do trato gastrointestinal foi observado efeito linear crescente (P<0,05) dos nÃveis de EM somente sobre o rÃmen-retÃculo em %, e intestino delgado em kg. As gorduras perirenal, omental e mesentÃrica tambÃm foram influenciados pelos nÃveis de energia (P<0,05) com incremento linear para os pesos em kg e %. Conclui-se que o aumento dos nÃveis de energia metabolizÃvel da raÃÃo influencia o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos e proporciona aumentos no GMD, Ãrea de olho de lombo, e reduÃÃo na perda por jejum. Em relaÃÃo aos pesos dos cortes comerciais o aumento nos nÃveis de EM reduz o peso de paleta e perna e aumenta os pesos do pescoÃo, costela, peito e fraldinha. O nÃvel de EM das raÃÃes influencia positivamente no peso e rendimento dos ÃrgÃos internos, vÃsceras e gorduras de ovinos Morada Nova em crescimento.
Kunii, Eduardo Miyamoto Fukanoki 1983. "Frequência alimentar e taxa de alimentação para Kinguio criado em hapa : desempenho produtivo e avaliação econômica /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/96503.
Повний текст джерелаBanca: Margarida Maria Barros
Banca: Luiz Edivaldo Pezzato
Banca: João Batista Kochenborger Fernandes
Resumo: Com o trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho do kinguio (Carassius auratus) em hapas providas com dispensadores automáticos de ração utilizando frequências alimentares de seis, 12 e 24 vezes ao dia e duas taxas de alimentação, 5% e 10% do peso vivo da biomassa, durante 75 dias. As hapas foram instaladas em tanques-rede submersos a um metro de profundidade em um viveiro escavado de 2.000m2. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial com três frequências alimentares e duas taxas de alimentação. Cada tratamento teve três repetições e os peixes foram alimentados com ração comercial. Foram utilizadas 18 hapas de 0,42m³ onde foram distribuídos 75 peixes com peso médio inicial de 5,26± 1,52 gramas em cada unidade experimental. As frequências alimentares de seis, 12 e 24 vezes ao dia foram semelhantes com a taxa alimentar de 10% (P>0.05). Já com a taxa de 5% o desempenho produtivo foi superior naqueles alimentados de hora em hora em relação aos demais - P<0.05. Como esperado, observou-se maior ganho de peso nos kinguios submetidos à maior taxa de alimentação, apresentando o valor médio de 40,01 gramas, enquanto que na menor taxa o valor foi 32,07g. Em relação à frequência alimentar, os melhores resultados foram obtidos com maior parcelamento da ração. Com o fornecimento de ração de hora em hora o peso médio foi de 38,59g, quando os animais foram alimentados a cada duas horas apresentaram peso médio de 36,89g e quando receberam ração a cada quatro horas o peso médio de 33,75g. A conversão alimentar dos peixes que receberam 5% de seu peso em ração foi de 1,66, sendo que para os peixes que receberam 10% foi de 2,85. As conversões para os animais que foram alimentados a cada quatro horas, a cada duas horas e a cada hora foram 2,01; 2,32 e 2,44, respectivamente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: In the present work the performance of kinguio (Carassius auratus) in hapas with automatic feeder, fed with 5% and 10% level of body weight in frequencies of six, 12 and 24 times a day was studied during 75 days. The hapas of 0.42 m³ was distributed in 18 cages submerged one meter depth in a water reservoir of 2.000m². There were used kinguio with 5.26 ± 1.52g in each experimental unit in a density of 75 fishes/m³. The experimental design used was a completely randomized whit three replicates in outline factorial three frequencies and two level, a commercial ration used. In 10% level the times frequency of six, 12 and 24 times a day were similar (P> 0.05). However the performance was higher with 5% level in those fed hourly over the other - P <0.05. As expected, the higher level of body weight provided greater weight gain in kinguios with the average value of 40.01g, whereas the lowest level the value was 32.07g. The best results were obtained with greater fragmentation of the ration in relation of food frequency. The supply of food in each hour, the average weight was 38.59g, when the animals were fed every two hours the mean weight 36.89g and when fed every four hours the average weight of 33.75g. Fishes that received 5% level of body weight the feed conversion were 1.66, while for the fishes receiving 10% were 2.85. For animals that were fed every four hours every two hours and each hour the feed conversions were 2.01, 2.32 and 2.44, respectively. The increase of frequency of food associated a lower level of body weight improved utilization of the ration resulting in better performance
Mestre
Friggens, Nicolas. "The effects of feed composition and level on lactational performance in rats and dairy cows : a basic approach to feed description." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/32230.
Повний текст джерелаRustas, Bengt-Ove. "Whole-crop cereals for growing cattle effects of maturity stage and chopping on intake and utilisation /." Skara : Dept. of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200974.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаCheng, Zhang. "Use of food waste feeds for culturing low trophic level fish (grass carp, bighead carp and mud carp): persistent toxic substances." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2014. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/76.
Повний текст джерелаPrathalingam, N. S. "The effects of level of feed intake and diet composition during a winter store period on the subsequent performance and carcass characteristics of beef cattle fed grass." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252130.
Повний текст джерелаDu, Toit C. J. L. "Effect of type and level of carbohydrate supplementation on intake and digestibility of Atriplex nummularia cv. De Kock by sheep." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07032007-115048.
Повний текст джерелаNgomani, Delisile. "Effect of dietary threonine level on productivity and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/3052.
Повний текст джерелаTwo experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary threonine level on production performance and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens. In each experiment the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous but with different dietary threonine levels.The first part of the study determined the effect of dietary threonine level on feed intake, growth rate, mortality and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged between Day 1-21. A total of 150 unsexed day-old chicks were used in a complete randomized design having 5 treatments (6.4, 7.5, 8, 8.5 and 9g of threonine/kg DM feed), replicated three times and having ten chickens per replicate. The second part of the study determined the effect of dietary threonine level on feed intake, digestibility, growth rate, mortality and carcass characteristics of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged between Day 22-42. Seventy-five male chickens were used in a complete randomized design having 5 treatments (6.4, 7.5, 8, 8.5 and 9g of threonine/kg DM feed), replicated three times and having five chickens per replicate. A quadratic regression model was used to determine the optimal productivity of the chickens while a General Linear Model (GLM) procedures for the statistical analysis of variance was used to detect dietary treatment effects. Where there were significant differences (P<0.05), Turkey’s honestly significant difference test (HSD) was used for mean separation. The chickens were slaughtered at the ages of 21 and 42 days for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, following ethical standards as recommended by the University of Limpopo Animal Research Ethics Committee (AREC/12/2017: PG). Two chickens per replicate for both studies were slaughtered for the determination of carcass characteristics (carcass and organ weights, gut organ digesta pH and gastro-intestinal length measurements). Dietary threonine levels used in this experiment affected (P<0.05) feed intake, growth rate, live weight, metabolisable energy (ME) intake, nitrogen retention, feed conversion ratio and gut organ weights and lengths of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 21 days. Dietary threonine level did not affect (P>0.05) diet digestibility. Feed conversion ratio, pH of the proventriculus digesta, gut intestine length and caecum length of unsexed broiler chickens were optimized at different dietary threonine levels of 9.6, 8.5, 6.6 and 8.4 g/kg DM, respectively. Dietary threonine levels had an effect (P<0.05) on feed intake, diet digestibility, metabolizable energy, live weight, proventriculus pH values, GIT length, gut organ and carcass organ weights of male Ross 308 broiler chickens between 22 to 42 days of age. Proventriculus and large intestine weights were optimized at different dietary threonine levels of 7.5 and 9.1 g/kg DM feed, respectively. Dietary threonine level did not affect (P>0.05) growth rate, feed conversion ratio of male Ross 308 broiler chickens between 22 to 42 days of age. It is concluded that dietary threonine levels used in this study affected production performance of younger broilers (Day 1-21) more than that of older birds (Day 22-42). However, production variables were optimized at different dietary threonine levels. This has implication on diet formulation for the chickens and no linear response could be established
National Research Foundation (NRF), and the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF)
Simpson, Sarah Jordan. "Nitrogen Utilization and Performance in Ruminants Fed Oscillating Dietary Protein Levels." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34393.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Gerretsen, Jan Hendrik. "Flood level prediction for regulated rain-fed rivers." Enschede : University of Twente [Host], 2008. http://doc.utwente.nl/60319.
Повний текст джерелаTomlinson, Dana J. "Effect of varying levels of neutral detergent fiber and total digestible nutrients on dry matter intake of dairy heifers." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43297.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Chester-Jones, Hugh. "Physiological effects of feeding high magnesium levels to steers." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/54264.
Повний текст джерелаPh. D.
Kohlen, Corinne Rose. "The Effects of Aging on Muscle Loss and Nuclear Factor Kappa-B Levels in Rats Fed a Diet Containing Suboptimal Leucine Levels." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/32.
Повний текст джерелаStaniar, William Burton. "Growth of Thoroughbreds fed Different Levels of Protein and Supplemented with Lysine and Threonine." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35599.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Azevedo, Paula Alexandra Gil. "Effects of feeding level, water temperature and diet composition on growth and efficiency of feed utilization in two salmonids." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ33201.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаHoltshausen, Lucia. "The effect of different levels of protein degradability in starter- and finishing diets on veal calf performance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51967.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Veal production is a specialised form of calf rearing in which calves were traditionally raised on all-liquid diets. The early weaning of calves onto concentrated diets provides an economically viable alternative rearing method with comparable calf performance. The emphasis in meat production has shifted to the production of lean meat, therefore the deposition of protein instead of fat has become a priority. The optimum level of dietary crude protein for growing calves is well established. Very little, however, is known about the influence of protein degradability in the diet of young ruminants. Recommendations by the NRC are derived from data obtained using lactating dairy cows. The aim was to obtain data on which recommendations for the level of degradable protein in starter and finisher diets for calves could be based. Two experiments were conducted to examine the effect of different levels of dietary crude protein degradability in starter and finisher calf diets on veal calf performance. In both experiments Holstein bull calves were 3 - 10 days of age at the onset, weaned at 4 weeks of age and slaughtered at 20 weeks of age for veal. In Experiment 1 calves were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: low (LO), medium (MD) and high (HO) rumen degradable protein. Calves received a starter diet up to 11 weeks of age and finisher diets from week 12 - 20. In Experiment 2 calves received a starter diet either high or low in rumen degradable protein up to 10 weeks of age. In the finishing period (week 11 - 20) both the low and high groups were again divided into a low and high group, resulting effectively in 4 treatments, viz. LL, LH, HL and HH. The diets in both experiments were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric, differing only in rumen undegradable protein content within periods and. respective experiments. Body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion efficiency data for the preweaning, starter, finishing and total experimental period was compared between treatments. There were no significant differences for feed intake, body weight gain or feed efficiency in the starter period of both experiments between treatments. In the finishing period of Experiment 1 the average daily gain for the LO treatment was significantly higher than for the HO treatment, with the MD treatment having an intermediate value. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) for the LO treatment was also significantly better than for the other two treatments. In Experiment 2 the FCR tended (P = 0.0984) to differ between treatments in the finishing period. Calves from the LL and HL treatments had a more favourable FCR than calves from the LH treatment. The HH treatment had an intermediate FCR. According to these results crude protein degradability appears to have an effect on the FCR in the finishing period. The lack of response to higher levels of undegradable dietary protein in calves younger than 10 weeks may be due to underdeveloped rumen functions and it seems possible for high degradable protein to escape degradation to a higher extent than at a later age. In a third experiment, Holstein bull calves and Holstein cows were used to determine and compare the dry matter and crude protein degradability of the four calf diets used in Experiment 2. Rumen VFA concentrations, pH level and NH3-N concentrations were measured for the cannulated Holstein calves to evaluate the level of rumen metabolic maturity of growing calves. Five Holstein bull calves were ruminally cannulated at 6 weeks of age. Dry matter and crude protein degradability were determined once weekly from week 8 - 20 by means of 24 h in sacco incubations. Three ruminally cannulated Holstein cows were used to determine the comparable values for mature ruminants. Dry matter and crude protein degradability differed significantly between the low and high degradable diets for both calves and cows. Dry matter and crude protein degradability in calves increased up to 11 and 12 weeks of age respectively, and then appeared to remain constant to week 20. Dry matter and crude protein degradability values of the starter diets were lower for the calves than for the cows, but values were similar for the finisher diets. Rumen VFA concentrations, pH level and NH3-N concentration showed some fluctuation between weeks, but were similar to literature values for mature animals.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Titel: Die invloed van verskillende vlakke van proteïendegradeerbaarheid in aanvangs- en afrondingsdiëte op kalfprestasie in 'n kalfsvleisproduksiestelsel. Kalfsvleisproduksie is 'n gespesialiseerde grootmaakstelsel wat tradisioneel alleenlik op vloeistofdiëte gebaseer was. 'n Stelsel waar kalwers vroeg gespeen word en 'n volledige aanvangs- en afrondingsrantsoen ontvang, bied 'n alternatiewe metode wat ekonomies lewensvatbaar is en vergelykbare kalfprestasie tot gevolg het. Die klem in vleisproduksie het verskuif na die produksie van maervleis. Die neerlegging van proteïen in plaas van vet het dus 'n prioriteit geword. Die optimale vlak van dieetproteïen vir groeiende kalwers is deeglik nagevors. Baie min is egter bekend oor die invloed van proteïendegradeerbaarheid in die dieet van jong herkouende diere. Aanbevelings deur die NRC is afkomstig van data verkry van studies met melkproduserende koeie. Die doel was om data te bekom waarop aanbevelings vir die vlak van degradeerbare proteïen in aanvangs- en afrondingsdiëte vir kalwers gegrond kan word. Twee eksperimente is uitgevoer om die invloed van verskillende vlakke van proteïendegradeerbaarheid in aanvangs- en afrondingsdiëte op kalfprestasie in 'n kalfsvleisproduksiestelsel te ondersoek. Holstein bulkalwers was 3 - 10 dae oud met die aanvang van beide eksperimente, is gespeen op 4 weke ouderdom en op 20 weke ouderdom vir kalfsvleis geslag. In Eksperiment 1 is kalwers ewekansig aan een van drie behandelings toegewys: lae (LO), medium (MD) en hoë (HO) rumen degradeerbare proteïen. Kalwers het tot op 11 weke ouderdom aanvangsdiëte ontvang, terwyl afrondingsdiëte vanaf 12 - 20 weke ouderdom aangebied is. In Eksperiment 2 het kalwers tot op 10 weke ouderdom "n dieet wat óf hoog óf laag in rumen degradeerbare proteïen was, ontvang. In die afrondingsperiode (week 11 - 20) is die lae en hoë groepe elk vervolgens in "n lae en hoë groep verdeel wat effektief tot 4 behandelings gelei het, nl. LL, LH, HL en HH. Die diëte in albei eksperimente was geformuleer om iso-nitrogenies en iso-kalories te wees. Slegs die rumen degradeerbare proteïeninhoud het tussen die onderskeie diëte binne "n bepaalde periode en eksperiment verskil. Gewigstoename, voerinname en voeromsettingsdoeltreffendheid vir die voorspeense-, aanvangs-, afrondings- en totale eksperimentele periode is tussen behandelings vergelyk. In beide eksperimente is geen betekenisvolle verskille gedurende die aanvangsperiode waargeneem t.o.v. voerinname, massatoename en voeromsettingsdoeltreffendheid (VOD) nie. In die afrondingsperiode van Eksperiment 1 was die gemiddelde daaglikse massatoename van die LO behandeling betekenisvol hoër as dié van die HO behandeling, terwyl die MD behandeling "n intermediêre waarde gehad het. Die VOD vir die LO behandeling was ook betekenisvol beter as vir die ander twee behandelings. Die VOD in die afrondingsperiode van Eksperiment 2 het geneig (P = 0.0984) om te verskil tussen behandelings en kalwers van die LL en HL behandelings het "n meer gunstige VOD as kalwers van die LH behandeling gehad. Die HH behandeling het "n intermediêre VOD gehad. Volgens die resultate van hierdie eksperimente het proteïendegradeerbaarheid in kalfrantsoene waarskynlik "n invloed op VOD in die afrondingsperiode. Die gebrek aan respons as gevolg van hoër insluitingsvlakke van nie-degradeerbare proteïen in die rantsoen by kalwers jonger as 10 weke kan moontlik toegeskryf word aan onderontwikkelde rumenfunksies. Dit blyk moontlik te wees dat die hoë degradeerbare proteïenfraksie by jonger kalwers rumendegradering in "n hoër mate as op "n latere ouderdom vrygespring het. In "n derde eksperiment is Holstein bulkalwers en Holstein koeie gebruik om die droëmateriaal- en proteïendegradeerbaarheid van die vier diëte wat in Eksperiment 2 gebruik is, te bepaal en te vergelyk. Rumen WS-konsentrasies, pH-vlak en NH3-Nkonsentrasies is vir die kalwers gemeet om die vlak van metaboliese rumen volwassenheid van groeiende kalwers te evalueer. Vyf Holstein kalwers is op 6 weke ouderdom ruminaal gekannuleer. Droëmateriaal- en proteïen-degradeerbaarheid is een maal per week vanaf week 8 - 20 deur middel van 24 h in sacco inkubasies bepaal. Drie rumen-gekannuleerde Holstein koeie is gebruik om die vergelykbare waardes van volwasse herkouers te bepaal. Droëmateriaal- en proteïendegradeerbaarheid het betekenisvol tussen die lae en hoë degradeerbare diëte vir beide die kalwers en koeie verskil. Droëmateriaal- en proteïendegradeerbaarheid by die kalwers het tot op 11 en 12 weke ouderdom, onderskeidelik, verhoog en daarna tot week 20 relatief konstant gebly. Die droëmateriaal- en proteïendegradeerbaarheidswaardes van die aanvangsdiëte was laer vir die kalwers as vir die koeie, maar die waardes vir die afrondingsdiëte was eenders. Rumen WS-konsentrasies, pH-vlak en NH3-N-konsentrasies het In mate van fluktuasie tussen weke getoon, maar was soortgelyk aan literatuurwaardes vir volwasse diere.
Abdukalykova, Saule. "Cellular and humoral immune responses in birds fed different levels of Arginine and vitamin E." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100753.
Повний текст джерелаHARG improved the antibody response to SRBC compared with NARG ( P<0.01 for experiment 1 and P<0.013 for experiment 2) 4 days after injection in both experiments. In experiment 1, the VE80 birds maintained higher antibody titers to SRBC (P<0.001) than the VE40 and VE400 birds 4, 8 and 16 d after inoculation. In experiment 2, the antibody titers to SRBC were higher in the VE80 birds compared with the VE200 birds at days 5, 8, and 12 after inoculation (P<0.001). Maternal antibody titers (log10) to the IBDV were higher in the HARG than in the NARG diet in 17-day-old birds (P<0.001) and higher in the VE80 than in the VE40 birds (P<0.001), yet similar to those of the VE200 birds. No interactions were found between ARG and VE.
Naive birds fed HARG exhibited a higher response than NARG birds (P<0.05) to PHA-P at d 17 and to PHA-M at d 41, but, after a second exposure, high ARG levels did not have an effect. Also, in naive birds, the effects of VE were not significant at d 17, but showed an influence after a second exposure in 41-d-old birds.
The percentage of T-helper (Th) and T-cytotoxic (Tc) cells in the blood of 29-d-old birds were not different between ARG levels (P=0.07 and P=0.06, respectively), but Th cells were higher in the VE80 and VE200 birds than in the VE40 birds, and Tc was higher in the VE80 than in the VE40 birds (P=0.02). The B-cell:T-cell ratio was higher in the HARG than the NARG birds (P=0.01) and in the VE40 compared with the VE80 and VE200 birds (P<0.001). Neither ARG nor VE had an effect on the ratio of Th:Tc cells, nor on the percentage of immature T-lymphocytes.
A combination of high levels of ARG and high levels of VE (80 IU/kg of BW) has an important immunomodulation effect on the cellular and humoral immune responses in broiler chickens, improving both maternal antibody titers against the IBDV and antibody titers against SRBC. A combination of ARG and VE increases the proportions of Th and Tc cells, the B-cell:T-cell ratio, and growth performance. The evidence suggests that ARG and VE play complementary and regulatory role on immune response and may enhance the resistance of broilers to infectious diseases.
Key words. Arginine, vitamin E, humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity, lymphocyte, ELISA.
L'effet de la vitamine E (VE) et l'arginine (ARG) sur les systèmes hummoraireet cellulaire de l'immunité a était évalué chez la volaille dans deux recherches. Lesystème hummoraire de l'immunité a était évalué en utilisant les paramètres tels que laproduction d'anticorps après une injection des globules rouge provenant des moutons(SRBC) et le niveau d'anticorps maternelle après une infection avec les virus causantla maladie 'infectious bursal disease' (lBDV), tandis que les effets sur le systemcellulaire de l'immunité avaient aussi été évalués en utilisant les paramètres comme'cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity test to phytogemagglutinin (PHA)' et endéterminant la concentration des lymphocytes T. Deux concentrations de ARG avaientété utilisées: normale (NARG, 1.2 % de la diète) et une concentration élevée (HARG,additionel 0.3 % dans l'eau ou 1 % dans les diètes); et 3 concentrations de VE: 40, 80et 400 lU/kg dans les diètes dans la première recherche et 40, 80, et 200 lU/kg dans ladeuxième recherche.
Bajracharya, Keshari. "Corn responses to high levels of copper application as copper rich pig manure." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91157.
Повний текст джерелаM.S.
Zylka, Christine A. "Composition and nutrient utilization by sheep of ensiled tall fescue with different levels of endophyte infection." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/52098.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Engku, Ariff E. A. R. B. "Space vector Pwm techniques for six-phase three-level inverter-fed drives." Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/7982/.
Повний текст джерелаRagnarsson, Sveinn. "Digestibility and metabolism in icelandic horses fed forage-only diets /." Uppsala : Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200992.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаKonopinski, Ryan. "Voltage security assessment with high penetration levels of utility-scale doubly fed induction generator wind plants." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2009.
Знайти повний текст джерелаLee, Hyung-Suk. "Physiological Effects of Chitosan and ChitoRichTM on Rats Fed at Two Levels of Lipid and Fiber." DigitalCommons@USU, 1997. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5447.
Повний текст джерелаLyberg, Karin. "Phosphorus in pig diets : effect of liquid feeding, phosphorus levels and phytase supplementation on digestibility and performance /." Uppsala : Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200613.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSelaledi, Lesego Gaborone Amos. "The influence of different energy, lysine and methionine levels on layer performance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53128.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study conducted was aiming on evaluating the influence of different levels of energy and amino acids, mainly lysine and methionine, on production performance of the layer bird. There were three treatments, namely the Control diet, a high energy, lysine and methionine diet (High spec.) and a low energy, lysine and methionine diet (Low spec.). The energy levels were 11.2 MJ/kg, 11.5 MJ/kg and 10.9 MJ/kg respectively. Lysine levels were 0.67%, 0.73% and 0.63% whereas methionine levels were 0.36%, 0.38% and 0.34% respectively. The experimental design was 3 x 4 factorial, which is 3 treatments with 4 replicates each. Results showed no significant difference (P>0.05) between treatments in egg production, egg mass, egg output, bodyweight and mortality. Feed intakes of the High spec. diet were significantly lower (P<0.05) than that of the control diet and the Low spec. diet.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studiestuk handeloor die evaluering van die invloed wat die verskillende vlakke van die energie en aminosure, veraiiisien en methionine op die produksie van 'n lê hoender het. Daar was gebruik gemaak van drie behandelings, naamlik die kontrole dieet, 'n hoë energie, lisien en methionien dieet (Hoë spesifikasie), en 'n lae energie, lisien en methionien dieet (Lae spesifikasie). Die energievlakke was 11.2 MJ/kg, 11.5 MJ/kg en 10.9 MJ/kg onderskeidelik. Lisienvlakke was 0.67%, 0.73% en 0.63% waarby methionienvlakke was 0.36%, 0.38% and 0.34% onderskeidelik. Die eksperimentele ontwerp was 3 x 4 fakulteitsfunksies: 3 behandelings met 4 replikas elk. Die resultate het geen noemenswaardige verskille (P>0.05) tussen die behandelinge in eierproduksie, eiergewig, eier-uitset, liggaamsgewig en mortaliteite nie. Die voerinnames van die hoë spesifikasie dieet was aansienlik laer (P<0.05) as die van die kontrole en lae spesifikasie dieet.
Len, Ninh Thi. "Evaluation of fibrous feeds for growing pigs in Vietnam : effects of fibre level and breed /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200822.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаChipa, MJ, FK Siebrits, MM Ratsaka, KJ Leeuw, and BD Nkosi. "Growth performance of feedlot weaners cattle fed diet containing different levels of cold press soya bean oilcake." South African Journal of Animal Science, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001200.
Повний текст джерелаSouza, Vinícius Carneiro de. "Protein metabolism and urea kinetic in feedlot Nellore steers fed with different protein sources and inclusion levels /." Jaboticabal, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192564.
Повний текст джерелаAbstract: The use of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) sources in high-energy diets may be an alternative to increase the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in ruminants. In this study we had two main objectives: 1) to understand how the protein content of the diet and the rumen degradable protein (RDP) intake can affect urea recycling and its utilization. 2) how the protein content of the diet and the amino acid profile of the metabolizable protein (MP) can affect the efficiency of the use of amino acids (AA) in feedlot Nellore cattle receiving high-energy density diets. Thus, we evaluated the effects of different sources and protein levels in the diet of feedlot Nellore cattle receiving high-concentrate diets. We had two major hypotheses: 1) reducing dietary N associated with RUP sources can increase NUE by reducing ruminal NH3 concentration, urea production in the liver and urinary N excretion, while maintaining N available for microbial protein (MICP) synthesis through urea N recycling. 2) differences in AA use efficiency exists and the gross AA use efficiency is affected by dietary factors such as N sources and levels. These hypotheses were tested using six Nellore steers, cannulated in the rumen, duodenum and ileum with initial body weight (BW) of 354 ± 11.8 kg and 18 months of age. The animals were randomly assigned to receive each diet once over the 6 periods in a 6 × 6 Latin square design. Experimental diets consisted of 80% concentrate and 20% roughage (DM basis), where fresh chopp... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Resumo: O uso de fontes de proteína não degradável no rúmen (PNDR) em dietas de alta energia pode ser uma alternativa para aumentar a eficiência do uso de nitrogênio (ENU) em ruminantes. Neste estudo, tivemos dois objetivos principais: 1) compreender como o teor de proteína da dieta e a ingestão de proteína degradável no rúmen (PDR) podem afetar a reciclagem de uréia e sua utilização. 2) como o teor de proteína da dieta e o perfil de aminoácidos da proteína metabolizável (MP) podem afetar a eficiência do uso de aminoácidos (AA) em bovinos Nelore em confinamento recebendo dietas de alta densidade energética. Assim, avaliamos os efeitos de diferentes fontes e níveis proteína na dieta de bovinos Nelore confinados que recebendo dietas de alto concentrado. Tivemos duas hipóteses principais: 1) reduzir o teor de N na dieta associado às fontes de PNDR pode aumentar a ENU por uma redução na concentração de NH3 ruminal, produção de uréia no fígado e excreção urinária de N, enquanto mantém o N disponível para a síntese de proteína microbiana (MICP) através da reciclagem de ureia. 2) existem diferenças na eficiência do uso de AA e a eficiência bruta de uso de AA é afetada por fatores dietéticos, como fontes e níveis de N. Essas hipóteses foram testadas utilizando seis novilhos Nelore, canulados no rúmen, duodeno e íleo com peso corporal inicial (PC) de 354 ± 11,8 kg e 18 meses de idade. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente para receber cada dieta por uma vez ao longo dos 6 períodos, em ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Doutor
McMeeking, Kevin Paul. "An empirical analysis of the level and changes of UK audit and non audit service fees." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369492.
Повний текст джерелаSantarosa, Julieta. "Desempenho de pintos oriundos de ovos leves e pesados alimentados com diferentes tipos de ração pré-inicial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-20042010-081258/.
Повний текст джерелаTwo experiments were conducted to evaluate different pre-starter diets on performance of chickens from light and heavy eggs hatched from Ross breeders of different ages. In the experiment 1, these eggs, that showed weight of 59,0 and 70,8g, were hatched from breeders of 42 weeks of age. In the experiment 2, these eggs, that showed 66,9 and 75,1g, were hatched from breeders of 60 weeks of age. The eggs percentage composition was evaluated. After hatching, 288 day-old chicks, males and females, were weight and allocated in 48 cages. In the experiment 1, their live weight was 41,0 and 49,0g; in the experiment 2, 46,2 e 52,1g. The performance trials were conducted in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 8 replicates, and the treatments consisted of a 2 3 factorial arrangement of egg weight (light and heavy) and three types of the pre-starter feed. The pre-starter diets used were: micro-pelleted diet, with 2900 kcal/kg and low levels of protein and amino acids (P); mash diet, with the same composition (M1); and mash diet, with 2950 kcal/kg and high protein. This feed was provided at a fixed amount of 200 g per chick and, after that, the birds in all treatments were fed a common starter diet in mash form, until 14 days of age. Live weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were evaluated on a pen basis. The time required for total consumption of the pre-starter feeds was monitored. In both experiments, the albumen was heavier than the other components. In experiment 1, there was influence of the egg weight only in the first week (P<0,05). At seven days, P diet improved the live weight, weight gain and feed conversion (P<0,05). At 14 days, P diet also improved feed conversion, as well the live weight of chicks from heavy eggs. In the same experiment, heavy chicks consumed 200 g of P diet faster than light chicks. In the experiment 2, the time of intake was not different among treatments (P>0,05). There was not influence of egg weight, but there was influence of P and F2 diets in the first week, that improved the feed conversion. However, this influence did not remain to 14 days (P>0,05). It was concluded that albumen is the heaviest component of egg, inside the same age of breeders. It was also concluded that the chicks from breeders of 42 weeks of age were more influenced by different pre-starter diet composition and egg weight than the chicks from breeders of 60 weeks of age. Although P diet showed lower nutritional level, it improved the performance of chicks from breeders of 42 weeks of age.