Дисертації з теми "Federations of cooperatives"

L’objectif de cette thèse est de comprendre les facteurs qui peuvent expliquer et influencer la pérennité des relations interorganisationnelles dans les fédérations de coopératives. Pour aboutir à cet objectif, nous avons mobilisé les concepts de la proximité, de la confiance, du leadership transformationnel et de l’engagement organisationnel (engagement affectif et de continuation), au sens de l’intention de rester dans la relation. Deux études ont été réalisées : d’abord, une étude qualitative afin d’identifier les proximités mobilisées pour la construction des relations interorganisationnelles dans la fédération de coopératives. Ensuite, une étude quantitative auprès de 232 adhérents de la fédération pour tester l’influence des proximités (prix, d’accès, identitaire, de processus et relationnelle), la confiance et le leadership transformationnel sur l’engagement organisationnel. Les données ont été analysées par le logiciel Nvivo 11 (étude qualitative) et par le logiciel SmartPLS 3.0 (étude quantitative). Ces études ont été appliquées à la fédération de coopératives Casa Apis du Brésil. Le développement de ces deux études nous a permis de conclure que la construction de la relation entre Casa Apis et les apiculteurs adhérents est expliquée par les proximités, lesquelles sont créées de façon hiérarchique. Puis que l’intention des apiculteurs de rester dans la relation avec Casa Apis est influencée par les proximités de prix et de processus, par la confiance et par le leadership transformationnel. Par conséquent, la pérennité des relations est influencée par les proximités, par la confiance, par le leadership transformationnel et par l’engagement organisationnel
The objective of this thesis is to understand the factors that can explain and influence the durability of inter-organizational relations in cooperative federations. To reach this objective, we mobilized the concepts of proximity, trust, transformational leadership and organizational commitment (affective and continuation commitment), in the sense of the intention to remain in the relationship. Two studies were carried out: first, a qualitative study to identify the proximities mobilized for the construction of inter-organizational relations in the federation of cooperatives. Then, a quantitative study with 232 members of the federation to test the influence of proximities (price, access, identity, process and relation), trust and transformational leadership on organizational commitment. The data were analyzed using Nvivo 11 software (qualitative study) and SmartPLS 3.0 software (quantitative study). These studies were applied to the cooperative federation Casa Apis in Brazil. The development of these two studies allowed us to conclude that the construction of the relationship between Casa Apis and the member beekeepers is explained by proximities, which are created in a hierarchical way. It was also found that the intention of the beekeepers to remain in the relationship with Casa Apis is influenced by the proximities of price and process, by trust and by transformational leadership. Therefore, the sustainability of relationships in Casa Apis is influenced by proximities, trust, transformational leadership, and organizational commitment

This research investigates a collection of short one-act plays in the Arthur J. Turner Fonds held in the University of British Columbia Rare Books and Special Collections. These plays, written by Arthur J. Turner, Thorvald “Denny” Kristiansen and Hubert Evans in the mid-1930’s, formed part of the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation’s broader social and propaganda efforts to educate and indoctrinate new members in the basic tenets of Socialism and the CCF platform. Like agitprop plays created elsewhere in Canada, Britain and the United States, dramatic groups within CCF clubs wrote and performed such plays as one of many means of legitimization for parties and movements of the Left along with other educational, social and political activities. For the CCF, a recently formed political party built by the merger of many disparate groups and cultures, solidifying their voting base and creating new centres for progressive culture, social gatherings, shared political vision and party solidarity was vital in the 1930’s to ensure the continued existence of the party as well as electoral success and political change. This research seeks to situate these plays amid their social, cultural, historical and political contexts to show that their emergence was a result of the unique set of circumstances created in the Depression-era and a manifestation of the larger global workers’ theatre movement. Finally, this research seeks to recover and publicize the plays of the CCF drama groups that have been almost entirely erased from the broader discourse of Canadian theatre due to their amateur status and exclusion from the hegemonic archive.
Arts, Faculty of
Theatre and Film, Department of
Graduate

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This thesis discusses how the Brazilian federalism promoted, from 1997 to 2014, initiatives to develop state capacity in municipalities. This theme was taken up on the federal agenda in the first government of Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-1998), continued during the two terms Lula (2003-2010), and finally, in the initial mandate of Dilma Rousseff (2011-2014). The decentralization of policies started in 1988 constitutes the political and institutional context which demands to modernize its management. It's presented how evolved the managerial and administrative qualification in the cities to situate the challenges of Brazilian cooperative federalism to support these level of government. This research was organized in three theoretical dimensions and analyzed five cases. The first dimension deals with the cooperation through territorial cooperative arrangements, regarding the Federal Joint Commitee (CAF), installed in 2003, as the object of analysis because brought together representatives from federal government and from municipalist associations. One of its fields of action was the developing of municipal state capacity. The second dimension addresses the federative cooperation by means of policy systems. It was compared the Unified Social Assistance System (SUAS), created in 2005, with the education policy, that is devoid of such systemic intergovernmental arrangement. In the education the analysis rests with Articulated Action Plan (PAR), instituted in 2007. The SUAS has a wide legislation and normatization aimed for municipal entities in which highlight demands to modernize the local bodies responsible for this policy. The goal is to compare if policy systems are more effective to promote state capacity than other kinds of federative relations. The third theoretical dimension concerns to federal programs generated to support the qualification in municipalities.The goal is to compare if policy systems are more effective to promote state capacity than other kinds of federative relations. The third theoretical dimension concerns to federal programs generated to support the qualification in municipalities. Were selected two programs: the Program of Management Modernization and Tax Administration and the Management of Basic Social Sectors (PMAT), administered by the BNDES since 1997, and the National Program of Support to the Administrative Modernization and Fiscal of Brazilian Municipalities (PNAFM), managed by the Ministry of Finance and the Federal Saving Bank (Caixa Econômica Federal) since 2001. The analysis in the three dimensions shows that, considering the comparative experience in international level, and the literature about federalism and intergovernamental relations, before the manner how were organized the territorial cooperation and the implementation of federal programs in Brazil, both modalities are not viable routes to further the modernization in municipalities. The research concludes that a national and articulated policy system, both for theoretical and empirical reasons, is the most appropriated type of federative cooperative institutionality to promote state capacity in the municipalities in realities such as Brazil. In this line, in the final of the Tesis it's proposed a analytical model that considers articulated policy systems as the most adequate model to deals with this federative challenge in a setting featured by the decentralization of policies, but that at the same time lives with a great heterogeneity and inequality of state capacity among local governments.
Esta tese discute como o federalismo brasileiro promoveu, entre 1997 e 2014, iniciativas voltadas a desenvolver capacidades estatais nos municípios. Este tema foi retomado na agenda federal no primeiro governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1995-1998), prosseguiu nas duas gestões Lula (2003-2010) e, finalmente, no primeiro mandato de Dilma Rousseff (2011-2014). A descentralização de políticas iniciadas em 1998 constitui o contexto político e institucional que, diante das novas atribuições assumidas pelos municípios, demandam modernizar a sua gestão. Apresenta-se de que forma evolui a qualificação gerencial e administrativa nos municípios para situar que o desafio do federalismo cooperativo brasileiro possui para apoiar esses entes. A pesquisa foi organizada em três dimensões teóricas e analisou cinco casos. A primeira dimensão trata da cooperação por meio de arranjos de cooperação territorial, tendo o Comitê de Articulação Federativa (CAF), criado em 2003, como objeto de análise, pois reuniu representantes do governo federal e do municipalismo. Uma de suas áreas de ação foi o desenvolvimento de capacidades estatais municipais. A segunda dimensão aborda a cooperação federativa por meio de sistemas de políticas públicas. Comparou-se o Sistema Único de Assistência Social (SUAS), criado em 2005, como a área da educação, que é desprovida desse tipo de arranjo intergovernamental sistêmico. Na educação a análise recai sobre o Plano de Ações Articuladas (PAR), que foi instituído em 2007. O SUAS possui uma ampla legislação e normatização voltada para os entes municipais nas quais se destacam exigências de modernização dos órgãos que localmente respondem por essa política. O objetivo é comparar se sistemas de políticas são mais eficazes para promover capacidades estatais que outras modalidades de relações federativas. A terceira dimensão teórica diz respeito aos programas federais criados para apoiar a qualificação das gestões municipais. Foram selecionados dois programas: o Programa de Modernização da Administração Tributária e da Gestão de Setores Sociais Básicos (PMAT), administrado pelo BNDES desde 1997, e o Programa Nacional de Apoio à Modernização Administrativa e Fiscal dos Municípios Brasileiros (PNAFM), gerenciado pelo Ministério da Fazenda e Caixa Econômica Federal desde 2001. A análise das três dimensões mostra que, com base na experiência comparada em nível internacional e na literatura sobre federalismo e relações intergovernamentais que, diante da forma como se organizou a cooperação territorial e a implantação de programas federais no Brasil, essas duas modalidades não são rotas viáveis para apoiar a modernização das gestões municipais. A pesquisa concludes que um sistema nacional e articulado de políticas, tanto por razões teóricas como empíricas, é o tipo de institucionalidade de cooperação federativa mais adequado para promover capacidades estatais municipais em realidades como a brasileira. Nessa linha, finaliza-se a Tese propondo um modelo analítico que considera sistemas articulados de políticas como o formato mais adequado para lidar com esse desafio federativo em um contexto caracterizado pela descentralização de políticas, mas que ao mesmo tempo convive com uma enorme heterogeneidade e desigualdade de capacidades estatais entre os governos locais.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze the Federative Political System through the authorities assigned by the Federal Constitution of 1988 ( CF/88 ) to the Federal, State and Local Governments and the Federal District in common. Those authorities assigned on a concurrent basis will be compared with those authorities in common. We will examine the differences between these two types of authorities and reach the conclusion that they are not the same but complement each other. In addition, we will show the negative aspects of the Brazilian federative system, which would be the causes for the crisis experienced by the Federation. Next, we will present the methods that all Governmental levels (Federal, State and Local Governments and the Federal District) may use in order to execute public policies on local growth, such as consortiums and participation funds. We conclude that the Federal Constitution in its article 23 provides the Government with a valuable tool to be used in political discussions for implementing development-oriented public policies, thus improving cooperation among governments and strengthening federalism as a whole.
Pretende-se analisar o Sistema Político Federativo por meio das competências comuns outorgadas pela Constituição Federal de 1988 ( CF/88 ) à União, aos Estados, ao Distrito Federal e aos Municípios. Serão comparadas as competências concorrentes e comuns e analisadas suas diferenças, concluindo-se que não se confundem, mas sim, complementam-se. Além disso, serão apresentados os aspectos negativos do regime federal brasileiro que seriam causas de uma situação de crise da Federação, para, então, apresentar algumas formas de execução comum dos entes federados (União, Estados, Distrito Federal e Municípios) de políticas públicas de desenvolvimento regional, como os consórcios e os fundos de participação. Conclui-se que a Constituição Federal, por meio do artigo 23, coloca à disposição do Governo um forte instrumento de discussão política para a realização de políticas públicas desenvolvimentistas, fortalecendo a cooperação intergovernamental e o federalismo como um todo.

This thesis is a documented energy audit and long term study of energy and water reduction in a ghee factory. Global production of ghee exceeds 4 million tonnes annually. The factory in this study refines dairy products by non-traditional centrifugal separation and produces 99.9% pure, canned, crystallised Anhydrous Milk Fat (Ghee). Ghee is traditionally made by batch processing methods. The traditional method is less efficient, than centrifugal separation. An in depth systematic investigation was conducted of each item of major equipment including; ammonia refrigeration, a steam boiler, canning equipment, pumps, heat exchangers and compressed air were all fine-tuned. Continuous monitoring of electrical usage showed that not every initiative worked, others had pay back periods of less than a year. In 1994-95 energy consumption was 6,582GJ and in 2003-04 it was 5,552GJ down 16% for a similar output. A significant reduction in water usage was achieved by reducing the airflow in the refrigeration evaporative condensers to match the refrigeration load. Water usage has fallen 68% from18ML in 1994-95 to 5.78ML in 2003-04. The methods reported in this thesis could be applied to other industries, which have similar equipment, and other ghee manufacturers.

This thesis is a documented energy audit and long term study of energy and water reduction in a ghee factory. Global production of ghee exceeds 4 million tonnes annually. The factory in this study refines dairy products by non-traditional centrifugal separation and produces 99.9% pure, canned, crystallised Anhydrous Milk Fat (Ghee). Ghee is traditionally made by batch processing methods. The traditional method is less efficient, than centrifugal separation. An in depth systematic investigation was conducted of each item of major equipment including; ammonia refrigeration, a steam boiler, canning equipment, pumps, heat exchangers and compressed air were all fine-tuned. Continuous monitoring of electrical usage showed that not every initiative worked, others had pay back periods of less than a year. In 1994-95 energy consumption was 6,582GJ and in 2003-04 it was 5,552GJ down 16% for a similar output. A significant reduction in water usage was achieved by reducing the airflow in the refrigeration evaporative condensers to match the refrigeration load. Water usage has fallen 68% from18ML in 1994-95 to 5.78ML in 2003-04. The methods reported in this thesis could be applied to other industries, which have similar equipment, and other ghee manufacturers.

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Nenhuma
O presente trabalho versa sobre a governança de Redes de Cooperação Federadas, uma tipologia específica das Relações Interorganizacionais. O estudo buscou, motivado pelas lacunas teóricas observadas na literatura, identificar os elementos que compõem o sistema de governança das Redes de Cooperação Federadas e como eles podem ser projetados para reduzir os conflitos e os custos de agência nas Federações. Percebeu-se que os estudos que descrevem e analisam os elementos internos da Governança das RIs não chegam a abordar a separação da propriedade e do controle, característico das Redes de Cooperação Federadas. Autores que versam sobre a separação da propriedade e do controle não apresentam os elementos internos da Governança das RIs. Da mesma forma, os estudos não chegam a tratar como os elementos internos da governança (estrutura e mecanismos de governança) podem ser combinados para minimizar os conflitos e custos de agência. Sob a luz da Teoria da Agência, da Teoria da Representação e da Teoria Organizacional usada no contexto das RIs, chegou-se à proposição de três elementos do sistema de governança das Redes de Cooperação Federadas: (a) a estrutura de governança; (b) os mecanismos de governança instituídos para incentivar e controlar o comportamento dos agentes; (c) os mecanismos de governança instituídos para incentivar e controlar o comportamento dos principais. Para a validação empírica do modelo proposto, optou-se pela realização de um estudo qualitativo, de natureza exploratória, por meio do método de estudo de caso múltiplo. O estudo foi operacionalizado por meio de dois estudos de caso: um na Rede Âncora Brasil e o outro na Rede Construir. Os resultados permitem afirmar que, embora presentes, os elementos estruturais e mecanismos de governança sobre os principais e sobre os agentes apresentam características distintas. Há, em um extremo, uma Federação com um maior nível de instâncias de decisão, maior número de atividades desenvolvidas pela Federação, o que tende a levar a uma maior centralização, formalização, padronização, coordenação e controle. No outro extremo, encontra-se uma Federação com poucas instâncias de decisão, menor número de atividades desenvolvidas pela Federação, o que tende a levar a uma descentralização, menor formalização, padronização, coordenação e controle. O estudo empírico levou à adição do elemento representação e participação na estrutura de governança das Redes de Cooperação Federadas. Os mecanismos internos e externos de governança, amplamente utilizados nas corporações também foram identificados no contexto das Redes de Cooperação Federadas. Constatou-se, entretanto, que o Conselho de Administração ou órgão correspondente é o mecanismo mais efetivo para redução dos custos e conflitos de agência. Entre as contribuições teóricas do trabalho, destaca-se a adoção de uma nova perspectiva do conceito de governança das Redes de Cooperação Federadas sob a luz da Teoria da Agência.
This study concerns Federated Cooperative Networks governance, a specific Interorganizational Relationship (IOR) typology. Motivated by a theoretical gap in this subject, we sought to identify the elements forming the Federated Cooperative Networks governance system and how they can be designed to reduce conflicts and agency costs in Federations. It was noticed that studies describing and analyzing internal IORs governance elements do not approach separation of ownership from control, characteristic of Federated Cooperative Networks. Authors who discuss separation of ownership from control don’t show the internal elements of IOR governance. And the studies don’t discuss how the internal governance elements (governance structure and mechanisms) might be combined to minimize conflicts and agency costs either. Based on the Agency Theory, Representation Theory and Organizational Theory employed in IORs context, we have proposed three elements for the Federated Cooperative Networks governance system: (a) a governance structure; (b) governance mechanisms instituted to encourage and control the behavior of agents; (c) governance mechanisms instituted to encourage and control the behavior of principals. For the empirical validation of these elements, we have chosen to perform a qualitative study, of exploratory nature, through the multiple case study method. The study was operated through two case studies: one at Rede Âncora Brasil and the other at Rede Construir. The results allow us to assert that, although present, structural elements and governance mechanisms over principals and agents show distinct features. On one extreme, there is a Federation with a higher level of decision instances, a higher number of activities developed by the Federation, which tend to lead to more centralization, formalization, standardization, coordination and control. On the other extreme, a Federation with little decision instances, and a lower number of activities developed by the Federation, which tend to lead to decentralization, less formalization, standardization, coordination and control. The empirical study added the element representation and participation in the Federated Cooperative Networks governance structure. The internal and external governance mechanisms, widely employed in corporations, were also identified in the Federated Cooperative Networks context. However, we have found that the Administrative Council, or corresponding agency, is the most effective mechanism in reducing agency costs and conflicts. Among the theoretical contributions of the study, adopting a new perspective in the concept of Federated Cooperative Networks governance under the light of the Agency theory can be stressed.

O presente trabalho pretende estudar o fenômeno do federalismo pela perspectiva tridimensional do Direito. Primeiramente, esboçar-se-á o federalismo de uma perspectiva fática, a primeira e mais natural associação humana. Depois, analisaremos a valoração do federalismo, ou seja, a intervenção de um processo racional no curso associativo natural do federalismo. Exemplificamos a valoração do federalismo a partir da teoria contratual de Montesquieu, o qual desenvolve um verdadeiro esqueleto organizacional da extensão territorial dos Estados, conformando as grandes monarquias às pequenas repúblicas: república federativa. Por fim, colocaremos em prática o federalismo fático, associado aos valores, no campo normativo dos clássicos modelos do Direito Constitucional: o federalismo Norte- Americano e o federalismo Alemão.
The present work intends to study the phenomenon of federalism from the tridimensional perspective of Law. Firstly, a picture of federalism from a factful perspective shall be drawn, as the first and most natural form of association. Later, the perceived value of federalism, which is, the intervention of a rational process in the course of federalism’s natural association, shall be analyzed. The perceived value of federalism is exemplified from Montesquieu’s contractual theory, which develops a real organizational scheme for the territorial extension of the States, applicable to both large monarchies and small republics: federative republic. At last, the model of factful federalism shall be put to practice, associating its values to the normative field of the classic constitutional law models: the American and the German federalism.

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The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and the Statute of the City have improved the development and urban expansion policies establishment, but only the issue of the Federal Law No. 12.608, of April 10, 2012, introduced standards directly related to the process of urban expansion and the role of municipalities in the respective legal regulation. The current legal landscape has important consequences in the Brazilian municipalities located in the coastal zone. In the last decades these regions, especially the northern coast of São Paulo State, have subjected to land use conflicts and economic pressures that led to a chaotic urbanization. Indeed, the region still facing geographical, environmental and legal barriers when considering the processes of urban expansion planning, as it comprises areas especially protected by federal and state legislation (the Brazilian National System of Conservation Units, State Park Serra do Mar and the Atlantic Forest Law), as well as it undergoes the Coastal Ecological Economic Zoning, established by the Union and by Member State. The present work was conduced by employing an integrated approach which considers the legal standards related to coastal zone, derived from the legislative powers exerted by the different instances and their reflexes in the municipalities competences for the regulation of legal policy towards urban expansion, also linked with data and correlated aspects of the North Coast of São Paulo State. By adopting the referred method, we approached the following aspects: a) From the analysis of the possible conflicts arising from the application of regulatory rules issued by the Union and the Member State, overlapping or opposing the municipal master plan, we proposed some measures to ensure legal federal cooperation and minimize these potential incompatibilities; b) by analyzing the standards and guidelines of the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 and of the City Statute, in particular the legal rules introduced by Federal Law No. 12.608/2012, we exposed the minimum content required by municipal urban expansion policies, as well as outlined the role of the master plan and traced the outlines of the legislative competence for the municipalities
A Constituição Federal de 1988 e o Estatuto da Cidade avançaram na disciplina da política de desenvolvimento e expansão urbana, mas apenas com a edição da recente Lei Federal nº 12.608, de 10 de abril de 2012, foram introduzidas normas diretamente associadas ao processo de expansão urbana e ao papel dos Municípios na respectiva regulação jurídica. Este atual panorama jurídico tem reflexos importantes nos Municípios abrangidos pela zona costeira brasileira. Nas últimas décadas estes territórios, especialmente o Litoral Norte do Estado de São Paulo, têm sido submetidos a conflitos de uso e a pressões econômicas que geraram uma urbanização desordenada. A análise da realidade aponta que esta região encontra entraves de natureza geográfica, ambiental e jurídica para a delimitação de áreas de expansão urbana, pois nela se localizam espaços territoriais especialmente protegidos pela legislação federal e estadual (Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conservação, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar e Lei da Mata Atlântica) e, ainda, submete-se ao Zoneamento Ecológico Econômico Costeiro estabelecido pela União e pelo Estado-Membro. A análise empreendida propõe a abordagem integrada das normas jurídicas de ordenamento territorial incidentes na zona costeira, advindas das competências legislativas exercidas pelos três entes federativos e seus reflexos na competência dos Municípios para a regulação jurídica da política de expansão urbana, sempre relacionando os aspectos e dados da realidade do Litoral Norte paulista. Adotado o método analítico e propositivo, enfrentamos as seguintes questões: a) A partir da análise dos possíveis conflitos normativos decorrentes da aplicação das normas editadas pela União e Estado-Membro, sobrepostas ou contrapostas ao plano diretor municipal, propusemos alguns caminhos que assegurem a cooperação federativa e minimizem estes potenciais desajustes; b) E partindo da análise da Constituição Federal de 1988 e das normas e diretrizes do Estatuto da Cidade, em especial as regras legais introduzidas pela Lei Federal nº 12.608/2012, expusemos os conteúdos mínimos necessários para a disciplina da política municipal de expansão urbana, delineamos o papel do plano diretor e traçamos os contornos da Competência legislativa dos Municípios

Born out of the industrial and political struggles of organized labour at the end of the First World War, the BC CCF was a product of organizational and ideological conflict in the 1910s and 1920s. This study explores the shift of BC socialism towards industrial action, which culminated in the One Big Union and the sympathetic strikes of 1919. It then examines the emergence of anti-Communism on the Left, shaped by the experience of political unity and disunity during the 1920s. These two factors fundamentally influenced the ideology and strategy adopted by the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in British Columbia. The ideological and tactical divisions of the 1930s were contested during the 1910s and 1920s. The collapse of the One Big Union, combined with deteriorating relations with the Communist Party, shifted BC socialists away from industrial militancy and toward parliamentary forms of struggle.
Graduate
0334
0629
0511

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
農園生產系所
101
The objective of this study is to investigate whether the trust and relationship commitment were affected by the service quality, behavior of relationship management, and the value-view of members between the organization and it members. The Federation of Taiwan Provincial fruits and vegetables cooperatives was chosen as the evaluation subject to study it cause and effect relationship between the Cooperatives and it members in the behavior of service relationship, satisfactions of relationship, trust, and commitment. Data were collected through questionnaire survey and analyzed by path analysis. Results showed the cause and effect relationship existed in the members’ service behavior, degree of trust and commitment of relationships to it members. Member cooperatives will directly and indirectly affect the future cooperation with the Federation when viewed from the medication variables such as trust, value of sharing etc.

Tese de doutoramento, Engenharia Informática, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2017
Education is now more widely available than ever before. In a great part, this is due to the usage of digital tools, applications and online services by students and teachers. In fact, the Internet has hugely increased the availability of educational resources and also prompted additional collaboration and cooperation among institutions and among countries. Today, active learning methods offer several techniques that have been adopted by teachers to bring efficient learning experiences for the students. Learning by doing promotes successful learning by providing varied experiences to the students in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields. In addition, with continued practice, the students learn the contents of lessons and develop their skills by using all available resources. This leads to effective learning and effective acquisition of knowledge, and helps in building a strong relationship among students and between them and their teachers. In recent decades, instructional technologies have supported higher education systems well. They have offered several active learning methods to institutions, for instance online labs. Several projects in online labs area are being done worldwide, at present. Generally, the supporting idea of online labs is to offer additional access to remote experiments to students in different disciplines, 24/7 without substantial increase in cost per student around the world and especially in countries with limited resources. Moreover, they allow students to spend more time on experiments and increase their ability and skills through a simple computer connected to the Internet. This study focuses on the higher education systems in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It discusses the level of collaboration and cooperation work among researchers in this region, particularly in online labs fields. It offers new perspectives and new ways to increase that work by creating the Community of Practices (CoP) around online labs and also by promoting the idea of federation new and existing online labs.
O ensino é, hoje em dia, mais acessível à generalidade da população mundial do que em qualquer momento do passado. Isso deve-se, em grande parte, à utilização de ferramentas digitais, de aplicações informáticas e de serviços online, pelos professores e pelos estudantes. Com efeito, a Internet fez aumentar imenso a disponibilidade de recursos educativos e, simultaneamente, proporcionou o desenvolvimento dos intercâmbios e das colaborações entre as instituições de ensino superior e entre os diversos países. As várias técnicas que integram os métodos de ensino ativo têm vindo a ser adotadas progressivamente pelos professores, dessa maneira proporcionando aos estudantes percursos de aprendizagem mais aliciantes e mais profícuos. Aprender fazendo promove o sucesso na aprendizagem por via da realização de experiências práticas nos vários domínios da Ciência, Tecnologia, Engenharia e Matemática. Além do que, dessa maneira os estudantes assimilam os conteúdos programáticos e desenvolvem as suas capacidades, atingindo mais eficazmente os objetivos do estudo. Isto conduz a uma aprendizagem mais conseguida e a uma real aquisição de conhecimentos, fomentando, ao mesmo tempo, um relacionamento mais forte entre estudantes e também entre estudantes e professores. Nas últimas décadas, o funcionamento das instituições do ensino superior tem vindo a apoiar-se cada vez mais nas tecnologias de ensino. Entre as diversas tecnologias que foram adotadas, contam-se os laboratórios online. Existem, atualmente, diversos projetos neste domínio, com vasta cobertura. Resumidamente, a visão dos promotores dos laboratórios online é proporcionar aos estudantes das diversas disciplinas acesso remoto a experiências práticas, 24 horas por dia. Isto deve ser conseguido sem que as instituições de ensino superior tenham de incorrer em gastos substanciais, de modo a possibilitar a adoção dos laboratórios online por países que atravessem dificuldades económicas. Com os laboratórios online, os estudantes têm oportunidade de realizar mais experiências do que realizariam de outro modo e, assim, desenvolver mais eficazmente as suas capacidades científicas e tecnológicas. E isso conseguir-se-á por via de um simples computador ligado à Internet. O presente estudo centra-se nos sistemas de ensino superior dos países do Médio Oriente e do Norte de África, em inglês, Middle East and North Africa, MENA. Analisamos, em particular, o nível de colaboração existente entre os investigadores desta região, no domínio dos laboratórios online, e propomos novas perspetivas para o desenvolvimento do trabalho desses investigadores, por meio de da criação de uma comunidade de prática (em inglês community of practice) sobre o tema dos laboratórios online. Adicionalmente, propomos a criação de uma federação de laboratórios online, que agrupará laboratórios dispersos pelo mundo, já existentes ou a criar, assim facilitando a sua utilização à escala mundial.

This dissertation is based on research undertaken on the role of the housing group savings schemes that provide end-user finance to the poor households to address their housing needs with special reference to South African Homeless People's Federation (SAHPF) at Piesang River outside Durban. The housing conditions inherited by the new Government in South Africa were characterized by backlog. In order for the Government to address housing shortage, housing subsidy assistance was introduced, which only provided the 'starter house', which was not sufficient enough for the poor in terms of size and quality of the house. It was hoped that the traditional financial institutions would come to the party and provide small-scale loans to the poor to incrementally improve the condition of their housing. The poor households have been seen as "unbankable". Basically the study bids to explore and establish the effectiveness of the savings schemes as an intervention in making end-user finance available to the poor households in S.A. to meet their shelter needs. The study revolves wholly around the group housing savings clubs as an intervention for proving housing for the poor. Practice has proved that incremental upgrading of a core unit using incremental finance is more suitable than long-term loans and does not bind the poor into long-term financial agreements. Given the fact that the poor are not willing to subject themselves into long-term financial commitments, consequently, the poor households have initiated financial self-help groups of the likes of ROSCAs, Stokvels, RCAs and ASCRAs as a mechanism to deal with the predicament that they are facing. The study explores the circumstances under which these saving schemes have evolved and the cause of their proliferation, looking at the international and local experiences. The study draws successful lessons from SAHPF of Piesang River about group lending and the possible expansion of its activities to other parts of S.A. Lending groups have the potential to provide affordable credit to the poor and the group members will use peer pressure to encourage repayment. Group lending is capable of making an individual repay that would have easily defaulted under individual lending. The researcher uses the combination of sample survey and case study to argue that the success of SAHPF particularly in making end-user finance available to its members is due to its strong, central focus on savings and loans. Finally the recommendations are that savings for housing purposes should be seen as an appropriate mechanism, to augment the housing subsidy given the fact that formal end-user finance is not forth coming especially to the poor as anticipated.
Thesis (Arch.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

The British North America Act, 1930 (the Natural Resources Transfer Agreements or NRTAs) marked the end of a lengthy battle between the provincial governments of Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Manitoba and the federal government of Canada. Prior to 1930, the provincial governments did not have administrative control over their natural resources, which were managed by the federal Department of the Interior. As a result, the three prairie provinces did not share equal constitutional status with the other Canadian provinces that did control their own resources. Under the terms of the new constitutionalized intergovernmental agreements the provincial governments agreed to fulfil all of the federal government’s continuing obligations to third parties after the transfer. One of these obligations was the redemption of Métis scrip issued by the federal government to extinguish the Métis share of Aboriginal land title. After the transfer, however, the provinces resisted granting more land to satisfy what they considered to be a federal obligation. The provinces refused to redeem Métis scrip entitlements and the federal government did not enforce the terms of the NRTAs. Both the federal and provincial governments failed to live up to the terms of the constitutional agreement and the Métis scrip issue fell through the jurisdictional cracks of Canadian federalism. This dissertation examines the historical context and consequences surrounding the Alberta and Saskatchewan government’s failure to recognize Métis scripholders’ rights-based claims to land. Each provincial government pursued different avenues with respect to natural resources and Métis policies. The purpose of this study is to examine the different phases of policy development in each province in light of the general failure of recognition. The transfer of control and administration of the public domain from one level of government to another provides interesting insights into the history of government-Aboriginal relations in Canada. Aboriginal people (including Métis) were not consulted during the negotiations leading up to the NRTAs; nevertheless (or perhaps as a result), the transfer agreements were a catalyst for political organization in several Métis communities. Métis who had been living on federal crown land were concerned that the transfer of lands to the provinces would negatively impact their right to pursue traditional livelihoods such as hunting, fishing and trapping. In Alberta, the NRTAs sparked the formation of the Métis Association of Alberta, a political lobbying group that advocated recognition of historical claims to land. During this period, parallel Métis living in Saskatchewan and Manitoba created parallel organizations. These political groups represent some of the earliest attempts by Aboriginal people in the prairie provinces to voice their concerns and influence government policy. There are three recurrent themes in this study. First, land appears as a point of convergence for Métis claims and an alternative to the distribution of government social assistance due to high levels of unemployment. Second, Métis political organizing affects government policy-making. Third, the thesis notes the marked change in policy direction by the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) government in Saskatchewan after its election in 1944. The CCF introduced natural resources policies based on social democratic principles such as collective marketing. This approach was a marked departure from the liberal approaches introduced by previous provincial governments in Alberta and Saskatchewan.
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