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1
Horat, Sandra, and Peter Bachmann. "Stand der überbetrieblichen forstlichen Planung in den Kantonen Ende 2003 | Situation regarding regional forestry planning in the Cantons at the end of 2003." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 155, no. 5 (May 1, 2004): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2004.0119.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The level of implementation of the forestry developmentplanning programme (WEP) was ascertained by the means of a written questionnaire sent to the pertinent Cantonal offices. In comparison with the previous questionnaire, in 2000, most of the Cantons have made progress. However, the forestry development plans have not come into force in their entirety in any Canton, with the exception of Geneva. The current plans have several weak points. Frequent defects are the missing or inadequate guidelines for the use of funding destined for the introduction or implementation of the plans, a lack of prioritisation and insufficient levels of controlling. In view of the introduction of the new federal financial redistribution rules a majority of Cantons would be prepared to accept the WEP as the basis for a performance agreement between federal and cantonal levels of government.
2
Fouquet-Chauprade, Barbara, and Julia Napoli. "Implementation of educational policies for migrants: A case study in the Swiss canton of Geneva." education policy analysis archives 29 (May 24, 2021): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.29.5726.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Swiss context presents a specific pattern being a confederal country relying on a subsidiarity principle. Thus, the cantons operate in a framework of a reduced power of central authority (Boulenger et al., 2012; Revaz, 2020) and are autonomous regarding education policies at local level (Akkari, 2019). However, since the adoption of a new law in 2005, the Federal Council, cantons, municipalities and cities officially collaborate on migration policy (Chifelle, 2018; Facchinetti, 2012). In this particular context, the confederation developed migration policies giving guidance to cantonal governments. Our research aimed at analyzing a confederal policy guidance on migrants’ education and its interpretation in the canton of Geneva. In particular, we examined the ”decoupling” between general guidance from the Confederation and the implementation at local level. For this purpose, we studied the implementation of a cantonal program named L’école des mamans (mothers’ school) dedicated to prepare migrants’ families for their children enrolment in primary school. Our main results show that there is a distortion between policy objectives and the implementation phase. We also observe a model of resistance to change with no modification of actors’ practices towards migrants’ parents despite the new integration policy guidance.
3
Baumann, Reto, André Burkard, Charly Wuilloud, and Marc Wyer. "Paradigmawechsel in der staatlichen Förderung der Naturgefahrenabwehr - das Pilotprogramm effor2 im Kanton Wallis | Change in Paradigm in Governmental Promotion of Natural Hazard Defence - The Pilot Programme Effor2 in the Canton of Valais, Switzerland." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 151, no. 5 (May 1, 2000): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2000.0155.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Swiss Federal Department of Finance plans to reorganise, in co-operation with the cantonal directors of finance, the financial equilibration and division of tasks between the Federation and the cantons. A change in paradigm in governmental promotion of public tasks shall be introduced. The Federal Forestry Directory together with some cantons is testing completely new instruments in the field of subsidies as well as in the defence of natural hazards by means of the pilot programme effort2. As a substitute of projects, a programme of several years with quantified goals is introduced. Not the costs are settled by an over-all contribution, but the performance. The sovereign administrative order is replaced by a partnership contract. Between 1999 and 2002 and for a lump-sum of 11 Mio. Swiss Francs, the Federation intends to buy an area of 385 ha of tended protection forest, 75 Mio. Swiss Francs of risk diminishment, 15 hazard maps, 4 observation stations and an enterprise of two warning services from the canton of Valais. New methods are applied for the determination of the performance (such as risk diminishment).
4
Bogdanor, Vernon. "Federalism in Switzerland." Government and Opposition 23, no. 1 (1988): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017257x00017012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
‘FEDERALISM’, CLAIMED THE SWISS PHILOSOPHER, DENIS DE Rougemont, ‘rests upon the love of complexity, by contrast with the brutal simplicity which characterises the totalitarian spirit’. It would be hard to deny that complexity is the most striking feature of federal government in Switzerland. To comprehend it fully, one would have to analyse the history, politics and atmosphere of each of the twenty-six cantons, for each is a political system in itself; and there is no such animal as a ‘typical’ canton. Political scientists have studied one or two cantons in some depth, and there are also impressionistic accounts of cantonal life, but there is no really satisfactory comparative analysis of the cantons as a whole. Further, many Swiss cantons are ‘closed' societies, difficult for the foreigner to penetrate and not easily accessible to the academic inquirer. The political scientist needs to acquire the skills of the anthropologist in addition to those of the analyst of political institutions if he is to make headway. It is difficult, therefore, to give anything more than a very general impression of the principles lying behind federal government in Switzerland, an impression which is bound to be, to some degree at least, misleading. For of no country more than Switzerland is it more correct to say that the truth lies in the minute particulars and not in generalities.The complexity of Swiss federalism is a consequence of the fact that the Swiss have embraced more completely than any other democracy that essential principle, the leitmotiv, of federalism — the sharing of power. Switzerland is indeed an extreme example of federalism, just as it is an extreme example of the application of the principles of democracy and of neutrality in foreign affairs.
5
Dafflon, B. "The Assignment of Functions to Decentralized Government: From Theory to Practice." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 10, no. 3 (September 1992): 283–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c100283.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The question of why key academic economic arguments for the assignment of functions to decentralized government have not informed the political debate in Switzerland is examined in this paper. In the first section the most relevant theoretical factors of optimal government organization for service delivery are reviewed. A catalogue of criteria that have been debated in the Swiss context at both federal–cantonal and cantonal–local levels are covered in the second section. The main point is that the discussion is focused on rather different criteria from those noted in orthodox economic theory. The analysis of the causes and discrepancies between theory and practice permits a more general conclusion, addressed to fiscal federalism. The conclusion is that there is no general answer to how functions should be assigned to a particular level of government, as the solution depends upon the relevant value-judgments of the polity as well as the resources-use required to provide given services. The outcome is a set of proposals on how better procedures for the assignment of functions might be developed.
6
Schnabel, Johanna, Rahel Freiburghaus, and Yvonne Hegele. "Crisis management in federal states: the role of peak intergovernmental councils in Germany and Switzerland during the COVID-19 Pandemic (online first)." dms – der moderne staat – Zeitschrift für Public Policy, Recht und Management 15, no. 1-2022 (March 10, 2022): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3224/dms.v15i1.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In federal states, intergovernmental councils were the main institutions through which the federal government and the constituent units coordinated their responses to COVID-19. To examine whether peak councils assumed a leading role during the COVID-19 pandemic to ensure cross sectoral as well as intergovernmental coordination, this article compares the role of two “peak councils”—the Conference of Premiers (MPK) in Germany and the Conference of Cantonal Governments (KdK) in Switzerland—with sectoral councils in normal times and during the COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis relies on an original database of more than 900 council outputs based on which we compare the level of activity, the publicity, the direction of action, and the bindingness of outputs. The findings show that MPK took a leading role during the pandemic, a role that was indeed unusual when compared to normal times, while KdK, which likewise does not play a leading role in normal times, did not during the pandemic either.
7
Brühwiler, Ingrid. "Contested Citizenship." Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society 9, no. 2 (September 1, 2017): 15–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/jemms.2017.090202.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article examines public education and the establishment of the nation-state in the first half of the nineteenth century in Switzerland. Textbooks, governmental decisions, and reports are analyzed in order to better understand how citizenship is depicted in school textbooks and whether (federal) political changes affected the image of the “imagined citizen” portrayed in such texts. The “ideal citizen” was, first and foremost, a communal and cantonal member of a twofold society run by the church and the secular government, in which nationality was depicted as a third realm.
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Terziyski, Miroslav. "Review of Handbook of Direct Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989." Postmodernism Problems 12, no. 3 (December 5, 2022): 495–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.46324/pmp2203495.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the modern world, democracy is a dominant form of rule. Different societies are implementing both indirect and direct democracy. Various factors define the level of realization of one of the two. The dominant form of government is a representative democracy. Switzerland is an excellent example of higher usage of direct democracy with its federal, cantonal, and municipal referendums. Nowadays, the issue of direct democracy deserves special attention. In this context, the Handbook of Direct Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe after 1989 accentuates the implementation of direct democracy in 21 European countries.
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Angehrn, Philipp, Sabina Steiner, and Christophe Lienert. "The Swiss joint information platform for natural hazards." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-12-2019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> The Swiss Joint Information Platform for Natural Hazards (GIN) has been realized from 2008 to 2010 as part of the Swiss federal government’s OWARNA project, which aimed at optimizing warning and alerting procedures against natural hazard. The first online-version of the platform went productive in 2011 with the primary goal of providing measured and forecast natural hazard data in form of processed cartographic, graphic and other multimedia products to professional users &ndash; before, during and after natural hazard events. In Switzerland water-, weather-, snow- and earthquake-related hazards are the most relevant ones.</p><p>In 2013, an online survey showed that the platform does not fully meet user expectations, particularly as to user experience and usability of its cartographic, web-based user interface. Revaluation and redesign of the overall platform were necessary in order to improve map legibility, caused by the complexity of data, large data amounts, and high spatial density of online, real-time measurement data locations. A new web design and user interaction concept have been developed in 2014 and eventually put online in June 2017. User acceptance testing by means of surveys and direct user feedback sessions were key factors in this perennial redesign process. The GIN platform now features important novel technical and graphical elements: The starting page is based on a dashboard containing virtual dossiers (Fig. 1), with which users configure their desired information, data, and map bundles individually, or use predefined adaptable views on various existing data sets. In addition, there is a new overall spatial search function to query data parameters. A responsive approach further improves the usability of the platform. The focus of these new features is on multi-views involving maps, diagrams, tables, text products, as well as selected geographical areas on maps, and fast data queries (Fig. 2). Current user feedback suggests that the new GIN platform design is well received, and that it is moving closer to its very goal: online monitoring and management of natural hazard events by enhanced usability, more targeted and higher personalization.</p><p>Several Swiss Cantons (i.e., the political entities in Switzerland below the federation) actively participated, and still participate, in the conceptual GIN platform development process through advisory board meetings and consultations. On the operational level, Cantons actively provide and contribute further natural hazard information and measurement data from their own natural hazard monitoring networks. These additional Cantonal regional-scale data sets help to fill spatial data gaps, where no Federal data is available. GIN thusly integrates natural hazard data from Federal and Cantonal levels (and partly even private level), which adds value to all stakeholders on various political levels involved in natural hazard management (Federal, Cantonal, Regional, Communal crisis committees). Stakeholders not only use GIN’s ample database and cartographic product portfolio to accomplish their early warning and crisis management tasks, but also benefit from seamless, secure and reliable IT-services, provided by the Swiss Federal Government. With the new GIN platform, Switzerland has a powerful, integrative, and comprehensive tool for monitoring and responding to natural hazard events.</p>
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Hušić, Jasmin. "Uloga i značaj državnih službenika u ostvarivanju prava građana na lokalnu samoupravu u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine." Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu 54, no. 4 (November 7, 2017): 921–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31141/zrpfs.2017.54.126.921.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A brief overview of the constitutional order of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the position of local self-government in the vertical structure of government is provided in the paper. In addition, the issue of the organization and jurisdiction of local self-government is treated. The issue of the right to local self-government guaranteed by the Constitution of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina is addressed in this paper. The right of civil servants in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, the attitude of political structures to professional independence of civil servants and the role and importance that civil servants should have in the processes of exercising civil rights, and the right to local self-government is what the research is focused on. The necessity of harmonization of cantonal legislation on civil service law with federal legislation, and the need to base the civil service law on the principles and standards achieved in the EU is what the paper points out.
11
Niederhauser, Matthieu. "Governmental human rights focal points in federal contexts: The implementation of the Istanbul Convention in Switzerland as a case study." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 39, no. 2 (May 18, 2021): 140–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09240519211016947.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The implementation of international human rights law in federal States is an underexplored process. Subnational entities regularly enjoy a degree of sovereignty, which raises questions such as whether they implement obligations of international law and how the federal level may ensure that implementation takes place at the subnational level. This article aims to answer these questions, using the implementation of the Convention on Preventing and Combating Violence against Women and Domestic Violence (Convention) in Switzerland as a case study. To implement the Convention at the cantonal level, federal actors decided to use networks of civil servants in charge of domestic violence issues, who act as governmental human rights focal points (GHRFPs). This article is based on original empirical data, on 25 interviews with State officials who participate in this implementation. The findings show how complex GHRFPs networks work in practice to implement the Convention and highlight the role played by numerous non-legal State actors in this process. As a result, the article argues that international human rights law implementation becomes more diversified both within and across federal States.
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Schmidhauser, Albin, and Franz Schmithüsen. "Entwicklung der Finanzierung einer multifunktionalen Waldbewirtschaftung in den Forstbetrieben öffentlicher Waldeigentümer im schweizerischen Alpenraum | Development of Financing of a Multi-Functional Forest Management for Forest Enterprises of Publicly Owned Forest in the Alpine Region of Switzerland." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 150, no. 11 (November 1, 1999): 416–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.1999.0416.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With the federal forestry legislation coming into force in 1993, a multi-functional forest management has been established as the fundamental objective of national forest policy in Switzerland. This modern concept was already developed with the beginning of the federal forest policy during the second half of the last century with the effect that forest enterprises already perform extensive activities in the service sector. For publicly owned forest enterprises in the Alpine region the payment flows clearly show at which degree multi-functional management takes effect on the corresponding financing. Services provided by forest enterprises in the sectors of protection(safe-guarding) and well-being are not only financed by the profits obtained from wood production, but also by budget positions especially established for this purpose. Since the 1980s, the sectoral financing for providing services by the forest enterprises has at least partially contributed to the off-setting of the impact caused by unfavourable economic conditions in wood production. Due to the on-going planning process for the realisation of co-ordinated regional or cantonal policies as well as inter-country developments within the realms of the Alpine convention,the basis for the financing of public forest enterprises based on multi-functional forest management will be even more strongly differentiated in coming years. Pilot projects carried out under the new financial equalisation system between the federal and cantonal governments suggest that multifunctional forest management will form a solid basis for the development and implementation of forest enterprises strategies. On the operational level it is necessary to develop and apply suitable instruments for cost and management control.
13
Ohazuruike, Kennedy, and Micheal Udo Mbanaso. "Federalism and the Challenges of Democratization in Nigeria: Lessons from the Swiss Model." Journal of Global Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (March 1, 2020): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31039/jgss.v1i1.80.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Switzerland, a country composed of four major language groups, is comprised of 26 cantons and many municipalities, with each canton being linguistically homogenous, has always been a model of a federal state that is practising an inclusive democracy. The Nigerian federation, on the other hand, has evolved from a colonial federal legacy that was based on three unwieldy component regions into a union of 36 states and 774 constitutionally entrenched localities. Pressures for fundamental federal reforms have remained a persistent, intense and divisive feature of contemporary Nigerian politics, characterised by ethnic, religious and regional contestations that frequently produce episodes of violence. The paper examines the impact of federalism and Democratization process in Nigeria with particular focus on governance, political representation and participation using the Swiss federalism as a model in a comparative perspective. Both primary and secondary sources of data are applied with the theory of Separation of Powers guiding the discourse in the paper. The findings suggest that the Swiss federation has been built into a state where governance is institutionalised, while diversity is seen as strength with the people and the cantons well represented through participation in decision making, whereas in Nigeria, the practice of federalism has thrown up many challenges of governance. The paper recommends that Nigeria should borrow a leaf from the Swiss model of federalism through the devolution of power and decentralisation of functions from the federal government to the states and local governments. Also, Nigeria could adopt the Swiss model of direct democracy, which would allow for more citizens' participation in decision making and governance.
14
Ejderyan, Olivier, Franziska Ruef, and Michael Stauffacher. "Entanglement of Top-Down and Bottom-Up: Sociotechnical Innovation Pathways of Geothermal Energy in Switzerland." Journal of Environment & Development 29, no. 1 (November 6, 2019): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496519886008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
By looking at deep geothermal energy in Switzerland, this article illustrates how innovation pathways in federal countries take entangled forms between top-down and bottom-up. The Swiss federal government presents deep geothermal energy as an important technology to decarbonize electricity production. Setbacks in early projects have slowed these efforts. Despite strong policy incentives from the federal government, no electricity is being produced from geothermal projects in Switzerland in 2019. Based on four case studies, we analyze how some cantons and cities have taken different pathways: Rather than implementing federal objectives, they favor heat production instead of electricity generation. The relative success of these initiatives led federal authorities to modify their approach to promoting geothermal energy. This study shows that federal mechanisms and instruments alone are not enough to make energy infrastructures acceptable locally. To learn from bottom-up experiences and adapt federal policies to local reality, better coordination between the federal and subnational levels is needed.
15
Zimmermann, Willi. "Waldpolitischer Jahresrückblick 2011." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 163, no. 5 (May 1, 2012): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2012.0145.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Annual review of Swiss forest policy 2011 The revision of the Forest Act, the adoption of the Forest Programme 2020 by the Federal Council as well as the preparation of the second contribution period of the New System of Financial Equalisation and Division of Tasks between the Confederation and the Cantons (NFE) shaped, in addition to the routine business, the forest policy of 2011. The parliamentary initiatives on forest and forest policy issues remained of about the same amount as in previous years, while the Federal Court decisions on forest legislation have declined significantly. In various forest-related sectoral policies, the government and parliament made important decisions. In climate policy, the Parliament adopted the CO2 Law. However, this has not yet happened to the revision of the Spatial Planning Act. In nature and landscape policy, the administration has prepared the Swiss biodiversity strategy so far that the Federal Council could send it out for consultation. The revision of the Hunting Regulation, with changes in the management of large carnivores, is nearing adoption. At the international level, the Federal Council has submitted the European Landscape Convention to the Parliament for ratification, and the European forestry ministers have agreed to the preparation of a European Forest Convention.
16
Novicic, Zaklina. "Constitutional organization of Switzerland experiences and lessons." Medjunarodni problemi 54, no. 3 (2002): 307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp0203307n.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The subject of this article is the constitutional organization of Switzerland, based on the current constitution adopted in April 1999. After the brief historical background and presentation of the principal features of the Swiss political community the author analyses the following constitutional arrangements: organization of the federal authority relationship between the federation and cantons, the role and functioning of the local government and political rights of Swiss citizens. The application of this arrangement in practice, with international status of neutrality special political culture that cherishes compromises and coalitions, idea of a nation as a political, not ethnical community and economic wealth, have contributed, in the author's opinion, to the stability of the Swiss highly complex political system.
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Abt, Thomas. "Zehn Jahre Waldgesetzgebung des Bundes: Eine Zwischenbilanz aus kantonaler Sicht | Ten years of Federal Forest Law: an interim report from a cantonal point of view." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 153, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2002.0356.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In a formal way the new Federal Forest Law, in force since 1993,has rendered good service at the cantonal level in establishing Cantonal Forest Law thanks to its clear and systematic approach. Cantonal implementation, based on the Federal Law and the complementing cantonal regulations, has posed no problems in the majority of cases and any appeals have usually been confirmed by the cantonal legislative institutions. Difficulties with implementation arise, however, in the area of clearing rights (creation of added value among other things), buildings and installations in the forest, as well as spaces between the forest and building projects. A definition of uncertain legal terms at federal level would have been of help here.
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Issalys, Pierre. "Regards sur le droit administratif suisse." Les Cahiers de droit 19, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 703–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042262ar.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Looking at Swiss administrative law from a Quebec perspective, this paper outlines some aspects of the Swiss system that provide useful models or references for the discussion and resolution of current issues in Canadian and Quebec administrative law. These issues are identified as (1) the proliferation of independent administrative agencies, and the means to control or at least systematize the growth of such structures ; (2) the desirability and feasibility of enacting general standards of procedure for administrative action ; (3) the simplification of remedies in the field of judicial review of administrative action ; (4) the desirability and feasibility of allocating judicial review powers to a specialized court, either within or outside the Superior Court ; and (5) the desirability and form of a procedure allowing for political intervention in the decision-making process of independent agencies. In the light of these issues, the paper describes the allocation of review functions between administrative and judicial bodies in Swiss federal law. The structure and activity of the Swiss Federal Court (Tribunal fédéral), and especially of the division of the Court that deals with most administrative law cases, are outlined in some more detail. A short historical sketch leads to a discussion of the corresponding features of the law in some of the cantons, and to consideration of the special position given to social security matters in the general scheme of administrative law. The paper then focusses on administrative action itself, commenting on the most significant provisions in the Federal Administrative Procedure Act (Loi fédérale sur la procédure administrative) of 1968. Special attention is paid to the process of review within the administration, up to the level of the federal cabinet (Conseil fédéral). Corresponding provisions in the law of some of the cantons are also briefly discussed. The description of the federal review process is then completed by an outline of the procedure for judicial review of administrative action by the Federal Court (Recours de droit administrative). Finally, notice is again taken of the special position of social security as regards administrative procedure. The paper draws attention, in its concluding part, to the most interesting insights provided by Swiss law into the current problems of Canadian and Quebec administrative law. The growth of administrative tribunals has been brought under control by structural arrangements, especially in the field of social security. The introduction of general standards of procedure has brought greater uniformity and clarity, has emphasized the unity of administrative process including the review phase before administrative or judicial authorities, and has strenghtened the rule of law over government action. The existence of a single procedure to invoke judicial review eases access to the court. While in many cases review by the court is excluded, these exclusions have to be specific, and leave full opportunity for review within the administration, with adequate safeguards provided by the Administrative Procedure Act. Specialization occurs within the Federal Court, and does not involve a rigid separation between judges applying administrative law and judges applying other branches of the law, as in France or Germany. Finally, ultimate political control over certain types of decisions is admitted as a part of life in Swiss federal law, but is at the same time subjected to a quasi-judicial procedure which makes it an acknowledged source of administrative justice.
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Trofimova, Olga Efimovna. "Small and medium businesses in Switzerland and multinational companies." Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), no. 10 (October 25, 2021): 772–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2110-04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article gives a comparative study of the main elements of Swiss system of business — transnational corporations and small and medium companies (SMEs). Using the methods of statistical analysis, systematic and comparative approaches the author analyzes their role in country economy, modification of activities and changes of their positions in innovative spheres. The author examines the factors of attractiveness and preferences which have influenced the location of TNC headquarters in Switzerland and its new trends. Multinationals are a driving force for Switzerland`s economy development. Swiss multinationals are also leaders in foreign direct investments. The study shows special significance of small and medium enterprises for Swiss economy and exports, their contribution to innovations and R&D. Foreign trade provides the greatest impetus for SMEs growth. The author analyzes the process of internationalization of small and medium companies in specific conditions of small country and their support by different instruments in the framework of three-tier system of interaction (federal center — cantons — municipalities) including financial support and preferential taxation. The federal government supports SMEs in obtaining bank loans by funding loan guarantee cooperatives. As a result it was envisaged that transnational companies and SMEs cooperated in creating a competitive and innovative economy and cluster model in Switzerland. The author notes the negative influence of pandemia on Swiss economy and MNC and SME, but at the same time there are some signs of its recovery.
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Seitz, Andreas, and Willi Zimmermann. "Kantonale Ausführungsgesetzgebungen zum eidgenössischen Waldgesetz – ein Überblick | Cantonal execution regulations of the Federal Forest Law – an overview." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 153, no. 9 (September 1, 2002): 346–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2002.0346.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ten years after the Federal Forest Law came into force all cantons have adjusted their execution regulations to fit the new Federal Laws. The legislative steps taken by the cantons have led to a considerable standardisation of Forest Law, in both formal and material procedures. In the near future there are no major legislative activities to be expected at the cantonal level. In future the emphasis will lie in the implementation and execution of Cantonal and Federal Forest Law.
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Cranovsky, Richard, Julian Schilling, Karin Faisst, Pedro Koch, Felix Gutzwiller, and Hans Heinrich Brunner. "HEALTH TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT IN SWITZERLAND." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 16, no. 2 (April 2000): 576–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300101163.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Switzerland has a mixed public and private healthcare system. All citizens are enrolled in compulsory basic health insurance. A 1996 law allows people to choose among different sickness funds and managed care plans. The federal government is empowered to act on important health issues, but the 26 cantons have prime responsibility in health care and social welfare. They have their own laws on health care, hygiene, hospitals, and social welfare. These laws are not harmonized. The system is complex, with a mix of public (mainly hospitals) and private (mainly doctors' offices) providers. The health services are decentralized. Ambulatory care was traditionally provided in doctors' offices, but the last decade has seen the development of centers for day surgery, group practices, and managed care plans. Decisions on placement, location, and extension of services are decentralized. The payment system is very complex. Current trends include global budgets, cost analyses, and prices related to patient categories. However, coverage policy is developed centrally and includes both traditionally established services and new technologies. New technologies are added to the list only after evaluation by the Federal Coverage Committee. The coverage process integrates health technology assessment (HTA). Coverage can be granted in stages, including limited coverage and temporary coverage. Technologies and coverage can be reevaluated on the basis of registries or assessment information. The structure of the Swiss healthcare system does not lend itself to the establishment of a national HTA program. However, recent moves include the development of a coordinating mechanism for HTA in Switzerland.
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Bonoli, Lorenzo, and Jackie Vorpe. "Swiss VET between National Framework and Cantonal Autonomy: A Historical Perspective." Education Sciences 12, no. 2 (February 8, 2022): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/educsci12020114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Despite the fact that the Swiss VET system has been regulated by federal laws since 1930, the 26 cantons that make up the Swiss Confederation enjoy a certain room for maneuver when implementing federal provisions at the regional level. This is reflected in sometimes significant differences between the cantons, particularly with regard to participation in dual VET. Based on a historical reconstruction of the institutionalization process of the Swiss VET system, our contribution first explains the institutional conditions under which cantonal differences are possible; secondly describes their evolution; and finally identifies the main factors which influence their appearance. In more detail, our contribution begins with a reconstruction of the development of VET in Switzerland and in three cantons (ZH, GE, TI) during the decisive period for the Swiss VET system from 1950 to 1970. This reconstruction is based firstly on a historical analysis of sources (laws, messages, statistical data, reports, brochures, press articles, etc.) published from 1880 to the present day, with particular attention to the period 1950–1970. This analysis allows us to reconstruct the process of institutionalization of the field, with emphasis on the constant tension between federal regulation and cantonal autonomy, as well as the statistical evolution of cantonal differences. In a second step, we subject the same set of sources to a discourse analysis allowing us to identify the main arguments accompanying the decision-making process in our three cantons. This latter analysis enables us to show the sometimes-subtle differences between cantonal policies and their respective conceptions of VET.
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Schmitt-Koopmann, Caroline, Carole-Anne Baud, Valérie Junod, and Olivier Simon. "Switzerland’s Narcotics Regulation Jungle: Off-Label Use, Counterfoil Prescriptions, and Opioid Agonist Therapy in the French-Speaking Cantons." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 13164. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413164.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The word “narcotic” is often first associated with “illicit drugs”. Yet, many “narcotic” and psychotropic substances are, in fact, medicines. Controlled medicines (CM) are products that meet the legal definition of both a “narcotic” under the Swiss Narcotics Act and of a medicine under the Therapeutic Products Act. We aim to examine how similar and how different, respectively, the implementation of CM regulations is throughout French-speaking Switzerland. Based on a legal analysis of the cantonal regulations, we conducted semi-structured interviews with cantonal pharmacists and cantonal physicians. We asked them how they perceive and implement the federal legal requirements. We find that some of these requirements have fallen into disuse, notably the federal duty to notify off-label use of CM. We observe that counterfoil prescriptions in their current paper format are a veritable data graveyard in the sense that they are not actively used to monitor or supervise the market. Moreover, we detect different conditions for opioid agonist treatment authorization. Some cantons require additional physicians’ training or written commitments by the person treated. Our mapping of the CM regulation implementation can serve as a basis for cantons to review their practices.
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Ginzler, Christian, Urs-Beat Brändli, and Martin Hägeli. "Waldflächenentwicklung der letzten 120 Jahre in der Schweiz." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 162, no. 9 (September 1, 2011): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2011.0337.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Development of forest area in Switzerland within the last 120 years Historical maps provide a useful source for spatial landscape analyses as they represent a generalized reflection of geographical reality over large areas at a certain time. Digitization and georeferencing of analog maps help to make such analyses more efficient. In Switzerland, the forest area has grown since the mid 19th century according to statistics of the federal government and the cantons. These statistics, however, provide a limited basis for regional analyses of changes in forest area. In this study, the forest areas in 1880, 1915, 1940 and 2000 were estimated based on analyses of the Topographical Atlas of Switzerland (Siegfried maps [1880Siegfried maps [1915, and 1940]), and of the Topographical Map (2000). Using a sample of 20 638 plots, analogous to the aerial photo-interpretation of the Swiss National Forest Inventory (NFI), a forest/non-forest decision was made for each time cutting. Overall, in Switzerland the forest area increased by 21.6% from 1880 to 2000. This is much less than what revealed the analysis of statistical sources due to differences in the methods and forest definitions used. Considerable regional differences could be detected, with one general trend from north to south and another from east to west. In most regions with strong urban development, the forest area is stagnating or has slightly decreased. The increase in forest cover has taken place mainly in the Alps and the Southern Alps.
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Babbi, Manuel, Stefan Widmer, Marcel Blattner, and Bertil O. Krüsi. "Waldrandaufwertungen: Einfluss von Exposition und Wüchsigkeit des Standorts." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 167, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 286–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2016.0286.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Upgrading of forest edges: impacts of orientation and site fertility Wide, species-rich forest edges are rare in Switzerland. For some years now, the ecological improvement of forest edges has therefore been encouraged by the federal government. In order to make optimal use of the limited resources, we need a good knowledge of the site factors that influence the success of upgrading treatments. We studied 48 improved forest edges in Canton Aargau to understand the impacts of orientation and site fertility on the success of the improvement measures. The results showed that both orientation and site fertility had a significant impact on the quality of the enhanced forest edges. On south-facing and nutrient-poor sites, the ecological quality of the improved forest edges was significantly better than on nutrient-rich sites oriented towads other directions. On sites which were not south-facing fertility had no significant effect on the ecological quality of the improved forest edges. On nutrient-poor sites, the risk that problematic or invasive plant species become dominant after upgrading treatments was much smaller than on nutrient- rich sites. The orientation of the forest edge, on the other hand, had no significant effect on that risk. In the future, therefore, forest edge enhancement projects should preferably be carried out on south-facing and nutrient-poor sites. On sites with other expositions or with high fertility, successful upgradings are less likely but not impossible.
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Howard, John. "FEDERAL GOVERNMENT." Australian Journal of Public Administration 46, no. 3 (September 1987): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.1987.tb01446.x.
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Schmid, Hansjörg. "Interreligious Dialogues in Switzerland." Interdisciplinary Journal for Religion and Transformation in Contemporary Society 6, no. 2 (December 11, 2020): 293–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.30965/23642807-00602004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Due to the federal structure of Switzerland, interreligious activities are also strongly influenced by cantonal contexts. Based on published material as well as on semi-directive interviews with key protagonists, the article analyses three cases of interreligious dialogue – two cantonal cases from the German-, or respectively French-speaking part of the country and the more general case of a women’s network. In the cantonal cases, interreligious dialogue is strongly linked to state-religion relation and serves as a tool for inclusion of new religious communities and for social cohesion. In each of the two cases, there are specific forms and organisational structures of dialogue. In contrast to these examples, the third case is more independent of political interests and often adopts a critical stance. Thus two types of interreligious discourse and relationship with the state can be identified which can also be seen as complementary: either a more critical voice keeping distance from power, or a collaboration with political structures strengthening the religious communities’ influence within the system.
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Burckhardt, Till. "Linguistic territoriality in Switzerland." Language Problems and Language Planning 45, no. 2 (November 24, 2021): 187–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.00077.bur.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract This article argues that the linguistic territoriality principle cannot be considered as a general guideline for the design of language policy but rather as a tool to find the right balance between linguistic freedom and linguistic peace under given circumstances. The article traces the origin and evolution of language policy principles during the drafting process of the new constitutional article in its three official language versions. The Swiss language regime is embedded in an institutional system of executive federalism in which mostly monolingual cantons and municipalities are in charge of implementing nearly all public policy. This significantly reduces the relevance of the inconsistency between a formally personalistic multilingual federal language regime and linguistic territoriality deriving from cantonal language regimes. The point of the new federal regulation is to provide room for manoeuvre for cantonal policymakers to adopt legislation based on linguistic territoriality. The relevant constitutional article recognises that territorial language policies can be implemented to ensure linguistic peace. At the same time, the personality principle may be adopted to protect autochthonous linguistic minorities.
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Steinmann, Kathrin, and Willi Zimmermann. "Waldpolitischer Jahresrückblick 2015." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 167, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 172–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2016.0172.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Annual review of Swiss forest policy 2015 Swiss forest policy in 2015 was characterized by the amendment of the Federal Act on Forest. The related discussions addressed such key topics as embedding the support of Swiss wood in the law, the education of forest workers to increase work safety, the federal financing of infrastructure in non-protective forests as well as defining renewable energy generating plants and facilities for energy transport and distribution as national interests. Regulations of the latter were laid down in the Federal Act on Forest and at the same time in the Federal Act on Energy. The federal and cantonal administrations also completed the program agreements for 2016–2019. The Federal Court addressed cases concerning the distance of buildings for forests and access to forests.
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Eschet-Schwarz, Andr�. "Political participation in Swiss referenda at federal and cantonal levels: 1879?1981." Political Behavior 11, no. 3 (September 1989): 255–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00992299.
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Kużelewska, Elżbieta. "Language Policy in Switzerland." Studies in Logic, Grammar and Rhetoric 45, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slgr-2016-0020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Switzerland is often referred to as a success story for handling its linguistic and cultural diversity. Traditionally four languages have been spoken in relatively homogeneous territories: German, French, Italian and Rhaeto- Romanic (Romansh). The first three have been national languages since the foundation of the Confederation in 1848; the fourth became a national language in 1938. In effect, The Law on Languages, in effect since 2010, has regulated the use and promotion of languages and enhanced the status of Romansh as one of the official languages since 2010. While Swiss language policy is determined at the federal level, it is in the actual practice a matter for cantonal implementation. Article 70 of the Swiss Federal Constitution, titled “Languages”, enshrines the principle of multilingualism. A recent project to create legislation to implement multilingualism across the cantons, however, has failed. Thus Switzerland remains de jure quadrilingual, but de facto bilingual at best, with only a handful of cantons recognizing more than one official language (Newman, 2006: 2). Cantonal borders are not based on language: the French-German language border runs across cantons during most of its course from north to south, and such is also the case for Italian.
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Stadelmann-Steffen, Isabelle, Stefan Rieder, and Chantal Strotz. "The Politics of Renewable Energy Production in a Federal Context: The Deployment of Small Hydropower in the Swiss Cantons." Journal of Environment & Development 29, no. 1 (November 22, 2019): 75–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1070496519886005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article explores the factors that hinder and promote the deployment of renewable energy generating infrastructure in/across the Swiss cantons (i.e., the country’s federal units). Using the example of small-scale hydropower, we shed light on how political regulations at the cantonal level interact with national policies and the local political process to affect the deployment of renewable energy production. The analysis demonstrates that political regulations can both foster and hinder the deployment of renewable energy production. While the national feed-in tariff scheme is revealed to be a beneficial framework condition, cantonal regulations hamper, rather than facilitate, the deployment of small-scale hydropower. Moreover, inclusive local processes and the existence of local entrepreneurs seem to act as a trigger for the local acceptance of renewable energy generation infrastructure. More generally, we conclude that, quite independently of whether state structures are decentralized or centralized, subnational and local leeway in the definition and organization of projects can help to prevent or deal with local opposition.
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Voronina, N. A. "Swiss Сonfedеration experience on reception of migrants". Upravlenie 7, № 4 (27 січня 2020): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/2309-3633-2019-4-123-130.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The experience of Swiss Confederation in the field of integration of immigrants – one of the most economically developed countries of the world, occupying the leading position in Europe on the rate of foreign population in general demographic structure, – has been examined in the article. Evolution of the notions of “integration”, “social assimilation”, “acculturation” and others has been considered and different scientific approaches of Western researches to these notions have been adduced. Swiss immigration policy for the past decades has been traced and the modern integration policy of the country in the field of integration of foreign citizens into receiving society has been analyzed. A detailed analysis of the Swiss normative and legal framework in the field of migration, asylum and integration has been made also, and active development of migration laws over the last decade has been noted. Swiss migration politics, like in other developed Western countries-recipients of foreign labor, contains both: immigration policy (control over entry and stay of foreigners in the country) and policy of integration towards foreigners subject to integration processes.The process of integration of a foreign citizen into a new socio-economic, political and cultural environment is a complex, multidimensional phenomenon. There is a developed and scientifically grounded system of reception, accommodation and integration of foreigners and asylum seekers in Switzerland, which is based on constitutional values, respect and mutual tolerance. At the core of this system is a general strategy of integration, which constitutes a country’s core policy of integration and covers various areas: law, politics, labour issues, housing, education, culture and religion. In order to implement the policy of integration, in Switzerland there are being developed and implemented federal and cantonal integration programs. Integration processes management is administered through the developed system of state authorities at federal, cantonal and other levels, with active participation of different public organizations, including migrant organizations. Federal Council publishes reports on development of integration policy in the country, Federal Migration Office issues annual reports, numerous scientific researches on the theme are being conducted. At present each canton has its own Integration program, designed in accordance with the Modal cantonal program, that allows to implement different integration models, depending on regional requirements and priorities.
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Dessemontet, François. "Langage et système des lois suisses." La rédaction des lois 21, no. 3-4 (April 12, 2005): 579–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042405ar.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper addresses the issue of a systematic approach to the drafting of legislation, in the light of Swiss experience. Starting from a brief survey of inflationary tends in the production of Legislative material, the author brings out the mutually reinforcing interplay between these tends and a widening lack of consensus about the contents and enforceability of legislation. While such factors hardly favour systematic lawmaking, a number of institutional features in the Swiss federal legislative process help maintain the quality of legislative instruments — namely the very length of the process, the bicameralism, the plurality of official languages, and the subjection of laws to the referendum procedure. Further, the practice of Swiss Legislators shows concern for the preservation of systematic unity. Thus, the federal department of Justice has devised a set of Principles of legislative drafting, supplemented by a checklist that can be applied to any draft legislative instrument. In a number fields where lawmaking authority vests in the cantons rather than in the Confederation, federal authorities have drafted model laws in the hope of promoting uniformity between cantonal legislation. In.other fields, where law-making authority has been given to the Confederation, federal legislation has sometimes been limited to a basic law, containing broad provisious only leaving details to be filled in by each of the cantons. The technique of codification, by contrast, has not been resorted to since the major achievements in civil and criminal law during the first half of this century. Finally, Swiss legislative draftsmen, both federal and cantonal, have been concerned lately with the improvement of drafting and style, as is shown by the recent spread of guidelines, instructions and even laws on the subject.
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Burger, Miriam Mi-Rim Lee, Kaitlin Elizabeth Large, Yiqi Liu, Melissa Cigdem Coyle, Cherish Tariro Gamanya, and Jean-François Etter. "Future Strategic Priorities of the Swiss Decentralized Healthcare System: A COVID-19 Case Study." Epidemiologia 3, no. 2 (May 16, 2022): 250–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia3020020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The COVID-19 pandemic exposed a multitude of vulnerabilities in Switzerland’s decentralized healthcare system and highlighted the urgent need to strengthen Switzerland’s capacity to respond to health crises and disease outbreaks. In this article, we draw on three distinct areas of analysis of the current functioning of the Swiss healthcare system to examine its strengths and weaknesses, which can serve as a basis for future considerations and strategic priorities. First, we analyze the different levels of nine non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), as defined by the ETH KOF Stringency Index and implemented in the Swiss cantons of Zurich, Vaud, and Ticino, compared with the rate of positive COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. We find that there was no strong correlation between the severity of the nine non-pharmaceutical interventions implemented and lower rates of positive COVID-19 cases, hospitalizations, and deaths. Second, we examine the challenges of Switzerland’s decentralized healthcare system through a literature review and with empirical data obtained from semi-structured interviews with health professionals in Switzerland. We conclude our analysis with the role of central authorities during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results demonstrate that during a national emergency in Switzerland, taking into account other factors that influence the success of a pandemic strategy, there is an opportunity for a more unified, centralized response to reduce the social and economic toll of the pandemic without necessarily risking greater health damage. We recommend that the Swiss federal government use a combination of decentralized and centralized public health and policy approaches and promote greater private–public collaboration with direct communication channels among policymakers, public health stakeholders, and the public to improve pandemic preparedness and response.
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do Canto, Philipp. "Data protection in clinical trials: Key issues from a legal perspective." Regulatory Affairs Watch 4, no. 7 (June 2022): 18–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54920/scto.2022.rawatch.7.18.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Human research is one of the most regulated academic domains. A main focus of regulations is the protection of trial participants’ physical integrity and personal data. In Switzerland, the federal Human Research Act (HRA) and its related ordinances are primarily relevant. These research regulations contain provisions on how research data are to be managed in order to protect participants’ data privacy. When cantonal universities conduct clinical trials, they must also comply with their cantonal data protection laws. Standards set by the EU and international organisations also have a major impact on human research. Despite the increased protection of personal data, there is some room for improvement. This article reviews the legal basis for data privacy in Switzerland as it relates to research participants’ data and takes a closer look at a few key issues from the perspective of study participants.
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Favero, Adrian. "Rootedness, Activism, and Centralization: The Case of the Swiss People’s Party." Politics and Governance 9, no. 4 (November 24, 2021): 252–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v9i4.4495.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Swiss People’s Party (Schweizerische Volkspartei [SVP]) has increased its territorial extensiveness and organisational intensiveness in recent years, and has professionalised its strategies of communication. This article analyses the dynamics characterising the SVP’s organisation. It shows that with its locally rooted presence and its effort to generate ideological coherence, the party has embraced the “mass party” organisational model. It additionally assesses the extent to which the SVP’s centralised power at the federal level is conducive to the party’s further electoral success. Having considered both the party at national level and three of its most important cantonal branches, the article argues that the organisational dominance of the SVP’s central leadership was beneficial for the party’s electoral strength but will lead to tensions with cantonal and local branches, which are largely in charge, to build and maintain an active base.
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Marti, Fritz. "Erste Erfahrungen mit der neuen Waldgesetzgebung | Initial consequences of new forest legislation." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 153, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2002.0251.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On the 1st July 1995 the new cantonal glarner forest law came into force, the first such law based on the federal forest law of 4th October 1991. Experiences gained with regard to those articles which brought changes are of particular interest, such as the level of compensation for clearing, management of the forest, prohibition of traffic on forest roads, forestry organisation,the handling of natural catastrophes, forestry planning and the forest conservation concept.
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Matyja, Miroslaw. "Federal System and Direct Democracy in Switzerland." Polit Journal: Scientific Journal of Politics 1, no. 3 (August 25, 2021): 91–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/polit.v1i3.484.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The main aim of this work is to present and analyze the structure and the way of operating of the Swiss instruments of direct democracy, as well as its significance for the country’s development. The Swiss example is the best case of functioning democracy in the world. Throughout the centuries, the Swiss political system has evolved into a mature and efficient democracy. The process of its improvement is still going on. Today, the political system of Switzerland can be described as parliamentary-cantonal. In 1848, the country adopted the Federal Constitution and a system based on referenda, while local issues, such as taxes, judiciary, schooling, police, and welfare were left to the cantons. In 1874, the document was amended and the optional referendum was introduced. In 1891, another amendment cemented the unique system by rooting in strongly in direct democracy. The current constitution of Switzerland was adopted by the majority of voter through a referendum that took place in 1999.
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Keller, Roger, Mélanie Clivaz, Emmanuel Reynard, and Norman Backhaus. "Increasing Landscape Appreciation through the Landscape Services Approach. A Case Study from Switzerland." Sustainability 11, no. 20 (October 21, 2019): 5826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11205826.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Switzerland uses various instruments to protect and maintain its natural resources and the environment. The federal inventory “Landscapes and Natural Monuments of National Importance” documents 19 percent of Switzerland’s land surface. It aims for the permanent preservation or greatest possible protection of these environments. This inventory’s records of impact (knowledge by the population) and acceptance (in particular by local authorities) would benefit from improvements. Based on expert interviews and observations in five pilot regions, this study highlights the obstacles and possible solutions to the goal of increasing appreciation of landscapes of national importance. The study develops recommendations for action for different stakeholders (the federal state, cantons, local authorities, NGOs and associations, economic actors) in three areas: (i) communication, information, and dialogue, (ii) cooperation between stakeholders, and (iii) support from federal and cantonal agencies.
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Kägi, Bruno. "Umsetzung des Waldreservatskonzepts im Kanton Glarus | Implementation of the forest reservation concept in the canton of Glarus." Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 153, no. 7 (July 1, 2002): 274–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2002.0274.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The federal law of 4th October 1991 on the forest makes it possible to renounce forestry management in certain cases. A cantonal forest reservation concept has existed in the canton of Glarus since 1996, and it foresees, amongst other things, the creation of 65 forest reservation areas. An efficient method has been developed in order to collect the required basic data. Documents exist for about half of the objects studied, while 7 objects are already contractually assured.
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Schweizer, Rainer J. "Harmonisierung der Polizeigesetzgebung in der Schweiz." Die Verwaltung 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/verw.53.1.63.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Swiss governmental power is divided vertically into three main levels, the Confederation, followed by cantons and communes. Each level has its own - to some extent autonomous - executive, judicative and legislative authorities, which are however obliged to follow higher-ranking cantonal and federal law. In the small Confederation a multipartite police law has developed. In addition to their police laws, the twenty-six cantons have concluded regional and nationwide inter-cantonal agreements for their crossborder cooperation, but also, for example, for the prevention of danger of hooligans. Only to a very limited extent have the cantons enacted provisions for harmonisation, for example with regard to the licensing of private security companies and for police data protection. Further the judical review by the Swiss Federal Supreme Court is essential for the formation of nationwide standards of police law, which is carried out within the framework of an abstract examination of a decree or an intercantonal agreement. For both factual and political reasons, federal police law has developed intensively over the last two decades. In particular, the Confederation is responsible for maintaining special criminal police databases covering the whole of Switzerland as well as for operating search registers linked to the Schengen and Europol areas. However, the Confederation also has executive police forces, namely the so-called Swiss Border Guard, i. e. the customs police, which today assumes the role of a federal police force, as well as a railway police force for the Federal Railways and the bodies responsible for air security. In addition, the Confederation can deploy the armed forces, in a double sense subsidiarily, i. e. to support the civilian authorities (e. g. in securing foreign representations in Switzerland) and cumulatively only in extraordinary situations (e. g. national disasters). However, since federal decrees cannot be subject to a review of norms by the Federal Supreme Court, federal police law develops without regard to the constitutional standards of the Federal Supreme Court. A model law that not only provides a guide for the cantons but would also be exemplary for the Confederation would be conceivable and valuable. Nevertheless, the great legislative autonomy of the member states to date has also repeatedly allowed for creative modernisation, the significance of which is considerable for the comparison of laws within Switzerland.
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Malaguerra, Carlo, and Raul Suarez de Miguel. "Cantonal statistics and federal statistics: process of integration of the statistical system of Switzerland." Statistical Journal of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe 14, no. 1 (February 1, 1997): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/sju-1997-14109.
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Plunkett, Gordon, and Zul Jiwani. "Federal government geomatics databases." CISM journal 43, no. 3 (October 1989): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/geomat-1989-0027.
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MUSSMAN, HARRY C. "The Federal Government Viewpoint." Poultry Science 69, no. 12 (December 1990): 2114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0692114.
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46
Buehler, Marianne. "U.S. federal government CIOs." Journal of Government Information 27, no. 1 (January 2000): 29–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1352-0237(99)00154-9.
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Adamovich, Frank W. "Federal government publications catalog." Government Publications Review 13, no. 2 (March 1986): 286–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9390(86)90012-9.
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Carr, Arthur Hoyle Cecil. "Administrative Chronicle: FEDERAL GOVERNMENT." Australian Journal of Public Administration 44, no. 2 (June 1985): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.1985.tb02433.x.
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Howard, John. "ADMINISTRATIVE CHRONICLE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT." Australian Journal of Public Administration 45, no. 3 (September 1986): 271–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8500.1986.tb01539.x.
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Riker, William H., and Ronald Schaps. "Disharmony in federal government." Behavioral Science 2, no. 4 (January 17, 2007): 276–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bs.3830020405.
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