Дисертації з теми "Fausse information"
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Laurent, Victor. "L'influence persistante des fausses informations malgré leur correction : étude de validité et de nouveaux déterminants." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILH037.
Повний текст джерелаNumerous studies on the “continued influence effect” (Johnson & Seifert, 1994) have observed that corrections are sometimes insufficient or even ineffective in reducing belief in misinformation. In an era where misinformation poses a significant societal challenge, and correcting it is a widely used strategy, it has become essential to gain a deeper understanding of this effect. This thesis presents an original synthesis of the theoretical explanations of the continued influence effect and reports five studies using experimental or correlational methods that examine the validity and determinants of this effect. The results confirm its validity while also highlighting that alternative outcomes remain possible, such as an effective correction or even an over-correction effect. These studies also found that strong working memory performance may reduce this effect. However, no protective role of neuroticism or dispositional and situational involvement was identified. These findings underscore the need for further research into variables that can reduce the continued influence effect
Maigrot, Cédric. "Détection de fausses informations dans les réseaux sociaux." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S085.
Повний текст джерелаFalse information are multiplying and are spreading quickly on social networks. In this thesis, we analyze the publications from a multimodal point of view between the text and the associated image. Several studies were conducted during this thesis. The first compares several types of media present on social networks and aims to discriminate them automatically. The second one allows the detection and the localization of modifications in an image thanks to the comparison with an old version of this image. Finally, we focused on merged knowledge based on the predictions of other research teams to create a single system
Otto, Carsten [Verfasser], Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Giesl, and Fausto [Akademischer Betreuer] Spoto. "Java program analysis by symbolic execution / Carsten Otto ; Jürgen Giesl, Fausto Spoto." Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1130402444/34.
Повний текст джерелаMezher, Rawad. "Randomness for quantum information processing." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS244.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is focused on the generation and understanding of particular kinds of quantum randomness. Randomness is useful for many tasks in physics and information processing, from randomized benchmarking , to black hole physics , as well demonstrating a so-called quantum speedup , and many other applications. On the one hand we explore how to generate a particular form of random evolution known as a t-design. On the other we show how this can also give instances for quantum speedup - where classical computers cannot simulate the randomness efficiently. We also show that this is still possible in noisy realistic settings. More specifically, this thesis is centered around three main topics. The first of these being the generation of epsilon-approximate unitary t-designs. In this direction, we first show that non-adaptive, fixed measurements on a graph state composed of poly(n,t,log(1/epsilon)) qubits, and with a regular structure (that of a brickwork state) effectively give rise to a random unitary ensemble which is a epsilon-approximate t-design. This work is presented in Chapter 3. Before this work, it was known that non-adaptive fixed XY measurements on a graph state give rise to unitary t-designs , however the graph states used there were of complicated structure and were therefore not natural candidates for measurement based quantum computing (MBQC), and the circuits to make them were complicated. The novelty in our work is showing that t-designs can be generated by fixed, non-adaptive measurements on graph states whose underlying graphs are regular 2D lattices. These graph states are universal resources for MBQC. Therefore, our result allows the natural integration of unitary t-designs, which provide a notion of quantum pseudorandomness which is very useful in quantum algorithms, into quantum algorithms running in MBQC. Moreover, in the circuit picture this construction for t-designs may be viewed as a constant depth quantum circuit, albeit with a polynomial number of ancillas. We then provide new constructions of epsilon-approximate unitary t-designs both in the circuit model and in MBQC which are based on a relaxation of technical requirements in previous constructions. These constructions are found in Chapters 4 and 5
Masny, Daniel [Verfasser], Eike [Gutachter] Kiltz, and Sebastian [Gutachter] Faust. "Cryptography from hard learning problems / Daniel Masny ; Gutachter: Eike Kiltz, Sebastian Faust." Bochum : Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1114497037/34.
Повний текст джерелаEckey, Lisa [Verfasser], Sebastian [Akademischer Betreuer] Faust, and Matteo [Akademischer Betreuer] Maffei. "Blockchain Scalability through Secure Optimistic Protocols / Lisa Eckey ; Sebastian Faust, Matteo Maffei." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1223618528/34.
Повний текст джерелаHostáková, Kristina [Verfasser], Sebastian [Akademischer Betreuer] Faust, and Jesper Buus [Akademischer Betreuer] Nielsen. "Foundations of Generalized State Channel Networks / Kristina Hostáková ; Sebastian Faust, Jesper Buus Nielsen." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1227582250/34.
Повний текст джерелаPaglialonga, Clara [Verfasser], Sebastian [Akademischer Betreuer] Faust, and Stefan [Akademischer Betreuer] Dziembowski. "Provable Secure Countermeasures Against Side-Channel Attacks / Clara Paglialonga ; Sebastian Faust, Stefan Dziembowski." Darmstadt : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1234657783/34.
Повний текст джерелаArtaud, Chloé. "Détection des fraudes : de l’image à la sémantique du contenu : application à la vérification des informations extraites d’un corpus de tickets de caisse." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS002/document.
Повний текст джерелаCompanies, administrations, and sometimes individuals, have to face many frauds on documents they receive from outside or process internally. Invoices, expense reports, receipts...any document used as proof can be falsified in order to earn more money or not to lose it. In France, losses due to fraud are estimated at several billion euros per year. Since the flow of documents exchanged, whether digital or paper, is very important, it would be extremely costly and time-consuming to have them all checked by fraud detection experts. That’s why we propose in our thesis a system for automatic detection of false documents. While most of the work in automatic document detection focuses on graphic clues, we seek to verify the textual information in the document in order to detect inconsistencies or implausibilities.To do this, we first compiled a corpus of documents that we digitized. After correcting the characters recognition outputs and falsifying part of the documents, we extracted the information and modelled them in an ontology, in order to keep the semantic links between them. The information thus extracted, and increased by its possible disambiguation, can be verified against each other within the document and through the knowledge base established. The semantic links of ontology also make it possible to search for information in other sources of knowledge, particularly on the Internet
Gonzalez, Gamboa Vladimir [Verfasser], Rainer [Akademischer Betreuer] Marggraf, Heiko [Akademischer Betreuer] Faust, and Karin [Akademischer Betreuer] Kurz. "Social Network Patterns of Sharing Information on Land Use and Agricultural Innovations in Ethnically Heterogeneous Communities in Ecuador / Vladimir Gonzalez Gamboa. Gutachter: Heiko Faust ; Karin Kurz. Betreuer: Rainer Marggraf." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1048219755/34.
Повний текст джерелаZinoune, Clément. "Autonomous integrity monitoring of navigation maps on board intelligent vehicles." Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP1972/document.
Повний текст джерелаSeveral Intelligent Vehicles capabilities from Advanced Driving Assistance Systems (ADAS) to Autonomous Driving functions depend on a priori information provided by navigation maps. Whilst these were intended for driver guidance as they store road network information, today they are even used in applications that control vehicle motion. In general, the vehicle position is projected onto the map to relate with links in the stored road network. However, maps might contain faults, leading to navigation and situation understanding errors. Therefore, the integrity of the map-matched estimates must be monitored to avoid failures that can lead to hazardous situations. The main focus of this research is the real-time autonomous evaluation of faults in navigation maps used in intelligent vehicles. Current passenger vehicles are equipped with proprioceptive sensors that allow estimating accurately the vehicle state over short periods of time rather than long trajectories. They include receiver for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and are also increasingly equipped with exteroceptive sensors like radar or smart camera systems. The challenge resides on evaluating the integrity of the navigation maps using vehicle on board sensors. Two types of map faults are considered: Structural Faults, addressing connectivity (e.g., intersections). Geometric Faults, addressing geographic location and road geometry (i.e. shape). Initially, a particular structural navigation map fault is addressed: the detection of roundabouts absent in the navigation map. This structural fault is problematic for ADAS and Autonomous Driving. The roundabouts are detected by classifying the shape of the vehicle trajectory. This is stored for use in ADAS and Autonomous Driving functions on future vehicle trips on the same area. Next, the geometry of the map is addressed. The main difficulties to do the autonomous integrity monitoring are the lack of reliable information and the low level of redundancy. This thesis introduces a mathematical framework based on the use of repeated vehicle trips to assess the integrity of map information. A sequential test is then developed to make it robust to noisy sensor data. The mathematical framework is demonstrated theoretically including the derivation of definitions and associated properties. Experiments using data acquired in real traffic conditions illustrate the performance of the proposed approaches
Daass, Bilal. "Approches informationnelles pour une navigation autonome collaborative de robots d'exploration de zones à risques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIL1I054.
Повний текст джерелаIn the recent years, there was a growing interest to provide an accurate estimate of the state of a dynamic system for a wide range of applications. In this work, we target systems built up with several collaborative subsystems integrating various heterogeneous sensors. We introduce a filter concept that combines the advantages of both Kalman and informational filters to achieve low computational load. To consider any system whose measurement covariances are incomplete or unknown, a multi-sensor fusion based on the covariance intersection is analyzed in terms of calculation burden. Three multi-sensor fusion architectures are then considered. A fine analysis of the calculation load distribution of the filter and the covariance intersection algorithm is performed on the different components of these architectures. To make the system fault tolerant, informational statistical methods are developed. They are applicable to any method based on the generalized likelihood ratio. They lead to an adaptive threshold of this ratio. The technique has been implemented considering two types of control charts for the fast detection of sensor failures. Our theoretical approaches are validated through a system of collaborative mobile robots. We integrate a diagnosis and fault detection phase, which is based on the integration of these informational statistical methods into the fusion and estimation process, the latter being composed of a Bayesian filter and the covariance intersection. The main objective is to ensure that this system provides safe, accurate and fault-tolerant autonomous navigation. Finally, we present a proof-of-concept method for nondestructive and evaluation of materials in close proximity of the robot environment. In particular, we introduce a microwave sensor to characterize the electromagnetic wave to material under test interaction. This technique, known under the name radar, had a growing interest in academic laboratories and for usual applications related to speed measurements. Nevertheless, its adaptation to collaborative mobile robots remains a challenging task to address contactless characterization of materials, especially in harsh environments. This latter consists to determine the material characteristics from embedded microwave sensors
Laseraz, Julie. "La spécificité de la victime en droit de la santé : la recherche d'un statut juridique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0285.
Повний текст джерелаEvolutions of the society testify a growing awareness of the concept of victims by the law, and especially in Health Law. Health Law is a branch of law which is particularly rich and complex, and whose expansion results both from the judicialization of the health professions and from the succession of health scandals. The transversality of Health Law and its obvious apprehension of the victim lead to highlight the existence of a special relationship between these two concepts. However, the question is whether the scattered character of the Health Law rules assigns a coherent legal status to the victim in this area. If the search for the legal status of the victim can be undertaken, this can be justified by the specific nature of Health Law. The present study tries to demonstrate the existence of the singularity of the victim in the Health Law, while legitimating at the same time the search for the legal status. The foundation of the victim’s specificity lies in the attribution of this quality independently from the realization of a risk. The occurrence of an event constitutes therefore a temporal criterion on which depends the quality of “proved victim” or that of “potential victim”. The tangibility of the victims’ legal status in Health Law arises from the recognition of the singularity through the present dichotomy
Bigot, Laurent. "L’essor du fact-checking : de l’émergence d’un genre journalistique au questionnement sur les pratiques professionnelles." Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020076/document.
Повний текст джерелаA growing number of newsrooms around the world have established fact-checking headings or rubrics. They are dedicated to assess the veracity of claims, especially by politicians. This practice revisits an older fact-checking practice, born in the United States in the 1920’s and based on an exhaustive and systematic checking of magazines’ contents before publishing. The ‘modern’ version of fact-checking embodies both the willingness of online newsrooms to restore verified contents —despite the structural and economic crisis of the press— and their ability to capitalize on digital tools which enhance access to information. Through some thirty semi-structured interviews with French fact-checkers and the study of a sample of 300 articles and chronicles from seven media, this PhD thesis examines the extent to which fact-checking, as a journalistic genre, certainly valorizes a credible method, but also —and indirectly— reveals shortcomings in professional practices. Finally, it discusses how the promotion of more qualitative content, as well as media literacy, could place fact-checking at the heart of editorial strategies —the latter aiming at retrieving trust from the audience
Gros, Camille. "L'écoute Aux Portes Dans Le Théâtre De Molière, De Marivaux Et De Musset." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2008. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/mcl_theses/5.
Повний текст джерелаPace, Alessio. "Quelques défis posés par l'utilisation de protocoles de Gossip dans l'Internet." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00636386.
Повний текст джерелаAl, Hage Joelle. "Fusion de données tolérante aux défaillances : application à la surveillance de l’intégrité d’un système de localisation." Thesis, Lille 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL10074/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe interest of research in the multi-sensor data fusion field is growing because of its various applications sectors. Particularly, in the field of robotics and localization, the use of different sensors informations is a vital step to ensure a reliable position estimation. In this context of multi-sensor data fusion, we consider the diagnosis, leading to the identification of the cause of a failure, and the sensors faults tolerance aspect, discussed in limited work in the literature. We chose to develop an approach based on a purely informational formalism: information filter on the one hand and tools of the information theory on the other. Residuals based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence are developed. These residuals allow to detect and to exclude the faulty sensors through optimized thresholding methods. This theory is tested in two applications. The first application is the fault tolerant collaborative localization of a multi-robot system. The second application is the localization in outdoor environments using a tightly coupled GNSS/odometer with a fault tolerant aspect
Ariaeipour, Ali. "La responsabilité du fait des produits défectueux en droit des affaires internationales et comparé (droit européen, droit français et droit iranien)." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO30018.
Повний текст джерелаProducts liability is the name of a field of law concerning the liability of persons who are engaged in the business of selling or otherwise distributing products who sell or distribute a defective product for harm to persons or property caused by the defect. They are strictly liable. Their liability is a kind of liability which goes beyond the traditional distinction between the contractual and tortious liability. The United-States of America and European Union have the most developed products liability laws in the world. In the United-States the American Law Institute memorialized precedential rule of strict products liability in tort in §402A of the Second Restatement of Torts, and officially promulgated it in 1965. In 1992, the American Law Institute began working on a new Restatement (Third) of Torts on the specific topic of products liability law, approving the new Restatement in 1997 and publishing it in 1998 as The Restatement (Third) of Torts: Products Liability. In Europe, Council Directive of 25 July 1985 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States concerning liability for defective products (85/374/EEC) constitutes specific law of products liability of European Union member states. This directive has been transposed in French law by 19 May 1998 act and formed articles 1386-1 to 1386-18 of civil code. Fault is the only legal basis of Iranian products liability law. For solving conflicts of laws and jurisdictions which arise from international trade of products and determining the applicable law and competent jurisdiction we can implement international conventions and regulations which have been elaborated on this subject as well as traditional rules of conflicts of laws and jurisdictions of the countries
Laslier, Pierre-François. "Réseaux sociaux numériques et responsabilité pénale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0119.
Повний текст джерелаSpearheading the democratization of online speech, social networks have undoubtedly revolutionized our informational landscape by offering everyone the opportunity to express themselves and connect with others. Bearers of hope, these platforms have also contributed to the emergence of new forms of infringement that criminal law could not ignore. Digital raids, hate speech, sexual offences, deceit and offences to the personality, are some of the unlawful acts that are amplified by social networks, and that ultimately justify resorting to criminal law. The thesis delves into the relationship between this punitive branch of the law and social networks, and, more precisely, measures the impact of these online services on the conditions of criminal liability. Far from turning criminal liability upside down, the features of social networks spur a renewal of this repressive mechanism. On the one hand, the contours of the offences need to be renewed in order to embrace the interactive and intrusive dimensions of social networks. As a result, many offenses have to be confronted with these new communication media, such as press offences, sexual offenses, offenses against consent or offenses against privacy or identity. On the other hand, the specific functioning of these online services calls for a renewal of the rules relating to the repression lato sensu. Regarding social networks users, their repressive regime needs to be adapted to take the interactive nature of these media into account. Thus, the rules of attribution and punishment of the offenses have to be adjusted. Regarding platform managers, the growing awareness of their active role in the circulation of contents calls for a deepening of their repressive regime, in order to force them to anticipate the occurrence of offenses risks
Lapuyade-Lahorgue, Jérôme. "Sur diverses extensions des chaînes de Markov cachées avec application au traitement des signaux radar." Phd thesis, Institut National des Télécommunications, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00473711.
Повний текст джерелаChwaikani, Rola. "Les obligations du médecin dans le contrat médical, étude comparée entre le droit français et le droit libanais." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G007.
Повний текст джерелаSince 1936 French courts acknowledged the presence of a contract between patient and physician. The obligation to treat was the determinant aspect in this binding document. The main goal was to ensure a balanced relationship between the physician and his patient and an efficient treatment services, therefore, other obligations had to be enforced by the Supreme Court to guarantee an efficient system in an evolving society. In 2002, security and information became an added legal bond between patient and doctor in France. Despite being mush needed, these innovations did not create the same positive echo inside the Lebanese legal system. On this matter, a law detailing the obligation of security is absent, physicians must only answer to ethical codes regarding the medical treatment of their patients. Progress was made in February 2004 with the n° 574 patient’s rights and consent law. Nonetheless, mirroring the French legal system with a new reform on this subject comes with a great value, and will give the Lebanese professional and his patient a new solid ground capable of coping with the evolution of our society
Dan, Yufang. "SECURITY AND SELF-HEALABILITY ENFORCEMENT OF DYNAMIC COMPONENTS IN A SERVICE-ORIENTED SYSTEM." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00994833.
Повний текст джерелаRioux, William Gabriel. "Analyse des récentes décisions relatives à l'action collective à la lumière des objectifs des recours de la Loi sur les valeurs mobilières : analyse et critique." Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20388.
Повний текст джерелаVermeys, Nicolas W. "Qualification et quantification de l'obligation de sécurité informationnelle dans la détermination de la faute civile." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3663.
Повний текст джерелаIn Quebec, as in most western jurisdictions, the duty to ensure information security, i.e. the obligation bestowed upon companies to protect the integrity, confidentiality and availability of information, stems from a series of legal dispositions which, rather than to impose a certain conduct, or the use of given technologies or processes, simply demand that "reasonable", "adequate", or "sufficient" security measures be applied. However, in a field an nascent and complex as information security, where available solutions are numerous, and where case law is sparse, how can a company reliably predict the full extend of its duty? In other words, how can one establish what a reasonably prudent and diligent company would do in a field where laws, case law, and even customs fail to dictate precisely what level of diligence is sought by the legislator? The lack of legal certainty offered in such a case is obvious, and requires us to reconfigure the framework associated with the duty to ensure information security in order to identify its components and objectives. Such an endeavour begins with redefining the duty to ensure information security as a duty to reduce information-related risk to a socially acceptable leve1. Since security stems from risk management, it can therefore be said that risk is at the core of said duty. By analysing risk, i.e. by identifying the threats that aim to exploit a system's vulnerabilities, it becomes possible to specify which counter measures could be useful and what costs they may entail. From that point, it's feasible, if using the economic definition of negligence (which is based on the probability of a security breach, and the damages incurred), to establish the optimal amount that should be invested in the purchasing, upkeep and replacement of these counter measures. This type of analysis will allow companies to quantify, with a certain degree of precision, the extend to which they need to ensure information security by giving them a set of tools based on easily accessible data. Furthermore, said tools appear to be fully compatible with the current legal landscape.
Vermeys, Nicolas. "Qualification et quantification de l'obligation de sécurité informationnelle dans la détermination de la faute civile." Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3663.
Повний текст джерелаIn Quebec, as in most western jurisdictions, the duty to ensure information security, i.e. the obligation bestowed upon companies to protect the integrity, confidentiality and availability of information, stems from a series of legal dispositions which, rather than to impose a certain conduct, or the use of given technologies or processes, simply demand that "reasonable", "adequate", or "sufficient" security measures be applied. However, in a field an nascent and complex as information security, where available solutions are numerous, and where case law is sparse, how can a company reliably predict the full extend of its duty? In other words, how can one establish what a reasonably prudent and diligent company would do in a field where laws, case law, and even customs fail to dictate precisely what level of diligence is sought by the legislator? The lack of legal certainty offered in such a case is obvious, and requires us to reconfigure the framework associated with the duty to ensure information security in order to identify its components and objectives. Such an endeavour begins with redefining the duty to ensure information security as a duty to reduce information-related risk to a socially acceptable leve1. Since security stems from risk management, it can therefore be said that risk is at the core of said duty. By analysing risk, i.e. by identifying the threats that aim to exploit a system's vulnerabilities, it becomes possible to specify which counter measures could be useful and what costs they may entail. From that point, it's feasible, if using the economic definition of negligence (which is based on the probability of a security breach, and the damages incurred), to establish the optimal amount that should be invested in the purchasing, upkeep and replacement of these counter measures. This type of analysis will allow companies to quantify, with a certain degree of precision, the extend to which they need to ensure information security by giving them a set of tools based on easily accessible data. Furthermore, said tools appear to be fully compatible with the current legal landscape.
Michelot, Florent. "Quelles pensée critique et métalittératie des futur·es enseignant·es à l’heure des fausses nouvelles sur le Web social ? Une étude de cas collective en francophonie." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25522.
Повний текст джерелаCette étude de cas collective porte sur la pensée critique et les littératies (informationnelle, numérique, médiatique, etc.), appréhendées avec le concept de métalittératie, chez des étudiant·es qui débutent des études supérieures et se destinent à la profession d’enseignant·e au secondaire, en histoire. L’objectif est de brosser un portrait de la pensée critique et de la métalittératie de ces futur·es enseignant·es de la francophonie à l’heure du Web social. La recherche s’inscrit dans un contexte de multiplication des infox (fausses nouvelles ou fake news) et théories du complot aux impacts sociopolitiques et sanitaires avérés en contexte électoral ou de pandémie. Nous nous sommes intéressé aux étudiant·es de Wallonie (Belgique), de France et du Québec (Canada), particulièrement en raison de l’approche adoptée, dans chacune de ces nations, pour former les futur·es enseignant·es (formation professionnalisante vs formation disciplinaire). Pour mener à bien ce travail, plusieurs objectifs spécifiques ont été convoqués. Il s’agissait de : i) analyser la qualité métrique de versions francophones de tests de mesure de la pensée critique, sur le plan des habiletés et des dispositions, ainsi que de l’autoefficacité en métalittératie ; ii) décrire le score des enseignant·es en formation initiale en matière de pensée critique, notamment en regard de facteurs environnementaux (type de formation, pays d’études, emploi) et personnels (autoefficacité en pensée critique et en métalittératie, croyance en la probabilité de devenir enseignant·e) ; iii) discerner les stratégies en métalittératie et en pensée critique de futur·es enseignant·es en Wallonie en France et au Québec, lorsqu’ils évoluent sur un média social (ici, Facebook) utilisé en tant qu’environnement personnel d’apprentissage (EPA) numérique, en regard du type de formation et de certains facteurs environnementaux (perception de l’environnement scolaire et numérique) et personnels (autoefficacité). Un dernier objectif spécifique, transversal aux trois premiers, consistait à (iv) mettre en dialogue des facteurs socioculturels et prendre en considération le parcours scolaire dans les perceptions et pratiques reliées à la métalittératie et à la pensée critique à l’heure du Web social. La thèse suit une présentation par articles ; chacun est lié à l’un des trois premiers objectifs spécifiques, le quatrième étant donc abordé de façon transversale. Opérée dans cinq établissements (deux en Wallonie, un en France et deux au Québec), cette recherche se fonde sur une méthodologie de type mixte en deux phases. La phase quantitative a permis la passation de trois tests auprès de 245 futur·es enseignant·es (N = 245). Dans la seconde phase, de nature qualitative, 32 étudiant·es (n = 32, sélectionné·es parmi les 245 participant·es) ont participé à des entrevues, notamment pour décrire plus abondamment les stratégies connues pour évaluer de l’information. Nous avons aussi observé les pratiques et stratégies mobilisées par neuf d’entre eux·elles (n = 9) pour évaluer des documentaires et en discuter sur un média social. Le premier article illustre la complexité de mesurer la pensée critique, mais témoigne de la solidité psychométrique de la version francisée du Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment, un test permettant d’établir un score d’habiletés de pensée critique. Par ailleurs, nous faisons l’hypothèse que l’autoefficacité en pensée critique, prédicteur significatif des habiletés, devrait être considérée comme une disposition à la pensée critique. Nous avons aussi développé un instrument mesurant l’autoefficacité pour évaluer l’information selon le concept de métalittératie. Dans un deuxième article, nous avons tenté de définir les meilleurs prédicteurs au score d’habiletés en pensée critique. Un modèle linéaire (incluant pays d’étude, type de formation, emploi salarié, ainsi qu’autoefficacité en pensée critique et en métalittératie) est significatif, mais la capacité prédictive est limitée. Cependant, il apparaît du troisième article que les pratiques et stratégies observées en contexte réel ne permettent d’observer que des différences minimes : les étudiant·es en formation professionnalisante mobiliseraient davantage des stratégies métacognitives et autocritiques quand leurs homologues en formation disciplinaire mobiliseraient plutôt des stratégies critériées. La recherche fait ressortir le rôle potentiellement favorable du rapport à l’emploi actuel et futur d’enseignant·e dans la définition d’habiletés et de dispositions en pensée critique, associées à des stratégies particulières pour aborder l’information. Les résultats appuient le renforcement de l’intégration de la formation initiale des enseignant·es dans la pratique éducative et suggèrent de soutenir le projet de carrière pour développer des compétences de pensée critique. Les forces et limites de la recherche sont discutées et plusieurs recommandations sont émises à l’intention de la recherche et du système éducatif, au niveau des politiques éducatives et pratiques scolaires.
This collective case study focuses on critical thinking and literacies (informational, digital, media, etc.), understood with the concept of metaliteracy, for students beginning higher education and destined to be secondary school history teachers. The objective is to present a portrait of critical thinking and metaliteracy among these preservice teachers from the French-speaking world, in an era of social networks. The background of the research includes an increasing number of fake- news and conspiracy theories with proven socio-political and health impacts in election or pandemic contexts. We studied students from Wallonia (Belgium), France and Québec (Canada), especially because of these nation’s approach to train preservice teachers (vocational training vs disciplinary training). To conduct this project, several specific objectives were formulated. These were: i) to analyse the metric quality of French-version tests quantifying critical thinking skills and dispositions as well as metaliteracy self-efficacy; ii) to describe preservice teacher scores in critical thinking, particularly in respect with environmental (type of training, country of study, employment) and personal (self-efficacy in critical thinking and metaliteracy, belief in the likelihood of becoming teacher) factors; iii) to discriminate between critical thinking and metaliteracy strategies used by preservice teacher in Wallonia, France and Quebec when navigating in a social media (here Facebook) used as digital personal learning environment (PLE) with respect to the type of training and some environmental (perception of the educational and digital environment) and personal (self-efficacy) factors. A last specific objective, transversal to the first three, consisted in iv) engaging socio-cultural factors and taking into account the educational path, in perceptions and practices related to metaliteracy and critical thinking, in the social web era. This thesis follows a presentation by article; each one of them is related to one of the first three objectives, the fourth objective is thus discussed in a transversal way. Carried on five establishments (two in Wallonia, one in France and two in Quebec), this research is based on a two-phase mixed methodology. The quantitative phase involved three tests conducted on 245 preservice teachers (N = 245). During the second phase, the qualitative one, 32 students (n = 32, selected among the 245 participants) were interviewed, particularly to describe known strategies to evaluate information. In addition, we observed practices and strategies mobilized by nine of them (n = 9) to evaluate information from documentaries and discuss it on a social media. The first article illustrates the complexity of critical thinking measurements but demonstrates the psychometric robustness of the French version of the Halpern Critical Thinking Assessment test, a test for scoring critical thinking skills. Furthermore, we postulate that critical thinking self- efficacy, significant predictor of skills, should be considered as a disposition to critical thinking. We have also developed an indicator measuring self-efficacy in terms of metaliteracy. In a second article, we tried to define the best predictors of critical thinking skills scores. A linear model (including country of study, type of training, employment as well as self-efficacy in critical thinking and metaliteracy) is statistically significant although with limited predictive capability. However, strategies and practices described in the third article and observed in real-life context show only minimal differences between used strategies: it seems that students following a vocational training would more likely mobilize metacognitive and self-critical strategies when their counterparts in disciplinary training use more criterion-referenced strategies. The research highlights the positive role of relationship to current and prospective employment of preservice teachers in defining critical thinking skills and dispositions, combined with specific strategies for dealing with information. The results support the increase of preservice teacher training integration into educational practice and suggests the support of career planning to develop critical thinking skills. Strength and limitations of the research are discussed and several recommendations are offered for research project and educational system, in terms of educational policy and school practices.