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Статті в журналах з теми "Fault damage zones"
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Lyu, Wenya, Lianbo Zeng, Zonghu Liao, Yuanyuan Ji, Peng Lyu, and Shaoqun Dong. "Fault damage zone characterization in tight-oil sandstones of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the southwest Ordos Basin, China: Integrating cores, image logs, and conventional logs." Interpretation 5, no. 4 (November 30, 2017): SP27—SP39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2016-0231.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fault damage zones around faults have a significant influence on fluid flow in tight-oil sandstones because they commonly act as localized conduits. Faults are developed in the tight-oil sandstones of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the southwest Ordos Basin, China. We integrate cores, image logs, and conventional logs from vertical wells to characterize subsurface fault damage zones in the tight-oil sandstones of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the southwest Ordos Basin, China. The results indicate that fault damage zones are intensively fractured or intensely broken in the cores. These fault damage zones present borehole collapse and widen sinusoidal curves in the image logs. The fractures in fault damage zones are predominant high dip angles. The fracture intensity decays with the increasing orthogonal distance from the faults within a fault damage zone. In fault damage zones, acoustic log (AC) values and compensated neutron log (CNL) values increase; density log (DEN) values decrease, dual induction log (ILD and ILM) and laterolog 8 (LL8) values decrease, the caliper log (CAL) presents borehole enlargement, and comprehensive fracture index log (CFI) values are greater than 0.43 and average 0.78. To identify fault damage zones by conventional logs in vertical wells, it is critical to distinguish fault damage zones from the background fractured zones. The ILM, CNL, ILD, LL8, and AC logs would be more useful than DEN logs for the distinction between background fractured zones and fault damage zones. The responses of fault damage zones in conventional logs are more intensive than those of background fractured zones, and the heights of fault damage zones are much greater than those of background fractured zones, which can be used for the distinction between fault damage zones and background fractured zones.
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Kim, Young-Seog, David C. P. Peacock, and David J. Sanderson. "Fault damage zones." Journal of Structural Geology 26, no. 3 (March 2004): 503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2003.08.002.
Повний текст джерела
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Liao, Zonghu, Luyao Hu, Xiaodi Huang, Brett M. Carpenter, Kurt J. Marfurt, Saiyyna Vasileva, and Yun Zhou. "Characterizing damage zones of normal faults using seismic variance in the Wangxuzhuang oilfield, China." Interpretation 8, no. 4 (June 30, 2020): SP53—SP60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2020-0004.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We have investigated the distribution and thickness of damage zones for a system of secondary normal faults in the subsurface of the Wangxuzhuang oilfield, China. Based on seismic variance analysis, we find (1) four isolated faults with approximately 2 km length and approximately 200 m damage-zone thickness. The damage zones of these isolated faults reveal a decaying intensity of deformation from the fault core to the protolith, which fits a power-law form [Formula: see text] similar to that observed in the field. (2) A merged fault with approximately 400 m thickness. (3) A bifurcated fault with approximately 400 m thickness and three linked segments. Damage zones that consist of several subsidiary faults are thicker than those of isolated faults. The displacement-length analyses of the four isolated faults suggest the constant-length growth of the limestone in this case. We determine the potential to apply seismic variance to systematically characterize damage zones as potential fluid migration conduits on the basin scale.
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Ma, Yuchuan, Guangcai Wang, Rui Yan, Bo Wang, Huaizhong Yu, Chen Yu, Chong Yue, and Yali Wang. "Relationship between Earthquake-Induced Hydrologic Changes and Faults." Water 13, no. 19 (October 8, 2021): 2795. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192795.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Hydraulic properties of fault zones are important to understanding the pore pressure development and fault stability. In this work, we examined the relationship between water level changes caused by the 2008 Wenchuan Mw 7.9 earthquake and faults using four wells with the same lithology around the Three Gorges Dam, China. Two of the wells penetrating the fault damage zones recorded sustained water level changes, while the other two wells that are not penetrating any fault damage zones recorded transient water level changes. The phase shift and tidal factor calculated from water level, a proxy of permeability and storage coefficient, revealed that both the permeability and storage coefficient changed in the two wells penetrating the fault damage zones, while the other two wells not penetrating the fault damage zone did not show any change in permeability and storage coefficient. Thus, we tentatively suggest that faults may play an important controlling role on earthquake-induced hydrologic changes because the detrital or clogging components in the fractures may be more easily removed by seismic waves.
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Liao, Zonghu, Wei Li, Huayao Zou, Fang Hao, Kurt J. Marfurt, and Ze'ev Reches. "Composite damage zones in the subsurface." Geophysical Journal International 222, no. 1 (April 11, 2020): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggaa158.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARY The cumulative displacement by multiple slip events along faults may generate composite damage zones (CDZ) of increasing width, and could modify the hydraulic and mechanical properties of the faults. The internal architecture and fracture distribution within CDZs at the subsurface are analysed here by using seismic attributes of variance, curvature and dip-azimuth of the 3-D seismic reflection data from tight sandstone reservoirs in northeast Sichuan, China. The analysed faults intersect the reservoir within a depth range of 2.4–3.0 km. The damage intensity mapping revealed multiple CDZs with thicknesses approaching 1 km along faults ranging 3–15 km in length, and up to 1000 m of cumulative slip. The identification of numerous fault cores and associate damage zones led us to define three classes of CDZs: banded shape, box shape and dome shape. The mechanical strength contrasts and distortion of fault cores suggest potential weakening and strengthening (healing) mechanisms for formation of CDZs that can be extended to faulting processes and earthquake simulations.
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Zhao, Zhan, Jingtao Liu, Wenlong Ding, Ruiqiang Yang, and Gang Zhao. "Analysis of Seismic Damage Zones: A Case Study of the Ordovician Formation in the Shunbei 5 Fault Zone, Tarim Basin, China." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 6 (June 6, 2021): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9060630.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fault damage zone has an important influence on subsurface fluid flow and petrophysical properties. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the characteristics of fault damage zone for oil and gas development of ultra-deep carbonate formation. This study uses seismic data and the derived variance attribute to identify two types of damage zones and analyze the spatial geometric characteristics of the damage zones. The results show that the type 1 damage zone is wider than the type 2 damage zone. The width of damage zones distributed on both sides of the Shunbei 5 fault core shows obvious asymmetry, and the damage zone width and throw conforms to the typical power-law distribution on the log-log plot. We discuss the factors affecting the width of the damage zone and its formation process. Finally, we discuss the influence of the damage zones on oil and gas exploration. It seems that the seismic variance attribute is a useful technique for characterizing the ultra-deep strike-slip fault damage zones.
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Chen, Yangpu, Zonghu Liao, Li-Yun Fu, Gang Zhou, Liang Xu, Kurt J. Marfurt, Xinru Mu, and Huayao Zou. "Effect of main frequencies on characterizing fault damage zones using forward modeling and attribute of variance." Interpretation 8, no. 4 (October 12, 2020): SP157—SP165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/int-2020-0017.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Faulting processes have created large damage zones with complex structures in the field; however, estimating the width and geometry of such fault structures in the subsurface is challenging due to a lack of data. Seismic attributes (e.g., coherence and variance) from seismic surveys have been used for the characterization of faults, but most cases do not detail the effectiveness of this approach. By using forward modeling and the associated seismic attributes of variance, four fault models of idealized damage zones are characterized and the frequency effect is evaluated on the width estimation of fault damage zones in the subsurface. The main results indicate that (1) the general geometric pattern of damage zones could be identified by using simulated amplitude and seismic variance with main frequencies of 10, 25, and 40 Hz; (2) the estimated widths of damage zones at a low frequency of 10 Hz are larger (up to twofold) than those at frequencies of 25 and 40 Hz; for large damage zones (>400 m), the width is best estimated by a frequency of 25 Hz; and (3) scattering noise and diffraction around the fault are found in data at a high frequency of 40 Hz, which results in width overestimation of the damage zones by approximately 17%. The internal structures are difficult to distinguish as scattering noise and chaotic reflections dominate seismic signals. More factors that may influence the accuracy of damage zone width estimation via seismic attributes, include the bedding thickness, fracture density, and velocity. An in-depth understanding of this approach is useful in the application of seismic variance to characterize fault damage zones that may significantly control the fluid migration in the subsurface.
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Bloom, Colin K., Andrew Howell, Timothy Stahl, Chris Massey, and Corinne Singeisen. "The influence of off-fault deformation zones on the near-fault distribution of coseismic landslides." Geology 50, no. 3 (November 22, 2021): 272–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/g49429.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Coseismic landslides are observed in higher concentrations around surface-rupturing faults. This observation has been attributed to a combination of stronger ground motions and increased rock mass damage closer to faults. Past work has shown it is difficult to separate the influences of rock mass damage from strong ground motions on landslide occurrence. We measured coseismic off-fault deformation (OFD) zone widths (treating them as a proxy for areas of more intense rock mass damage) using high-resolution, three-dimensional surface displacements from the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake in New Zealand. OFD zones vary in width from ~50 m to 1500 m over the ~180 km length of ruptures analyzed. Using landslide densities from a database of 29,557 Kaikōura landslides, we demonstrate that our OFD zone captures a higher density of coseismic landslide incidence than generic “distance to fault rupture” within ~650 m of surface fault ruptures. This result suggests that the effects of rock mass damage within OFD zones (including ground motions from trapped and amplified seismic waves) may contribute to near-fault coseismic landslide occurrence in addition to the influence of regional ground motions, which attenuate with distance from the fault. The OFD zone represents a new path toward understanding, and planning for, the distribution of coseismic landslides around surface fault ruptures. Inclusion of estimates of fault zone width may improve landslide susceptibility models and decrease landslide risk.
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Paul, Pijush K., Mark D. Zoback, and Peter H. Hennings. "Fluid Flow in a Fractured Reservoir Using a Geomechanically Constrained Fault-Zone-Damage Model for Reservoir Simulation." SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 12, no. 04 (July 6, 2009): 562–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/110542-pa.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Summary Secondary fractures and faults associated with reservoir-scale faults affect both permeability and permeability anisotropy and hence play an important role in controlling the production behavior of a faulted reservoir. It is well known from geologic studies that there is a concentration of secondary fractures and faults in damage zones adjacent to large faults. Because there are usually inadequate data to fully incorporate damage-zone fractures and faults into reservoir-simulation models, this study uses the principles of dynamic rupture propagation from earthquake seismology to predict the nature of fractured/damage zones associated with reservoir-scale faults. We include geomechanical constraints in our reservoir model and propose a generalized workflow to incorporate damage zones into reservoir-simulation models more routinely. The model we propose calculates the extent of the damage zone along the fault plane by estimating the volume of rock brought to failure by the stress perturbation associated with dynamic-rupture propagation. We apply this method to a real reservoir using both field- and well-scale observations. At the rupture front, damage intensity gradually decreases as we move away from the rupture front or fault plane. In the studied reservoir, the secondary-failure planes in the damage zone are high-angle normal faults striking subparallel to the parent fault, which may affect the permeability of the reservoir in both horizontal and vertical directions. We calibrate our modeling with both outcrop and well observations from a number of studies. We show that dynamic-rupture propagation gives a reasonable first-order approximation of damage zones in terms of permeability and permeability anisotropy in order to be incorporated into reservoir simulators. Introduction Fractures and faults in reservoirs present both problems and opportunities for exploration and production. The heterogeneity and complexity of fluid-flow paths in fractured rocks make it difficult to predict how to produce a fractured reservoir optimally. It is usually not possible to fully define the geometry of the fractures and faults controlling flow, and it is difficult to integrate data from markedly different scales (i.e., seismic, well log, core) into reservoir-simulation models. A number of studies in hydrogeology and the petroleum industry have dealt with modeling fractured reservoirs (Martel and Peterson 1991; Lee et al. 2001; Long and Billaux 1987; Gringarten 1996; Matthäi et al. 2007). Various methodologies, both deterministic and stochastic, have been developed to model the effects of reservoir heterogeneity on hydrocarbon flow and recovery. The work by Smart et al. (2001), Oda (1985, 1986), Maerten et al. (2002), Bourne and Willemse (2001), and Brown and Bruhn (1998) quantifies the stress sensitivity of fractured reservoirs. Several studies (Barton et al. 1995; Townend and Zoback 2000; Wiprut and Zoback 2000) that include fracture characterizations from wellbore images and fluid conductivity from the temperature and the production logs indicate fluid flow from critically stressed fractures. Additional studies emphasize the importance and challenges of coupling geomechanics in reservoir fluid flow (Chen and Teufel 2000; Couples et al. 2003; Bourne et al. 2000). These studies found that a variety of geomechanical factors may be very significant in some of the fractured reservoirs. Secondary fractures and faults associated with large-scale faults also appear to be quite important in controlling the permeability of some reservoirs. Densely concentrated secondary fractures and faults near large faults are often referred to as damage zones, which are created at various stages of fault evolution: before faulting (Aydin and Johnson 1978; Lyakhovsky et al. 1997; Nanjo et al. 2005), during fault growth (Chinnery 1966; Cowie and Scholz 1992; Anders and Wiltschko 1994; Vermily and Scholz 1998; Pollard and Segall 1987; Reches and Lockner 1994), and during the earthquake slip events (Freund 1974; Suppe 1984; Chester and Logan 1986) along the existing faults. Lockner et al. (1992) and Vermilye and Scholz (1998) show that the damage zones from the prefaulting stage are very narrow and can be ignored for reservoir-scale faults. The damage zone formed during fault growth can be modeled using dynamic rupture propagation along a fault plane (Madariaga 1976; Kostov 1964; Virieux and Madariaga 1982; Harris and Day 1997). Damage zones caused by slip on existing faults are important, especially when faults are active in present-day stress conditions because slip creates splay fractures at the tips of the fault and extends the damage zone created during the fault-growth stage (Collettini and Sibson 2001; Faulkner et al. 2006; Lockner and Byerlee 1993; Davatzes and Aydin 2003; Myers and Aydin 2004). In this paper, we first introduce a reservoir in which there appears to be significant permeability anisotropy associated with flow parallel to large reservoir-scale faults. Next, we build a geomechanical model of the field and then discuss the relationship between fluid flow and geomechanics at well-scale fracture and fault systems. To consider what happens in the reservoir at larger scale, we use dynamic rupture modeling to theoretically predict the size and extent of damage zones associated with the reservoir-scale faults.
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Torabi, A., T. S. S. Ellingsen, M. U. Johannessen, B. Alaei, A. Rotevatn, and D. Chiarella. "Fault zone architecture and its scaling laws: where does the damage zone start and stop?" Geological Society, London, Special Publications 496, no. 1 (August 7, 2019): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp496-2018-151.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractDamage zones of different fault types are investigated in siliciclastics (Utah, USA), carbonates (Majella Mountain, Italy) and metamorphic rocks (western Norway). The study was conducted taking measurements of deformation features such as fractures and deformation bands on multiple 1D scanlines along fault walls. The resulting datasets are used to plot the frequency distribution of deformation features and to constrain the geometrical width of the damage zone for the studied faults. The damage-zone width of a single fault is constrained by identifying the changes in the slope of cumulative plots made on the frequency data. The cumulative plot further shows high deformation frequency by a steep slope (inner damage zone) and less deformation as a gentle slope (outer damage zone). Statistical distributions of displacement and damage-zone width and their relationship are improved, and show two-slope power-law distributions with a break point at c. 100 m displacement. Bleached sandstones in the studied siliciclastic rocks of Utah are associated with a higher frequency of deformation bands and a wider damage zone compared to the unbleached zone of similar lithology. Fault damage zones in the carbonate rocks of Majella are often host to open fractures (karst), demonstrating that they can also be conductive to fluid flow.
Дисертації з теми "Fault damage zones"
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Mitchell, Thomas Matthew. "The fluid flow properties of fault damage zones." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.485852.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Quantification of the fluid flow properties of the Earth's crust is an essential precursor to the understanding of a wide range of geological processes, including earthquake generation and crustal strength, and the recovery of natural resources. Faults playa key role in the migration of fluids around the ;Earth's crust, and therefore the fluid flow properties of fractured rocks and how these properties evolve with time are of major importance. This thesis aims to improve our understanding of the hydraulic transport properties of large fault zones by presenting a large dataset of detailed field and microstructural observations and results from a suite of laboratory experiments to provide a basis for studying the distribution, and fluid flow properties, of damage surrounding large natural fault zones. Damage surrounding the core of faults is represented by both microfracturing of the rock matrix and by macroscopic fracture networks. Microfracture and macrofracture densities and orientations have been analysed on strike slip faults with displacements ranging over 3 orders of magnitude (~O.l2 m - 5000 m). These faults cut crystalline rock within the excellently exposed Atacama Fault Zone, Northern Chile. All faults consist of a fault core and associated damage zone. Damage zone width as defined by macrofractures and microfractures scale with displacement and fault length. Both microfractures (specifically fluid inclusion planes) and macrofractures within the damage zone show a log-linear .decrease in fracture density with perpendicular distance from the fault core. An empirical equation for microfracture density distribution based on the evolution of displacement has been derived for these faults. Preferred microfracture orientations in the damage zone suggest that this damage may predominantly be due to early processes related to enhanced stress at fault tips, in addition to cumulative wear processes from the juxtaposition of geometrical irregularities on the fault plane and damage from dynamic rupture. Fault core widths scale with displacement, with the largest displacement fault showing a wide multiple core zone. Detailed experimental studies of the development of permeability of crustal rock during deformation are essential in helping to understand fault mechanics and constrain larger scale models that predict bulk fluid flow within the crust. The strength, permeability and pore fluid volume evolution of initially intact crystalline rock under increasing differential load leading to macroscopic failure has been determined at water pore pressures of 50 MPa and varying effective pressures from 10 to 50 MPa. Permeability is seen to increase by, up to, and over two orders of magnitude prior to macroscopic failure, with the greatest increase seen at lowest effective pressures. Post-failure permeability is shown to be over three orders of magnitude higher than initial intact permeabilities and approaches the lower the limit of measurements of in situ bulk crustal permeabilities. Increasing amplitude cyclic loading tests show permeabilitystress hysteresis with high permeabilities maintained as differential stress is reduced and the greatest permeability increases are seen between 90-99% of the failure stress. Under hydrothermal conditions without further loading, it is suggested that much of this permeability can be recovered by healing and sealing, and pre-macroscopic failure fracture damage may heal relatively faster than post-failure macroscopic fractures. Pre-failure permeabilities are nearly seven to nine orders of magnitude lower than that predicted by some high pressure diffusive models suggesting that microfracture matrix flow cannot dominate, and agrees with inferences that bulk fluid flow and dilatancy must be dominated by larger scale structures, such as macrofractures. It is suggested that the permeability of a highly stressed fault tip process zone in low-permeability crystalline rocks could increase by more than 2 orders of magnitude, while stress drops related to fracture propagation close damage zone cracks, and some permeability is maintained due to hysteresis from permanent microfracture damage. Future work should aim to quantify experimentally-induced microfractures and. associated permeability measurements, and by relating the fracture densities surrounding natural fault zones with densities seen in experimental deformed samples with known permeabilities, modelling techniques can then be applied to gain estimates of bulk fluid flow of the fracture networks. This will provide a basis for predicting the influence of pore fluid pressures on important geological issues, such as crustal strength.
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Severin, Jordan Melvin. "Impact of faults and fault damage zones on large open pit slopes." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61064.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The demand for metals combined with diminishing near surface resources has prompted the increasing development of complex and unprecedented open pit designs to recover deeper resources. These designs include pushback extensions, intentional over-steepening of toes, or the transition to underground retreat or mass mining methods. While past designs rarely involved pit depths exceeding 500 m, steeper and deeper designs approaching or exceeding 1000 m are now considered. Experiences with large open pits demonstrate that complex failure mechanisms occur with higher propensity within these slopes.
New technologies used to monitor slope displacement, such as radar interferometry, along with increased real-time data processing have given engineers more data and faster tools to investigate the fundamental rock mechanics that occur within large slopes. Radar allows for the collection of large amounts of real-time data with millimeter precision. Emphasis is given in this thesis to the use of radar monitoring in resolving displacements in proximity to fault damage zones. Research was conducted to develop and execute a first of its kind 3-D radar experiment involving the simultaneous deployment of two radar systems. This experiment demonstrates that valuable knowledge, in the form of a 3-D displacement map, was used to resolve the influence of large fault zones in promoting complex slope deformation kinematics and failure mechanisms.
In parallel, numerical modelling continues to develop as a key tool in understanding deep-seated rock slope deformation mechanisms. Research was conducted to investigate the characterization and representation of key fault properties within sensitivity analyses used to provide guidance on the impact of simplification of these complex structures. Representative geometries and input parameters based on case studies were used to show the influence of fault location, orientation and complexity, on stress heterogeneity created by the interaction between faults and deepening large open pits, as well as the transition to underground mass
mining. These interactions can create zones of plastic shear strain or extensional strain damage not typically accounted for in most stability analyses. The inclusion of stress heterogeneity and subsequent rock mass damage is shown to modify the observed mechanisms of slope movement and allow previously unviable kinematics to develop.Science, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
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Aben, Frans. "Experimental simulation of the seismic cycle in fault damage zones." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU012/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les séismes le long de grandes failles crustales représentent un danger énorme pour de nombreuses populations. Le mécanique de ces failles est influencé par des zones endommagées qui entourent le coeur de faille. La fracturation dans ces zones contrôle chaque étape du cycle sismique. En effet, cette zone contrôle la mécanique de la rupture sismique, elle est un conduit pour les fluides, réagit chimiquement sous l'effet de fluides réactifs, et facilite la déformation pendant les périodes post- et inter-sismiques. Dans cette thèse de doctorat, des expériences de laboratoire ont été réalisées pour mieux comprendre 1) la façon dont l'endommagement est généré pendant le chargement transitoire co-sismique, 2) comment l'endommagement permet de mieux contraindre le chargement co-sismique le long de grandes failles, et iii) comment les fractures peuvent se cicatriser au fil du temps et contrôler l'évolution de la perméabilité et de la résistance mécanique de la faille.L'introduction de la thèse propose une revue critique de la littérature sur la génération de dommages co-sismiques et en particulier sur la formation des roches pulvérisées. Le potentiel de ces roches comme marqueur des déformations co-sismiques est discuté. Bien que ces roches pulvérisées soient prometteuses pour ces aspects, plusieurs questions restent ouvertes.L'une de ces questions concerne les conditions de chargement transitoire nécessaires pour atteindre la pulvérisation. Le seuil de taux de deformation pour atteindre la pulvérisation peut être réduit par des endommagemments progressifs, au cours de ruptures sismiques successives. Des barres de Hopkinson ont été utilisées pour effectuer des chargements dynamique successifs d'une roche cristalline (monzonite). Les résultats montrent que le seuil pour atteindre la pulvérisation est réduit d'au moins 50% lorsque des chargements successives sont imposés. Cette thèse discute aussi pourquoi les roches pulvérisées sont presque toujours observées dans des roches cristallines et peu dans des roches sédimentaires poreuses. Pour comprendre cette observation, des expériences à haute vitesse de déformation ont été effectuées sur des grès de Rothbach. Les résultats montrent que la pulvérisation des grains eux mêmes ne se produit pas dans les grès. L'endommagement reste se produit principalement à une échelle supérieure à celle grains, et des bandes de compaction sont observées. La compétition entre l'endommagement inter- et intra-granulaire est expliquée par les paramètres microstructuraux en combinant deux modèles micromécaniques classiques. Les microstructures observées dans les grès peuvent se former dans le régime quasi-statiques et aussi dans le régime dynamique. Par conséquent, il est recommandée d'être prudent lors de l'interprétation du mécanisme de deformation dans les roches sédimentaires proches de la surface. La dernière question abordée durant la thèse est la cicatrisation post-sismique de fractures co-sismiques. Des expériences ont été réalisées pour cicatriser des fissures par précipitation de calcite. Le but est l'étude du couplage entre l'augmentation de résistance mécanique de la roche fissurée et l'évolution de la perméabilité. Les échantillons fracturées ont été soumis à des conditions de pression et températures similaires de la croûte supérieure et à une percolation d'un fluide sursaturé en calcite pendant plusieurs mois. Ce couplage non-existe dans les premières étapes de la cicatrisation. Il est révélé par l'imagerie par tomographie aux rayons X que le scellement naissant des fractures se produit dans les porosités situées en aval de barrières d'écoulement, et donc dans des régions qui ne touchent pas les principales voies d'écoulement du fluide. Le découplage entre l'augmentation de résistance de la roche et la perméabilité suggère que les zones d'endommagement peu profondes dans les failles actives peuvent rester des conduits actifs pour les fluides plusieurs années après un séismeEarthquakes along large crustal scale faults are a huge hazard threatening large populations. The behavior of such faults is influenced by the fault damage zone that surrounds the fault core. Fracture damage in such fault damage zones influences each stage of the seismic cycle. The damage zone influences rupture mechanics, behaves as a fluid conduit to release pressurized fluids at depth or to give access to reactive fluids to alter the fault core, and facilitates strain during post- and interseismic periods. Also, it acts as an energy sink for earthquake energy. Here, laboratory experiments were performed to come to a better understanding of how this fracture damage is formed during coseismic transient loading, what this fracture damage can tell us about the earthquake rupture conditions along large faults, and how fracture damage is annihilated over time.First, coseismic damage generation, and specifically the formation of pulverized fault damage zone rock, is reviewed. The potential of these pulverized rocks as a coseismic marker for rupture mechanisms is discussed. Although these rocks are promising in that aspect, several open questions remain.One of these open questions is if the transient loading conditions needed for pulverization can be reduced by progressively damaging during many seismic events. The successive high strain rate loadings performed on quartz monzonites using a split Hopkinson pressure bar reveal that indeed the pulverization strain rate threshold is reduced by at least 50%.Another open question is why pulverized rocks are almost always observed in crystalline lithologies and not in more porous rock, even when crystalline and porous rocks are juxtaposed by a fault. To study this observation, high strain rate experiments were performed on porous Rothbach sandstone. The results show that pervasive pulverization below the grain scale, such as observed in crystalline rock, does not occur in the sandstone samples for the explored strain rate range (60-150 s-1). Damage is mainly occurs at a scale superior to that of the scale of the grains, with intragranular deformation occurring only in weaker regions where compaction bands are formed. The competition between inter- and intragranular damage during dynamic loading is explained with the geometric parameters of the rock in combination with two classic micromechanical models: the Hertzian contact model and the pore-emanated crack model. In conclusion, the observed microstructures can form in both quasi-static and dynamic loading regimes. Therefore caution is advised when interpreting the mechanism responsible for near-fault damage in sedimentary rock near the surface. Moreover, the results suggest that different responses of different lithologies to transient loading are responsible for sub-surface damage zone asymmetry.Finally, post-seismic annihilation of coseismic damage by calcite assisted fracture sealing has been studied in experiments, so that the coupling between strengthening and permeability of the fracture network could be studied. A sample-scale fracture network was introduced in quartz monzonite samples, followed exposure to upper crustal conditions and percolation of a fluid saturated with calcite for several months. A large recovery of up to 50% of the initial P-wave velocity drop has been observed after the sealing experiment. In contrast, the permeability remained more or less constant for the duration of the experiment. This lack of coupling between strengthening and permeability in the first stages of sealing is explained by X-ray computed micro tomography. Incipient sealing in the fracture spaces occurs downstream of flow barriers, thus in regions that do not affect the main fluid flow pathways. The decoupling of strength recovery and permeability suggests that shallow fault damage zones can remain fluid conduits for years after a seismic event, leading to significant transformations of the core and the damage zone of faults with time
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Wood, Rebekah Erin. "Fault and Fluid Interactions in the Elsinore Fault-West Salton Detachment Fault Damage Zones, Agua Caliente County Park, California." DigitalCommons@USU, 2014. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/2103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study area provides a unique opportunity to study the intersection of the Elsinore and West Salton detachment faults in southern California, effusing warm springs, and alteration products in the midst of the fault intersection. Structural mapping and compiling previous maps supply an interpretation of the fault zone geometries within the Tierra Blanca Mountains. Geochemical analysis of the crystalline basement and altered protolith help determine the effects of faulting and fluid flow in the study area. In the Tierra Blanca Mountains, the Elsinore strike-slip fault system transitions from the double-stranded Julian segment and Earthquake Valley fault in the northwest, to the single-stranded Coyote Mountain segment in the southeast. A network of cross faults striking northeast connects the fault segments. The Coyote Mountain segment encounters the inactive West Salton detachment fault in the study area. The detachment fault is a barrier to fluid flow and exhibits primarily brittle deformation, while the Coyote Mountain segment is a conduit for fluid flow along the northeastern flank of the Tierra Blanca Mountains. The damage zone of the Coyote Mountain segment reaches widths up to 500 m and contains intense fracturing and subsidiary faults striking parallel to the main trace. The tonalite protolith is bleached, stained, and altered from water-rock interactions. The most intense bleaching is at a county park, where the protolith is altered to clays and zeolites while the mineralogy of the stained regions contains iron oxides and clinochlore in addition to quartz, Ca-rich albite, and biotite preserved from the protolith. The water chemistry at Agua Caliente hot springs shows the fluid is partially equilibrated. Groundwater temperatures likely reached 75-85°C at depths up to 2.14 km before rising to the surface. Frequent seismicity in the study region is related to the spring characteristics including water level, conductivity, and temperatures. Spring temperature and conductivity displayed three behaviors during the summer 2011 logging period, attributed to seasonal changes and most likely local seismicity as well. Conductivity seems to be the property most influenced by earthquake activity in the area. Changes in fluid chemistry between sampling periods may indicate mixture with other fluid sources.
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Michie, Emma A. H. "The influence of damage on the petrophysical properties of carbonate-hosted fault zones." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=227220.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Carbonate reservoirs contain approximately two-thirds of the world's oil and gas reserves (Al-Anzi et al., 2003). Carbonates often pose a significant problem when it comes to understanding their reservoir quality because of their heterogeneous nature, which is caused by both the variety of processes occurring depositionally and their high susceptibility to diagenetic alterations. In order to fully characterise the behaviour of carbonate rocks in the subsurface is it important to understand their textural heterogeneity and also how faulting can modify their textures. Deformation in fault zones causes the petrophysical properties (e.g. porosity, permeability and velocity) to alter from the background values. For example, fracturing in damage zones surrounding faults increase the permeability, creating conduits to fluids, conversely, fault cores often act as barriers, created by pore occluding processes. However, faulting in carbonate rocks is often complicated by their textural variations, leading to a variety of deformation microstructures, and each will create different petrophysical properties. This thesis aims to understand how faulting effects different carbonate rocks and analyse the controls on any alterations to the petrophysical properties (porosity, permeability and velocity) into the fault zones. Alterations to the permeability are important to unravel in order to assess the fluid flow potential and hydraulic properties of a rock. Understanding the alterations to the velocity can help to better image faults at depth and to provide information on their microstructures.
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Wu, Chunquan. "Fault zone damage, nonlinear site response, and dynamic triggering associated with seismic waves." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/41143.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
My dissertation focuses primarily on the following three aspects associated with passing seismic waves in the field of earthquake seismology: temporal changes of fault zone properties, nonlinear site response, and dynamic triggering.
Quantifying the temporal changes of material properties within and around active fault zones (FZ) is important for better understanding of rock rheology and estimating the strong ground motion that can be generated by large earthquakes. As high-amplitude seismic waves propagate through damaged FZ rocks and/or shallow surface layers, they may produce additional damage leading to nonlinear wave propagation effects and temporal changes of material properties (e.g., seismic velocity, attenuation). Previous studies have found several types of temporal changes in material properties with time scales of tens of seconds to several years. Here I systematically analyze temporal changes of fault zone (FZ) site response along the Karadere-Düzce branch of the North Anatolian fault that ruptured during the 1999 İzmit and Düzce earthquake sequences. The coseismic changes are on the order of 20-40%, and are followed by a logarithmic recovery over an apparent time scale of ~1 day. These results provide a bridge between the large-amplitude near-instantaneous changes and the lower-amplitude longer-duration variations observed in previous studies. The temporal changes measured from this high-resolution spectral ratio analysis also provide a refinement for the beginning of the longer more gradual process typically observed by analyzing repeating earthquakes.
An improved knowledge on nonlinear site response is critical for better understanding strong ground motions and predicting shaking induced damages. I use the same sliding-window spectral ratio technique to analyze temporal changes in site response associated with the strong ground motion of the Mw6.6 2004 Mid-Niigata earthquake sequence recorded by the borehole stations in Japanese Digital Strong-Motion Seismograph Network (KiK-Net). The coseismic peak frequency drop, peak spectral ratio drop, and the postseismic recovery time roughly scale with the input ground motions when the peak ground velocity (PGV) is larger than ~5 cm/s, or the peak ground acceleration (PGA) is larger than ~100 Gal. The results suggest that at a given site the input ground motion plays an important role in controlling both the coseismic change and postseismic recovery in site response.
In a follow-up study, I apply the same sliding-window spectral ratio technique to surface and borehole strong motion records at 6 KiK-Net sites, and stack results associated with different earthquakes that produce similar PGAs. In some cases I observe a weak coseismic drop in the peak frequency when the PGA is as small as ~20-30 Gal, and near instantaneous recovery after the passage of the direct S waves. The percentage of drop in the peak frequency starts to increase with increasing PGA values. A coseismic drop in the peak spectral ratio is also observed at 2 sites. When the PGA is larger than ~60 Gal to more than 100 Gal, considerably stronger coseismic drops of the peak frequencies are observed, followed by a logarithmic recovery with time. The observed weak reductions of peak frequencies with near instantaneous recovery likely reflect nonlinear response with essentially fixed level of damage, while the larger drops followed by logarithmic recovery reflect the generation (and then recovery) of additional rock damage. The results indicate clearly that nonlinear site response may occur during medium-size earthquakes, and that the PGA threshold for in situ nonlinear site response is lower than the previously thought value of ~100-200 Gal.
The recent Mw9.0 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake and its aftershocks generated widespread strong shakings as large as ~3000 Gal along the east coast of Japan. I systematically analyze temporal changes of material properties and nonlinear site response in the shallow crust associated with the Tohoku main shock, using seismic data recorded by the Japanese Strong Motion Network KIK-Net. I compute the spectral ratios of windowed records from a pair of surface and borehole stations, and then use the sliding-window spectral ratios to track the temporal changes in the site response of various sites at different levels of PGA The preliminary results show clear drop of resonant frequency of up to 70% during the Tohoku main shock at 6 sites with PGA from 600 to 1300 Gal. In the site MYGH04 where two distinct groups of strong ground motions were recorded, the resonant frequency briefly recovers in between, and then followed by an apparent logarithmic recovery. I investigate the percentage drop of peak frequency and peak spectral ratio during the Tohoku main shock at different PGA levels, and find that at most sites they are correlated.
The third part of my thesis mostly focuses on how seismic waves trigger additional earthquakes at long-range distance, also known as dynamic triggering. Previous studies have shown that dynamic triggering in intraplate regions is typically not as common as at plate-boundary regions. Here I perform a comprehensive analysis of dynamic triggering around the Babaoshan and Huangzhuang-Gaoliying faults southwest of Beijing, China. The triggered earthquakes are identified as impulsive seismic arrivals with clear P- and S-waves in 5 Hz high-pass-filtered three-component velocity seismograms during the passage of large amplitude body and surface waves of large teleseismic earthquakes. I find that this region was repeatedly triggered by at least four earthquakes in East Asia, including the 2001 Mw7.8 Kunlun, 2003 Mw8.3 Tokachi-oki, 2004 Mw9.2 Sumatra, and 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan earthquakes. In most instances, the microearthquakes coincide with the first few cycles of the Love waves, and more are triggered during the large-amplitude Rayleigh waves. Such an instantaneous triggering by both the Love and Rayleigh waves is similar to recent observations of remotely triggered 'non-volcanic' tremor along major plate-boundary faults, and can be explained by a simple Coulomb failure criterion. Five earthquakes triggered by the Kunlun and Tokachi-oki earthquakes were recorded by multiple stations and could be located. These events occurred at shallow depth (< 5 km) above the background seismicity near the boundary between NW-striking Babaoshan and Huangzhuang-Gaoliying faults and the Fangshan Pluton. These results suggest that triggered earthquakes in this region likely occur near the transition between the velocity strengthening and weakening zones in the top few kms of the crust, and are likely driven by relatively large dynamic stresses on the order of few tens of KPa.
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Isaacs, Angela J. "Characterizing Deformation, Damage Parameters, and Clay Composition in Fault Zones: Insights from the Chelungpu Thrust, Taiwan, and Mozumi Right Lateral Fault, Japan." DigitalCommons@USU, 2005. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6059.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Chelungpu thrust fault, Taiwan, and the Mozumi right-lateral fault, Japan, provide an opportunity to characterize active faults in clastic sedimentary rocks and provide constraints to seismologic models. The northern Chelungpu fault has a 10-30 m wide primary damage zone characterized by dense fractures and chemical alteration. The southern Chelungpu fault has a 25-70 m wide primary damage zone characterized by dense fractures, alteration, intensely sheared rock, and secondary faults. The complexity of the damage zone, geochemistry, and clay mineralogy of the southern fault zone reflects its greater maturity (~1 Ma) relative to the northern fault zone (~46-100 Ka). A transition exists from smectite in exhumed fault core to illite-rich fault core at depth (200 - 1000 m) due to co-seismic fluid flow and radiated seismic energy. Clay composition plays a role in fault weakening.
Microstructures in deformed Mozumi siltstone indicate syn-tectonic fluid pressurization and flow, and shear concentrated in sericite-rich matrix. Kaolinite and illite clays dominate the host rock and fault breccia; illite, smectite, and kaolinite dominate clay-rich fault breccia. Whole-rock geochemistry shows a depletion of most oxides in fault rocks relative to unaltered host rock (up to ~90%). Resistivity values are depressed by 0-50 ohm-m, and νp and νs are decreased by ~0.30 km/s and ~0.40 km/s across the main fault relative to wall rock, and an average of ~0.70 km/s and ~1.0 km/s relative to host rock, respectively. Calculated values of Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of fault rocks range from 16.2 to 44.9 GPa and 0.263 to 0.393, respectively. The protolith has a calculated Young’s modulus of 55.4 GPa and a Poisson’s ratio of 0.242. Lowest values of Young’s modulus and highest values of Poisson’s ratio correspond to fault breccia with high fluid content, and are offset from the most altered and damaged fault rocks. Fluid-rich pockets, and thus alteration, apparently migrate through the fault zone and may facilitate creep on the Mozumi fault because these fluid rich rocks are unable to sustain the shear stresses needed for brittle failure. The Chelungpu and Mozumi faults illustrate the temporally dynamic and heterogeneous nature of active fault zones.
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Nishiwaki, Takafumi. "Comparison of Damage Zones of the Nojima and the Asano Faults from the Deep Drilling Project: Differences in Meso-to-microscale Deformation Structures related to Fault Activity." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253096.
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Dutson, Sarah J. "Effects of Hurricane Fault Architecture on Groundwater Flow in the Timpoweap Canyon of Southwestern, Utah." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd923.pdf.
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Mayolle, Sylvain. "Croissance des zones d’endommagement de faille : étude structurale en milieu carbonaté et modélisations analogiques." Thesis, Montpellier, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021MONTG019.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L’étude des failles affectant la croûte supérieure suscite un intérêt particulier pour la modélisation de leur impact sur l’écoulement des fluides et le comportement mécanique de la croûte terrestre. Les zones d’endommagements de failles sont d’importantes structures aux multiples implications pour les problématiques de gestions des ressources et de risque/aléa sismiques. Cette thèse a pour objectif de déterminer la distribution de l’endommagement autour des failles, comprendre sa croissance et étudier son impact sur la loi d’échelle Déplacement – Epaisseur d’endommagement (D-T). Pour répondre à cette problématique, deux approches complémentaires sont développées : des études tectoniques d’exemples naturels et des modélisations analogiques de failles normales. Ce manuscrit présente de nouvelles cartographies de l’endommagement, une première loi D-T pour les failles dans des roches carbonatées, ainsi que les premières expériences de modélisation analogique dédiées à l’étude de l’endommagement. Les résultats montrent que la distribution de l’endommagement autour des failles est hétérogène et asymétrique, principalement influencée par les nombreuses interactions de failles lors de leur croissance (segmentation, failles conjuguées). Une loi D-T spécifique à l’endommagement de type wall damage est établie, qui montre une corrélation normale entre D et T pour les failles de rejet inférieur à 100 m et confirme l’existence d’un seuil d’épaisseur d’endommagement au-delà de 100 m de rejet. Pour expliquer cette loi nous proposons un modèle de croissance de zone d’endommagement contrôlée par les processus d’interaction et de coalescence de la segmentation précoce. Les expériences de modélisations analogiques ont permis de décrire deux nouveaux types d’endommagement (graben damage et dip-change link damage), et d’identifier une transition de mode de déformation, depuis un cisaillement dilatant segmenté vers un cisaillement compactant localisé dans les zones de failles. Elles démontrent également que l’initiation de la segmentation, la sélection de l’activité des segments, leurs interactions et leurs coalescences sont des processus essentiels contrôlant le développement des zones d’endommagement et la loi D-T. Nous proposons que l’épaisseur de l’unité fragile contenant les failles est un paramètre principal du contrôle de l’évolution de la segmentation, de la localisation de la déformation et donc du seuil d’épaisseur d’endommagement observéThe study of faults in the upper crust generates interest in modeling their impact on fluid flow and the mechanical behavior of the earth's crust. Fault damage zones are important structures with multiple implications for resource management and earthquake studies. This thesis aims to characterize the distribution and growth of damage around faults and to study its impact on the Displacement - Damage thickness (D-T) scaling law. Two complementary approaches of field measurements and analog modeling of normal faults are developed to answer this question. This manuscript presents new results of fault damage mapping, D-T scaling in carbonate rocks, and the first analog modeling experiments of fault damage zones. The results show a heterogeneous and asymmetric distribution of damage around faults, mainly influenced by fault interactions during their growth (segmentation, conjugate faults). A D-T law specific to wall damage is established and shows a normal correlation between D and T for less than 100 m of fault displacement, and also confirms the existence of a damage thickness threshold after 100 m of displacement. To explain this law, we propose a damage zone growth model controlled by the interaction and coalescence of fault segments. Analog modeling experiments allowed the description of two new types of damage (graben damage and dip-change link damage), and show a failure mode transition during fault growth, from a segmented dilatational-shear mode to a localized compactional-shear mode. They also demonstrate that initiation of segmentation, segment activity selection, interaction and coalescence processes control the development of fault damage zones and the D-T law. We propose that the thickness of the faulted brittle layer is a main controlling parameter of segmentation, strain localization, and the fault damage thickness threshold observed
Частини книг з теми "Fault damage zones"
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Aben, Franciscus M., Mai-Linh Doan, Jean-Pierre Gratier, and François Renard. "Coseismic Damage Generation and Pulverization in Fault Zones." In Fault Zone Dynamic Processes, 47–80. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119156895.ch4.
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Dieterich, James H., and Deborah Elaine Smith. "Nonplanar Faults: Mechanics of Slip and Off-fault Damage." In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1799–815. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_12.
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Dor, Ory, Judith S. Chester, Yehuda Ben-Zion, James N. Brune, and Thomas K. Rockwell. "Characterization of Damage in Sandstones along the Mojave Section of the San Andreas Fault: Implications for the Shallow Extent of Damage Generation." In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1747–73. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_10.
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Sammis, Charles G., Ares J. Rosakis, and Harsha S. Bhat. "Effects of Off-fault Damage on Earthquake Rupture Propagation: Experimental Studies." In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1629–48. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_5.
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Griffith, W. Ashley, Pablo F. Sanz, and David D. Pollard. "Influence of Outcrop Scale Fractures on the Effective Stiffness of Fault Damage Zone Rocks." In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1595–627. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_4.
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Finzi, Yaron, Elizabeth H. Hearn, Yehuda Ben-Zion, and Vladimir Lyakhovsky. "Structural Properties and Deformation Patterns of Evolving Strike-slip Faults: Numerical Simulations Incorporating Damage Rheology." In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1537–73. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_2.
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Lockner, David A., Hidemi Tanaka, Hisao Ito, Ryuji Ikeda, Kentaro Omura, and Hisanobu Naka. "Geometry of the Nojima Fault at Nojima-Hirabayashi, Japan — I. A Simple Damage Structure Inferred from Borehole Core Permeability." In Mechanics, Structure and Evolution of Fault Zones, 1649–67. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0346-0138-2_6.
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Nguyen, Trung Kien, Jeremy Rohmer, and Ba Thao Vu. "Influence of heterogeneous fractured fault damage zones on shear failure onset during fluid injection." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 721–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0802-8_114.
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Iwata, N., Y. Ohtsuka, Ö. Aydan, T. Ito, A. Sainoki, and T. Ikeda. "Analytical study on the effect of damage zones on the occurrence of surface rupture at the Hinagu fault." In Rock Dynamics: Progress and Prospect, Volume 1, 109–14. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003359142-14.
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Ampuero, Jean Paul, and Xiaolin Mao. "Upper Limit on Damage Zone Thickness Controlled by Seismogenic Depth." In Fault Zone Dynamic Processes, 243–53. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119156895.ch13.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Fault damage zones"
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Lisitsa, V., V. Tcheverda, D. Kolyukhin, and V. Volianskaia. "Simulation of Near-fault Damage Zones." In Petroleum Geostatistics 2019. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201902220.
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Wolf, D. E., J. G. Solum, J. P. Brandenburg, and S. J. Naruk. "Quantifying the Impact of Fault Damage Zones on Reservoir Performance." In 3rd EAGE International Conference on Fault and Top Seals. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20143027.
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Mohamed, Emad AbdelAziz, and Henry Ewart Edwards. "Capturing Fault Effects in Thin Reservoirs for Geosteering Improvements in Developing Offshore Carbonate Fields." In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition & Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/208160-ms.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Analogue outcrops can be used to prepare geoscientists with realistic expectations and responses for Geosteering ultra-long horizontal wells (ERD) in thin reservoirs with different scales of faults, and uncertainty in fault zone parameters and characteristics. Geosteering ultra-long horizontal wells in specific, thin, meter-thick target zones within reservoirs is challenged when sub-seismic faults are present or where seismic scale fault throw and fault location is ill-defined or imprecisely known. This paper defines the challenge of how analogue outcrops can be used to prepare geoscientists with realistic expectations and responses to such operational difficulties in faulted carbonates, irrespective of the tools employed to characterize encountered faults. Geosteering wells in reservoirs with different scales of faults and uncertainty in fault zone character and detection limits can lead to: (i) extensive ‘out of zone’ intervals and (ii) undulating wellbores (when attempting to retrieve target layer positioning), whereby well productivity and accessibility are compromised. Using faulted carbonate field analogues can direct the operation geologist's geosteering response to such faulted scenarios. Descriptions from outcrops are used to address subsurface scenarios of marker horizon(s) and their lateral/spatial variability; diagenesis related to faults at outcrop and expected variations along wellbore laterals in the oilfield. Additionally, offsets/throws, damage zone geometries for thin-bed reservoir understanding of fault zone effects in low-offset structures. Appreciation of faults in outcrops allows an understanding of expectations whilst drilling according to the following: (1) Scales of features from seismic to sub-seismic damage zones: what to expect when geosteering within / out of zone, across faults with indeterminate throws. (2) Understandings from 3D analogues/geometries applied predictively to field development, targeting specific thin reservoir zones / key marker beds. Several oil- well case-examples highlight the response in steering wellbores located within specific thin target zones whereby faults were expected, but where fault throw differed significantly to what was anticipated from initial seismic interpretation. Examples elucidating the application include a meter-thick dolomite zone within a very thick limestone reservoir where injector and producer wells are completed, where the wellbore remains within reservoir but out of specific target zone (how to marry smooth wellbore with layer conformance). Furthermore, for very thin reservoirs primarily located within non-reservoir carbonates, minor faults would misdirect wellbore into argillaceous limestone above or below the reservoirs. Faulted zones with water influx mapped from LWD where modelled property responses can be better characterized by low-offset faults with compartmentalizing effects for completion strategies. Even with an extensive suite of logs to characterize fault zones, the objective of Geosteering a well continuously within zone becomes difficult. Selected key tools are required for success. Directly using Early Cretaceous reservoir analogues, with specific fault types and displacements, critically aid geosteering practices for QA, prediction and learnings.
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Vaszi, A. Z., S. D. Harris, and R. J. Knipe. "3D Upscaling of Fault Damage Zones for Reservoir Modelling." In ECMOR IX - 9th European Conference on the Mathematics of Oil Recovery. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609-pdb.9.a016.
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Mayolle, S., R. Soliva, Y. Caniven, C. Wibberley, G. Ballas, S. Dominguez, and G. Milési. "Scaling of Fault Damage Zones and Implications for Naturally Fractured Reservoirs." In Fifth International Conference on Fault and Top Seals. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201902342.
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Syngaevsky, Pavel E. "Tectonic and Overpressured Zones, Gulf of Mexico." In ASME 2001 Engineering Technology Conference on Energy. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/etce2001-17172.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract We observe two different events happening in a Matagorda Island area. Faults may act as a seal and enhance the shale sealing. Changes in pore pressure calculated from sonic/resistivity logs are steep, “transitional” zone is about a 100–150′ thick and almost invisible at a whole well scale. Because of such sharp changes these zones are hard to recognize on MWD, however typically one casing point required to separate it from upper normally pressured section. Another option — fault causes partial damage, possibly through micro-fractures in shales. Shale sealing properties are decreased pore pressure in reservoir sands is lower, that in neighboring blocks. Sealing zone possess gradual changes in pore pressure with lower values that expected. Such zones are up to 2000′ thick and could be observed on MWD as well as on conventional log diagrams. Several casing points required in order to drill through such zone. By incorporating this information into the geological model one can predict whether the fault will act as a pressure-formation liquids “semi-conductor” or as a good seal. Faults that damage the seal above overpressured zone might result in unexpected shallow overpressure and/or shallow gas. Such faults should be determined, mapped and avoid when possible from drilling.
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Lewis, H., A. Paez, J. Ma, and G. D. Couples. "Emergent Distributions of Stress and Strain in Fault Damage Zones." In 2nd EAGE International Conference on Fault and Top Seals - From Pore to Basin Scale 2009. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20147178.
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Kolyukhin, D., and J. Tveranger. "Statistical Modelling of Fault Core and Deformation Band Structure in Fault Damage Zones." In 77th EAGE Conference and Exhibition 2015. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201413043.
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Surpless, Benjamin, and Caroline McKeighan. "DYNAMIC FRACTURING IN FAULT TIP DAMAGE ZONES? AN OUTCROP STUDY OF THE SEVIER FAULT ZONE, SOUTHERN UTAH." In GSA Connects 2022 meeting in Denver, Colorado. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022am-377982.
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Edwards, P., D. J. Sanderson, and Y. S. Kim. "Permeability Heterogeneity in Fault Damage Zones and Its Relationship to Deformation Band Connectivity." In Fourth International Conference on Fault and Top Seals. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.201414061.
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