Статті в журналах: "Fatty bases"

1

Yasugi, E., T. Kasama, M. Shibahara, and Y. Seyama. "Composition of long-chain bases in sphingomyelin of the guinea pig Harderian gland." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 68, no. 1 (January 1, 1990): 154–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o90-021.

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Sphingomyelin from the guinea pig Harderian gland was isolated and characterized. The purified sphingomyelin gave a broad spot on thin-layer chromatography. The fatty acid composition of the whole sphingomyelin was 71% nonhydroxy acids and 29% 2-hydroxy acids. Methyl-branched fatty acids were only 2% of the total acids. The long-chain bases were composed of straight-chain sphingenines (50%) and sphinganines (6%). Methyl-branched long-chain bases were 44% of the bases. The sphingomyelin was further separated into four fractions (I, II, III, IV) by high-performance liquid chromatography. The ratio of fractions I, II, III, and IV was approximately 2:5:2:1, respectively. The fatty acids of fractions I and II consisted of nonhydroxy acids and those of fractions III and IV were 2-hydroxy acids. The long-chain bases of fractions I and III were sphinganines including 10-, 9-, and 8-methylsphinganines and anteiso-sphinganines. These methyl-branched bases occupied about 70% of the total sphinganines. The long-chain bases of fractions II and IV consisted of sphingenines. The methyl-branched unsaturated bases were only 30% of the total sphingenines, all in the anteiso-form. Thus, the sphingomyelin obtained from guinea pig Harderian gland had complex compositions of fatty acids and long-chain bases, and half the number of long-chain bases had methyl branches. The methyl-branched fatty acids were only a minor component. These characteristics are similar to those of cerebrosides isolated from the same source.Key words: long chain base, fatty acid, sphingomyelin, guinea pig, Harderian gland.

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2

Volnova, Ekaterina Romanovna, Svetlana Nikolaevna Butova, Julia Vladimirovna Nicolaeva, and Elena Alexandrovna Olshanova. "Modeling of fatty acid composition for dressing bases." Health, Food & Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (September 19, 2021): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.36107/hfb.2021.i1.s74.

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3

Butkus, Michael A., Kelly T. Hughes, Dwight D. Bowman, Janice L. Liotta, Michael B. Jenkins, and Michael P. Labare. "Inactivation ofAscaris suumby Short-Chain Fatty Acids." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 77, no. 1 (November 5, 2010): 363–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01675-10.

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ABSTRACTAscaris suumeggs were inactivated in distilled water and digested sludge by butanoic, pentanoic, and hexanoic acids. The fatty acids (short-chain fatty acids [SCFA]) were effective only when protonated and at sufficient concentrations. The conjugate bases were not effective at the concentrations evaluated. Predictions from an inhibition model (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50]) based on quantitative structure-activity relationships were congruent with inactivation data.

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4

Sugito, Keiko, Hiroyasu Ogata, Masahiro Noguchi, Takashi Kogure, Masaaki Takano, Yuzo Maruyama, and Yasuhito Sasaki. "The spreading of radiolabelled fatty suppository bases in the human rectum." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 47, no. 1-3 (November 1988): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(88)90226-8.

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5

Adeleke, A. A., and F. A. Oladimeji. "Effect of Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) of Mixed Surfactants on In-Vitro Release Profile of Ibuprofen from Semi-Synthetic Suppository Bases." Nigerian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research 17, no. 1 (August 13, 2021): 109–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpr.v17i1.12.

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Background: The emphasis on the use of surfactants in enhancing drug release from fatty suppository bases has always been on the concentration and type of surfactants. However, the Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance (HLB) of the surfactants added can be of significant effect.Objective: The study aimed at evaluating the effect of HLB of the incorporated mixed surfactants on the physical and release properties of Ibuprofen suppositories formulated with semi-synthetic fatty bases.Methodology: The preparations were carried out using 1 g mould. Ibuprofen suppositories, each containing 200 mg of Ibuprofen with semi-synthetic fatty bases (Witepsol® H15, Suppocire® CM), were prepared by fusion method. Mixed surfactants (Span® 80 and Tween® 80) were added at 4 %w/w in varied ratios to give HLB values of 4.3 to 15.0. The physical properties and release profile of the suppositories were evaluated using established procedures.Results: The physical properties of the suppositories met the standard specified in the BP. Addition of mixed surfactants greatly influenced the release of the Ibuprofen from the formulations with optimum release at lipophilic HLB (4.3) and hydrophilic HLB (12.0) for formulations in Suppocire® CM and Witepsol® H15, respectively. The release parameters majorly fitted into Higuchi’s model. The release mechanism was non-Fickian and Fickian for formulations in Suppocire® CM and Witepsol® H15, respectively.Conclusion: The variations observed in the release profiles of Ibuprofen from the suppository bases indicate that HLB value of mixed surfactants can be employed in modifying drug release from semi-synthetic fatty bases

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6

Faubion, Dana F., and Adel A. Kader. "Biochemical Bases for Controlled-atmosphere Effects on Reducing Chilling Injury of `Hass' Avocado Fruit." HortScience 30, no. 4 (July 1995): 809E—809. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.4.809e.

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California-grown `Hass' avocado fruit were stored at 5C, in air or a controlled atmosphere (CA) of 2% oxygen and 5% carbon dioxide. Fruit were evaluated at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 weeks, both immediately upon removal from storage and after ripening at 20C. Severe chilling injury (flesh browning) developed in the airstored fruit after 6 weeks, while only moderate symptoms were observed in CA-stored avocado fruit after 12 weeks. Lipid peroxidation breakdown products increased during storage and ripening in both air and CA treatments. Sterols, steryl esters, steryl glycosides, glycolipids, and phospholipids were analyzed. Quantity of acylated steryl glycoside in ripe fruit changed from 34 nmoles initially, to 51 or 27 nmoles after 6 weeks at 5C in air or CA, respectively. Glycolipid fatty acid unsaturation in air-stored fruit decreased with the development of chilling injury. Fatty acid unsaturation in phospholipids (phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine) of air-stored avocados decreased with the development of chilling injury. CA storage delayed the development of chilling injury and the loss of fatty acid unsaturation.

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7

Jamin, Emilien L., Carine Jacques, Laëtitia Jourdes, Jean-Claude Tabet, Nathalie Borotra, Sandrine Bessou-Touya, Laurent Debrauwer, and Hélène Duplan. "Identification of lipids of the stratum corneum by high performance thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry." European Journal of Mass Spectrometry 25, no. 3 (December 13, 2018): 278–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469066718815380.

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The stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis, is the most important skin barrier against exogenous physical and chemical effects, in addition to protecting against dehydration. Ceramides are integral parts of the intercellular lipid lamellae of the stratum corneum and play an important role in the barrier function of mammalian skin. Ceramides are sphingolipids consisting of sphingoid bases linked to fatty acids by an amide bond. Typical sphingoid bases in the skin are composed of dihydrosphingosine, sphingosine, phytosphingosine, and 6-hydroxysphingosine, and the fatty acid acyl chains are composed of non-hydroxy fatty acid, α-hydroxy fatty acid, ω-hydroxy fatty acid, and esterified ω-hydroxy fatty acid. Analytical methods, such as gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, high performance thin layer chromatography with UV detection, and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry, have been developed for the identification and quantification of ceramides in the stratum corneum. However, only a few publications relate to the mass fragmentation patterns specific to ceramide types to determine the structure of skin ceramides. Moreover, these studies provide very limited structural information and only for some ceramides. Therefore, the aim of our study was to develop a quick and easy method of quantification of ceramides, cholesterol, and free fatty acids by high performance thin layer chromatography with ultraviolet detection. High performance thin layer chromatography with ultraviolet detection was also coupled with mass spectrometry using negative ionization by electrospray and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for identification of ceramides’ structure.

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8

Kihara, Akio. "Metabolism of long-chain bases of sphingolipids and fatty acid α-oxidation". PLANT MORPHOLOGY 30, № 1 (2018): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5685/plmorphol.30.5.

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9

Giordano, Elena, and Francesco Visioli. "Long-chain omega 3 fatty acids: Molecular bases of potential antioxidant actions." Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 90, no. 1 (January 2014): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plefa.2013.11.002.

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10

Brumback, Thomas B., Jan Hazebroek, Don Lamb, Lyle Danielson, and Bruce Orman. "Automating fatty acid analyses from seeds: from field samples to data bases." Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems 21, no. 2-3 (December 1993): 215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-7439(93)89012-y.

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11

Oh-Hashi, Yoshihiro, Makoto Inoue, Shigeo Murase, Masako Mizuno, Akihiko Kawaguchi, and Harumi Okuyama. "Enzymatic bases for the fatty acid positioning in phospholipids of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes." Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 244, no. 2 (February 1986): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-9861(86)90608-9.

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12

Simon, Karsten, and Richard Süverkrüp. "Comparison of recent techniques to characterize the crystallization behaviour of fatty suppository bases." Thermochimica Acta 248 (January 1995): 271–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0040-6031(94)01893-l.

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13

Baranova, Zinaida, Irina Krasina, Natalia Tarasenko, and Rimma Elemanova. "Application of combined methods for the production of ingredients for the confectionery industry." E3S Web of Conferences 285 (2021): 05005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128505005.

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The production of confectionery products, especially those coated with chocolate or confectionery glaze, faces the challenges of selecting high-quality and technological fatty bases for the glaze or filling on a daily basis. In nature, the amount of vegetable oils that have an optimal fatty acid and triglyceride composition for use as such a base is significantly limited. Indeed, most of the vegetable oils and fats require a partial hydrogenation stage, that is, a change in the saturation level. As a result of these modifications, trans-fatty acid fatty acids are formed, which both impart hardness and form the basic rheological characteristics of the fatty base. The development of new, combined methods for the production of fatty ingredients for the confectionery industry and the improvement of processes for the modification of oils and fats are current trends in food production. In order to produce fatty ingredients – non-tempered mixed type cocoa butter substitutes with a low content of trans-fatty acid isomers and with optimal crystal formation properties, a research was carried out in respect of a set of indicators that form the consumer properties of the finished product: physical and chemical properties and main indicators of melting and solidification, as well as structural-mechanical and organoleptic characteristics. The research objectives included the study of the physical and chemical characteristics of the initial components of fatty ingredients, laboratory-based obtaining of samples of fatty ingredients for the production of confectionery glazes, the study of the physicochemical, structural, mechanical and rheological properties of the obtained fatty ingredients. The result of the research was the developed combined technology for the production of a non-tempered mixed type cocoa butter substitute with optimal consumer characteristics.

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14

Shaimerdenova, D. A., Zh M. Chakanova, D. M. Iskakova, G. T. Sarbassova, M. B. Bekbolatova, and A. A. Yesmambetov. "Storage of extruded cereal and legume grain bases in ion-ozone medium." SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 54, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.1.15.

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The modern food industry seeks to produce ecologically healthy and clean food products. However, finding effective means of storing raw materials without losing their quality is still a major problem faced by the industry. One of the promising methods on long-term storage of grain bases for good quality and safety is the ion-ozone cavitation treatment. Therefore, this study aims to determine the influence of various ion-ozone treatment parameters on the quality and safety factors of millet, buckwheat, chickpea, and lentil grain bases at the Food Quality and Safety Assessment Laboratory, Almaty University of Technology, Almaty, Kazakhstan. With ozonation, the buckwheat grain bases showed a significant increase in fatty acids, the millet and chickpea grains showed a slight increase, while the lentil seeds exhibited a slight decrease in fatty acids compared to the control. Overall, by treating with a low concentration of ion-ozone, the buckwheat showed fewer microorganisms; in chickpea grains the molds and yeast did not develop; in millet grains the yeast was absent and molds were not higher than control; and in lentil grain bases, the permissible yeast growth with no molds was observed. The storage life of extruded grain bases after ion-ozone cavitation treatment increased by a minimum of 60 days (millet) and to more than 240 days (buckwheat). The optimum basic parameters were determined, ensuring a maximum shelf life of up to eight months without losing the quality of the cereals and legume grain products. The said procedure was found as an effective measure for long-term storage of the extruded grain bases with sustainable safety and quality.

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15

Fischer, Carol L. "Antimicrobial Activity of Host-Derived Lipids." Antibiotics 9, no. 2 (February 11, 2020): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9020075.

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Host-derived lipids are increasingly recognized as antimicrobial molecules that function in innate immune activities along with antimicrobial peptides. Sphingoid bases and fatty acids found on the skin, in saliva and other body fluids, and on all mucosal surfaces, including oral mucosa, exhibit antimicrobial activity against a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, viruses, and fungi, and reduce inflammation in animal models. Multiple studies demonstrate that the antimicrobial activity of lipids is both specific and selective. There are indications that the site of action of antimicrobial fatty acids is the bacterial membrane, while the long-chain bases may inhibit cell wall synthesis as well as interacting with bacterial membranes. Research in this area, although still sporadic, has slowly increased in the last few decades; however, we still have much to learn about antimicrobial lipid mechanisms of activity and their potential use in novel drugs or topical treatments. One important potential benefit for the use of innate antimicrobial lipids (AMLs) as antimicrobial agents is the decreased likelihood side effects with treatment. Multiple studies report that endogenous AML treatments do not induce damage to cells or tissues, often decrease inflammation, and are active against biofilms. The present review summarizes the history of antimicrobial lipids from the skin surface, including both fatty acids and sphingoid bases, in multiple human body systems and summarizes their relative activity against various microorganisms. The range of antibacterial activities of lipids present at the skin surface and in saliva is presented. Some observations relevant to mechanisms of actions are discussed, but are largely still unknown. Multiple recent studies examine the therapeutic and prophylactic uses of AMLs. Although these lipids have been repeatedly demonstrated to act as innate effector molecules, they are not yet widely accepted as such. These compiled data further support fatty acid and sphingoid base inclusion as innate effector molecules.

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16

Mccarthy, Helen T., Christopher P. Ellis, Mary Lou Silva, and Barbara Mills. "Comparison of Volatile Acid Number Test with Enzymatic Acetic Acid Assay for Assessment of Seafood Quality." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 72, no. 5 (September 1, 1989): 828–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/72.5.828.

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Abstract Volatile acid number, an official AOAC method for assessing seafood quality, was compared with an enzymatic method for measuring acetic acid. Thirty-eight samples of fresh fish and 23 samples of canned fish were evaluated. The data showed high positive correlations between volatile acid number and enzymatic acetic acid methods; the correlation coefficient was 0.98 for fresh fish and 0.95 for canned fish. Positive correlation coefficients of 0.93 and 0.96 were also associated with samples of fish divided into 2 groups on the basis of acceptable or unacceptable quality, respectively. There was no significant difference between the means for the volatile acid number and enzymatic acetic acid procedures at the 5% level of significance. Decomposition studies on cod and mackerel, representing a lean and fatty fish, respectively, were monitored over 9 days by using the following analyses: volatile acid number, acetic acid, total volatile bases, and thiobarbituric acid. Results of the decomposition studies showed that enzymatic acetic acid levels closely paralleled volatile acid number values in both lean and fatty fish. Total volatile bases was a reliable supplemental measure for evaluating lean seafood quality, whereas thiobarbituric acid was more appropriate for further assessment of fatty fish quality.

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17

WANG, Guo-Li, Meredith L. MOORE та Jeanie B. McMILLIN. "A region in the first exon/intron of rat carnitine palmitoyltransferase Iβ is involved in enhancement of basal transcription". Biochemical Journal 362, № 3 (8 березня 2002): 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3620609.

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Carnitine palmitoyltransferase-Iβ (CPT-Iβ) catalyses the transfer of long-chain fatty acids to the enzymes of β-oxidation of muscle and heart. Transcriptional control of this regulatory protein is relevant to disorders of fatty acid oxidation and the switch to glucose metabolism that occurs in cardiac pathology. The presence of a transcriptional enhancer sequence in the first untranslated exon and first intron of the CPT-Iβ gene was identified using deletional and mutational analysis, and by ligation of an oleate responsive element (fatty acid response element) to a minimal promoter. The enhancer sequences are contained in the first 40 bases downstream of the transcription start site and increase CPT-Iβ reporter gene expression independent of any 5′ cis-acting elements. Deletion of the first 40 bases of the 3′-untranslated region does not affect the up-regulation of transcription by 10μM phenylephrine. However, mutation and/or deletion of bases between +11 and +30 dramatically decreases reporter gene expression. Electrophoretic mobility-shift assays reveal two DNA (+11 to +36)—protein complexes that appear cardiac specific. The exon/intron element enhances activation of the heterologous thymidine kinase promoter in a position- and orientation-dependent manner. Therefore we have identified a novel region in the first exon/intron of the CPT-Iβ gene that acts as a non-classical transcriptional enhancer downstream of regulatory elements characterized previously in the 5′-flanking region of the minimal promoter.

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18

Amaral, Alexandre U., Cristiane Cecatto, Janaína C. da Silva, Alessandro Wajner, and Moacir Wajner. "Mechanistic Bases of Neurotoxicity Provoked by Fatty Acids Accumulating in MCAD and LCHAD Deficiencies." Journal of Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Screening 5 (January 2017): 232640981770147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2326409817701472.

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19

Marchive, Chloé, Krisztina Nikovics, Alexandra To, Loïc Lepiniec, and Sébastien Baud. "Transcriptional regulation of fatty acid production in higher plants: Molecular bases and biotechnological outcomes." European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology 116, no. 10 (August 21, 2014): 1332–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejlt.201400027.

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20

Kowalska, Małgorzata, Paweł Turek, Anna Żbikowska, Monika Babut, and Jerzy Szakiel. "The Quality of Emulsions with New Synthetized Lipids Stabilized by Xanthan Gum." Biomolecules 11, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11020213.

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The study investigated the quality of emulsions containing rabbit fat modified with vegetable oil. The modification of the fat and introducing it as a fatty base into the emulsion was dictated by consumer preferences. Emulsion systems containing various fatty bases and viscosity modifier contents were evaluated in the terms of their stability (by means of Turbiscan test), texture properties, color, and viscosity. Moreover, the emulsions were assessed by a sensory panel in the context of the intensity of the following parameters: color, fragrance, consistency, greasiness, and hydration. The same characteristics were also subject to consumer evaluation. The results of the sensory assessment showed the sensory panel attributed higher scores to consistency and skin hydration to the emulsions formed with modified fats; these systems were more appreciated by consumers as well. The results confirmed a major role of sensory determinations in the development of new emulsion products. They also provide knowledge on modifications to product characteristics that would lead to the best possible quality and consumer acceptance. This research has also reaffirmed that looking for new fats among waste fats is becoming a solution to finding new fatty bases for emulsions. The natural origin of these components, and thus their agreeability with the human body, appear noteworthy as well. Enrichment with unsaturated fatty acids is an added advantage of the enzymatic modification of rabbit fat with pumpkin seed oil and can be applied not only for food but also for skin applications.

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21

McLaughlin, J. "Long-chain fatty acid sensing in the gastrointestinal tract." Biochemical Society Transactions 35, no. 5 (October 25, 2007): 1199–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0351199.

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The gastrointestinal tract actively responds to the presence of nutrients in the lumen, and there is a high level of specificity to these responses. This specificity exists for different nutrient types and anatomical regions, with physiologically appropriate target end-organ responses. This review will journey from outlining the effects of dietary fat on digestive function and feeding behaviour to the evidence for lipid sensory cells, particularly the enteroendocrine system, in the epithelium. It will also outline potential molecular bases for these mechanisms. This will deal exclusively with issues specific to fatty acid sensing and not the emergent acid pH-sensing mechanisms that may also be activated in the presence of free fatty acids.

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22

Hua, Yujiao, Chengcheng Wang, Shengnan Wang, Zixiu Liu, Xunhong Liu, Lisi Zou, Wei Gu, Yiyuan Luo, and Juanxiu Liu. "iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Pseudostellaria heterophylla from Geo-Authentic Habitat and Cultivated Bases." Current Proteomics 16, no. 3 (February 18, 2019): 231–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570164616666181116124050.

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Background: Pseudostellaria heterophylla is an important tonic traditional Chinese medicine. However, the molecular changes in the herb from geo-authentic habitat and cultivated bases remain to be explored. Objective: The purpose of this research was to study differences in P. heterophylla from geo-authentic habitat and cultivated bases. Methods: High-throughput technologies of transcriptomic and proteomic were used to identify proteins. Isobaric Tags for Relative and Absolute Quantification (iTRAQ) MS/MS has been utilized to evaluate changes in P. heterophylla from geo-authentic habitat and cultivated bases. Results: In this study, a total of 3775 proteins were detected, and 140 differentially expressed proteins were found in P. heterophylla from geo-authentic habitat and cultivated bases. 44 significantly differential expressed proteins were identified based on functional analysis classified into nine categories. Five differentially expressed proteins were confirmed at the gene expression level by Quantitative realtime PCR. Catabolic metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, and response to stress of oxidoreductases and transferases in P. heterophylla from geo-authentic habitat were stronger than in those from cultivated bases, but protein folding and response to stress of heat shock proteins, isomerases, rubisco large subunit-binding proteins, chaperone proteins, and luminal-binding proteins in herbs from cultivated bases were more active. ADG1 and TKTA could be the critical proteins to regulate sucrose; MFP2 and CYS may be the crucial proteins that control the metabolism of fatty acids and amino acids. Conclusion: These results will provide the basic information for exploring the differences in secondary metabolites in P. heterophylla from geo-authentic habitat and cultivated bases and the protein mechanism of its quality formation.

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23

KAIHO, FUSAO, YOSHIO TAKAHASHI, RIEKO ICHIHARA, AKIO WATANABE, TAKEHIKO YAMASHITA, and YURIKO KATO. "Application of Fatty Alcohols to Pharmaceutical Dosage Form. III. : Percutaneous Absorption of Indomethacin from Fatty Alcohol and Propylene Glycol (FAPG) Bases Consisting of a Mixture of Fatty Alcohol and Propylene Glycol." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 106, no. 1 (1986): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi1947.106.1_47.

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24

Jati, Putri Zulia. "PENGARUH PERENDAMAN JUS DAUN SALAM SYZYGIUM POLYANTHUM (WIGHT) TERHADAP KANDUNGAN ASAM LEMAK BEBAS, TOTAL VOLATILE BASES DAN ANTIOKSIDAN PADA TELUR ASIN ASAP." Jurnal Teknik Industri Terintegrasi 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31004/jutin.v4i1.3113.

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Duck eggs are a source of animal protein that has a delicious taste, easy to digest and highly nutritious so that it is loved by many people. In addition, eggs are easily damaged by the length of the trade chain and the improper storage process. The processed form of duck eggs, which until now is the best known and most favored by the people of Indonesia, is salted eggs. This study aimed to determine the effect of soaking salted eggs in bay leaf juice (Eugenia polyantha Wight.) at different concentration levels on the content of free fatty acids (FFA), total volatile bases (TVB) and antioxidants in smoked salted eggs. The experimental design used in this study was a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 5 treatments with 4 replications. The treatments consisted of: P0= Duck eggs + 0% bay leaf juice, P1 = Duck eggs + 25% bay leaf juice, P2 = Duck eggs + 50% bay leaf juice, P3 = Duck eggs + 75% bay leaf juice, P4 = Duck eggs + 100% bay leaf juice. The results showed that the effect of using salted egg soaking in bay leaf juice (Eugenia polyantha Wight.) showed a very significant effect (P<0.01) on FFA, TVB and antioxidants. It was concluded that the addition of bay leaf juice with a concentration of 25 to 100% in smoked salted eggs was able to reduce the number of free fatty acids, reduce the content of total volatile bases (TVB) and increase antioxidant activity. The use of the best concentration of 100% bay leaf juice is the lowest FFA 0.10 (%), the lowest TVB 2.32 (mgN%) and the lowest antioxidant 88.59 (mg/g). Keywords: Salted Egg, Free Fatty Acid (FFA), Total Volatile Bases (TVB), Antioxidant

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25

Fischer, Carol L., David R. Drake, Deborah V. Dawson, Derek R. Blanchette, Kim A. Brogden, and Philip W. Wertz. "Antibacterial Activity of Sphingoid Bases and Fatty Acids against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 56, no. 3 (December 12, 2011): 1157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.05151-11.

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ABSTRACTThere is growing evidence that the role of lipids in innate immunity is more important than previously realized. How lipids interact with bacteria to achieve a level of protection, however, is still poorly understood. To begin to address the mechanisms of antibacterial activity, we determined MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) of lipids common to the skin and oral cavity—the sphingoid basesd-sphingosine, phytosphingosine, and dihydrosphingosine and the fatty acids sapienic acid and lauric acid—against four Gram-negative bacteria and seven Gram-positive bacteria. Exact Kruskal-Wallis tests of these values showed differences among lipid treatments (P< 0.0001) for each bacterial species exceptSerratia marcescensandPseudomonas aeruginosa.d-Sphingosine (MBC range, 0.3 to 19.6 μg/ml), dihydrosphingosine (MBC range, 0.6 to 39.1 μg/ml), and phytosphingosine (MBC range, 3.3 to 62.5 μg/ml) were active against all bacteria exceptS. marcescensandP. aeruginosa(MBC > 500 μg/ml). Sapienic acid (MBC range, 31.3 to 375.0 μg/ml) was active againstStreptococcus sanguinis,Streptococcus mitis, andFusobacterium nucleatumbut not active againstEscherichia coli,Staphylococcus aureus,S. marcescens,P. aeruginosa,Corynebacterium bovis,Corynebacterium striatum, andCorynebacterium jeikeium(MBC > 500 μg/ml). Lauric acid (MBC range, 6.8 to 375.0 μg/ml) was active against all bacteria exceptE. coli,S. marcescens, andP. aeruginosa(MBC > 500 μg/ml). Complete killing was achieved as early as 0.5 h for some lipids but took as long as 24 h for others. Hence, sphingoid bases and fatty acids have different antibacterial activities and may have potential for prophylactic or therapeutic intervention in infection.

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Archondikis, A., and G. Papaioannou. "Comparative study of two dissolution methods for indomethacin suppositories from fatty and water-soluble bases." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 55, no. 2-3 (October 1989): 217–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-5173(89)90044-6.

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27

Kowalska, Małgorzata, Magdalena Woźniak, Anna Żbikowska, and Mariola Kozłowska. "Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Emulsions Containing Chemically Modified Fats and Different Hydrocolloids." Biomolecules 10, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10010115.

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The study aims to investigate the physicochemical properties and stability of the dispersion systems containing structured fats as a fatty base. In this work, calf tallow and pumpkin seed oil blends were chemically interesterified at various ratios (9:1, 3:1, 3:2, 3:3, 2:3, and 1:3) to produce structured lipids. Fatty acids composition, polar and nonpolar fraction content, and acid value were determined for the raw fats and interesterified blends. Afterwards, selected blends were applied in emulsion systems. Stability, microstructure, color and texture of emulsions were evaluated. The chemical interesterification had an effect on the modified blends properties, and caused an increase in polar fraction content and acid value, and a decrease in nonpolar fraction content. No effect on the fatty acids composition has been found. The evaluation of the prepared emulsions results allowed us to select two of the most stable and favorable samples—both containing chemically interesterified calf tallow and a pumpkin seed oil blend in a ratio of 1:3 as a fatty base, and xanthan gum or carboxymethylcellulose as a thickener. The obtained dispersions, containing fatty bases with improved physicochemical properties and desirable functionality, can be applied as food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical emulsions.

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Hori, Atsushi, Makoto Yamaura, Sunao Morita, Takeshi Uehara, Takayuki Honda, and Hiroya Hidaka. "Characterization of galactosyl and lactosyl sulfatide species in human serum by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 56, no. 5 (June 3, 2019): 574–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004563219849077.

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Background Sulfatides are found in a variety of tissues and serum lipoproteins. Sulfatide is a molecular species composed of various sphingoid bases, fatty acids and sugar chains; therefore, rapid analysis of the qualitative structure is important in clinical assessment. Methods In this study, sulfatide-rich fractions were isolated from serum lipids, and the sulfatide species were analysed by negative ion mode using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Results Sulfatide species identified in human serum included two different sugar chains, eight sphingoid molecules and various fatty acid side chains including hydroxy fatty acids. In total, 64 galactosyl sulfatides (SM4s) and 49 lactosyl sulfatides (SM3) were identified. Quantitatively, the amount of SM3 was less than 1% of the amount of SM4s. The fatty acids of SM4s of healthy serum ( n = 8) were predominantly C16:0 and a hydroxylation C16:0 (C16:0h), followed by very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) predominant species, and SM3 was a major component of VLCFAs. Conclusion This present study described a simple method of human serum sulfatide analysis using MALDI-TOF MS. This method is suitable for clinical laboratories and is likely to increase the understanding of the roles of sulfatide species in both physiological and disease states.

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29

Godoi, K. R. R., R. C. Basso, M. H. M. Buscato, L. P. Cardoso, T. G. Kieckbusch, and A. P. B. Ribeiro. "Dispersed free phytosterols as structuring agents in lipid systems with reduced saturated fat." Grasas y Aceites 68, no. 4 (January 8, 2018): 217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.0226171.

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The negative effects of trans fatty acids and saturated fatty acids in food have been widely discussed and this has led to progressive changes in the legislation of many countries. The use of structuring agents or crystallization modifiers, as specific triacylglycerol and minor lipids have been indicated as the only viable alternative for obtaining low saturated fats with properties which are compatible with food application. In this context, phytosterols, natural products with hypocholesterolemic action, and hard fat-crystallization modulators, present a new option for structuring lipid matrices. This work characterized the effects of fully hydrogenated soybean oil and free phytosterols on the physical properties and crystallization behavior of palm oil and canola oil blends for the development of zero trans-fat bases with low levels of saturated fatty acids. The systems were evaluated for chemical composition, atherogenic index, solid fat profiles, microstructure, consistency, thermal behavior and polymorphism.

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30

Wang, Ing-Kae, C. Reeves, and G. M. Gaucher. "Isolation and sequencing of a genomic DNA clone containing the 3′ terminus of the 6-methylsalicylic acid polyketide synthetase gene of Penicillium urticae." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 37, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 86–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m91-013.

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A 7.7-kilobase (kb) Penicillium urticae genomic DNA fragment containing the 3′ terminus of the 6-methylsalicylic acid polyketide synthetase gene was cloned using a 41-mer mixed oligodeoxynucleotide probe which was based on a cyanogen bromide cleavage peptide of 35 amino acids obtained from pure synthetase. Nucleotide sequence analysis of a 2.2-kb region of the cloned fragment revealed a large open reading frame of 1866 bases which was devoid of introns and which corresponded to amino acids of the carboxyl terminus of the enzyme. This was followed by a putative transcription termination–polyadenylation signal. A putative acyl carrier protein domain at the 3′ terminus was preceded by a β-ketoreductase domain. These functionalities were identified by amino acid sequences known to be characteristic of the active sites of fatty acid synthetase functional domains. Their relative positions contrast with those in yeast and P. urticae fatty acid synthetase genes where the two functional domains are located at the 5′ terminus and in reverse order. Furthermore, amino acid sequence identities indicated a striking homology with vertebrate rather than either yeast or P. urticae fatty acid synthetases. Key words: multifunctional enzyme, mycotoxin, Pencillium, polyketide synthetase, secondary metabolism.

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31

Gao, Daqing, Chiming Wei, Lei Chen, Jiawen Huang, Shiqi Yang, and Anna Mae Diehl. "Oxidative DNA damage and DNA repair enzyme expression are inversely related in murine models of fatty liver disease." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 287, no. 5 (November 2004): G1070—G1077. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00228.2004.

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Mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is increased in mice with fatty livers induced by genetic obesity, chronic consumption of ethanol, or methionine/choline-deficient diets. Both nuclear and mitochondrial (mt) DNA are targets for ROS-induced damage and accumulate hydroxylated bases, such as 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-oxoG) and base substitution of adenine with 8-oxoG (A*8-oxoG), that introduce mutations that promote cancer as well as cell death. The mammalian homolog of the bacterial DNA mismatch repair enzyme MutY (MYH) removes A*8-oxoG from nuclear and mtDNA, reduces 8-oxoG accumulation, and restores genomic stability after ROS exposure. Cumulative damage to mtDNA occurs as fatty liver disease progresses. Therefore, differences in hepatic MYH activity may influence the severity of fatty liver disease. To evaluate this hypothesis, we compared mtH2O2 production, MYH expression, oxidative DNA damage, and hepatocyte death in healthy mice and different mouse models of fatty liver disease. The results show that diverse causes of steatohepatitis increase mtROS production, limit repair of mtDNA, and oxidatively damage DNA. However, there are important differences in the DNA repair response to oxidant stress among mouse models of fatty liver disease. Independent of the degree of mtROS generation, models with the least MYH exhibit the greatest accumulation of 8-oxoG and the most hepatocyte death. These findings raise the intriguing possibility that inherited or acquired differences in DNA repair enzyme activity may underlie some of the interindividual differences in fatty liver disease outcomes.

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32

KAIHO, FUSAO, HIDEAKI NOMURA, ERI MAKABE, and YURIKO KATO. "Percutaneous absorption of indomethacin from mixtures of fatty alcohol and propylene glycol (FAPG bases) through rat skin: Effects of fatty acid added to FAPG base." CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN 35, no. 7 (1987): 2928–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/cpb.35.2928.

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33

Antipova, O. A., I. P. Zhavoronok, T. O. Pavlut, E. I. Pehtereva, T. B. Melik-Kasumov, S. A. Kodalenkova, A. L. Mihal’chuk, M. A. Kisel, and A. Yu Molchanova. "Chronic intoxication with liposomal fatty acid amides in the experiment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Medical series 16, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 142–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.29235/1814-6023-2019-16-2-142-150.

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The derivatives of fatty acids are considered as promising bases for the development of medicinal and cosmetic agents. In this regard, it is necessary to study their potential toxicity, including chronic. In repeated toxicity experiments on mice of C57BL6 line, the administration of N-palmitoyl-5-aminolevulinic acid (within liposomes) for 62 days was less toxic than N-palmitoylglycine injected in the same regimen, which resulted in lower mortality of animals. The toxic eﬀects of high doses, both PalGly and Pal-5-ALA, are characterized by a gender dependence: males were more sensitive to PalGly, whereas females - to Pal-5-Ala. Chronic administration of liposomes of phosphatidylcholine (without N-acylamino acids) caused the death of several mice, suggesting that the toxic eﬀects of PalGly and Pal-5-ALA in liposomal form are at least partly due to the inﬂuence of the liposomes themselves.

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Bezuglaya, Elena, Nikolay Lyapunov, Oleksii Lysokobylka, Oleksii Liapunov, Volodimir Klochkov, Hanna Grygorova, and Anna Liapunova. "Interaction of surfactants with poloxamers 338 and its effect on some properties of cream base." ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science, no. 6 (34) (December 30, 2021): 4–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2021.249312.

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The aim. Study of the interaction of surfactants with poloxamer 338 (P338) and the effect of P338 on the properties of cream bases. Materials and methods. Solutions of the surfactants and P338 as well as cream bases were under study. The average hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) and zeta potential (ζ‑potential) were determined by the light scattering intensity and electrophoretic mobility of micelles. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of spin probes in micelles, solvents and bases were obtained; the type of spectrum, isotropic constant (AN), rotational correlation times (τ) and anisotropy parameter (ε) were determined. Liquids and cream bases were studied by capillary and rotational viscometry; the flow behaviour and yield stress (t0), dynamic and apparent viscosity (η) as well as the hysteresis (thixotropic) area (AH) were determined. The microstructure of the bases was examined by optical microscopy. The strength of adhesion (Sm) was assessed by the pull-off test, and the absorption of water was studied by dialysis. Results. Under the impact of P338 the hydrodynamic diameters of micelles formed by cationic, anionic and nonionic surfactants decreased as well as the absolute values of their ζ‑potential became lower, but the microviscosity of the micelle nuclei increased. There was also a change in the structure of the aggregates of surfactant with fatty alcohols; EPR spectra, which were superpositions characteristic for the lateral phase separation, converted into triplets that indicated the uniform distribution of lipophilic probes in the surfactant phase. When the content of P338 increased to 17 %, the rheological parameters of the bases increased drastically, the flow behaviour and the microstructure changed. The bases had the consistency of cream within temperature range from 25 °C to 70 °C and completely restored their apparent viscosity, which had decreased under shear stress. P338 enhances the adhesive properties of the bases. Due to their microstructure, cream bases have a lower ability to absorb water compared to a solution and gel containing 17 % and 20 % P338, respectively. Conclusions. The structure of surfactant micelles and aggregates of surfactants with fatty alcohols changed under impact of P338 due to the interaction of surfactants with P338. As a result of this interaction, at a sufficiently high concentration of P338, the microstructure and flow behaviour of bases changed, their rheological parameters, which remain high at temperatures from 25 °C to 70 °C, increased significantly, and water absorption parameters decreased. The bases with P338 were more adhesive

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35

Liu, Keyuan, Xiaoyan Hao, Yang Li, Guobin Luo, Yonggen Zhang, and Hangshu Xin. "The relationship between odd- and branched-chain fatty acids and microbial nucleic acid bases in rumen." Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 30, no. 11 (November 1, 2017): 1590–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.16.0966.

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36

Rubino, Federico Maria, Michele Dei Cas, Monica Bignotto, Riccardo Ghidoni, Marcello Iriti, and Rita Paroni. "Discovery of Unexpected Sphingolipids in Almonds and Pistachios with an Innovative Use of Triple Quadrupole Tandem Mass Spectrometry." Foods 9, no. 2 (January 21, 2020): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9020110.

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The densely packed storage of valuable nutrients (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, micronutrients) in the endosperm of nuts and seeds makes the study of their complex composition a topic of great importance. Ceramides in the total lipid extract of some ground almonds and pistachios were searched with a systematic innovative discovery precursor ion scan in a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry, where iso-energetic collision activated dissociation was performed. Five descriptors were used to search components with different C18 long chain bases containing different structural motifs (d18:0, d18:1, d18:2, t18:0, t18:1). The presence of hexoside unit was screened with a specific neutral loss experiment under iso-energetic collision activated dissociation conditions. The discovery scans highlighted the presence of two specific hexosyl-ceramides with a modified sphingosine component (d18:2) and C16:0 or C16:0 hydroxy-fatty acids. The hexosyl-ceramide with the non-hydroxylated fatty acid seemed specific of pistachios and was undetected in almonds. The fast and comprehensive mass spectrometric method used here can be useful to screen lipid extracts of several more seeds of nutraceutical interest, searching for unusual and/or specific sphingosides with chemically decorated long chain bases.

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37

Moosbrugger, R. E., M. C. Wentzel, G. A. Ekama, and G. v. R. Marais. "A 5 pH Point Titration Method for Determining the Carbonate and SCFA Weak Acid/Bases in Anaerobic Systems." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 2 (July 1, 1993): 237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0112.

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A 5 pH point acid titration method is proposed to measure the short chain fatty acids, total carbonate species concentration and H2CO3*alkalinity in anaerobic systems. To test the method, aqueous solutions containing NaHCO3 (1990; 2488 mg/ℓ as CaCO3) and the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) acetic acid with concentrations ranging from 100 to 1000 mg/ℓ were titrated using the method; the H2CO3*alkalinity and SCFA estimates ranged around the expected values with an average standard deviation of 5 and 8 percent respectively. Estimates of the SCFA by the method and by Montgomery et al 's wet chemical method on the effluents of UASB reactors treating brewery and wine distillery waste correlated closely (r = 0.98). Other tests demonstrated as predicted that the presence of ammonium has a negligible effect on the derived results. However, phosphates can have a significant effect on the H2CO3*alkalinity but not on the SCFA estimates. The phosphate effect is eliminated in the derived estimates if its concentration is known. The method also identifies errors in pH due to the residual liquid junction effect or poor calibration and corrects the estimates accordingly; deliberately imposed pH calibration errors were identified and their error effects on the H2CO3*alkalinity and SCFA estimates largely corrected.

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38

Kohlwein, Sepp D., Sandra Eder, Chan-Seok Oh, Charles E. Martin, Ken Gable, Dagmar Bacikova, and Teresa Dunn. "Tsc13p Is Required for Fatty Acid Elongation and Localizes to a Novel Structure at the Nuclear-Vacuolar Interface inSaccharomyces cerevisiae." Molecular and Cellular Biology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 109–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.21.1.109-125.2001.

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ABSTRACT The TSC13/YDL015c gene was identified in a screen for suppressors of the calcium sensitivity of csg2Δ mutants that are defective in sphingolipid synthesis. The fatty acid moiety of sphingolipids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) that is synthesized by a microsomal enzyme system that lengthens the palmitate produced by cytosolic fatty acid synthase by two carbon units in each cycle of elongation. TheTSC13 gene encodes a protein required for elongation, possibly the enoyl reductase that catalyzes the last step in each cycle of elongation. The tsc13 mutant accumulates high levels of long-chain bases as well as ceramides that harbor fatty acids with chain lengths shorter than 26 carbons. These phenotypes are exacerbated by the deletion of either the ELO2 or ELO3gene, both of which have previously been shown to be required for VLCFA synthesis. Compromising the synthesis of malonyl coenzyme A (malonyl-CoA) by inactivating acetyl-CoA carboxylase in atsc13 mutant is lethal, further supporting a role of Tsc13p in VLCFA synthesis. Tsc13p coimmunoprecipitates with Elo2p and Elo3p, suggesting that the elongating proteins are organized in a complex. Tsc13p localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and is highly enriched in a novel structure marking nuclear-vacuolar junctions.

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Penteado, A. A. T., A. C. Nogueira, K. M. B. Gandra, D. Barrera-Arellano, and C. J. Steel. "Zero trans biscuits with soybean-based fats formulated using an artificial neural network." Grasas y Aceites 69, no. 2 (June 4, 2018): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/gya.1216172.

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Анотація:

This study applied Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technology to formulate zero trans fat blends derived from soybeans and to evaluate their performance when applied to the processing of sweet laminated biscuits. For the formulation of the blends, two interesterified soybean fats and soybean oil were used as bases. They were characterized in terms of melting point, solid fat content and fatty acid composition; and the biscuits produced were analyzed for their technological (dimensions, mass, volume, expansion, instrumental color and texture, moisture gradient and cracking) and physicochemical characteristics (total fat and moisture contents, water activity and fatty acid composition). It was possible to verify the use of ANN to develop zero trans fats derived from soybeans for application in sweet laminated biscuits, which represents an operational and financial advantage. Moreover, we showed the viability of using soybean fats/oil, raw materials of greater availability and lower cost, for the production of biscuits.

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40

Silva Ferreira, Carlos, Etienne Bodart, and Sonia Collin. "Why Craft Brewers Should Be Advised to Use Bottle Refermentation to Improve Late-Hopped Beer Stability." Beverages 5, no. 2 (June 4, 2019): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages5020039.

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The aromatic complexity of craft beers, together with some particular practices (use of small vessels, dry hopping, etc.), can cause more oxidation associated with pre-maturated colloidal instability, Madeira off-flavors, bitterness decrease, and aroma loss. As bottle refermentation is widely used in Belgian craft beers, the aim of the present work is to assess how this practice might impact their flavor. In fresh beers, key flavors were evidenced by four complementary techniques: short-chain fatty acids determination, esters analysis, XAD-2 extract olfactometry, and overall sensory analysis. In almost all of the fresh beers, isovaleric acid was the sole fatty acid found above its sensory threshold. Selected samples were further analyzed through natural aging at 20 °C. The presence of yeast in the bottle minimized the trans-2-nonenal released from Schiff bases and proved less deleterious than suggested by previous studies with regard to fatty acid release and ester decrease through aging. Furthermore, according to the yeast species selected, some interesting terpenols and phenols were produced from glucosides during storage.

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Tiven, Nafly Comilo. "MINIMIZE THE HYDROGENATION OF UNSATURATED FATTY ACID IN THE RUMEN WITH KAFFIR LIME (Citrus hystrix)." Buletin Peternakan 41, no. 3 (August 30, 2017): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v41i3.17787.

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This research aimed to know the ability of citronella from C. hystrix to protect unsaturated fatty acid of Tropical cooking oil on the hydrogenation process by rumen microbes. The in vitro fermentation test used rumen fluid of local female sheeps as source of microbial, Tropical cooking oil as a source of unsaturated fatty acids and C. hystrix leaves as source of cironela. Tropical cooking oil was mixed with Preston skim milk (1:2). The mixture were added by C. hystrix leaves with the level of 0%, 1%, 2%, 3% and 4% (dry weight bases) from the weight of the mixture, then mixed evenly into protected Tropical cooking oil. The data was analyzed by Completely Random Design. The difference of means the treatments were tested by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test. Result showed that oleic and linoleic resulting from fermenting Tropical cooking oil protected by citronela in C. hystrix was increase if it compare to unprotected. It can be concluded that Tropical cooking oil protected with citronelal C. hystrix was reduced hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acid, mainly oleic and linoleic.

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42

Ketsa, O. V., I. O. Shmarakov, and M. M. Marchenko. "Lipid peroxidation in cardiac mitochondrial fraction of rats exposed to different supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids." Biomeditsinskaya Khimiya 62, no. 1 (January 2016): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18097/pbmc20166201050.

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The effect of diet supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) used at different ratios of w-6/w-3 was studied on the content of primary (diene conjugates, DC; triene conjugates, TC), secondary (ketodienes, CD; coupled trienes, CT; TBA-active products) and terminal (Schiff bases) lipid peroxidation products (LPO) and generation of superoxide anion-radical in rat heart mitochondrial fraction. It was shown that diet supplementation with high doses of w-6 or w-3 PUFAs increased the content of primary, secondary and terminal LPO in rat heart mitochondrial fraction. Llipid peroxidation was accompanied by the intensification of superoxide anion-radical generation in rat heart mitochondrial fraction. During diet consumption with the PUFAs leading factor affecting the intensity of lipoperoxidation in rat heart mitochondria is fatty acid composition, rather than the level of their saturation.

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Ocaño-Higuera, Victor Manuel, Nathaly Montoya-Camacho, Enrique Marquez-Rios, Maria Teresa Sumaya-Martinez, Leticia Monica Sanchez-Herrera, Rosendo Balois-Morales, Francisco Javier Castillo-Yañez, Gerardo Navarro-Garcia, Alfonso Nivardo Maeda Martínez, and Edgar Ivan Jimenez-Ruiz. "Quality and shelf life of the gonad of lion's paw scallop transported and stored whole in refrigeration." Ciência Rural 45, no. 5 (May 2015): 920–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20149070.

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The effect of refrigerated 48h transport and 4 days storage on the quality and shelf life of the whole lion's paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus gonad was evaluated. Proximal composition, adenosine 5´triphosphate (ATP) and related products, K-value, total volatile bases (TVB-N), trimethylamine (TMA-N), pH, fatty acid profile and microbiological analyses were quantified. Gonad holds a significant composition of essential fatty acids while levels of gonadal ATP were initially low; moreover, K-value of the gonad remained constant. With respect to TVB-N and TMA-N, only the former exceeded allowed limits. The pH level showed no significant variation during storage and, despite the high level of TVB-N, according to the TMA-N as well as microbiological analyses it was demonstrated innocuity after 4 days under the transportation and storage conditions utilized.

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Ben Ayed, Rayda, Tejas Chirmade, Mohsen Hanana, Khalil Khamassi, Sezai Ercisli, Ravish Choudhary, Narendra Kadoo, and Rohini Karunakaran. "Comparative Analysis and Structural Modeling of Elaeis oleifera FAD2, a Fatty Acid Desaturase Involved in Unsaturated Fatty Acid Composition of American Oil Palm." Biology 11, no. 4 (March 30, 2022): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11040529.

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American oil palm (Elaeis oleifera) is an important source of dietary oil that could fulfill the increasing worldwide demand for cooking oil. Therefore, improving its production is crucial and could be realized through breeding and genetic engineering approaches aiming to obtain high-yielding varieties with improved oil content and quality. The fatty acid composition and particularly the oleic/linoleic acid ratio are major factors influencing oil quality. Our work focused on a fatty acid desaturase (FAD) enzyme involved in the desaturation and conversion of oleic acid to linoleic acid. Following the in silico identification and annotation of Elaeis oleifera FAD2, its molecular and structural features characterization was performed to better understand the mechanistic bases of its enzymatic activity. EoFAD2 is 1173 nucleotides long and encodes a protein of 390 amino acids that shares similarities with other FADs. Interestingly, the phylogenetic study showed three distinguished groups where EoFAD2 clustered among monocotyledonous taxa. EoFAD2 is a membrane-bound protein with five transmembrane domains presumably located in the endoplasmic reticulum. The homodimer organization model of EoFAD2 enzyme and substrates and respective substrate-binding residues were predicted and described. Moreover, the comparison between 24 FAD2 sequences from different species generated two interesting single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the oleic/linoleic acid contents.

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Melck, D., V. Di Marzo, T. Bisogno, L. De Petrocellis, and B. R. Martin. "Cannabimimetic Fatty Acid Derivatives: The Anandamide Family and Other 'Endocannabinoids'." Current Medicinal Chemistry 6, no. 8 (August 1999): 721–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867306666220401141630.

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In agreement with the highly lipophilic nature of (-)-Δ-<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol, all the endogenous ligands of cannabinoid receptors identified so far are derivatives of long chain fatty acids. N- Arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) and some of its polyunsaturated congeners have been found in mammalian brain and shown to activate the CB1 and, with a lower efficacy, CB2 cannabinoid receptor subtypes. More recently, 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), a widespread intermediate in the metabolism of phosphoglycerides, diacylglycerols and triglycerides, was also found to activate the cannabinoid receptors. The capability of palmitoylethanolamide, an anti-inflammatory metabolite, to activate CB2-Iike receptors is still being debated. Here we review: 1) the metabolic pathways suggested so far to underlie the biosynthesis and inactivation of anandamide and 2-AG, and 2) the current knowledge of the chemical bases for the interactions of anandamide and 2-AG with proteins of the 'endogenous cannabinoid system' characterized so far, i.e. the CB1 and CB2 receptor subtypes, the membrane 'anandamide carrier', which facilitates anandamide diffusion into cells, and the enzyme 'fatty acid amide hydrolase', which catalyzes anandamide and, to a certain extent, 2-AG hydrolysis in vivo.

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46

Hu, Xu, Gao, Li, Jiang, Liu, Su, and Yang. "Long-Chain Bases from Sea Cucumber Alleviate Obesity by Modulating Gut Microbiota." Marine Drugs 17, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17080455.

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This study evaluated the effects of long-chain bases from sea cucumber (SC-LCBs) on modulation of the gut microbiota and inhibition of obesity in high fat diet-fed mice. Results showed that SC-LCBs exerted significant antiobese effects, which were associated with the inhibition of hyperglycemia and lipid accumulation. SC-LCBs also regulated serum adipocytokines toward to normal levels. SC-LCBs caused significant decreases in Firmicutes, Actinobacteria phylum, and obesity-related bacteria (Desulfovibro, Bifidobacterium, Romboutsia etc. genus). SC-LCBs also elevated Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia phylum, and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs)-producing bacteria (Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group etc. genus). Moreover, serum and fecal lipoplysaccharide (LPS) concentrations and its dependent toll-line receptor 4 pathway were inhibited by SC-LCBs treatment. SC-LCBs caused increases in fecal SCFAs and their mediated G-protein-coupled receptors proteins. These suggest that SC-LCBs alleviate obesity by altering gut microbiota. Thus, it sought to indicate that SC-LCBs can be developed as food supplement for the obesity control and the human gut health.

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47

Kitamura, Takuya, Naoya Seki та Akio Kihara. "Phytosphingosine degradation pathway includes fatty acid α-oxidation reactions in the endoplasmic reticulum". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, № 13 (13 березня 2017): E2616—E2623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1700138114.

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Although normal fatty acids (FAs) are degraded via β-oxidation, unusual FAs such as 2-hydroxy (2-OH) FAs and 3-methyl-branched FAs are degraded via α-oxidation. Phytosphingosine (PHS) is one of the long-chain bases (the sphingolipid components) and exists in specific tissues, including the epidermis and small intestine in mammals. In the degradation pathway, PHS is converted to 2-OH palmitic acid and then to pentadecanoic acid (C15:0-COOH) via FA α-oxidation. However, the detailed reactions and genes involved in the α-oxidation reactions of the PHS degradation pathway have yet to be determined. In the present study, we reveal the entire PHS degradation pathway: PHS is converted to C15:0-COOH via six reactions [phosphorylation, cleavage, oxidation, CoA addition, cleavage (C1 removal), and oxidation], in which the last three reactions correspond to the α-oxidation. The aldehyde dehydrogenase ALDH3A2 catalyzes both the first and second oxidation reactions (fatty aldehydes to FAs). In Aldh3a2-deficient cells, the unmetabolized fatty aldehydes are reduced to fatty alcohols and are incorporated into ether-linked glycerolipids. We also identify HACL2 (2-hydroxyacyl-CoA lyase 2) [previous name, ILVBL; ilvB (bacterial acetolactate synthase)-like] as the major 2-OH acyl-CoA lyase involved in the cleavage (C1 removal) reaction in the FA α-oxidation of the PHS degradation pathway. HACL2 is localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. Thus, in addition to the already-known FA α-oxidation in the peroxisomes, we have revealed the existence of FA α-oxidation in the endoplasmic reticulum in mammals.

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Dornas, Waleska, and Detlef Schuppan. "Mitochondrial oxidative injury: a key player in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 319, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): G400—G411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00121.2020.

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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent liver disease worldwide. NAFLD is tightly linked to the metabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, and oxidative stress. Globally, its inflammatory form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), has become the main cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality, mainly due to liver cirrhosis and primary liver cancer. One hallmark of NASH is the presence of changes in mitochondrial morphology and function that are accompanied by a blocked flow of electrons in the respiratory chain, which increases formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in a self-perpetuating vicious cycle. Consequences are oxidation of DNA bases and mitochondrial DNA depletion that are coupled with genetic and acquired mitochondrial DNA mutations, all impairing the resynthesis of respiratory chain polypeptides. In general, several maladaptations of pathways that usually maintain energy homeostasis occur with the early and late excess metabolic stress in NAFLD and NASH. We discuss the interplay between hepatocyte mitochondrial stress and inflammatory responses, focusing primarily on events initiated and maintained by mitochondrial free radical-induced damage in NAFLD. Importantly, mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction are modulated by key pharmacological targets that are related to excess production of reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial turnover and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, mitophagy, and mitochondrial biogenesis. However, the efficacy of such interventions depends on NAFLD/NASH disease stage.

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Jokerst, Clinton, Carlos Rojas, Prasad Panse, Kris Cummings, Eric Jensen, and Michael Gotway. "February 2022 Medical Image of the Month: Multifocal Micronodular Pneumocyte Hyperplasia in the Setting of Tuberous Sclerosis." Southwest Journal of Pulmonary, Critical Care & Sleep 24, no. 2 (February 2, 2022): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.13175/swjpccs001-22.

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No abstract available. Article truncated at 150 words. A 22-year-old man with a known diagnosis of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) presents for a follow-up unenhanced chest CT to re-evaluate pulmonary nodules seen in the lung bases on a prior abdominal CT. The patient also has a history of multiple renal lesions consistent with lipid-poor angiomyolipomas based on previous abdominal MRI findings. The chest CT demonstrated multiple scattered, randomly distributed sub-centimeter pulmonary nodules of solid or subsolid morphology [Figure 1A]. Those nodules visible in the lung bases on the prior abdominal CT had remined stable over the 12-month interval consistent with multifocal microscopic pneumocyte hyperplasia (MMPH)[Figure 1B,C]. Myocardial fatty foci (MFF) were visualized in the heart on soft tissue window display settings [Figure 2A] as were multiple scattered sclerotic bone lesions on bone window display settings [Figure 2B,C]. No pulmonary cysts were seen to suggest lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) and there were no thoracic lymphangiomas. MMPH represents a benign hamartomatous proliferation …

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Wertz, Philip W., and Sarah de Szalay. "Innate Antimicrobial Defense of Skin and Oral Mucosa." Antibiotics 9, no. 4 (April 3, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics9040159.

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This special issue intends to review and update our understanding of the antimicrobial defense mechanisms of the skin and oral cavity. These two environments are quite different in terms of water, pH, and nutrient availability, but have some common antimicrobial factors. The skin surface supports the growth of a limited range of microorganisms but provides a hostile environment for others. The growth of most microorganisms is prevented or limited by the low pH, scarcity of some nutrients such as phosphorus and the presence of antimicrobial peptides, including defensins and cathelicidins, and antimicrobial lipids, including certain fatty acids and long-chain bases. On the other hand, the oral cavity is a warm, moist, nutrient rich environment which supports the growth of diverse microflora. Saliva coating the oral soft and hard surfaces determines which microorganisms can adhere to these surfaces. Some salivary proteins bind to bacteria and prevent their attachment to surfaces. Other salivary peptides, including defensins, cathelicidins, and histatins are antimicrobial. Antimicrobial salivary proteins include lysozyme, lactoferrin, and lactoperoxidase. There are also antimicrobial fatty acids derived from salivary triglycerides and long-chain bases derived from oral epithelial sphingolipids. The various antimicrobial factors determine the microbiomes of the skin surface and the oral cavity. Alterations of these factors can result in colonization by opportunistic pathogens, and this may lead to infection. Neutrophils and lymphocytes in the connective tissue of skin and mucosa also contribute to innate immunity.

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