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Статті в журналах з теми "Fats oils grease (FOG)"
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Parnell, Dan. "INNOVATIVE APPROACH TO FATS, OILS, AND GREASE (FOG) MANAGEMENT." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2005, no. 8 (January 1, 2005): 6737–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864705783858530.
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Shaffer, John, Stan Steinbach, Bart Hamlett, Wyatt Troxel, Frank Dryden, and Nancy Wheatley. "FATS, OILS, AND GREASE (FOG) CONTROL STUDY REPORT FOG Control Building Blocks." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2005, no. 8 (January 1, 2005): 6762–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864705783858819.
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Werlein, Brent. "Clearing the Fog Fats, Oils, and Grease Management and SSOs." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2018, no. 3 (January 1, 2018): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864718824941294.
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Palacios, Ronald N., Hansong Lee, Steven S. Fan, and Michael A. Soto. "From Grease to Gas: Anaerobic Digestion of Fats, Oils, Grease (FOG) at the Hyperion Treatment Plant." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2012, no. 14 (January 1, 2012): 2614–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864712811725979.
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Dominic, Christopher Cyril Sandeep, Megan Szakasits, Lisa O. Dean, and Joel J. Ducoste. "Understanding the spatial formation and accumulation of fats, oils and grease deposits in the sewer collection system." Water Science and Technology 68, no. 8 (October 1, 2013): 1830–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2013.428.
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Sanitary sewer overflows are caused by the accumulation of insoluble calcium salts of fatty acids, which are formed by the reaction between fats, oils and grease (FOG) and calcium found in wastewaters. Different sewer structural configurations (i.e., manholes, pipes, wet wells), which vary spatially, along with other obstructions (roots intrusion) and pipe deformations (pipe sags), may influence the detrimental buildup of FOG deposits. The purpose of this study was to quantify the spatial variation in FOG deposit formation and accumulation in a pilot-scale sewer collection system. The pilot system contained straight pipes, manholes, roots intrusion, and a pipe sag. Calcium and oil were injected into the system and operated at alkaline (pH = 10) and neutral (pH = 7) pH conditions. Results showed that solid accumulations were slightly higher at neutral pH. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis on the solids samples confirmed that the solids were indeed calcium-based fatty acid salts. However, the fatty acid profiles of the solids deviated from the profile found from FOG deposits in sewer systems, which were primarily saturated fatty acids. These results confirm the work done previously by researchers and suggest an alternative fate of unsaturated fatty acids that does not lead to their incorporation in FOG deposits in full-scale sewer systems.
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He, X., and F. L. de los Reyes. "Microbial and Chemical Characterization of Grease Interceptors for Removing Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG) in Sewer Lines." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2010, no. 11 (January 1, 2010): 5595–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864710798193635.
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McIlvaine, Lori, and Michael Flynn. "Clearing Up the FOG The Price of a Fats, Oils, and Grease Program." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2011, no. 8 (January 1, 2011): 6819–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864711802793443.
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Motta, Justin D., and Richard S. Parnas. "Creating Renewable Energy from the Effective Management of Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG)." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2015, no. 2 (January 1, 2015): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864715819559126.
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Kuan, Chai, Mark Neng, Yu-Bin Chan, Yoke-Leng Sim, Joel Strothers, and Lawrence Pratt. "Thermal Transformation of Palm Waste to High-Quality Hydrocarbon Fuel." Fuels 1, no. 1 (August 11, 2020): 2–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fuels1010002.
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Empty fruit bunches (EFB) are waste products in the palm oil industry. Upon pressing of EFB, a liquor is produced which contains low grade fats, oils, and greases (FOG). These are the least valuable products of palm oil production, and are often discarded as waste. It is shown here that the EFB pressed liquor can be thermally transformed at or below 350 °C to produce a series of hydrocarbons in the range of kerosene and diesel fuel. This is distinctly different from other studies of biofuels from palm oil, which were based entirely on biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester (FAME)) and biogas production. Furthermore, this transformation takes place without addition of an external catalyst, as was shown by comparison to reactions with the potential Lewis acid catalysts, ferric sulfate, and molecular sieves. The product distribution is similar to that obtained from brown grease, another waste FOG stream obtained from the sewage treatment industry, although the products from palm oil waste are less sensitive to reaction conditions.
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Shaffer, John, and Stan Steinbach. "FOG Control Additive Field Testing Evaluations Orange County Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG) Control Study Phase II." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2007, no. 11 (October 1, 2007): 6883–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864707787223899.
Повний текст джерелаДисертації з теми "Fats oils grease (FOG)"
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Lunnbäck, Johan. "Hydrodynamic cavitation applied to anaerobic degradation of fats, oils and greases (FOGs)." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema Miljöförändring, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-140685.
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To increase profitability for biogas production, new innovative substrates and condition of operations needs to be implemented. At the current state, fats, oils and greases (FOGs) represent a promising substrate even though it brings operational challenges to the anaerobic digestion process. By utilizing hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) as a pre-treatment of the FOGs, the efficiency of FOGs’ co-digestion with wastewater sludge can be significantly improved. Preliminary experiments conducted on oil and water demonstrates that the HC pre-treatment improves the oil solubilisation as well as forms stable oil and water emulsion that last for several hours. The pre-treatment also improved the soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD) of biosludge (BiSl) by up to 115% and the initial degradation rate by up to 35%. In a semi-continues system, this allowed a significant increment in the specific methane yield depending on the organic loading rate (OLR) applied1. With sufficient process optimization, the HC-pre-treatment may prove to be an energy efficient and effective pre-treatment of FOGs.
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Zhang, Junsong. "Utilization of Fats, Oils and Greases in Biodiesel Production: From to Market Study to Technical Feasibility." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1511801164066707.
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Young, Bradley. "Enhancement of the Mesophilic Anaerobic Co-digestion of Municipal Sewage and Scum." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23530.
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Scum is an integral component of solids management in MWWTP and is composed of fats, oils, grease and other entrained floatable materials that are collected during primary clarification. Lab scale BMP tests showed the addition of 14.5 g VS/L of scum exhibited the greatest increase in biogas production of 1.6 times per g VS added compared to the control, while a higher additional scum loading of 33.7 g VS/L reduced the biogas yield to 32% of the control reactor. Lab scale semi-continuous digestion measured the effects of scum loading and temperature of pretreatment in the scum concentrator. At 15 d and 20 d HRTs the greatest observed improvement in biogas was achieved by adding 3% scum by volume and pretreating the scum at 70°C in a scum concentrator with respective improvements of 24% and 16%.
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Tu, Qingshi. "Fats, Oils and Greases to Biodiesel: Technology Development and Sustainability Assessment." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1448037796.
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Kwong, Kai-chi Linda, and 鄺佳慈. "New approaches to oil and grease waste management in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2004. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255875.
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Hendricks, Ashley Alfred. "Isolation and characterisation of lipolytic bacteria and investigation of their ability to degrade fats, oils and grease in grain distillery wastewater." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97059.
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Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The large volumes of effluent water generated by distillery industries is an issue of great concern as it contains pollutants that must be treated according to environmental legislation. It has been reported that grain distillery wastewater (GDWW) is high in fats, oils and greases (FOG) that can be reduced by treating with suitable microorganisms. The objective of this study was to investigate the biodegradability of FOG in GDWW. This was done by isolating lipolytic bacteria from soil, which was situated close to the GDWW treatment plant at a distillery in Wellington, South Africa. These isolates were screened for lipolytic activity on various fat substrates. Secondly, the most desirable isolates were subjected to batch biodegradation trials using GDWW as substrate and tested for their ability to biodegrade FOG. Each of the four isolates, Pseudomonas fluorescens (1), Pseudomonas luteola (2), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3) and Bacillus licheniformis (4) were screened on three types of media: DifcoTM Spirit Blue Agar with Tributyrin (SBA-Tri); Victoria Blue B Agar with Cotton Seed Oil (VBB-CSO); and Victoria Blue B Agar with GDWW (VBB-GDWW) at different temperatures (25°C, 30°C, 37°C and 50°C) to determine optimal enzyme activity for lipolysis. Lipolysis was taken as positive when growth of dark blue colonies was formed or by the formation of a clear zone around the colony. Lipolysis was observed at all the aforementioned temperatures for P. fluorescens, P. luteola and S. maltophilia. Bacillus licheniformis failed to show any lipolytic activity at 50°C on the SBA-Tri. A decrease in lipolytic (clear) zone was observed at an increase in temperature from 25°C to 37°C for P. fluorescens. When VBB-GDWW was used as lipid substrate, isolates failed to indicate any clear zone of lipolysis, however, growth was present for all isolates in the form of a dark blue zone around colonies, which were also positive for lipolytic activity. Three lipolytic bacteria (P. luteola, S. maltophilia, and B. licheniformis) isolated from the above study were subjected to GDWW of various FOG concentrations (70 – 211 mg.L-1). These isolates were allowed to acclimatise to GDWW during a batch biodegradation period (18 – 21 d) at 37°C. Bacillus licheniformis showed the highest FOG reduction of 83% after 18 d exposure. All the strains showed that an initial acclimatisation phase improved the biodegradation of the FOG. A fatty acid profile was obtained for each batch biodegradation trial after the acclimatisation phase. It was found that these strains either biodegraded the fatty acids (FAs) or, as in the case of P. luteola, formed myristic and pentadecyclic acids from free FAs. The formation of FAs may have occurred through a process of inter-esterification. It was also found that certain precursors such as palmitoleic acid might be formed under aerobic or anaerobic conditions. In this study it was shown that biodegradation of FOG can be improved by an initial acclimatisation period. Single cultures with the desirable properties can be used to lower the FOG in GDWW and need not be used in mixed cultures that could produce inhibitory components that would otherwise upset the biodegradation activity of isolates present. Bacillus licheniformis could be used as a FOG-degrading isolate during the treatment of wastewaters high in FOG. However, future studies should focus on bioaugmenting the FOG degrading bacteria from this study with other strains to monitor its activity and ensure survival and activity in larger scale studies.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die groot volumes afloopwater wat opgelewer word deur die distilleer-industrie is ‘n kwessie wat groot kommer wek aangesien dit groot hoeveelhede besoedelende stowwe bevat. Daarom moet dit, volgens omgewingsverwante wetgewing, behandel word. Daar is voorheen gerapporteer dat graandistillerings-afloopwater (GDAW) hoog is in vette, olies en ghries (VOG) en dat hierdie VOG verminder kan word deur die GDAW te behandel met toepaslike mikroörganismes. Die oorhoofse doelstelling van hierdie studie was om die bioafbreekbaarheid van die VOG in GDAW te ondersoek. Dit is eerstens gedoen deur lipolitiese bakterieë uit grond wat naby ‘n graandistillerings-aanleg (Wellington, SuidAfrika) geleë is, te isoleer. Verskeie vetsubstrate is gebruik om hierdie isolate vir lipolitiese aktiwiteit te toets. Tweedens is die verkose isolate getoets vir lipolitiese aktiwiteit deur gebruik te maak van lot-bio-afbreekbaarheidsmetode. Tydens hierdie metode is GDAW as substraat gebruik en die verskillende bakterieë se vermoë om VOG af te breek is getoets. Om die optimale ensiemaktiwiteit vir lipolise van elk van die vier isolate nl. Pseudomonas fluorescens (1), Pseudomonas luteola (2), Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (3) en Bacillus licheniformis (4), vas te stel, is elk getoets op drie verkillende media: “DifcoTM Spirit Blue Agar” met Tributirien (SBA-Tri); “Victoria Blue B Agar” met Katoensaadolie (VBB-KSO); en “Victoria Blue B Agar” met GDAW (VBB-GDAW) teen verskillende temperature (25°C, 30°C, 37°C en 50°C). Indien donker-blou kolonies gevorm is of ‘n deursigbare sone rondom ‘n kolonie waargeneem is, is lipolise as “positief” beskou. Lipolise is waargeneem teen alle voorafgenoemde temperature vir P. fluorescens, P. luteola en S. maltophilia. Bacillus licheniformis het nie lipolitiese aktiwiteit getoon teen 50°C op SBA-Tri. ‘n Afname in die deursigbare sone is waargeneem teenoor ‘n toename in temperatuur vanaf 25°C tot 37°C vir P. fluorescens. In die geval van VBB-GDAW as lipiedsubstraat, het isolate geen deursigbare sone vir lipolise getoon nie. Daar was egter ‘n donker-blou sone rondom kolonies teenwoordig, wat ook positief is vir lipolitiese aktiwiteit. Drie lipolitiese bakterieë (P. luteola, S. maltophilia, and B. licheniformis) is geïsoleer uit bogenoemde studie en is aan inkubasie in GDAW teen verksillende VOGkonsentrasies (70 – 211 mg.L-1) blootgestel. Hierdie isolate is toegelaat om te akklimatiseer tot die GDAW tydens ‘n lot-bio-afbreekbaarheidstydperk (18 – 21 d) teen 37°C. Bacillus licheniformis het die hoogste VOG-afname van 83% na 18 d blootstelling getoon. Alle bakterieë het getoon dat ‘n aanvanklike akklimatiserings-tydperk die bioafbreekbaarheid van die VOG verbeter. ‘n Vetsuur-profiel is verkry vir elk van die lot-bio afbreekbaarheidstoetse na die akklimatiserings-fase. Daar is bevind dat hierdie bakterieë óf die vetsure afgebreek het óf, soos in die geval van P. luteola, miristiese en pentadesikliese sure, vanaf vry-vetsure, gevorm het. Die vorming van vetsure is moontlik as gevolg van die proses van inter-esterifikasie. Dit is verder bevind dat sekere voorlopers, soos palmitoë-oleïensuur, gevorm kan word onder aërobies of anaërobiese toestande. In hierdie studie is getoon dan die bio-afbreekbaarheid van VOG verbeter kan word deur ‘n aanvanklike akklimatiserings-tydperk toe te pas. Enkel-kulture met die verkose eienskappe kan gebruik word om die VOG in GDAW te verminder. Gemengde kulture, wat inhiberende komponente produseer wat moontlik die bio-afbreekbaarheids proses negatief kan beïnvloed, hoef dus nie gebruik te word nie. Bacillus licheniformis kan gebruik word as ‘n VOG-afbrekende isolaat tydens die behandeling van afloopwater wat hoog in VOG is. Verdere studies moet egter fokus op die samevoeging van VOGafbrekende bakterieë vanuit hierdie studie asook ander bakterieë om die aktiwiteit daarvan te monitor en sodoende oorlewing en aktiwteit op ‘n groter skaal te verseker.
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Barton, Paul. "Enhancing separation of fats, oils and greases (FOGs) from catering establishment wastewater." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2012. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/8052.
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Removal of fats, oils and greases (FOG) from commercial food premises prior to discharge of wash waters into the sewer is critical in restricting blockage events. The FOG droplets that form are commonly removed in passive gravity separators. Enhanced separation through design modification, would allow a reduction in size required to achieve target removal. The aim of the project was to determine the feasibility of enhancing removal of FOGs in gravity separation devices and or in post treatment units. The thesis work examined the effect characteristics of oil droplet size and density had on FOG removal with a view to increasing droplet rise rates and hence separation. Examination of kitchen wastewater from a number of restaurants established that droplet sizes were typically in the mechanically emulsified oil size range, often with high zeta potential indicating electrostatic stabilisation of suspensions. Oil removal rates were examined using different oils typical of food preparations in laboratory scale experiments. Under a fixed energy input the different oils produced different droplet size distributions such that very different separation efficiencies were observed. The removal rates obtained allowed the prediction of oil removal from a sample in a given time when the median droplet size and density of the oil were known. For effective understanding of separator design and testing, droplet densities and sizes must be adequately measured and replicated. In addition, the light fuel oil used in the certification test produced very unstable suspensions, easily separable in the standard testing conditions, proving it a poor surrogate test material. Pre-formed droplets of sunflower oil were treated in a vertically aligned reaction chamber with an ultrasonic transducer fitted at the base. FOG removal, measured as HEM removal, was monitored as a function of power input, frequency, reactor size and residence time, the incoming flow entered counter currently to the ultrasonic wave propagation. The ultrasound treatment procedure removed 80% of oil from a suspension of droplets in the mechanically emulsified oil size range during the course of a 54 minute continuous experiment compared to 20-30% removal in the case of an equivalent separated without ultrasonic enhancement. The enhanced separation was found to be dependent on the power input and the reactor size. Application of ultrasound energy in modified grease separators to remove short-circuiting droplets would allow a reduction in overall size of units through reduced residence time requirement.
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Acharya, Ashwini. "Characterization of spherical boron nitride-filled greases for thermal interface material applications." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2006.
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Thesis (M.S.)--State University of New York at Binghamton, Thomas J. Watson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Systems Science and Industrial Engineering Department, 2006.Includes bibliographical references.
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Mukandi, Melody. "Modelling of a bioflocculant supported dissolved air flotation system for fats oil and grease laden wastewater pretreatment." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2637.
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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.In the recent past, the poultry industry in South Africa has grown due to an increased demand of poultry products as a result of population growth and improved living standards. Furthermore, this has led to poultry slaughterhouses generating high strength wastewater which is laden with a high concentration of organic and inorganic pollutants from the slaughtering process and sanitation of equipment and facilities. As a result, South Africa has promulgated restrictions and a set of quality standards for effluent discharged into the environment to minimize ecological degradation and human health impact. Hence, there is a need for improved Poultry Slaughterhouse Wastewater (PSW) pre-treatment prior to either discharge into municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) or on-site secondary treatment processes such as anaerobic digesters. Additionally, amongst the pre-treatment methods for Fats, Oil and Grease (FOG) laden wastewater, flotation remains the most popular with Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) system being the most applied. However, modelling and optimization of a biological DAF system has never been attempted before in particular for a bioflocculant supported DAF (BioDAF) for PSW pre-treatment. Process modelling and optimization involves process adjustment to optimize influential parameters. In this study, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to develop an empirical model of a BioDAF for pre-treatment of PSW, for which a bioflocculant producer including production conditions, flocculant type and its floc formation mechanism, were identified. Twenty-one (n = 21) microbial strains were isolated from the PSW and their flocculation activity using kaolin clay suspension (4g/L) was quantified, with a mutated Escherichia coli (mE.coli) [accession number LT906474.1], having the highest flocculation activity even in limited nutrient conditions; hence, it was used for further analysis in other experiments. Furthermore, the optimum conditions for bioflocculant production achieved using RSM were pH of 6.5 and 36°C conditions which induced instantaneous bioflocculant production with the highest flocculation activity. The bioflocculant produced by the mE.coli showed the presence of carboxyl/amine, alkyne and hydroxyl functional groups, which was indicative that the bioflocculant contained both polysaccharides and some amino acids.
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Tran, Nghiep Nam. "Optimization of the production of biodiesel from recycled grease trap waste." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/114250.
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This thesis investigated the technical and economic feasibilities of biodiesel produced from recycled grease trap waste (GTW) which accumulates in the wastewater system coming from food outlets and food processing sectors. The study was carried out by performing four principal tasks, these being: (1) extraction of fats, oils and grease (FOG) from GTW and investigation of its characterisation as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production; (2) development of an analytical methodology for the quantitative analysis of free fatty acid ethyl ester profiles; (3) optimisation of the process parameters for the synthesis of biodiesel from the extracted FOG via esterification and transesterification reactions; (4) scaling-up the laboratory-based process using a process simulator, and evaluating the economic feasibility of producing biodiesel from GTW.
The GTW investigated in this study was provided by Peats Soil and Garden Supplies Ltd. Pty., (Adelaide, South Australia). The provided GTW was collected from the floating grease layer in a storage tank in which the lipid content was concentrated due to its lower density (approximately 51 wt%). Lipid extraction was then performed at ambient temperature (25ºC), employing hexane (HEX) and diethyl ether (DEE) as the solvents. A 97% lipid yield was obtained under the optimum operating conditions, these being: 1:1 DEE to GTW ratio (v/w); 300 rpm stirring speed, and 5 hr reaction time.
Due to the high level of free fatty acids (>80 wt%) in the extracted oil, the esterification reaction was then conducted to reduce the FFA level in the feedstock. Two approaches, an esterification reaction with the use of the co-solvent acetone, and an esterification reaction without acetone were investigated and optimized. The optimal conditions for both reactions were determined using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD). Optimum conditions for the esterification reaction without acetone were found to be 6:1 ethanol to oil molar ratio, 3 hr reaction time, 75ºC reaction temperature, and 3 wt% H₂SO₄ loading per FOG weight. In the presence of acetone, the optimal conditions were 35% v/v acetone to FOG, 6:1 ethanol to oil molar ratio, 3 hr reaction time, and 3 wt% H₂SO₄ loading. The ester yields obtained were 81 wt% and 80 wt%, respectively.
The crude oil obtained from the previous pre-treatment was then subjected to a transesterification reaction to convert the remaining glycerides to ethyl esters. Two approaches, which were specified by the priority of the added components, were investigated to determine the optimal operating parameters. The results showed that a 96.7 wt% ester yield could be obtained under the optimum conditions, which were; 4:1 ethanol to oil molar ratio, 1 hr reaction time, 65ºC reaction temperature, and 1 wt% KOH loading. Importantly, approximately 30% of the excess ethanol could be reduced when ethanol and the base catalyst were heated first, while the extracted oil was added later at a specific rate. It was also found that the characterization of the GTW-derived biodiesel obtained satisfied most of the performance and compositional parameters required by the Australian Biodiesel Standard.
After obtaining the optimal process parameters, two simulation models were constructed using Aspen Plus® V8.8 to generate the equipment and utility data required for the economic evaluation. Those simulation models were classified by the use of the co-solvent acetone in the esterification reaction. The result showed that the minimum production price of GTW-derived biodiesel was US$1,337.5/t, obtained through the process without using acetone. It can be concluded that the production of biodiesel from recycled greases is technically feasible and the economic aspect is also promising, although further studies need to be conducted to produce a biodiesel fuel which all satisfies the current mandatory standards.Thesis (Ph.D.) (Research by Publication) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2018
Книги з теми "Fats oils grease (FOG)"
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US GOVERNMENT. An Act to Require the Head of Any Federal Agency to Differentiate between Fats, Oils, and Greases of Animal, Marine, or Vegetable Origin, and Other Oils and Greases, in Issuing Certain Regulations, and for Other Purposes. [Washington, D.C.?: U.S. G.P.O., 1995.
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Ducoste, Joel J., John W. Groninger, and Kevin M. Keener. Fats, Roots, Oils, and Grease (FROG) in Centralized and Decentralized Systems. IWA Publishing, 2009.
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Division, DynCorp Environmental Programs, and United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Water., eds. Report of EPA efforts to replace freon for the determination of oil and grease and total petroleum hydrocarbons: Phase II. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, 1995.
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Maj, Dorota. Modyfikujący wpływ roślinnych dodatków paszowych na użytkowość mięsną i ekspresję wybranych genów u królików w zależności od wieku i płci. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-29-8.
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The aim of the study was to determine the effect of feed additives (algae, soybean, and sunflower oil) used in the rabbit feed on: growth indices and slaughter traits, pH, colour, texture, chemical composition, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability (TBARS) of the meat as well as FTO and FABP4 genes expression in the meat’s intramuscular fat (m. longissimus lumborum), depending on the age and sex. The experimental material consisted of Termond White rabbits (n = 160, 80 females and 80 males). Animals were weaned on the 35th day of life, and housed in metal cages arranged in batteries (4 rabbits of the same sex in a cage). From weaning to 12 or 18 weeks of age, the rabbits were fed pellets ad libitum. Animals in the control group (C) received non-supplemented pellets throughout the experiment. In the other groups, the pellet contained 1% algae (A), 3% sunflower oil (OS), and 3% soybean oil(SO).The experimental diets were formulated to have similar protein and energy content. Diets were balanced by lowering the proportion of other feed components. The total share of all components remained at 100%. The results indicate that 3% vegetable oils (soybean or sunflower) supplementation of diets for growing rabbits leads to an increase of body weight and improvement of some of the slaughter traits, while 1% addition of algae to the feed causes deterioration of body weight and slaughter traits. The effect of oil additive depends on the animals’ age. Supplementation of the rabbits’ diet with algae (1%) or sunflower and soybean oils (3%) led to an increase in the dressing percentage of rabbits slaughtered at 18 weeks of age (approx. 3%), but had no effect on the dressing percentage of rabbits slaughtered at 12 weeks of age. Feeding pellets with either 3% vegetable oils or 1% algae additive to the rabbits did not significantly change the chemical composition of the meat. Protein content increased and intramuscular fat content decreased with age, while ash and water content were similar. The feed additives significantly differentiated meat acidity without deteriorating meat quality. Diet modification has not affected negatively meat colour. 24 h after the slaughter, the colour of rabbit meat was similar across the studied feeding groups. Correlation between diet and rabbits’ age was found. Meat texture (hardness, springiness and chewiness) of all rabbit groups slaughtered at 12 weeks of age was similar, and the shear for cewas greater in rabbits fed pellets with algae and soybean oil. At 18 weeks of age, rabbit meat from experimental groups had lower hardness and chewiness, compared to meat of the animals from the control group. Meat shear force was higher in the control group, and from algae-supplemented group. The correlation between diet and age was also found. The use of 3% vegetable oils or 1% algae as feed additives significantly reduced meat oxidative stability. Soybean or sunflower oil (3%) usedas feed additives favourably modified the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content was increased, including linoleic acid, and PUFA/MUFA ratio was improved. The content of these acids decreased with age. The use of algae (1%) as a feed additive resulted in positive effect on the increase of n-3 fatty acid content (EPA and DHA) in meat intramuscular fat. Algae supplementation improved pro-health properties of meat, with low n-6/n-3 acid ratio (2.5), indicating that diet modification may affect the fatty acid composition of rabbit meat. The influence of diet and age on FTO and FABP4 gene expression in meat intramuscular fat (m. longissimus lumborum) was found. FTO and FABP4 gene expression increased with age and was the highest in the group of rabbits with 1% algae supplementation in the diet. The effect of rabbits’ gender on growth, slaughter traits, meat quality and gene expression in rabbits was not observed. In conclusion, the use of natural feed additives, such as sunflower, soybean oil or algae, can improve the nutritional value of rabbit meat, without changing its chemical or physical properties, and therefore the meat can serve as functional food, with properties beneficial to human health. The results obtained in this study also indicate that the expression of FTO and FABP4 genes in rabbit muscles is regulated by dietary factors and age, which, in addition to cognitive significance, has practical implications for improving technological and dietary quality of rabbit meat.
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Toprani, Anand. Oil and the Great Powers. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198834601.001.0001.
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During the first half of the twentieth century, a lack of oil constrained Britain and Germany from exerting their economic and military power independently. Having fought World War I with oil imported from the United States, Britain was determined to avoid relying upon another great power for its energy needs ever again. Even before the war had ended, Whitehall began implementing a strategy of developing alternative sources of oil under British control. Britain’s key supplier would be the Middle East—already a region of vital importance to the British Empire, but one whose oil potential was still unproven. There turned out to be plenty of oil in the Middle East, but Italian hostility after 1935 threatened British transit through the Mediterranean. As war loomed in 1939, Britain’s quest for independence from the United States was a failure. Germany was in an even worse position than Britain. The Third Reich went to war dependent on petroleum synthesized from coal, meager domestic crude oil production, and overland imports—primarily from Romania. German leaders were confident, however, that they had sufficient oil to fight a series of short, localized campaigns that would deliver to them the mastery of Europe. Their plan derailed following Germany’s swift victory over France, when Britain refused to make peace. This left Germany responsible for satisfying Europe’s oil requirements while cut off from world markets. A looming energy crisis in Axis Europe, an absence of strategic alternatives, and ideological imperatives all compelled Germany to invade the Soviet Union in 1941—a decision that ultimately sealed its fate.
Частини книг з теми "Fats oils grease (FOG)"
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Deaver, Jessica A., and Sudeep C. Popat. "Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG): Opportunities, Challenges, and Economic Approaches." In Handbook of Waste Biorefinery, 285–308. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06562-0_10.
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Cavagnaro, Peter V., and Kenneth E. Kaszubowski. "Pretreatment Limits for Fats, Oil and GreasE." In Proceedings of the 43rd Industrial Waste Conference May 10, 11, 12, 1988, 777–89. CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781351076012-88.
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Fereira, C. C., E. C. Costa, D. A. R. de Castro, M. S. Pereira, A. A. Mâncio, M. C. Santos, D. E. L. Lhamas, et al. "Fractional Distillation of Organic Liquid Compounds Produced by Catalytic Cracking of Fats, Oils, and Grease." In Distillation - Innovative Applications and Modeling. InTech, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/66759.
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Zalasiewicz, Jan. "The oil window." In The Planet in a Pebble. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199569700.003.0016.
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It is a few million years later—perhaps three, perhaps five. Sediment has been pouring onto a Silurian sea floor that will, much later, be sliced into by a different sea and become the rugged cliff-fringed coastline of central Wales. It has been pouring in so thick and fast that our pebble stuff is now some two kilometres or more down below that sea floor. This is quite rapid burial, even by geological standards, and one can blame changing geography for that. To produce a lot of sediment, there is need for a lot of erosion, and also for the production of something that can be eroded—that is, uplands and mountains on land. On Earth, such production of topography is supplied by the marvellous machine of plate tectonics. And at that time, the ocean between Avalonia and Scotland, that we call the Iapetus Ocean, had just about closed, and those two landmasses were just beginning to nudge into each other. Soft collision, it’s called, when the pressure from the adjoining continents is just enough for sections of crust to begin to be pushed up and (to compensate) pushed down in different places—but not enough for the wholesale crumpling that goes with the creation of great mountain ranges. Thus, the landmass that was then in, and just south of, what is today South Wales was driven upwards, while the floor of the sea that then covered Wales was forced downwards. The resultant flood of sediment was Nature’s means of trying to restore equilibrium. Here, the particular pattern of squashing of the pebble stuff is linked with those enormous, mysterious movements of continents hundreds and thousands of kilometres away. And mysterious they certainly were, for on the heels of the soft collision should have followed the hard collision and mountain-building. But it didn’t. The mountain-building did take place—but only eventually, and not until many millions of years later. The Welsh mountains are quite a bit younger than they should be—and so that story will have to wait. Another story developed in splendid isolation from such tectonic violence. We can showcase it now.
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Keefer, Robert F. "Soil Organic Matter." In Handbook of Soils for Landscape Architects. Oxford University Press, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195121025.003.0018.
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Soil organic matter (SOM) is probably the most important constituent of soils. The effect of SOM on soil properties far exceeds the relative percentage of this material in soils. The small amount of organic matter in soils, usually from 1 to 5%, is very important in providing a reserve food source for microorganisms and higher plants. Almost all properties of SOM are beneficial for plant growth. Soil organic matter can be defined as a complex, heterogeneous mixture of plant and animal remains in various stages of decay, microbial cells—both living and dead—microbially synthesized compounds, and derivatives of all of the above through microbial activity. Soil organic matter is probably the most complex of all naturally occurring substances. Some compounds in SOM are distinctive to soil and are not present in plants or animals. By examining the composition of SOM, one can see why it is such a complex material. The following compounds have been isolated from chemical SOM extracts: . . . 1. Carbohydrates (sugars, polysaccharides)—about 75% of dry weight 2. Lignin (a plant polymer of phenyl propane units) 3. Proteins (combinations of amino acids) 4. Hydrocarbons—fats, waxes, resins, and oils 5. Tannins (phenolic substances) 6. Pigments (chlorophyll) 7. Organic acids (many in the biochemical Krebs cycle) 8. Miscellaneous compounds—includes organic P, organic S, polynuclear hydrocarbons, nucleic acid derivatives, alcohols, aldehydes, esters, etc. . . . Whenever organic materials are added to a soil the physical properties of soil structure, water-holding capacity, and soil color are changed. The extent of change in these properties depends on the amount and type of organic material added, the soil microorganisms present in the soil, and the speed at which decomposition occurs. Aggregation and granulation (crumb formation) is increased by polysaccharides produced by microorganisms during decomposition. This improves soil tilth (ability to work the soil) and helps stabilize the soil crumbs. The ability of a soil to hold water is greatly increased by addition of SOM. This results in greater infiltration (water moving into the soil) and adsorption of water by the SOM, with consequently less erosion and loss of soil particles and fertility.
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Martin, Terrance J. "Use of Black Bears in the Western Great Lakes Region and the Riddle of the Perforated Bear Mandibles." In Bears, 108–37. University Press of Florida, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683401384.003.0006.
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Zooarchaeological studies in the western Great Lakes region have noted increases in black bear (Ursus americanus) remains at Native sites after European contact. Researchers have attributed this to a loss of reverence for bears by Native hunters after the establishment of the European fur trade when bears were procured by Natives and Europeans for their hides, fat, and oil. A review of bear remains from more than thirty Precontact and Colonial period sites focuses on how the species was used over time by considering bear-to-cervid ratios, composition of bear skeletal portions, and presence of crania. A unique phenomenon is the discovery at several early Colonial period Native sites of more than 40 bear mandibles that were modified to function as stropping tools.
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van Santen, Rutger, Djan Khoe, and Bram Vermeer. "Our Mission." In 2030. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195377170.003.0003.
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There was no shortage of unprecedented events as we were writing this book. Oil and food prices rocketed and then fell back to Earth; there was a devastating earthquake in Haiti; banks failed; and a new flu virus sparked a worldwide pandemic alert. None of these developments was predicted a year in advance—or at least, not loudly enough to be heard. For all our technological and forecasting skills, we proved unable to take appropriate measures in advance. Technology has been helping us satisfy our material needs since prehistoric times. We learned how to till the soil, how to communicate with one another, and how to stay healthy. Almost everyone in the Western world now has enough to eat, a roof over their heads, and clean water. A great many basic needs have therefore been met—so much so that some observers now claim that the need for further technological advances is diminishing. Recent events argue against such a view. Humanity is increasingly confronted with crises that, for the first time in our history, are global in scope. The food shortages we saw in 2007 occurred simultaneously in Asia, Africa, and South America; the recession that took hold in 2008 did so simultaneously worldwide; and when the flu pandemic broke out in 2009, germs were able to cross between continents in a matter of days. Climate change and oil depletion, meanwhile, are no less global challenges that we will face in the decades ahead. The globalization of disaster is itself rooted in our technology. Generations of engineers have steadily woven an international web of industries, communications, and markets that has resulted in planetary interdependence. These global networks are now so tightly knit that we share a common fate. We will now survive together or quite possibly perish together. The authors of this book are concerned about the new scale on which many of these pressing problems are now manifesting themselves. Because technology has been a key factor in triggering these issues in the first place, we believe it should also be part of solving them and of preventing similar problems from arising in the future.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Fats oils grease (FOG)"
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Palacios, Ronald N., Steven S. Fan, Hansong Lee, and Michael A. Soto. "From Grease to Gas: Anaerobic Digestion of Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG) at the Hyperion Treatment Plant." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54108.
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Anaerobic digestion of high-strength organic wastes, such as Fats, Oils, and Grease (FOG) has become increasingly popular among wastewater treatment facilities in Southern California [1]. In 2010, the City of Los Angeles’ Hyperion Treatment Plant started running its own FOG Digestion Pilot Project. The project injects processed grease trap wastewater (FOG) into one of 16 anaerobic digesters at the facility. A partnership was formed between the Hyperion Treatment Plant (HTP) and Baker Commodities, Inc., a Grease rendering company located in the City of Vernon. They provide processed grease trap wastewater (FOG) to the pilot project. The plan was to load the digester with increasing amounts of FOG and observe the impact. The parameters monitored in the digester during the test are volatile acids, pH, alkalinity, temperature, and gas production in the digester. The pilot project’s objective was to obtain a 10 to 20% increase in gas production. So far those expectations have been exceeded.
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Goodwin, Jocelyn, Chuck Red, and Ed Coppola. "Reduction of Metals in Waste Fats, Oils, and Greases (FOG)." In Virtual 2021 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/am21.459.
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Ibrahim, M. H. I., A. M. Amin, M. S. Wahab, R. Asmawi, and N. Mustafa. "Solvent debinding variables on leaching Fat, Oil and Grease (FOG) derivatives of green part stainless steel SS316L metal injection moulding." In 2015 International Symposium on Technology Management and Emerging Technologies (ISTMET). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/istmet.2015.7359043.
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Hwang, Hon-Sik, Jill Winkler-Moser, Sanghoon Kim, and Suyong Lee. "Properties of Wax-Hempseed Oil Oleogels and Their Use for Margarines." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/lvzb2455.
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Hempseed oil (HSO) has many health benefits due to a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids and many phytochemicals including antioxidants such as tocopherols, polyphenols, and squalene. Several previous studies reported that hemp seed oil contained higher concentrations of tocopherols, flavonoids and phenolics and had higher antioxidant activity than other vegetable oils. Vegetable oil-based oleogels have drawn great interest as alternatives to solid fats used in many food products. In this study, HSO oleogels were prepared using sunflower wax (SW), rice bran wax (RBW), beeswax, and candelilla wax. Properties of the oleogels were examined for firmness, crystal structures, and melting profiles, and were compared with refined soybean oil (SBO) oleogels. HSO oleogels except for RBW-HSO oleogels had lower firmness and weaker crystal network than SBO oleogels. RBW-HSO oleogels had similar firmness and crystal network, and higher melting and crystallization enthalpies than SBO oleogels. To understand the effect of polar compounds, polar compounds were removed from HSO, and oleogels were prepared and examined under the same conditions. Oleogels from HSO without polar compounds had greater firmness, higher melting and crystallization enthalpies, and stronger crystal network waxes than the original oleogels, except for RBW oleogels. It was concluded that, in general, polar compounds negatively affected the physical properties of wax-HSO oleogels. SW- and RBW-HSO oleogels, which had the highest firmness, were incorporated into a margarine formulation. Firmness and melting properties of these margarines were examined. In comparison with commercial spreads and margarines, 3% wax-HSO margarines had greater firmness than commercial spreads while the firmness of stick margarines could not be achieved even with 7% wax. Although further studies are needed to improve their properties, this study showed that wax-HSO oleogels have high potential as solid fat replacements in margarines and spreads.
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Sozer, Nesli, and Kari Koivuranta. "Microbial lipid production for foods." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/iuso9769.
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Global population will reach 10 billion or even more by 2050, which will lead to exponential growth in our demand for food, while global food supply will continue to be under great stress. There is an urgent need to find sustainable food resources where recent food research has mainly focused on protein, fat has been neglected €“ but it should not be! While fat typically comprises a smaller fraction of meat or dairy, it is a key determinant of flavor, texture, nutrition, and visual appearance, all of which are correlated with consumer preference and willingness to pay. Fats are also critical for many body functions. Currently, coconut and palm oil are main fat sources in many of meat or dairy alternatives however they are unsustainable and even less healthy than animal fat. In addition, the use of other vegetable oils have sensory and stability issues. This talk will focus on biotechnical lipid production, the concept of producing animal lipids that gives the rich flavor and unique texture to meat or dairy products through microbial bioconversion with no animal involvement, which is an emerging technology approach to contribute to future food demand while reducing the environmental burden.
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Galberd, Zachary, and Eric Appelbaum. "Filter Media Options in Renewable Fuels and Edible Oils." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/gdwg6339.
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With the additional capacity being brought on in the biofuel space, additional filter media options must be considered. Adding capacity to the North American Diatomaceous Earth (DE) marketplace is a challenge but perlite and cellulose are viable alternatives. Both Biodiesel and Renewable Diesel are derived from fats and oils. These fats and oils can often present processing challenges due to contaminants that interfere with the efficiency of the reaction which need to be treated with adsorbent clays to protect catalyst activity. The use of DE, perlite or cellulose will improve the performance of the leaf filters, which also improves the performance of safety and polish filters. DE is the most well-known filter aid in this space, the use of perlite and cellulose offers many strategic benefits. Perlite offers greater efficiencies and economies than DE when used as a precoat for the treatment of fats and oils. Cellulose although not the most economical option, offers additional benefits that can counter its higher cost. This presentation looks at perlite and cellulose as alternatives to DE and highlight the benefits of each of them.
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Meng, Zong, and Qinbo Jiang. "Polysaccharide microgel particles-dominated Pickering emulsion gels for oil structuring: Formation, interfacial layer construction, and physical properties." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/kiur5503.
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Plant-derived polysaccharides have been gaining much attention for structuring liquid vegetable oils. In this work, the natural κ-carrageenan was mechanically treated to fabricate the nano-sized microgel particle (MP) as Pickering particles for preparing the Pickering emulsion gel (PEG). MPs, acting as building blocks, adsorbed at the surface of emulsion droplets and physically interacted with each other to gel the Pickering emulsion. Macroscopic and microscopic characterizations of MPs and PEGs were carried out. The moderate K+ (0-125 mM) could increase the flocculation and hardness of MPs to improve the viscoelasticity of PEGs. However, due to the K+-inducing shrinkage of κ-carrageenan hydrogels, the excessive K+ (250 mM) would make MPs unable to stabilize PEGs. Prepared MPs were more favorable for forming PEGs when pH was 8 and 9. The oil fraction (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) impacted physical properties of PEGs slightly. Three steps for the adsorption of κ-carrageenan MPs to the interface were proposed by tracking the formation of the interfacial layer using the interfacial rheological technique: (1) MPs moved to the interface from the continuous phase, forming the unsaturated adsorption layer; (2) MPs gradually covered the entire interface and began to interact with each other; (3) the adsorption was saturated, and MPs squeezed and interacted to form a compact viscoelastic interfacial layer. This green edible PEG based on sustainable plant-derived κ-carrageenan would provide great potentials in food applications, such as animal-derived solid fats replacement. Compared with the traditional PEG, κ-carrageenan microgel-based Pickering emulsion could gel itself with the low oil phase, which greatly reduced the calorie intake and helped to reduce the total content of saturated fat in high-calorie products (ice cream, chocolate, etc.). These findings can promote applications of structured vegetable oils as vital soft materials in replacing trans and saturated fats in foods.
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Cho, Karin, Nuria Acevedo, and Rodrigo Tarte. "Characterization of the mechanical properties, freeze-thaw stability, and oxidative stability of edible, high-lipid rice bran wax-gelatin biphasic gels." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/umbu8998.
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Although some consumers have a negative connotation of fats in food products, fats provide a unique mouthfeel, texture, and flavor to foods. Biphasic gels, which are semi-solid systems composed of two generally immiscible systems, were investigated as they may offer a potential solution to remove or reduce semi-solid fats in foods without sacrificing functionality. Edible biphasic gels with high lipid fractions ( >50%) were developed and characterized. The gels consisted of gelatin in aqueous buffer (hydrogel; HY), and rice bran wax in high-oleic soybean oil (oleogel; OE). The OE:HY ratios prepared were  40:60, 50:50, 60:40, and 70:30. Thermal analysis was performed with differential scanning calorimetry. Freeze-thaw stability of the gels was studied by rheology, liquid loss measurement, and microstructural characterization before and after one freeze-thaw cycle. Biphasic gels were also stored for approximately 6 months under accelerated oxidation conditions at 22°C to assess oxidative stability through PV analysis. The combination of HY and OE led to superior systems compared to the individual gel components. The yield stress (s*) values for biphasic gels were greater than for OE alone, and increased as the proportion of HY increased. CLSM showed that the HY was the continuous phase for all ratios. After exposure to one freeze-thaw cycle, biphasic gels showed no visual differences, a reduced water loss and an increase in G’ when compared to pure HY. Oxidative stability of the biphasic gels was shown by the low PV (less than 3 meq/kg) after the storage period. By changing the OE:HY, the biphasic gel can be tailored as semi-solid fat replacers with desired properties and good overall stability. The findings from this study demonstrate the improved functionality of oils by formulating into a biphasic gel system, thus potential to replace semi-solid fats.
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Mayor, J. Rhett, and Alexander Williams. "Investigation Into the Effects of Reaction Duration on the Isothermal Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass." In ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the Heat Transfer and InterPACK09 Conferences. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2009-90405.
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Bio-oils were produced within a fast-pyrolysis micro-reactor at 400°C from Loblolly Pine (Pinus Taeda) with varying residence times. This preliminary study has considered two boundary values for the residence time, evaluating the products of the reaction at 20 seconds and 120 seconds. The collected bio-oils were analyzed for their calorific values (LHV) and biomass conversion efficiencies. Heating rates greater than 100°C/s were achieved for the biomass, allowing for isothermal conditions to exist throughout the majority of the reaction despite short residence times. This study shows the effect that reaction duration has on the mass of the bio-oil yield and energy content present for the isothermal fast pyrolysis of Loblolly Pine and evaluates the predictive capabilities of TGA derived Arrhenius coefficients.
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Murali Krishna, B., and J. M. Mallikarjuna. "Renewable Biodiesel From CSO: A Fuel Option for Diesel Engines." In ASME 2006 International Solar Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/isec2006-99051.
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The petroleum-based fuels are limited reserve fuels, with our present known reserves and the growing rate of consumption, it is feared that they are not going to last long. These finite resources of petroleum and highly concentrated in certain regions of the world has given rise to frequent disruptions and uncertainties in its supply and as well as price. This situation has created a problem to increase the prices of these oils. The growing dependence on oil has created great scarcities and hardships with serious economic imbalance. A part from the problem of fast vanishing reserves, Petroleum fueled vehicles discharge significant amount of pollutants. In view of these problems attempts must be made to develop the technology of alternate clean burning fuels. The alternative, which satisfies all these requirements, is bio-diesel. Bio-diesel is methyl or ethyl ester of fatty acid made from virgin or used vegetable oils (both edible and non-edible) and animal fat, by converting the triglyceride oils to methyl (or ethyl) esters with a process known as transesterification. Bio-fuels are important now and offer increase in potential for the future. This paper consists two phases. The phase one dealt with preparation of bio-diesel from Cotton Seed Oil (C.S.O), which is available at cheaper price, as it is byproduct from cotton industries. Its properties were determined experimentally and compared with the conventional diesel fuel. The second phase dealt with conduction of experiments on a single cylinder, 4-stroke, direct injection Diesel Engine without modifications at constant speed 1500 rpm for various loads using 100% bio-diesel and conventional diesel fuel. It noticed that, the performance of the engine is not severely deviated by the substituted renewable biodiesel inaddition considerable decrease in smoke level. It is concluding that the biodiesel is superior fuel from the environmental and performance point of view, addition to this reducing the import of oil and consequentially improving energy security as a renewable alternate fuel.
Звіти організацій з теми "Fats oils grease (FOG)"
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Lehotay, Steven J., and Aviv Amirav. Fast, practical, and effective approach for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7695587.bard.
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Background to the topic: For food safety and security reasons, hundreds of pesticides, veterinary drugs, and environmental pollutants should be monitored in the food supply, but current methods are too time-consuming, laborious, and expensive. As a result, only a tiny fraction of the food is tested for a limited number of contaminants. Original proposal objectives: Our main original goal was to develop fast, practical, and effective new approaches for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply. We proposed to extend the QuEChERS approach to more pesticides, veterinary drugs and pollutants, further develop GC-MS and LC-MS with SMB and combine QuEChERS with GC-SMB-MS and LC-SMB-EI-MS to provide the “ultimate” approach for the analysis of hazardous chemicals in food. Major conclusions, solutions and achievements: The original QuEChERS method was validated for more than 200 pesticide residues in a variety of food crops. For the few basic pesticides for which the method gave lower recoveries, an extensive solvent suitability study was conducted, and a buffering modification was made to improve results for difficult analytes. Furthermore, evaluation of the QuEChERS approach for fatty matrices, including olives and its oil, was performed. The QuEChERS concept was also extended to acrylamide analysis in foods. Other advanced techniques to improve speed, ease, and effectiveness of chemical residue analysis were also successfully developed and/or evaluated, which include: a simple and inexpensive solvent-in-silicone-tube extraction approach for highly sensitive detection of nonpolar pesticides in GC; ruggedness testing of low-pressure GC-MS for 3-fold faster separations; optimization and extensive evaluation of analyte protectants in GC-MS; and use of prototypical commercial automated direct sample introduction devices for GC-MS. GC-MS with SMB was further developed and combined with the Varian 1200 GCMS/ MS system, resulting in a new type of GC-MS with advanced capabilities. Careful attention was given to the subject of GC-MS sensitivity and its LOD for difficult to analyze samples such as thermally labile pesticides or those with weak or no molecular ions, and record low LOD were demonstrated and discussed. The new approach of electron ionization LC-MS with SMB was developed, its key components of sample vaporization nozzle and flythrough ion source were improved and was evaluated with a range of samples, including carbamate pesticides. A new method and software based on IAA were developed and tested on a range of pesticides in agricultural matrices. This IAA method and software in combination with GC-MS and SMB provide extremely high confidence in sample identification. A new type of comprehensive GCxGC (based on flow modulation) was uniquely combined with GC-MS with SMB, and we demonstrated improved pesticide separation and identification in complex agricultural matrices using this novel approach. An improved device for aroma sample collection and introduction (SnifProbe) was further developed and favorably compared with SPME for coffee aroma sampling. Implications, both scientific and agricultural: We succeeded in achieving significant improvements in the analysis of hazardous chemicals in the food supply, from easy sample preparation approaches, through sample analysis by advanced new types of GC-MS and LCMS techniques, all the way to improved data analysis by lowering LOD and providing greater confidence in chemical identification. As a result, the combination of the QuEChERS approach, new and superior instrumentation, and the novel monitoring methods that were developed will enable vastly reduced time and cost of analysis, increased analytical scope, and a higher monitoring rate. This provides better enforcement, an added impetus for farmers to use good agricultural practices, improved food safety and security, increased trade, and greater consumer confidence in the food supply.
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Financial Stability Report - September 2015. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-estab-fin.sem2.eng-2015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
From this edition, the Financial Stability Report will have fewer pages with some changes in its structure. The purpose of this change is to present the most relevant facts of the financial system and their implications on the financial stability. This allows displaying the analysis more concisely and clearly, as it will focus on describing the evolution of the variables that have the greatest impact on the performance of the financial system, for estimating then the effect of a possible materialization of these risks on the financial health of the institutions. The changing dynamics of the risks faced by the financial system implies that the content of the Report adopts this new structure; therefore, some analyses and series that were regularly included will not necessarily be in each issue. However, the statistical annex that accompanies the publication of the Report will continue to present the series that were traditionally included, regardless of whether or not they are part of the content of the Report. In this way we expect to contribute in a more comprehensive way to the study and analysis of the stability of the Colombian financial system. Executive Summary During the first half of 2015, the main advanced economies showed a slow recovery on their growth, while emerging economies continued with their slowdown trend. Domestic demand in the United States allowed for stabilization on its average growth for the first half of the year, while other developed economies such as the United Kingdom, the euro zone, and Japan showed a more gradual recovery. On the other hand, the Chinese economy exhibited the lowest growth rate in five years, which has resulted in lower global dynamism. This has led to a fall in prices of the main export goods of some Latin American economies, especially oil, whose price has also responded to a larger global supply. The decrease in the terms of trade of the Latin American economies has had an impact on national income, domestic demand, and growth. This scenario has been reflected in increases in sovereign risk spreads, devaluations of stock indices, and depreciation of the exchange rates of most countries in the region. For Colombia, the fall in oil prices has also led to a decline in the terms of trade, resulting in pressure on the dynamics of national income. Additionally, the lower demand for exports helped to widen the current account deficit. This affected the prospects and economic growth of the country during the first half of 2015. This economic context could have an impact on the payment capacity of debtors and on the valuation of investments, affecting the soundness of the financial system. However, the results of the analysis featured in this edition of the Report show that, facing an adverse scenario, the vulnerability of the financial system in terms of solvency and liquidity is low. The analysis of the current situation of credit institutions (CI) shows that growth of the gross loan portfolio remained relatively stable, as well as the loan portfolio quality indicators, except for microcredit, which showed a decrease in these indicators. Regarding liabilities, traditional sources of funding have lost market share versus non-traditional ones (bonds, money market operations and in the interbank market), but still represent more than 70%. Moreover, the solvency indicator remained relatively stable. As for non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the slowdown observed during the first six months of 2015 in the real annual growth of the assets total, both in the proprietary and third party position, stands out. The analysis of the main debtors of the financial system shows that indebtedness of the private corporate sector has increased in the last year, mostly driven by an increase in the debt balance with domestic and foreign financial institutions. However, the increase in this latter source of funding has been influenced by the depreciation of the Colombian peso vis-à-vis the US dollar since mid-2014. The financial indicators reflected a favorable behavior with respect to the historical average, except for the profitability indicators; although they were below the average, they have shown improvement in the last year. By economic sector, it is noted that the firms focused on farming, mining and transportation activities recorded the highest levels of risk perception by credit institutions, and the largest increases in default levels with respect to those observed in December 2014. Meanwhile, households have shown an increase in the financial burden, mainly due to growth in the consumer loan portfolio, in which the modalities of credit card, payroll deductible loan, revolving and vehicle loan are those that have reported greater increases in risk indicators. On the side of investments that could be affected by the devaluation in the portfolio of credit institutions and non-banking financial institutions (NBFI), the largest share of public debt securities, variable-yield securities and domestic private debt securities is highlighted. The value of these portfolios fell between February and August 2015, driven by the devaluation in the market of these investments throughout the year. Furthermore, the analysis of the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) shows that all intermediaries showed adequate levels and exhibit a stable behavior. Likewise, the fragility analysis of the financial system associated with the increase in the use of non-traditional funding sources does not evidence a greater exposure to liquidity risk. Stress tests assess the impact of the possible joint materialization of credit and market risks, and reveal that neither the aggregate solvency indicator, nor the liquidity risk indicator (LRI) of the system would be below the established legal limits. The entities that result more individually affected have a low share in the total assets of the credit institutions; therefore, a risk to the financial system as a whole is not observed. José Darío Uribe Governor