Статті в журналах: "Fatigue crack front shape"

1

Lin, X. B., and R. A. Smith. "Fatigue Growth Prediction of Internal Surface Cracks in Pressure Vessels." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 120, no. 1 (February 1, 1998): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2841878.

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Fatigue crack growth was numerically simulated for various internal surface cracks with initially either semi-elliptical or irregular crack fronts. The simulation was directly based on a series of three-dimensional finite element analyses from which the stress intensity factors along the front of growing cracks were estimated. The fatigue crack growth law obtained from small laboratory specimens was incrementally integrated at a set of points along the crack front, and a new crack front was then re-established according to the local advances at this set of points by using a cubic spline curve. This method enabled the crack shape to be predicted without having to make the usual assumption of semi-elliptical shape. Fatigue analysis results are presented and discussed for fatigue shape developments and deviations from the semi-elliptical shape, aspect ratio changes, stress intensity factor variations during crack growth, and fatigue life predictions. Some of the results were also compared with those obtained by two simplified methods based on one and two degree-of-freedom models, respectively.

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2

Zakavi, Behnam, Andrei Kotousov, and Ricardo Branco. "The Evaluation of Front Shapes of Through-the-Thickness Fatigue Cracks." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030403.

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Fatigue failure of structural components due to cyclic loading is a major concern for engineers. Although metal fatigue is a relatively old subject, current methods for the evaluation of fatigue crack growth and fatigue lifetime have several limitations. In general, these methods largely disregard the actual shape of the crack front by introducing various simplifications, namely shape constraints. Therefore, more research is required to develop new approaches to correctly understand the underlying mechanisms associated with the fatigue crack growth. This paper presents new tools to evaluate the crack front shape of through-the-thickness cracks propagating in plates under quasi-steady-state conditions. A numerical approach incorporating simplified phenomenological models of plasticity-induced crack closure was developed and validated against experimental results. The predicted crack front shapes and crack closure values were, in general, in agreement with those found in the experimental observations.

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3

Fiordalisi, S., C. Gardin, C. Sarrazin-Baudoux, M. Arzaghi, and Jean Petit. "Influence of Crack Front Shape on 3D Numerical Modelling of Plasticity-Induced Closure of Short and Long Fatigue Cracks." Key Engineering Materials 577-578 (September 2013): 213–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.577-578.213.

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The simultaneous effect of crack length and crack front shape on plasticity-induced crack closure (PICC) for a 304L austenitic stainless steel is simulated through 3D numerical modelling using finite element software Abaqus for through-thickness cracks with different curved crack fronts in CT specimens in comparison with bidimensional through crack with a straight front. The influence of possible loading history effect is avoided by applying constant K amplitude. The local stress intensity factor range for crack opening Kopis evaluated from the simulation of the loss of the last local contact between the crack lips near the crack tip. The pertinence of the different crack front shapes is discussed in term of the effective stress intensity factor range Keffand in comparison with the experimental crack front observations.

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4

Hutař, Pavel, Martin Ševčík, Luboš Náhlík, and Zdeněk Knésl. "Fatigue Crack Shape Prediction Based on the Stress Singularity Exponent." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 178–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.178.

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In many industrial applications it is necessary to predict fatigue lifetime of the structures where the stress field near the crack front have a three-dimensional nature. Due to the existence of vertex singularity in the point where the crack front touches free surface, crack propagation in 3D structures cannot be reduced to a series of plane strain or plane stress problems along the crack front. The paper describes the influence of the vertex singularity on crack shape for three-dimensional structure. The iterative process for estimation of a real crack front based on a stress singularity exponent is presented. In each node defining the crack front the stress singularity exponent has been estimated and complete crack front shape corresponding to the constant stress singularity exponent was found. The methodology presented can help to estimate crack front shape in a linear elastic fracture mechanics framework and estimate fracture parameters of fatigue cracks more accurately.

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5

Gardin, Catherine, Saverio Fiordalisi, Christine Sarrazin-Baudoux, and Jean Petit. "3D Numerical Study on how the Local Effective Stress Intensity Factor Range Can Explain the Fatigue Crack Front Shape." Advanced Materials Research 891-892 (March 2014): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.891-892.295.

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The plasticity-induced crack closure of through-thickness cracks, artificially obtained from short cracks grown in CT specimens of 304L austenitic stainless steel, is numerically simulated using finite elements. Crack advance is incremented step by step, by applying constant ΔK amplitude so as to limit the loading history influence to that of crack length and crack wake. The calculation of the effective stress intensity factor range, ΔKeff, along curved shaped crack fronts simulating real crack fronts, are compared to calculation previously performed for through-thickness straight cracks. The results for the curved crack fronts support that the front curvature is associated to constant ΔKeffamplitude, thus assumed to be the propagation driving force of the crack all along its front.

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6

Kaplunenko, V. G., and T. I. Matchenko. "Shape of the fatigue crack front." Strength of Materials 21, no. 8 (August 1989): 986–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01529369.

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7

Lin, X. B., and R. A. Smith. "Direct simulation of fatigue crack growth for arbitrary-shaped defects in pressure vessels." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 213, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954406991522257.

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An advanced technique has been developed by the authors to predict fatigue crack growth for longitudinal and circumferential planar defects with arbitrary shape in pressure vessels. This is based on the step-by-step integration of an experimental fatigue crack growth law at a set of points along the crack front, enabling the crack shape developed during the fatigue process to be predicted. The stress intensity factors along the crack front are calculated by a three-dimensional finite element method. Automatic regeneration of finite element models for propagating cracks designed for this technique makes the simulation technique highly efficient. In this paper, following a description of the principle of the technique, some typical crack geometries are investigated. These include external and internal surface longitudinal cracks, an embedded longitudinal crack, a twin crack configuration and two circumferential surface cracks. The results obtained are compared with both the widely used ASME XI and BSI PD6493 guidelines, and some discussion on the safe use of the two guidelines is made.

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8

Jesus, Joel de, Micael Borges, Fernando Antunes, José Ferreira, Luis Reis, and Carlos Capela. "A Novel Specimen Produced by Additive Manufacturing for Pure Plane Strain Fatigue Crack Growth Studies." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 5, 2021): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030433.

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Fatigue crack growth is usually studied using C(T) or M(T) specimens with through-thickness cracks. The objective of the present study is to propose a cylindrical specimen with central crack, produced by additive manufacturing. This geometry allows to have pure plane strain state along the whole crack front, avoiding the complexities associated with corner points, crack shape, and variation of crack closure along crack front. Additionally, this geometry may be used to develop studies in vacuum, avoiding expensive vacuum equipment, since the air is not in contact with the crack front. Cylindrical specimens of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy were produced by Selective Laser Melting and tested at a stress ratio R = 0. Marking with overloads was the solution adopted to measure the length of the internal cracks. The fracture surfaces presented circular crack fronts and the da/dN-ΔK curves showed a great influence of atmosphere on fatigue crack growth. An average difference of 50% was found between the results in air and vacuum. Therefore, this geometry with internal crack is an interesting alternative to through-thickness geometries.

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9

Ferrié, Emilie, Jean Yves Buffière, Wolfgang Ludwig, and Anthony Gravouil. "X-Ray Micro-Tomography Coupled to the Extended Finite Element Method to Investigate Microstructurally Short Fatigue Cracks." Materials Science Forum 567-568 (December 2007): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.567-568.301.

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In this paper we will present how it is possible to couple a 3D experimental technique with a 3D numerical method in order to calculate the stress intensity factors along the crack front taking into account the real shape of the crack. This approach is used to characterize microstructurally short fatigue cracks that exhibit a rather complicated 3D shape. The values of the stress intensity factors are calculated along the crack front at different stages of crack propagation and it can be seen that the crack shape irregularities introduce rather important fluctuations of the values of KI, KII and KIII along the crack front. The values of KI obtained taking into account the real shape of the crack are significantly different from the ones calculated using an approach based on a shape assumption

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10

Wu, Zhi Xue. "Shape Prediction of Fatigue Crack Based on a Given Stress Intensity Factor Distribution." Key Engineering Materials 353-358 (September 2007): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.353-358.19.

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There is an inherent relationship between the shape and the corresponding stress intensity factor (SIF) distribution of a crack. A typical inverse problem of linear elastic fracture mechanics about a crack, i.e. to predict the shape of a crack assuming that some information of SIF distribution is known, is presented. A finite-element based numerical procedure is used to determine the shape, correspondingly the SIF, of a mode-I planar crack based on a specified SIF distribution. The crack front is modeled using cubic splines, which are determined by a number of control-points. The crack front shape is achieved iteratively by moving control-points based on a gradientless algorithm. Numerical examples for planar cracks in through-cracked and surface-cracked plates with finite thickness and width are presented to show the validity and practicability of the proposed method. The SIFs obtained by present method are compared with the known solutions for cracks with same dimensions. The presented method is considered to be a promising alternative to the evaluation of SIFs and the prediction of shape evolution for fatigue cracks.

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11

Ju, Xiao Chen, and Tateishi Kazuo. "Experimental Study on Fatigue Crack Propagation of through-Thickness Crack under Out-of-Plane Bending." Applied Mechanics and Materials 166-169 (May 2012): 1277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.166-169.1277.

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In Japan, fatigue through-thickness cracks have been reported in steel bridges. Some of the cracks are originated by out-of-plane bending. For performing more efficient maintenance against the fatigue damages, it is essential to identify the crack propagation behavior of the through-thickness crack under out-of-plane bending. As an important factor to assess the crack propagation behavior, generally, stress intensity factor for through-thickness crack under bending was determined by some assumptions that crack front shape is straight in thickness direction. However, the actual crack front is curved under out-of-plane bending. In this paper, in order to identify the propagation behavior of through-thickness crack under out-of-plane bending, the fatigue test on through-thickness cracked plate was carried out. Moreover, through finite element analysis on the test specimen, the stress intensity factor along curved crack front was investigated.

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12

Materna, Aleš, and Vladislav Oliva. "Elastic-Plastic FEM Modelling of the Single Overload Effect on the Fatigue Crack Front Shape." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 589–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.589.

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A 3D elastic-plastic FEM model for prediction of planar fatigue crack growth is presented. The model is based on the concept of local low-cycle fatigue of a small material volume in front of a high cycle crack. A local crack front advance is modelled by the successive release of finite element mesh nodes in the plane of propagation. The release of the nodes is controlled by the value of the Smith-Watson-Topper fatigue damage parameter in the surrounding elements. The effect of the single tensile overload on the fatigue crack growth and on the fatigue crack front shape is modelled.

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13

Tumanov, N. V. "Steady fatigue crack growth: micromechanism and mathematical modeling." Industrial laboratory. Diagnostics of materials 84, no. 11 (December 3, 2018): 52–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26896/1028-6861-2018-84-11-52-69.

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A universal energy-intensive micromechanism of periodic splitting-rupture (PSR) is revealed which proceeds at the front of the fatigue cracks in metallic materials, providing their steady growth, forming T-shaped crack tip and striated microrelief of the fracture surface. The PSR micromechanism is caused by a critical (prior to fracture) fragmentated structure formed in the area of the crack front where the material is subjected to multiple and increasing plastic deformation. This universal prefracture structure is a final stage of the evolution of the deformational structures emerged in front of the fatigue crack at the stage of stable crack growth in metallic materials with different initial structural states. This is responsible for universality of PSR micromechanism and fatigue striations. Fatigue striations are the traces of extending crack front with T-shaped tip formed during brittle transverse microsplitting along the overstressed boundaries of critical fragmentated structure. Based on 3D finite element modeling of the stress-strain state in front of the cracks with T-shaped tip, it is established that the value and the location of maximum of normalized in-plain stresses (acting in front of crack tip in the plane of crack along the normal to its front) are close or coincide for the cracks of different configuration and different types of tensile load under condition that splitting in the T-shaped crack tip is considerably less than the crack length. Taking into account the PSR micromechanism and asymptotic stress distribution in front of T-shaped crack tip the physically based mathematical model for steady fatigue crack growth is developed along with the techniques for prediction of steady fatigue crack growth in full-scale components under simple and complex loading cycles.

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14

Hosseini-Toudeshky, Hossein, Masoud Saber, and Bijan Mohammadi. "Real 3D Crack-Front and Crack Trajectory Analyses of Single-Side Repaired Thick Aluminium Panels." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 777–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.777.

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In this paper, fatigue crack growth trajectories, crack-front shape and life of the single-side repaired thick aluminium panels with glass/epoxy patch are analyzed. This investigation is performed using three dimensional finite element fracture analyses in general mixed-mode conditions (Mode I, II and III). The obtained fatigue crack growth trajectories, crack-front shapes and lives of the repaired panels with the patch lay-ups of [90]4 and [-45]4 are compared with the available experimental results produced by the authors.

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15

Tu, Wen Feng, Zeng Liang Gao, and Zhao Ji Hu. "An Experimental Study of Fatigue Crack Propagation of 16MnR Pressure Vessel Steel in Mode-I Constant Amplitude Loading." Advanced Materials Research 455-456 (January 2012): 1073–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.455-456.1073.

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An experimental investigation was performed on fatigue crack growth behavior of a 16MnR pressure vessel steel. Standard compact tension (CT) specimens with three specimen thicknesses and notch sizes were subjected to Mode I constant amplitude loading with several stress ratios and loading amplitudes. The results revealed that the stress ratio had an insignificant influence on the fatigue crack growth of the material. The stable fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) was accelerated as specimen thickness increased. The fatigue crack was extended in terms of the curve crack shape. The crack front at the surface was retarded compared to that at the interior along thickness direction, and the crack front at the mid-thickness plane reached the maximum value of the crack length. The similar curve crack shape was obtained in the stable crack growth stage. The maximum difference of the crack front along thickness direction was increased with the increasing of the specimen thickness. The early crack growth from the notch was effected by the size of the notch, the stress ratio and loading amplitude.

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16

Náhlík, Luboš, Pavel Pokorný, Pavel Hutař, and Petr Matušek. "Fatigue Crack Propagation in Steels for Railway Axles." Key Engineering Materials 592-593 (November 2013): 254–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.592-593.254.

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The paper deals with the influence of order of cycles in the loading block on the fatigue crack growth rate in railway axle. The railway axle can include some cracks from manufacturing process or initiated fatigue cracks from previous operation. It is advantageous to know how the crack will behave during further service of the train to ensure its safe operation. The most common approaches describing the fatigue crack growth do not take into account the effects of overload cycles, which enlarge the plastic zone ahead of the crack tip. The enlarged plastic zone generates residual compressive stresses, which cause a retardation of the fatigue crack growth. Finite element numerical calculations were used together with the generalized Willenborg model to determine influence of overload cycles on the increment of fatigue crack growing in railway axles. Real geometry of the axle, the crack front shape and typical loading spectrum were taken into account.

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17

Yarullin, Rustam, and Mikhail Yakovlev. "Fatigue growth rate of inclined surface cracks in aluminum and titanium alloys." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 16, no. 60 (March 25, 2022): 451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.60.31.

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In this paper the fatigue crack growth tests were carried out on surface-crack tension (SCT) specimens, made of 7050 and Ti6Al4V alloys, with initial semi-elliptical surface cracks. Pure Mode I conditions were realized on SCT specimens with crack plane located orthogonal to the loading direction, while Mixed-mode conditions were observed on SCT specimens with inclined crack. Optical microscope measurements and the crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) method were respectively used to monitor crack length and calculate crack depth. Current crack shape during the tests was highlighted by alternation of loading spectrum with baseline load block and a marker load block. The stress strain field along the crack front of semi-elliptical cracks in the SCT specimens was assessed by Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis. The stress intensity factors (SIFs) were calculated along crack fronts and equivalent elastic SIF formulation was used for crack growth rate assessment under mixed mode conditions. As a result, the fracture resistance parameters of aluminum and titanium alloys were obtained for two crack propagation directions under Mode I and Mixed-mode loading. The benefits of using the computational and experimental results of SCT specimen for the assessment of the surface crack growth rate in aluminum and titanium alloys under Mixed-mode loading conditions were stated.

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18

Ferrié, Emilie, Jean Yves Buffière, and Wolfgang Ludwig. "3D Visualisation of Short Crack Propagation in Al Alloy Using High Resolution Synchrotron X-Ray Microtomography." Materials Science Forum 482 (April 2005): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.482.227.

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In-situ fatigue tests monitored by Synchrotron Radiation X-ray microtomography were carried out in order to visualize the three dimensional (3D) shape and evolution of short cracks in the bulk of a cast Al alloy. After the in-situ fatigue test the sample has been infiltrated with liquid Gallium (Ga) in order to visualize the grain structure of the material. Irregularities of the crack advance along the crack front can clearly be correlated to the grain structure of the material.

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19

Toribio, Jesús, Juan Carlos Matos, Beatriz González, and J. Escuadra. "Corrosion-Fatigue of High Strength Steel Bars: Evolution of Crack Aspect Ratio." Key Engineering Materials 488-489 (September 2011): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.488-489.1.

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Abstract. This paper shows the evolution of the surface crack front in prestressing steel wires subjected to fatigue in air and to corrosion-fatigue in Ca(OH)2+NaCl. To this end, a numerical modelling was made on the basis of a discretization of the crack front (characterized with elliptical shape), considering that the crack advance at each point is perpendicular to such a front according to a Paris-Erdogan law, and using a three-parameter stress intensity factor (SIF). Each analyzed case (a particular initial crack geometry) was characterized by the evolution of the semielliptical crack aspect ratio (relation between the semiaxes of the ellipse) with the relative crack depth and by the variation of the maximum dimensionless SIF at the crack front

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20

Tu, Wen Feng, Zeng Liang Gao, and Zhao Ji Hu. "The Study of Fatigue Crack Growth Shape under Mode I Constant Amplitude Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 148-149 (December 2011): 852–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.148-149.852.

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An experimental study was performed to study crack shape evolution of 16MnR pressure vessel steel by adopted compact tension (CT) specimens under Mode I constant amplitude loading. A data and numerical analysis of crack shape were conducted and the stress intensity factors (SIF) along crack front were calculated. The results revealed that curve crack shape could be described by elliptic equation properly and was similar in the stable crack growth stage. The initial crack shape was straight at the notch root, so SIF of the center was bigger than that of the surface. When the crack shape was curve, SIF of the center was smaller than that of the surface.

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21

Gozin, M. H., and M. Aghaie-Khafri. "Fatigue Crack Growth Prediction of Elliptical Corner Crack Using 3D FEM." Applied Mechanics and Materials 248 (December 2012): 469–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.248.469.

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Plasticity induced crack closure (PICC) simulation using finite element analyses has been concerned by many researchers. In the present investigation elliptical corner fatigue crack growth from a hole was predicted using PICC method. An elastic-plastic finite element model is built with a suitably refined mesh and time-dependent remote tractions are applied to simulate cyclic loading. In a 3D geometry the crack opening value will vary along the crack front. For simplicity this shape evolution is neglected and the crack front is extended uniformly. Predicted fatigue life using crack closure method for elliptical corner crack is in good agreement with the experimental data. The results obtained highlighted the sensitivity of crack closure method to the opening stress intensity values.

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22

Georgiev, Georgi Georgiev. "Shape of a crack growth front under fatigue in the range of 106 - 107cycles." ANNUAL JOURNAL OF TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF VARNA, BULGARIA 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 30–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.29114/ajtuv.vol4.iss1.162.

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The paper explores the shape of a fatigue crack initiation in the interval of 106-107cycles of duplex stainless steel, commercially designated as SAF 2507. Particular emphasis is placed upon the development of the crack’s growth front and its subsequent expansion in three directions x, y, z. Created, accordingly, on the basis of the experimentally obtained results, is a 3D computer model to help provide a further prediction for the physical endurance of similar materials. The growth of a fatigue crack is modeled by using The SolidWorks and AutoCAD software tools for constructing the model of fatigue crack growth.

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23

Yang, Yali, Seokjae Chu, and Hao Chen. "Prediction of Shape Change for Fatigue Crack in a Round Bar Using Three-Parameter Growth Circles." Applied Sciences 9, no. 9 (April 27, 2019): 1751. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9091751.

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The conventional method for predicting the shape change of a surface crack in a round bar simply utilizes the Paris-Erdogan law with the least squares method using a certain shape assumption with excessive constraints. In this paper, a three-parameter model for a round bar subjected to tension is developed with fewer shape assumption restraints by employing a fatigue crack growth circles method. The equivalent stress intensity factor Δ K e based on both stress intensity factors along the current and new crack front is used to reduce the total number of increments. The results show that the proposed method has a good convergence speed and accurate prediction of crack shapes. The present method is validated by comparing the solution with other simulation solutions and experimental data.

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24

Abdelghani, Baltach, Aid Abdelkarim, Abdelkader Djebli, Belabbes Bachir Bouiedjra, and Benhamena Ali. "Numerical Analysis of Asymmetrically Bonded Composite Patch Repair and Effect of In-Plane Skewed Crack Front on the SIF." International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 30 (May 2017): 11–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.30.11.

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A nonlinear 3-D finite element analysis was conducted to analyze the crack front behavior of a center cracked aluminum plate, asymmetrically repaired with composite patch. According to experimental observations, the crack front was modeled as an inclined shape from the initial state where the crack front is straight and parallel to the thickness direction from the patched side toward the un-patched side. The skew degree is found to strongly influence the stress intensity factor (SIF) distribution along the crack front. In effect, the obtained trends of the SIF’s distribution are different and changes during crack growth stages. The main finding is that regardless the crack front shape (inclination), the average stress intensity factor through the crack front remains constant and consequently, it means to be an effective parameter to estimate the fatigue life and crack growth of the asymmetrically patched structures. The performed models gave good results compared to the literature and the different findings correlate well with the experimental observations and make sense with a realistic crack development.

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25

Nykänen, T. J. "FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH SIMULATIONS BASED ON FREE FRONT SHAPE DEVELOPMENT." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures 19, no. 1 (April 2, 2007): 99–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1996.tb00935.x.

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26

Citarella, Roberto G., and Friedrich G. Buchholz. "Comparison of DBEM and FEM Crack Path Predictions with Experimental Findings for a SEN-Specimen under Anti-Plane Shear Loading." Key Engineering Materials 348-349 (September 2007): 129–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.348-349.129.

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In this paper detailed results of computational 3D fatigue crack growth simulations will be presented. The simulations for the crack path assessment are based on the DBEM code BEASY, and the FEM code ADAPCRACK 3D. The specimen under investigation is a SEN-specimen subject to pure anti-plane or out-of-plane four-point shear loading. The computational 3D fracture analyses deliver variable mixed mode II and III conditions along the crack front. Special interest is taken in this mode coupling effect to be found in stress intensity factor (SIF) results along the crack front. Further interest is taken in a 3D effect which is effective in particular at and adjacent to the two crack front corner points, that is where the crack front intersects the two free side surfaces of the specimen. Exactly at these crack front corner points fatigue crack growth initiates in the experimental laboratory test specimens, and develops into two separate anti-symmetric cracks with complex shapes, somehow similar to bird wings. The computational DBEM results are found to be in good agreement with these experimental findings and with FEM results previously obtained. Consequently, also for this new case, with complex 3D crack growth behaviour of two cracks, the functionality of the proposed DBEM and FEM approaches can be stated.

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27

Hadi, Eskandari, and Nami Mohammad Rahim. "Three-Dimensional Study of Fatigue Crack Growth in a Rotating Disc." International Journal of Manufacturing, Materials, and Mechanical Engineering 3, no. 2 (April 2013): 45–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijmmme.2013040104.

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The problem of fatigue-crack-growth in a rotating disc at different crack orientation angles is studied by using an automated numerical technique, which calculates the stress intensity factors on the crack front through the three-dimensional finite element method. Paris law is used to develop the fatigue shape of initially semi-elliptical surface crack. Because of needs for the higher mesh density and accuracy near the crack, the sub-modeling technique is used in the analysis. The distribution of SIF’s along the crack front at each step of growth is studied and the effect of crack orientation on the rate of crack-growth is investigated. The calculated SIF’s are reasonable and could be used to predict the probable crack growth rates in fracture mechanics analysis and can help engineers to consider in their designing and to prevent any unwanted failure of such components.

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28

Moussa, W. A., R. Bell, and C. L. Tan. "The Interaction of Two Parallel Semi-Elliptical Surface Cracks Under Tension and Bending." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 121, no. 3 (August 1, 1999): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2883710.

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Multiple cracks are often observed in engineering structures; and their interaction and coalescence may significantly affect their life. Knowledge of the behavior of interacting cracks is very limited. A major component of any linear fracture mechanics model for fatigue crack growth is the calculation of the crack-tip stress intensity factor, SIF. In this paper, a parametric study is presented for two parallel surface cracks in an infinite plate subjected to remote tension or to pure bending loads. The stress intensity factors for these cracks as a function of the crack-front position, depth, shape, and plate thickness are calculated using three-dimensional (3-D) finite element, (FE) analysis. The ratios of crack depth to plate thickness, a/t, and to crack length, a/c, range from 0.1 to 0.62 and 0.1 to 1.0, respectively. Where possible, a comparison of 3-D with 2-D results is also considered.

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29

Gardin, Catherine, Saverio Fiordalisi, Christine Sarrazin-Baudoux, Mikael Gueguen, and Jean Petit. "Numerical prediction of crack front shape during fatigue propagation considering plasticity-induced crack closure." International Journal of Fatigue 88 (July 2016): 68–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2016.03.018.

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30

WADA, Yoshitaka, Rekisei OZAWA, and Yoshiki NAMITA. "Evaluation of crack front shape and propagation under low cycle fatigue." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2018.31 (2018): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2018.31.182.

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31

O’Donnell, T. P. "Stress Intensity Factors for Cracks in Conventional S-N Fatigue Specimens." Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology 118, no. 2 (May 1, 1996): 203–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2842182.

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Stress intensity values for cracks growing in conventional fatigue specimens are determined, with emphasis on the end constraint conditions associated with S-N fatigue testing. Three-dimensional finite element analysis methods are used to analyze thumbnail-shaped cracks in cylindrical geometries. Crack front straightening due to the increased bending introduced as crack growth progresses is included in the models. Because relatively stiff fatigue test machines prevent rotation at the clamped ends of test specimens, uniform axial displacement boundary conditions are imposed. Results for uniformly applied axial stress end conditions are also obtained for comparison. For crack-depth-to-specimen-diameter ratios over one-third, bending restraint induced in the specimens under applied axial displacement significantly reduces the resulting stress intensity relative to values computed for uniform end tension. The results are useful for evaluating crack growth in fatigue specimens within the limits of linear elastic fracture mechanics.

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32

Nazarova, Ye D., V. Yu Filin, K. E. Sadkin, I. A. Galchun, and A. A. Lavrentyev. "Relevance assessment of various techiques in fatigue crack growth on samples." Transactions of the Krylov State Research Centre S-I, no. 2 (December 21, 2021): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24937/2542-2324-2021-2-s-i-114-120.

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Certification and delivery tests of steels for important structures and welds include determination of static fracture toughness parameters on notched samples with a fatigue crack grown in advance from the notch tip. Regulatory documents governing these tests contain certain requirements to this crack’s front shape. This paper discusses the techniques that made it possible to overcome the challenges in crack growth, as well as presents experimental confirmation of their efficiency.

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33

Wei, Guoqian, Fan Ye, Shanshan Li, and Siwen Chen. "Analysis of the Fatigue Crack Evolution of Corrugated Web Girders." Metals 9, no. 8 (August 8, 2019): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9080869.

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Based on linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), the fatigue crack evolution process and behavior of corrugated web girders were studied. The global finite element analysis (FEA) model of corrugated web girders was first developed and the equivalent structural stress method was used to reveal the dangerous locations along the weld under the bending load. The weld toe between the tension flange and the web weld, which is near the intersection of the inclined fold and the parallel fold, was determined as the fatigue crack easy-initiating location. Then a small region containing the crack-prone site was extracted as the sub-model for a crack propagating simulation. A semi-circle initial crack with 0.1 mm radius was inserted at the crack easy-initiating location. The stress intensity factors (SIFs; KI, KII, and KIII) of some discrete points along the crack front were calculated by the M-integral method. Based on Nasgro law, the geometry of the new crack front with a given extension length was obtained. Finally, the complete evolution process of the crack propagation was simulated. Results showed that the dominant crack propagating mode is open type (Mode I) and KI is the most important propagating driving force. According to the crack front shape evolution, the whole propagating process was divided into 6 stages. An obvious kink of the crack was found in stage 1, which covered only a very short time. The stages 3, 4 and 5 accounted for the majority of life, among which the stage 3 accounted for as high as 81% of the total life. Therefore, the cycles of the weld toe crack propagating from 0.1 mm to the thickness of the flange can be defined as the prediction life of this kind of structures.

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34

He, Zhuang, Andrei Kotousov, and Ricardo Branco. "Evaluation of Fatigue Crack Front Shape for a Specimen with Finite Thickness." MATEC Web of Conferences 28 (2015): 01004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20152801004.

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35

KATO, Yuta, Tomoyuki HAYASE, Shota HASUNUMA, and Takeshi OGAWA. "Elasto-plastic fatigue crack growth simulation considering the shape of the crack front of SGV410 steel." Proceedings of The Computational Mechanics Conference 2021.34 (2021): 023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecmd.2021.34.023.

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36

Witek, Lucjan. "Stress Intensity Factor Calculations for the Compressor Blade with Half-Elliptical Surface Crack Using Raju-Newman Solution." Fatigue of Aircraft Structures 2011, no. 3 (August 1, 2011): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10164-010-0046-2.

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Stress Intensity Factor Calculations for the Compressor Blade with Half-Elliptical Surface Crack Using Raju-Newman Solution This paper presents results of the stress intensity factor calculations for the compressor blade including a half-elliptical crack, subjected to vibration. In this analysis, the Raju-Newman empirical solution for stress intensity factor calculations in the rectangular plate with a half-elliptical flaw was used. The bending stress used in the Raju-Newman solution was computed for the real blade using the finite element method. The K-factor values were calculated only at one point of the crack front, where the crack tip contacts the free surface, because the crack length during experimental investigations was measured just in this direction. In order to determine the stress intensity factors for different crack sizes, ten diverse flaws in the blade were defined. Results of the experimental fatigue tests performed for the blade without preliminary defects showed that the cracks developed from the convex blade surface. On the blade fracture, the beach marks typical of the fatigue damage were visible. The dimensions of cracks in the rectangular plate were defined based on the beach marks shape. In the next part of the work, the stress intensity factor values were used as an input data into the Paris-Erdogan equation. As a result of this calculation, the crack growth rate for the compressor blade vibrating at constant amplitude was estimated. The results obtained were finally compared with the results of the experimental crack growth analysis performed for 1st stage compressor blades of the helicopter turbo-engine.

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37

Trávníček, Lukáš, Ivo Kuběna, Veronika Mazánová, Tomáš Vojtek, Jaroslav Polák, Pavel Hutař, and Miroslav Šmíd. "Advantageous Description of Short Fatigue Crack Growth Rates in Austenitic Stainless Steels with Distinct Properties." Metals 11, no. 3 (March 13, 2021): 475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11030475.

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In this work two approaches to the description of short fatigue crack growth rate under large-scale yielding condition were comprehensively tested: (i) plastic component of the J-integral and (ii) Polák model of crack propagation. The ability to predict residual fatigue life of bodies with short initial cracks was studied for stainless steels Sanicro 25 and 304L. Despite their coarse microstructure and very different cyclic stress–strain response, the employed continuum mechanics models were found to give satisfactory results. Finite element modeling was used to determine the J-integrals and to simulate the evolution of crack front shapes, which corresponded to the real cracks observed on the fracture surfaces of the specimens. Residual fatigue lives estimated by these models were in good agreement with the number of cycles to failure of individual test specimens strained at various total strain amplitudes. Moreover, the crack growth rates of both investigated materials fell onto the same curve that was previously obtained for other steels with different properties. Such a “master curve” was achieved using the plastic part of J-integral and it has the potential of being an advantageous tool to model the fatigue crack propagation under large-scale yielding regime without a need of any additional experimental data.

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38

Kamei, Khangamlung, and Muhammad A. Khan. "Investigating the Structural Dynamics and Crack Propagation Behavior under Uniform and Non-Uniform Temperature Conditions." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 21, 2021): 7071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14227071.

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The robustness and stability of the system depend on structural integrity. This stability is, however, compromised by aging, wear and tear, overloads, and environmental factors. A study of vibration and fatigue cracking for structural health monitoring is one of the core research areas in recent times. In this paper, the structural dynamics and fatigue crack propagation behavior when subjected to thermal and mechanical loads were studied. It investigates the modal parameters of uncracked and various cracked specimens under uniform and non-uniform temperature conditions. The analytical model was validated by experimental and numerical approaches. The analysis was evaluated by considering different heating rates to attain the required temperatures. The heating rates were controlled by a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) temperature controller. It showed that a slow heating rate required an ample amount of time but more accurate results than quick heating. This suggested that the heating rate can cause variation in the structural response, especially at elevated temperatures. A small variation in modal parameters was also observed when the applied uniform temperatures were changed to non-uniform temperatures. This study substantiates the fatigue crack propagation behavior of pre-seeded cracks. The results show that propagated cracking depends on applied temperatures and associated mass. The appearance of double crack fronts and multiple cracks were observed. The appearance of multiple cracks seems to be due to the selection of the pre-seeded crack shape. Hence, the real cracks and pre-seeded cracks are distinct and need careful consideration in fatigue crack propagation analysis.

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39

Ševčík, Martin, Pavel Hutař, Michal Zouhar, and Luboš Náhlík. "Numerical estimation of the fatigue crack front shape for a specimen with finite thickness." International Journal of Fatigue 39 (June 2012): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2011.03.010.

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40

Nazarova, E. D., V. Yu Filin, and I. A. Galchun. "On the Problem of Getting a Correct Crack Shape in Fracture Toughness Specimens of Low-Carbon Steel." Materials Science Forum 1052 (February 3, 2022): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-pc061a.

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Fracture toughness test in full thickness is an essential part of structural steel certification and qualification of welding procedures for critical structures intended for low-temperature service. The material to be tested should be in a stress relieved state that closely relates to a straight shape of the fatigue precrack front. A lot of technological treatment procedures for specimens preparation have been experimentally tried and quantitatively calculated. This paper describes a part of these efforts in respect of applicability of increased cyclic asymmetry during precracking. This method appears useful to get a straight fatigue crack in base metal specimens as well.

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41

Sadkin, K. E., V. Yu Filin, A. V. Mizetsky, and E. D. Nazarova. "FEM assessment of the local side compression technique efficiency as applicable for notched prismatic specimens." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 4(104) (February 12, 2021): 182–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2020-104-4-182-191.

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A crack front straightness is one of the test result validity criteria for fatigue precracked static fracture toughness specimens. Actually, the ideally straight crack front cannot be reached due to the presence of residual stress. This is particularly actual for specimens cut out of welded joints containing the residual welding stress (RWS). One of the techniques allowing to lower the RWS effect is a local side compression of specimens. Its efficiency has been proved in physical testing however no quantitative assessments are known in the literature. This work comprises FEM simulation of welding, sampling and side compression processes. The effect of local compression on base metal containing no residual stress is also investigated.It has been found that in the course of local side compression the initial residual stress field caused by welding and specimen making is replaced by another field showing stress gradients more favourable for getting the fatigue crack shape meeting the validity criteria of test results as per approved test methods. The calculation results show that the complete removal of residual stress as in base metal as in welded specimens is not feasible in the range of actual practicable degrees of compression.

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42

Hosseini-Toudeshky, H., G. Sadeghi, and H. R. Daghyani. "Experimental fatigue crack growth and crack-front shape analysis of asymmetric repaired aluminium panels with glass/epoxy composite patches." Composite Structures 71, no. 3-4 (December 2005): 401–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2005.09.032.

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43

Nazaré Marques, Luiz Fernando, Jaime Tupiassú Pinho de Castro, Luiz Fernando Martha, and Marco Antonio Meggiolaro. "A three-dimensional elastoplastic analysis of mixed-mode KI/KII around the crack front." MATEC Web of Conferences 300 (2019): 11002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201930011002.

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Engineering problems that involve fatigue crack growth and fracture frequently can be studied by taking into account only mode-I features. However, many important problems that involve combined mode I and II loadings cannot be properly analyzed by a pure mode-I approach, which in particular may not be sufficient to estimate fracture toughness for practical purposes in such cases. Such mixed-mode problems involve crack orientation and/or load conditions that lead to combined local Stress Intensity Factors (SIFs) KI/KII around the crack front. Using multiaxial crack tip condition characterized by the crack inclination angle βin a mixed-mode KI/KII modified single edge tension SE(T) specimen, such mixed-mode effects on plastic zone shapes, volumes and plastic work UPL are taken into account to evaluate problems that involve fatigue and fracture.

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44

KATO, Naoki, Kenichi SHIMIZU, Keisuke IWAHORI, and Keisuke TANAKA. "Evaluation of Fatigue Crack Front Shape in Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics with Layered Structure." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2019 (2019): OS2115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2019.os2115.

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45

Filin, V. Yu, A. V. Mizetsky, O. P. Vinogradov, K. E. Sadkin, E. D. Nazarova, A. V. Poroshkov, and D. A. Pyshkin. "FEM assessment of the procedures providing for a uniform crack shape in specimens for fracture toughness tested in full thickness." Voprosy Materialovedeniya, no. 4(108) (February 1, 2022): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.22349/1994-6716-2021-108-4-179-188.

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Acceptance tests of base metal and welded joints include the evaluation of critical CTOD values as required in product specifications. Tests have to be done in natural (full) thickness. For blanks made of pipes, quantitative criteria of satisfactory straightening and the fixture dimensions are developed. Satisfactory fatigue precrack front linearity can be attained with additional treatment. Local side compression appears efficient for the examined materials. Sequential FEM calculations of welding, side compression and specimen notching allow constructing the residual stress curves to predict fatigue crack extension. The optimum compression displacement is found. The above sequence of operations is proved to be preferable in comparison with side compression performed after notching.

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46

Hosseini-Toudeshky, Hossein, M. Shamboli, and Bijan Mohammadi. "Experimental Investigations on the Effects of Thermal Residual Stresses on the Efficiency of Repaired Panels with Glass/Epoxy Composite Patch." Key Engineering Materials 385-387 (July 2008): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.385-387.141.

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The aim of this experimental investigation is to study the effect of various curing temperatures on crack-front shape and crack growth life of centrally cracked aluminium panels in mode-I condition with single-side glass/epoxy composite patches. The aluminium panels are made of Al 2024-T3 with the thicknesses of 2.29 mm. Unidirectional four layers lay-up perpendicular to the initial crack length were used for the patches of all specimens and the adhesive was Araldite LY564. The cyclic remote stress of 118 MPa with the R-ratio of 0.05 was applied for all models. The experiments were performed for different curing temperatures of room temperature, 50oC, 80oC, 100oC and 120oC. It is shown that the fatigue crack growth life of the repaired panels with curing temperatures of 100oC and 120oC is considerably smaller than those obtained for specimens cured at room temperature and 50oC.

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47

Branco, R., F. V. Antunes, and J. D. Costa. "Extent of the Surface Region in Notched Middle Cracked Tension Specimens." Key Engineering Materials 560 (July 2013): 107–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.560.107.

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This article aims at evaluating the extent of the surface region in notched Middle Cracked Tension specimens. Firstly, a fully automatic fatigue crack growth technique is developed to obtain stable crack shapes. After that, the stress triaxiality along the crack front is evaluated for different notch shapes. Then, objective criteria are defined to quantify the extent of the surface region from the stress triaxiality data collected. Next, the extent of the surface region is related to the elastic stress concentration factor of the uncracked geometry by a linear relationship. Finally, empirical two-constant equations able to evaluate the extent of the surface region from the thickness, notch radius, notch depth and elastic stress concentration factor are formulated.

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48

He, Zhuang, Andrei Kotousov, and Ricardo Branco. "A simplified method for the evaluation of fatigue crack front shapes under mode I loading." International Journal of Fracture 188, no. 2 (June 19, 2014): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10704-014-9955-3.

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49

Gryaznov, B. A., L. A. Zaslotskaya, S. V. Kobel’skii, and O. V. Kononuchenko. "Mechanisms of changes in the shape of the front of a corner fatigue crack under conditions of isothermal and thermomechanical cyclic loading." Strength of Materials 32, no. 3 (May 2000): 292–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02509858.

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50

Buffière, Jean Yves, Emilie Ferrié, Wolfgang Ludwig, and Anthony Gravouil. "Characterisation and Modelling of the Three Dimensional Propagation of Short Fatigue Cracks." Materials Science Forum 519-521 (July 2006): 997–1004. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.519-521.997.

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This paper reports recent results on the characterisation and modelling of the three dimensional (3D) propagation of small fatigue cracks using high resolution synchrotron X ray micro-tomography. Three dimensional images of the growth of small fatigue cracks initiated in two Al alloys on natural or artificial defects are shown. Because of the small size of the investigated samples (millimetric size), fatigue cracks grown in conventional Al alloys with a grain size around 100 micrometers can be considered as microstructurally short cracks. A strong interaction of these cracks with the grain boundaries in the bulk of the material is shown, resulting in a tortuous crack path. In ultra fine grain alloys, the crack shapes tend to be more regular and the observed cracks tend to grow like ”microstructurally long cracks” despite having a small physical size. Finite Element meshes of the cracks can be generated from the reconstructed tomographic 3D images. Local values of the stress intensity factor K along the experimental crack fronts are computed using the Extended Finite Element method and correlated with the crack growth rate.

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