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Myers, Breanna. "Effects of Ingesting Fat Free and Low Fat Chocolate Milk After Resistance Training on Exercise Performance." Scholar Commons, 2010. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3620.
Повний текст джерелаStephenson, Ethan Wade. "The effects of dietary fat source and feeding duration on pig growth performance and fat quality." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19766.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Michael Tokach
In 3 experiments, 4,720 pigs were used to determine the effects of: 1) dietary fat and feeding duration on growth performance and fat quality in finishing pigs; or 2) a novel protease or 3) increasing levels of Zn amino acid complex (ZnAA) or ZnO on finishing pig performance. Experiment 1 tested the effects of feeding tallow, soybean oil, or a blend of the two for various feeding durations (d 0 to 42, 42 to 84, or 0 to 84). Overall, pigs fed added fat for the entire 84 d had improved G:F compared to those fed a control diet. Additionally, pigs fed additional fat for the entire study had improved ADG and G:F as well as increased d 84 BW compared to pigs fed additional fat for 42 d. Increasing the feeding duration of soybean oil lowered monounsaturated fatty acids and increased polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations while these values remained relatively unchanged by the addition of tallow. There were feeding period by fat source interactions for fatty acid composition and iodine value for belly and backfat, but not jowl fat, indicating a longer turnover rate for jowl fat compared to belly or backfat. In Exp. 2, adding a protease to a nutrient deficient diet increased ADFI and tended to increase ADG compared to pigs fed a negative control diet. There were no differences observed in ADG, ADFI, or G:F between pigs fed a positive control diet, formulated to 90% of the pigs SID lysine requirement, and those fed a negative control diet plus the protease, which would suggest the release values attributed to the enzyme were accurate. In Exp. 3, supplementing additional Zn from either ZnAA or ZnO at 25, 50, or 75 ppm in finishing diets for commercial finishing pigs was evaluated. Overall, no differences were observed in ADFI, but a Zn source by level interaction was observed for ADG and G:F, as pigs fed increasing ZnO were observed to have similar performance, while pigs fed added levels of 25 and 50 ppm Zn from ZnAA had decreased performance compared to those fed the highest level of ZnAA.
BACO, ABDUL-AZIZ ISHAK. "TALLOW FOR LAYING HENS (POULTRY, FAT, PERFORMANCE, AMINO ACIDS)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188112.
Повний текст джерелаSelenius, Sofia. "En högfettkost som nutritionsstrategi vid uthållighetsprestation? : En systematisk litteraturstudie." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-4533.
Повний текст джерелаAim The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is scientific evidence that a high fat diet is more effective as a nutrition strategy for endurance performance than a high carbohydrate diet is. The objectives of the study are: Does endurance performance improve by a high fat diet compared by a high carbohydrate diet? How is the metabolism of fat and carbohydrate affected by a high fat and low carbohydrate diet? Method The literature search was conducted in the databases Ebsco, Pubmed and Cinahl. A total of 16 studies was included, 11 studies from the literature search and 5 studies from selected reference lists. The studies quality was audited by SBU: s questionnaire for randomized controlled studies. Results Endurance performance was enhanced after ingesting a high fat- and low carbohydrate diet in 3 of 16 studies and was decreased in 4 of 16 studies. In the remaining 9 studies there was no significant difference in performance between the two trials. A high fat- and low carbohydrate diet resulted in an increased fat oxidation in the majority of the studies but there was no significant difference in bloodglucose-, blodinsulin- or blodlactatelevels between the two trials. Conclusions Despite increased fat oxidation and well-filled glycogen levels there is not sufficient evidence to prove that endurance performance will be enhanced by a high fat diet compared to a high carbohydrate diet. This is probably because of a lower ability of the muscles to use glycogen. The results from this systematic review consequently shows a decreased performance after a high fat- and low carbohydrate diet at work intensities over 80% of VO2max. At intensities around 60-70% of VO2max, the performance can possibly be enhanced after a high fat diet consisting 60-70% of fat and 15% or lower of carbohydrate.
Hodgson, Adrian. "Influence of nutritional interventions to optimise fat metabolism and exercise performance." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2013. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/4676/.
Повний текст джерелаGehle, Hermione. "The absurd reality of satire in Neil LaBute's 'Fat Pig'." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1661.
Повний текст джерелаCharles, Stacey A. "The utilization and performance of carbohydrate-based fat replacers in southern-style baking powder biscuits." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05042010-020335/.
Повний текст джерелаPitsiladis, Yannis P. "Diet manipulation, altered fat and carbohydrate metabolism and exercise performance in trained humans." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1996. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU089995.
Повний текст джерелаBrooke, Gabbrielle. "The effects of dietary fat supplementation on grower/finisher pig performance and digestibility." Thesis, Brooke, Gabbrielle (2010) The effects of dietary fat supplementation on grower/finisher pig performance and digestibility. Masters by Research thesis, Murdoch University, 2010. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/4151/.
Повний текст джерелаKitts, Susanna Elizabeth. "EFFECTS OF ADIPOGENIC COMPOUNDS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND FAT DEPOSITION IN FINISHING BEEF STEERS." UKnowledge, 2011. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_diss/136.
Повний текст джерелаGreen, Eric D. "The Effect of Green Tea Extract on Endurance Performance in Young Adults." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2010. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/nutrition_theses/29.
Повний текст джерелаSmith, Natasha. "The effect of the dietary inclusion of canola oilcake, full-fat canola and sweet lupins on the production performance and fat composition of broilers and pigs." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1215.
Повний текст джерелаWerner, Tim. "The Effect of High-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat & Low-Carbohydrate, High Protein Diets on Physiologic and Performance Variables on Row Ergometry Training." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1140557597.
Повний текст джерелаWerner, Tim J. "The effect of high-carbohydrate, low-fat & low-carbohydrate, high protein diets on physiologic and performance variables on row ergometry training." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1140557597.
Повний текст джерелаDos, Santos Alecsandro Rufino. "THE USE OF DIETARY FAT SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH,REPRODUCTION AND PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF REPLACEMENT BEEF HEIFERS." MSSTATE, 2006. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11102006-002700/.
Повний текст джерелаVilchez, Niceas Carlos. "Effect of supplemental dietary fat on the reproductive performance of hens of turkey and Japanese quail." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61252.
Повний текст джерелаSantos, Alex. "The use of dietary fat supplementation on growth, reproduction and performance characteristics of replacement beef heifers." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2006. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/ETD-browse/browse.
Повний текст джерелаGarlow, Jonathan G. Thomas Tom R. "Effects of high fat loading on substrate utilization and performance during intermittent exercise in trained athletes." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5705.
Повний текст джерелаMorris, Dennis L. "Effects of Reduced-Fat Distillers Grains with and without Monensin on Performance and Nutrient Excretion of Dairy Cows." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1510842411347396.
Повний текст джерелаBowen, Whitney Savannah. "Jersey Calf Performance in Response to High Protein, High Fat Liquid Feeds with Varied Fatty Acid Profiles." The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1322669397.
Повний текст джерелаPires, Alexandre Vaz. "Effects of different dietary fat and protein sources on nutrient digestibility and production performance by lactating cows /." The Ohio State University, 1994. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487858106115097.
Повний текст джерелаSimas, Jose Manuel Correia de. "Effect of sorghum grain processing and fat supplementation on performance and nutrient utilization in lactating dairy cows." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187255.
Повний текст джерелаRodrigues, João Paulo Pacheco. "Soybean oil supplementation for cattle: effects on in vitro digestion, dairy cattle performance, and milk fat composition." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2017. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/11059.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido com base em três estudos avaliando o óleo de soja (OS) como suplemento lipídico para vacas leiteiras. O primeiro estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da suplementação com OS em diferentes forragens sobre a produção de gás, emissão de metano (CH 4 ) e digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro potencialmente digestível (IVFDNpdD) in vitro. Amostras de silagem de milho de planta inteira (SM), cana-de-açúcar (CA), Azevem (AZ), capim brachiaria (CB) e capim mombaça (CM) foram incubadas por 72 horas com três concentrações de OS (0, 30 e 60 g/kg de matéria seca (MS)) em um sistema in vitro totalmente automatizado. O aumento do OS afetou a proporção de acetato nos ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV), a relação acetato:propionato e a produção total de gás as 72 horas diferentemente de acordo com a forragem. A inclusão de OS não afetou a produção de gás para AZ e CM, no entanto a mesma decresceu quadraticamente para SM e CA e aumentou quadraticamente para BG. O OS diminuiu a emissão de CH 4 tanto em mL/g de matéria orgânica (MO) quanto em % da produção de gás total. A IVFDNpdD diminuiu 21,2 e 12,9% quando o OS foi aumentado para SM e CA, respectivamente, sem efeitos significativos para AZ, CB e CM. Conclui-se que SM e CA são mais susceptíveis aos efeitos adversos da suplementação com OS de 30 a 60 g/kg de MS sobre a IVFDNpdD do que AZ, CM e CB. O segundo estudo objetivou quantificar as alterações no desempenho, digestão e metabolismo de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com concentrações de OS e dietas com cana-de-açúcar e alto nível de concentrado. Foram utilizadas oito vacas multíparas da raça Holandês (peso vivo (PV) = 574 ± 19,1 kg e 122 ± 6,9 dias em lactação) fistuladas no rúmen. Os animais tinham produção de leite inicial de 22,5 ± 1,22 kg/dia e foram distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 4 × 4 paralelos. O período experimental durou 21 dias, sendo os 14 primeiros para adaptação, seguidos de um período de coletas entre os dias 15 e 21. As dietas foram formuladas com concentrações crescentes de OS (% da MS): controle, baixo (BOS; 1,57%), médio (MOS; 4,43%) e alto (AOS; 7,34%). O consumo de matéria seca (CMS) diminuiu quadraticamente em resposta ao aumento de OS. O maior decréscimo no CMS foi observado entre as dietas MOS e AOS. Tanto a produção de leite e produção de leite corrigida para energia foram quadraticamente afetadas pela inclusão de OS, com um menor decréscimo até o MOS e maior decréscimo na dieta AOS. A concentração de ixgordura no leite diminuiu de 3,78% no controle para 3,50% na dieta AOS. A digestibilidade ruminal da fibra em detergente neutro potencialmente digestível (FDNpd) diminuiu de 55,7% no controle para 35,2% na dieta AOS. A taxa de digestão da FDNpd no rúmen diminuiu de 3,13 para 1,39%/h do controle para a dieta AOS. A taxa de passagem da fibra em detergente neutro indigestível foi afetada quadraticamente, com valor menor (2,25 %/h) na dieta AOS. O pH ruminal aumentou de 6,42 para 6,67 e o nitrogênio amoniacal ruminal diminuiu de 28,1 para 21,4 mg/dL do controle para a dieta AOS, respectivamente. A concentração ruminal de AGV diminuiu quadraticamente com o maior decréscimo observado entre as dietas MOS e AOS. As concentrações séricas de glicose, ácidos graxos não esterificados e beta-hidroxi-butirato não foram afetadas pela inclusão de OS. No entanto as concentrações séricas de colesterol total, HDL e LSL diminuíram linearmente com o aumento da concentração de OS na dieta. A suplementação com OS até 1,57% da MS demonstrou ser uma concentração segura para vacas alimentadas com alto nível de concentrado e cana-de-açúcar como volumoso. A inclusão de óleo de soja entre 4,43 a 7,34% da MS da dieta diminuiu o CMS, produção de leite, a digestibilidade da fibra e a fermentação ruminal, não sendo recomendada. O terceiro estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos do aumento das concentrações de OS sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos (AG) da digesta omasal e no leite de vacas alimentadas com com cana-de-açúcar, com foco sobre a concentração de ácido linoleico conjugado (CLA) no leite. Foram realizados dois experimentos com as mesmas dietas anteriormente descritas para o segundo estudo (controle, BOS, MOS e AOS). O experimento 1 (EXPI) foi delineado para quantificar o fluxo omasal de AG e o perfil de AG no leite. No EXPI foram utilizadas oito vacas multíparas da raça Holandês (PV = 574 ± 19,1 kg e 122 ± 6,9 dias em lactação) fistuladas no rúmen. Os animais tinham produção de leite inicial de 22,5 ± 1,22 kg/dia e foram distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos 4 × 4 paralelos. O experimento 2 (EXPII) foi delineado para quantificar o perfil de AG no leite de vacas no pós-parto. No EXPII foram utilizadas 14 vacas da raça Holandês primíparas (PV= 545 ± 17,2 kg) e oito multíparas (PV=629 ± 26,7 kg) após o parto. As concentrações de AG 11trans-18:1, 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA e 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA na digesta omasal aumentaram linearmente com o aumento de OS. O aumento no OS aumentou quadraticamente a taxa de biohidrogenação de AG poli-insaturados (PUFA), com um aumento pequeno da dieta MOS para AOS. A concentração de gordura no leite em ambos experimentos diminuiu com o aumento de OS, no entanto a produção de gordura não foi afetada no EXPII. Em ambos experimentos a concentração (g/kg) de 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA no leite aumentou linearmente, diferentemente do aumento quadrático da produção (g/d) que aumentou xquadraticamente. A presença de 10trans,12cis-18:2 CLA no leite foi detectada nas dietas MOS e AOS. A adição de OS demonstrou ser uma alternativa viável para aumentar o fluxo omasal de 11trans-18:1 e a concentração de 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA no leite. No entanto a suplementação com OS acima de 1,57% da MS da dieta diminuiu a concentração de gordura no leite e a produção de gordura, sem resposta aditiva na produção de 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA.
The present work was a compilation of three studies evaluating soybean oil (SBO) as fat supplement for dairy cows. The first study aimed to to evaluate the effects of SBO supplementation with different forages on in vitro gas production kinetics, methane (CH 4 ) emissions and potentially digestible neutral detergent fibre (pdNDF) digestibility (IVpdNDFD). Samples of whole-crop maize silage (MS), sugarcane (SC), ryegrass (RG), brachiaria grass (BG) and guinea grass (GG) were incubated for 72h with three concentrations of SBO (0, 30 and 60 g/kg of dry matter (DM)) in a fully automated in vitro gas system. Three runs were conducted using buffered rumen fluid from three cows. The SBO increase affected acetate proportion in VFA, acetate to propionate ratio, and total gas production at 72h differently according to the forage. Soybean oil inclusion did not affect total gas production for RG and BG; however, decreased quadratically for MS and SC and increased quadratically for BG. The SBO quadratically decreased CH 4 emission both as mL/g of OM and % of total gas production. The IVpdNDFD decreased 21.2 and 12.9% when SBO level was increased for MS and SC, respectively, without showing any effects for GG, BG and RG. In conclusion MS and SC are more sensitive to adverse effects of SBO addition from 30 to 60 g kg -1 MS on rumen digestion of pdNDF than RG, GG and BG. The second study aimed to quantify the productive and metabolic responses, and digestive changes in dairy cows fed various concentrations of SBO in high concentrate, sugarcane-based diets. Eight rumen-cannulated multiparous Holstein cows (body weight (BW) = 574 ± 19.1 kg and 122 ± 6.9 days in milk), averaging 22.5 ± 1.22 kg/d of milk were assigned to replicated 4 × 4 Latin squares. The experimental period lasted 21 d as follows: 14 d for adaptation, followed by a sampling period from d 15 to 21. The diets were formulated with increasing concentrations of SBO (% of DM): control (0%), low (LSBO; 1.57%), medium (MSBO; 4.43%) and high (HSBO; 7.34%). Dry matter intake (DMI) decreased quadratically in response to SBO addition. The greatest decrease in DMI was observed in MSBO and HSBO diets. Both milk and energy corrected milk (ECM) yield were quadratically affected by the SBO inclusion, with a slight decrease up to MSBO and substantial decrease in the HSBO diet. The milk fat concentration linearly decreased from 3.78% in the control to 3.50% in the HSBO diet. The potentially digestible neutral detergent fiber digestibility in the rumen decreased from vii55.7% in the control to 35.2% in the HSBO diet. The fractional rate of digestion of potentially digestible neutral detergent fiber in the rumen decreased linearly from 3.13 to 1.39%/h from the control to HSBO diet. The fractional rate of indigestible neutral detergent fiber passage in the rumen was quadratically affected, with the lowest value (2.25%/h) for the HSBO diet. Rumen pH increased from 6.42 to 6.67, and ammonia nitrogen decreased from 28.1 to 21.4 mg/dL, in the control and HSBO diets, respectively. Rumen volatile fatty acids decreased quadratically, with the greatest decrease observed in MSBO and HSBO diets. Serum concentrations of glucose, non-esterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate were unaffected by SBO inclusion. However, serum concentrations of total cholesterol and high-density and low-density lipoproteins linearly increased with increasing concentrations of SBO in the diet. Soybean oil supplementation at 1.57% of the diet DM proved to be a safe concentration for dairy cows fed high concentrate diets with sugarcane as the sole forage. Inclusion of SBO at concentrations from 4.43 to 7.34% of the diet DM decreased DMI, ECM production, fiber digestibility and rumen fermentation being not recommended. The third study aimed to investigate the effects of increasing concentrations of SBO in sugarcane-based diets on omasal digesta and milk fatty acids (FA) profile, focusing on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk. The diets were the same reported for the second study (control, LSBO, MSBO and HSBO) Experiment 1 (EXPI) was designed to quantify the flow of FA to the omasum and milk FA profile. In EXPI, eight rumen-cannulated multiparous Holstein cows averaging 574 ± 19·1 kg BW and 122 ± 6·9 days in milk were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Experiment 2 (EXPII) was designed to quantify the milk FA profile in cows after calving. In EXPII 14 primiparous (545 ± 17·2 kg BW) and eight multiparous (629 ± 26·7 kg BW) Holstein cows were used after calving. The concentration of 11trans-18:1, 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA, and 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA in omasal digesta increased linearly with the addition of SBO. Soybean oil increased quadratically the biohydrogenation rate of polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), with a slightly increase from MSBO to HSBO. Milk fat concentration in both experiments decreased with SBO supply; however, fat yield was not affected in EXPII. In both experiments, the concentration (g/kg) of 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA in milk increased linearly in despite of the yield (g/d) increased quadratically. 10trans,12cis-18:2 CLA in milk was detected in MSBO and HSBO diets. The addition of SBO proved to be a feasible alternative to increase the rumen outflow of 11trans-18:1 and milk 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA concentration; however, SBO supplementation greater than 15.7 g SBO/kg DM decreases milk and fat yield without additive response on 9cis,11trans-18:2 CLA yield.
Mark, Christian C. Manio. "Studies on endurance exercise training adaptation and endurance performance in mice under different pharmacological, physiological, and dietary conditions." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232334.
Повний текст джерела0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第21133号
農博第2259号
新制||農||1057(附属図書館)
学位論文||H30||N5107(農学部図書室)
京都大学大学院農学研究科食品生物科学専攻
(主査)教授 保川 清, 教授 金本 龍平, 准教授 井上 和生
学位規則第4条第1項該当
Asmus, Matthew Duane. "Effects of dietary fiber on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, and carcass fat quality in growing-finishing pigs." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15103.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Animal Science and Industry
Jim L. Nelssen
Three experiments used 777 pigs to study the effects of fiber source; wheat middlings (midds), dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), and choice white grease (CWG), and reduction strategies for growing and finishing pigs. Also a fourth study utilizing 1,360 pigs was conducted to determine the effect of immunocastration (IC) and DDGS withdrawal on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fatty acid analysis, and iodine value (IV) of pork fat depots in growing and finishing pigs. Experiment 1 determined that the ingredient source of fiber (wheat middlings or DDGS) was more important than NDF level alone, for characterization of growth, carcass, and yield responses. Experiment 2 showed that a short (23 d) fiber reduction strategy was successful at fully recovering yield loss; however, a longer reduction (47 d) was necessary for further improvements in carcass fat quality (IV). Experiment 3 further proved that yield loss can be recovered with a short fiber reduction strategy (19 d), and that adding energy from CWG during the fiber reduction period can improve feed efficiency, but was unsuccessful at further improving carcass yield or carcass fat quality. Experiment 4 showed that carcass yield was lower for IC pigs than barrows regardless of dietary DDGS or withdrawal strategy. Also pigs fed 30% DDGS throughout had decreased carcass yield; however, withdrawing DDGS from the diet on d 74 was effective at recovering the yield loss. While DDGS withdrawal strategy was successful at lowering IV, but was unsuccessful at fully lowering IV to values of pigs fed the control diet throughout. Iodine values were somewhat variable within fat depot, showing the jowl and clear plate fat were less accurate in showing changes from the diet, most likely due to the fact they are deposited earlier and are slower to turnover. Iodine value tended to be greater for IC pigs than barrows on d 107, but by d 125 there were no differences in IV between IC and barrows. This dramatic improvement from d 107 to 125 could be caused by the dilution of unsaturated fatty acids, specifically C18:2 and C18:3, due to the rapid deposition of fat in IC pigs.
Åkerlind, Maria. "Milk composition and metabolism of cows selected for high or low milk-fat concentration /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5702-5.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGilbert, André. "The value of dietary fats for improving reproductive performance of broiler breeder chickens /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59945.
Повний текст джерелаIn Experiment 1, added dietary fat produced significantly higher fertility and early embryonic livability. In Experiment 2, inclusion of 3% CO in the males' diets significantly increased late embryo livability and total embryo survival resulting in a significantly higher hatchability. There were no differences in semen characteristics among dietary treatments. These data indicate that the contribution of the male is not restricted to the fertilization of eggs but is also related to embryonic livability. The addition of fat significantly affected the fatty acid composition of the phospholipid fraction of the spermatozoa cells.
Coutinho, Juliano José de Oliveira [UNESP]. "Relações entre carboidratos e lipídios em dietas para tilápias do nilo em tanques-rede." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/143956.
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O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo de tilápias do Nilo criadas em gaiolas e alimentadas com dietas extrusadas com quatro níveis de carboidratos e lipídios em diferentes relações. Foram utilizados 1280 peixes machos revertidos sexualmente da linhagem gift (157,54 ± 3,50g), distribuídos em 16 gaiolas (1,0 m³), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições, com 80 tilápias do Nilo em cada gaiola. Os peixes foram alimentados com quatro dietas com aproximadamente 3500 kcal kg-1 de energia digestível, contendo quatro níveis de carboidratos e lipídios (CHO35/L9, CHO39/L8, CHO43/L7 e CHO47/L6%) e com diferentes relações de CHO:L (3,89; 4,87; 6,14; 7,83; respectivamente). As tilápias foram arraçoadas quatro vezes ao dia, durante 120 dias. Não houve mortalidade durante o período experimental. As tilápias alimentadas com as dietas contendo a relação CHO:L 6,14, obtiveram as melhores médias para o desempenho produtivo: ganho em peso médio (GPM) 397,24±5,06g; taxa de crescimento específico (TCE) 1,07±0,028%/dia e consumo médio de ração (CS) 462,08±5,06g e também para eficiência de retenção de energia bruta (EREB) 57,17±4,16% e para extrato etéreo no ganho em peso (EEGP) 13,71±1,47%, nas condições de realização do experimento. Na avaliação histológica houve um aumento na concentração de vacúolos de gordura nos tecidos hepáticos quando as relações de CHO:L aumentavam.
The aim of this was to evaluate the performance of Nile tilapia rared in cages fed extruded diets containing four relations of carbohydrates and lipids. 1280 male (157.54 ± 3,50g) were used and distributed in 16 cages (1.0 m³) in a completely randomized design with four treatments and four replicates. Each cage contains 80 Nile tilapia. The fish were fed diets with 3500 kcal kg -1 of digestible energy, containing four levels of carbohydrates and lipids (CHO35/L9, CHO39/L8, CHO43/L7 and CHO47/L6%) with the CHO:L relations: (3.89; 4.87; 6.14; 7.83; respectively). The tilapia were fed four times a day for 120 days. There was no mortality during the trial period. The tilapia fed diets containing the relation CHO:L 6.14, showed the best productive performance mean for weight gain (WG) 397.24 ± 5,06g; specific growth rate (SGR) 1.07 ± 0.028%/day, average feed intake (AFC) 462.08 ± 5,06g, also gross energy retention efficiency (GERE) 57.17 ± 4.16% and ether extract to weight gain (EEWG) 13.71 ± 1.47%, at the experiment conditions. Histological evaluation showed increased in fat vacuoles concentration and liver tissues when as CHO:L relations increased as well.
Montgomery, Sean P. "Effects of supplemental fat source on finishing cattle growth performance, carcass characteristics, ruminal metabolism, and site and extent of digestion /." Search for this dissertation online, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.
Повний текст джерелаHedegren, Daniel. "Thin-Clients : An open-source product comparison." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-5057.
Повний текст джерелаCroft, Louise. "Investigating energy expenditure in wheelchair athletes." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9788.
Повний текст джерелаPaulk, Chad Bennett. "Predicting market pig weights and fat iodine value and effect of zinc on growth performance and immune function of finishing pigs." Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17917.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Animal Science
Jim L. Nelssen and Michael D. Tokach
The optimum sampling method swine producers should use to estimate the mean and SD of pig BW within a barn was determined based upon both the time required to conduct and the precision and accuracy of each sampling method. Weighing 5 pigs from 15 pens was determined to be the optimal sampling method. This should require approximately 55 min to complete. Weighing 5 pigs from 15 pens had a CI range of 7.2 to 8.0 kg for estimating the mean BW and 5.6 kg for estimating SD. Next, a meta-analysis was conducted using data from existing literature to generate equations to predict finishing pig back, belly, and jowl fat iodine value. While numerous factors were evaluated, dietary essential fatty acids, dietary net energy content, and backfat thickness had the greatest influence on predicting iodine value of the 3 distinct fat depots. Lastly, 6 experiments were conducted to determine the effects of added Zn on growth performance, pork quality, plasma Zn, and ileal mucosal inflammation mRNA expression of finishing pigs fed diets containing ractopamine-HCl (RAC; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN). Additional Zn increased plasma Zn and reduced relative expression of IL-1β, but did not improve growth performance of pigs fed diets containing RAC in 5 of the experiments. However, in 1 of the experiments, adding Zn to diets containing RAC resulted in a trend for improved growth performance of pigs. Supplementing the RAC diets with dietary Zn decreased the percentage of type IIA fibers and tended to increase the percentage of type IIX fibers compared to pigs fed the RAC diet without added Zn. Ractopamine-HCl produced chops that were lighter and less red, but possessed reduced metmyoglobin reducing ability at the end of the display period. However, adding Zn to RAC diets increased metmyoglobin reducing ability levels at the end of the display period.
Simas, Jose Manuel Correia de 1967. "Lactational performance and nutrient utilization in high producing cows fed sorghum grains of varying starch degradabilities with or without fat supplementation." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278180.
Повний текст джерелаBrannegan, Daniel Robert. "Analysis of Ethoxyquin and its Oxidation Products using Supercritical Fluid Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Chemiluminescent Nitrogen Detection." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/31575.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Lu, Ting. "Effects of a dietary antioxidant blend on growth performance, liver function, oxidative stress, and meat and fat quality in pigs and broiler chickens fed diets high in oxidants." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/79556.
Повний текст джерелаPh. D.
O'Brien, Michael J. (Michael James) 1981. "Performance analysis and algorithm enhancement of feature-aided-tracker (FAT) simulation software using 1-D high-range-resolution (HRR) radar signature profiles." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/30309.
Повний текст джерелаIncludes bibliographical references (p. 94).
The current Lincoln Laboratory (LL) MATLAB Feature-Aided-Tracker (FAT) software was adjusted and appended to provide a robust ground-target radar tracking simulation tool. It utilizes algorithms from the LL UAV Radar Moving Target Tracker (1991) and the LL FAT Tracking Software (2002). One-dimensional High-Range-Resolution (HRR) radar signature target profiles were used to assist in track-to-report data association through classification-aided and signature-aided tracking (CAT and SAT) algorithms. Profiles were obtained from the DARPA-sponsored Moving Target Feature Phenomenology (MTFP) program. Performance Analysis of this simulation tool reinforced the hypothesis that target aspect angle error estimation (state estimation) drives the performance of CAT, SAT, and Kinematic Tracking (KT) algorithms. A decaying exponential relationship exists between the Kalman filter estimate of target-speed and expected aspect angle error. This relationship was exploited to optimize the allocation of computational resources while enlarging the database aspect angle search in CAT to improve performance. Vehicle classification accuracy is improved by 70% and data association accuracy is improved by 12% in kinematically ambiguous situations such as when target intersections occur. SAT was improved 3% using this knowledge. Additionally, the target report HRR profile from each scan was used to generate an "On-The- Fly" SAT HRR profile database. This algorithm tests the similarity between the current target report HRR profile and the database HRR profiles. If there is sufficient resemblance, the report HRR is added to the database; if not, the database is reset.
(cont.) This information can be employed to provide up to a 9% performance improvement over the previous version of SAT in a best-case scenario. In realistic situations, a 6% performance improvement is still attainable. If a large, accurate database exists, near-perfect data association is achieved. Overall, the above technique adjustments provide an improvement of 6.3% (13.6% in realistic, GPS-generated scenarios) in data association accuracy over the initial FAT algorithm and a corresponding 28.8% improvement over the results of the KT itself.
by Michael J. O'Brien.
S.M.
Kasch, Juliane [Verfasser], and Susanne [Akademischer Betreuer] Klaus. "Impact of maternal high-fat consumption on offspring exercise performance, skeletal muscle energy metabolism, and obesity susceptibility / Juliane Kasch ; Betreuer: Susanne Klaus." Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1218403527/34.
Повний текст джерелаDschaak, Christopher M. "Production Performance and Profiles of Milk Fatty Acids of Lactating Dairy Cows Fed Whole Safflower Seed Containing High Fat and Low Fiber." DigitalCommons@USU, 2009. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/293.
Повний текст джерелаWang, Ding. "Long-term effects of different fat sources and vitamin E supplementation on growth performance, antioxidant status, carcass characteristics, meat quality, and immune capacity of pigs with heavy slaughter weight up to 150 kg." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/100.
Повний текст джерелаAwgichew, Kassahun. "Comparative performance evaluation of Horro and Menz sheep of Ethiopia under grazing and intensive feeding conditions." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2000. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=961806729.
Повний текст джерелаLeBlanc, Jean-Luc. "A relationship between percentage of body fat, exercise and fine motor performance as evaluated on a step-input subject-paced pursuit tracking task." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5356.
Повний текст джерелаIbrahim, Hatem Musbah. "Performance Modelling and Evaluation of Network On Chip Under Bursty Traffic. Performance evaluation of communication networks using analytical and simulation models in NOCs with Fat tree topology under Bursty Traffic with virtual channels." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/7826.
Повний текст джерелаAferri, Gabriela. "Desempenho e características da carcaça de novilhos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes fontes de gordura." Universidade de São Paulo, 2003. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-01092003-094100/.
Повний текст джерелаSeveral fat sources have been utilized in feedlot diets to improve animal performance. This study carried out at the Beef Cattle Sector of the FZEA, USP, evaluated the performance and carcass and meat characteristics of 36 crossbred steers (approximately ¾ Bos taurus taurus, offspring of crossbred Simental cow x Brangus sire), with 14 months old on the average and 320 kg, fed diets with 81% concentrate and 5% protected fat (GP), or 21% whole cotton seed (CA), or without any additional fat (CT). The dry matter intake of the GP diet was lower than with the CA diet, which was not different from the CT diet, but with no effect on daily weight gain and feed efficiency. Blood urea nitrogen was greater for the CA treatment than GP treatment, but in the normal range. Carcass dressing, rib eye area, fat thickness, kidney and pelvic fat, and liver weight were not different among treatments. The pH and temperature in the first hour and after 24 hours of chilling were not different and in the normal range. There was also no difference among treatments in water loss during cooking and Warner Bratzler shear force. The shear force values ranged from 3.0 to 3.5 kg, but were improved after 14 days of maturation. The resulted indicated that the protected fat or whole cottonseed can be used as ingredients for feedlot diets without affecting performance or carcass characteristics, if economically feasible.
Graham, Amanda Brooke. "The effects of low-, medium-, and high-oil dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and fat quality in finishing pigs." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15851.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Robert Goodband
Three experiments used 1,756 pigs to evaluate the effects of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) varying in oil content on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and fat quality in growing-finishing pigs. A fourth experiment used 12 pigs and determined the energy concentration and nutrient digestibility of the DDGS sources used in the previous 3 growth studies. Lastly, a fifth experiment used 576 pigs to determine the effects of DDGS and wheat middlings (midds) withdrawal 24 d before harvest in diets without or with ractopamine HCl (RAC) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, fat quality, and organ/intestine weights. Experiment 1 determined that increasing 7.4% oil DDGS decreased (linear, P < 0.02) ADG and G:F. Also, final BW, HCW, and carcass yield decreased (linear, P < 0.03), but jowl iodine value (IV) increased (linear, P < 0.001) as DDGS increased. Experiments 2 and 3 utilized DDGS sources that contained 5.2 vs. 9.3, and 9.2 vs. 11.8% oil, respectively. In brief, results suggested that while ADG was unaffected, feeding DDGS with 5.2% oil reduced G:F. In Exp. 4, stepwise regression was used to develop prediction equations based to determine that a 1% change in oil content of DDGS will change the DE by 71 kcal/kg and NE by 118 kcal/kg. Experiment 5 determined that pigs fed corn-soy (CS) diets throughout the finishing phase had greater (P < 0.03) ADG, G:F, and carcass yield and lower (P < 0.01) IV than those fed high fiber (HF; DDGS and wheat midds) diets throughout, with pigs fed the fiber withdrawal intermediately. Pigs fed RAC had greater (P < 0.01) ADG, G:F, and carcass yield than pigs not fed RAC. Iodine values were lowest (P < 0.01) for pigs fed the CS diets, highest (P < 0.01) for those fed HF diets throughout, and intermediate for pigs fed the withdrawal diet. Withdrawal of the HF diet to a CS diet partially mitigated negative effects on carcass yield and IV, and feeding RAC, regardless of dietary fiber regimen, improved growth performance and carcass yield.
Filho, Milton Maturana. "Desempenho produtivo e reprodutivo e parâmetros sanguíneos de vacas leiteiras alimentadas com diferentes fontes de gordura no período de transição e inicio de lactação." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10135/tde-16122009-160120/.
Повний текст джерелаThis study was carried out to evaluate the use of different fat sources in dairy rations, in transition period and early lactation on follicular dynamics, reproductive efficiency, nutrients intake and digestibility, composition and milk yield, composition of protein fraction and energy balance. Third Holstein cows, with production of 30,0 Kg/cow/day on previous lactation, supply since 35 days before parturition until day 85 after parturition with one experimental ration during all experiment, the cows are allocated in free-stall, distributed in three experimental group, feeding with rations: 1) Control; 2) Refined Soybean oil; 3) Calcium salts of fatty acids (Megalac-E). Was evaluated daily the dry matter intake during though the experimental period. After parturition, the composition and milk yield samples used for milk analysis were collected weekly from the two daily milking. The samples of blood were collected with vacuolized tubes per puncture of coccygeal vein and/or artery. For obtaining the follicular dynamics data, was make daily the ultra-sonographic exam with Aloka 500 with linear probe of 5,0 MHz since 14º until 65º days of lactation (DEL), was evaluates the: Total follicle number, the follicles distribution on class : class1 (3-5mm), class 2 (6-9 mm) e class 3 (10-15mm), the diameter dominant follicle (FD) and Subordinated follicle (FS), the follicle number in each ovary (NOD, NOE), corpus luteum when present in left or right ovaries (CLOD an CLOE) and also was evaluated the reproductive efficiency index: Parturition-pelvic, First ovulation, pre ovulatory follicle of first ovulation, corpus luteum of first ovulation, Dominant follicle in fixed time artificial insemination, pregnancy rates of FTAI. The follicular dynamics data was analyzed with time repeated measures of PROC. Mixed, and orthogonal contrasts (control vs fat; OS vs SC), of SAS program version 9.1, with significant alpha of 5%. The reproductive data was submitting a variance analysis, orthogonal contrasts (control vs fat; OS vs SC) for PROC GLM and the chi-square analysis for PROC FREQ for pregnancy rates. Had no effects (P>0,05) of experimental rations on dry mater intake (DMI), on body condition score (BCS) and body weight in pre-partum period. The DMI (kg/day), body condition score change and body weight was influenced (P<0,05) for weeks in post-partum. The milk yield, and the corrected milk yield for fat, was not influenced (P>0,05) for experimental rations. When evaluated the orthogonal contrasts was observed a reduction on fat percentage and fat production on milk (P<0,05) for dairy cows feed with fat sources on rations, especially for the calcium soaps of fat acids. Was observed the interaction besides the experimental rations and the lactation weeks for corrected milk yield for 3,5% of fat. The energy balance was not influenced for the experimental rations in pre-partum period, had only time effect (P<0,001) pre-partum period. Had treatment, time and fat source effect on energy balance in post-partum period (P<0,001), when assessing the contrasts, the cows of calcium soap fatty acids group presented better energy balance in post-partum period when compared with the dairy cows of soybean oil. The blood concentrations of glucose, total proteins, albumin, urea, ureic nitrogen on blood, total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol, non esterified fat acids (NEFA) and -hidroxibutirate (BHBA) was not influenced (P>0,05) of fat sources on rations both in pre-partum period as post-partum period. All blood parameters presented days effects on post-partum period (P>0,05). When assessing the orthogonal contrasts, there was not differences between the experimental rations on blood parameters evaluated in this study on pre and post partum periods. There was interaction between time and experimental rations on glucose, total cholesterol and NEFA on post-partum period, and urea and nitrogen urea on blood in pre and post-partum periods. Had no differences on blood concentrations of HDL cholesterol (P>0,05) and total cholesterol in post-partum period between experimental rations. Had no interaction between time and experimental rations for BHBA concentrations in pre and post-partum periods. Had interaction between days in milk and the experimental rations (P<0,001) for NEFA concentrations on pos-partum period. The progesterone concentrations on pre and post-partum period was not influenced for experimental rations (P>0, 05). The experimental rations was not influenced (P>0,05) the variables, follicle on class 2, class3, dominant follicle, subordinated follicle, corpus luteum on right and left ovaries, t follicles numbers on left ovary The fat sources influenced (P<0,05) the variables total follicles numbers and the follicles numbers on class1. When assessing the orthogonal contrasts had effects (P<0,05), in relation to contrast Control vs. fat sources, it was observed the superiority for fat sources. Had no effects (P>0,05) of experimental rations on calving- pelvic, first ovulation, pre-ovulatory follicle of first ovulation, however was observed effect (P<0,05) in relation of variables corpus luteum of first ovulation and dominant follicle on TFAI. The dominant follicle in the TFAI presented the major diameter (P<0,05) for dairy cows feeding fat sources. Had treatment effect for TFAI pregnancy rates (P<0,05), where the dairy cows of soybean oil presented the lower TFAI pregnancy rates of 30,0%, the dairy cows of control group and calcium soaps of fat acids group presented the TFAI pregnancy rates of 50,0%. The fat suplementation on transition period and early lactation improving the productive performance, the metabolic profile on early lactation, and the follicle dinamycs and the reproductive performance in dairy cows.
Boemo, Lenise Schroder. "N,N-dimetilglicina em dietas para frangos de corte." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/10792.
Повний текст джерелаN, N-dimetilglicina (DMG) é um metabólito intermediário da colina no metabolismo celular da glicina, é formado nas mitocôndrias do fígado através da remoção do grupo de metil da betaína. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de DMG na alimentação de frangos de corte, a fim de avaliar as características de desempenho e de carcaça. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - Brasil. Foram utilizados 1.920 frangos de corte de 1 dia de idade, da linhagem Cobb-500 criados até os 42 dias de idade. As aves foram divididas aleatoriamente em três tratamentos com dez repetições de 64 aves cada. Foram utilizadas dietas com dois níveis de DMG (0 ou 1000mg de DMG/kg de dieta) e uma dieta com promotor de crescimento (AGP). As dietas foram formuladas a base de milho e farelo de soja. Aos 42 dias de idade as aves alimentadas com dieta com antibiótico tiveram maior peso corporal que as aves que receberam dieta controle (P=0,0117), mas o peso corporal e o ganho de peso das aves do grupo suplementado com antibióticos não diferiram das aves suplementadas com DMG. O consumo de ração no final do período experimental foi menor nas aves suplementadas com DMG em comparação as aves do grupo suplementado com AGP. O estudo das carcaças apresentou diferenças entre os tratamentos. Aves alimentadas com DMG tiveram melhor rendimento de carcaça (74,98%) do que as aves sem DMG (73,58%), (P=0,0195). O rendimento de peito em relação à carcaça foi 1,16% maior no grupo suplementado com DMG em relação às aves do grupo controle (P=0,0034). O percentual de gordura abdominal foi reduzido em 0,27 % nas aves do grupo DMG em relação às alimentadas com AGP (P=0,0427). Os resultados deste estudo mostram que N, N-dimetilglicina (DMG) teve efeito positivo sobre as características da carcaça de frangos de corte.
Stickel, Andrew Dale. "Effects of supplementing dried distillers grains with solubles to yearling stocker cattle during the last 90 days of grazing on animal performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality when utilizing a short feeding protocol." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13702.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Terry Houser
Crossbred yearling steers (n = 144 initial BW 367 ± 18.46 kg) were randomly allotted by BW to a randomized complete block design with a 2x3 factorial treatment arrangement to 1) assess the impact of supplementing dried distiller grain with solubles (DDGS) while grazing late season forage for 90 d and 2) the impact of a short feeding period on animal performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality traits. Treatments consisted of DDGS supplementation during grazing (0 or 1% of BW as DDGS; DM basis) and finishing days on feed (DOF;75, 100, 125). During grazing supplemented cattle had greater (P < 0.01) ADG than un-supplemented cattle but un-supplemented cattle had greater ADG than supplemented cattle during the finishing period. There were no differences between grazing treatments for DMI (P = 0.91) during the finishing period. Supplemented cattle had decreased (P = 0.02) G:F during the finishing period compared to un-supplemented cattle. Supplemented cattle had heavier (P < 0.01) HCW and larger (P = 0.02) LM area than un-supplemented cattle. Increasing DOF linearly increased (P ≤ 0.03) HCW, 12th rib fat thickness, LM area and USDA marbling score. No differences were observed for USDA yield grade. Increasing DOF decreased (Linear; P < 0.01) carcass protein %, moisture %, and increased (Linear; P < 0.05) carcass fat %. Increasing DOF increased (Quadratic; P = 0.01) L* values, while decreasing (Quadratic; P < 0.01) a* and b* values for external fat color. No differences were observed with respect to the percentages of any fatty acids for any treatment. Increased (P = 0.01) sensory off-flavors were present at 100 DOF when compared to 125 DOF. No other differences among treatments were observed for any sensory traits, instrumental tenderness, lean color or fatty acid profile for any treatment. In conclusion, supplementing cattle with 1 % DDGS during grazing altered grazing and feedlot performance as well as impacted carcass characteristics. In addition, utilizing a shortened feeding period had minimal effects on meat quality traits, but increasing DOF resulted in a greater amount of whiter external fat.
Lategan, Elna. "The effect of rumen inert fat supplementation and protein degradability in starter and finishing diets on veal calf performance and the fatty acid composition of the meat." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51969.
Повний текст джерелаENGLISH ABSTRACT: Six groups each with six Friesian bull calves were used in this investigation and slaughtered at 20 weeks of age. Calves received a low- (LD) or high (HD) degradable protein diet, each with or without rumen inert fat supplementation. Two commercial fat sources were used, Morlae (m) and Golden Flake (gf), included at 2.5% of the diet. A commercial milk replacer (Denkavit) was fed at 4L for 42 days, followed by 2L until weaning at 49 days of age. The starter diets were fed ad lib. from day 14 to 10 weeks of age and finishing diets ad lib. from 11 to 20 weeks of age. There were no significant differences in body mass gain or dry matter intake over the entire 20 week period. The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was improved significantly (P=0.0032) when fat was supplemented to LD, but not to HD diets. The FCR (kg dry matter/ kg gain) ofLD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgfand HDgfdiets were 3.45,3.44,3.07, 3.81, 3.02 and 3.43, respectively. All 36 calves were used in a digestibility trial, using chromium oxide (Cr203) as a marker, during week 18 of the investigation. Digestibility values (%) for the six diets (LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgfand HDgf) were 61.74, 65.91, 75.44, 69.00, 75.54 and 67.15 for dry matter, 61.44, 61.60, 71.33, 68.23, 75.44 and 66.12 for crude protein and 58.56, 66.45, 75.98, 70.92, 78.43 and 70.79 for fat, respectively. The dry matter (P=O.OOOl)and fat (P=O.OOOl) digestibilities were only significantly higher when fat was added to LD diets. The crude protein (CP) digestibilities were significantly higher when fat was added to either the LD (P=0.0001) or the HD (P=0.0488) diets. All the calves were slaughtered at 20 weeks of age and the fatty acid content of the meat (m. longissimus) and subcutaneous fat layer adjacent to the 12th rib as well as the meat colour, was determined. The fatty acid composition of the longissimus muscle was changed by feeding the rumen inert fat sources. The three predominant fatty acids found were palmitic, stearic and oleic acids. The palmitic acid (CI6:0) content of the muscle and diet was 24.44 & 20.47,25.97 & 22.57,31.06 & 33.23, 30.98 & 37.91, 34.94 & 31.77 and 29.71 & 32.88 of the total fat for the LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf and HDgf diets, respectively. The C16:0 content was significantly higher in the muscle of the calves receiving the LD diets supplemented with fat (P=0.0008). There was also a significant interaction between the two fat sources and protein degradability (P=0.0065), but only in the LD diets. The stearic acid (CI8:0) content of the muscle and diet was 14.35 & 5.22, 19.65 & 8.61, 17.29 & 4.68, 22.59 & 5.78, 22.27 & 15.54, and 26.48 & 20.15 of the total fat for the LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgfand HDgfdiets, respectively. The C18:0 content was significantly higher in the muscle of calves receiving the HD (P=O.OOOl)compared to LD diets. The stearic acid content was also significantly higher when fat was added to LD (P=0.0042) or HD (P=0.0073) diets. The oleic acid (CI8:1) content of the muscle and diet was 36.06 & 21.51,39.99 & 21.11,32.21 & 23.67, 29.13 & 24.59, 25.23 & 18.68 and 35.93 & 16.02 of the total fat for the LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf and HDgf diets, respectively. The linolenic acid (CI8:3) content of the muscle was significantly higher (P=0.0038) when fat was added to LD diets compared to no fat supplementation (0.87 vs. 0.15). The CIELAB values indicated that LD diets resulted in more pink meat. Mean values ofL* =-32.61, 34.19; a* = 7.08, 7.91 and b* = 3.18 and 4.07 were observed for the LD and HD diets, respectively. Meat from the LD diets had significantly lower L*-(P=0.0252), a*-(P=0.0283) and b*-(P=0.0109) values compared to meat from the HD diets. It was concluded that there was a positive response in CP digestibility when rumen inert fats were supplemented to LD or HD diets, although a greater response was shown in the LD diets. The FCR, dry matter and fat digestibility were only increased when fat was added to the LD and not to the HD diets. Similarly, the fatty acid contents of the longissimus muscle of veal calves can be manipulated with the supplementation of rumen inert fat sources, but only when combined with a low protein degradable diet. The low degradable protein diets also produce a more attractive meat colour for the potential veal consumer.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ses behandelings, lae- (LD) of hoë (HD) degradeerbare diëte, elk met of sonder rumeninerte vetsupplementering, is geëvalueer met ses kalwers in elke groep. Twee kommersiële vetbronne is gebruik, nl. Morlae (m) en Golden Flake (gf) teen 'n 2.5% insluitingspeil. 'n Kommersiële melksurrogaat (Denkavit) is aangebied teen 4L1dag tot 42 dae ouderdom, gevolg deur 2L/dag tot speenouderdom op 49 dae. Aanvangsdiëte is ad lib. aangebied vanaf 14 dae tot 10 weke ouderdom en die groeidiëte ad lib. vanafweek 11 tot 20. Daar was geen betekenisvolle verskille in die totale massatoename of die droëmateriaalinname nie. Die voeromsettingsverhouding is betekenisvol verbeter (P=0.0032) in die behandelings waarin rumeninerte vette by LD diëte ingesluit is, maar nie by die HD diëte nie. Die voeromsettingsverhouding (kg droëmateriaalinname / kg massatoename) van die LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte was 3.45, 3.44, 3.07, 3.81, 3.02 en 3.43, onderskeidelik. Al 36 kalwers is in 'n verteringsproef gebruik gedurende week 18 van die proef. Chroomoksied (Cr203) is as merker gebruik. Verteerbaarheidswaardes vir die ses diëte was 61.74, 65.91, 75.44,69.00,75.54 en 67.15 vir droëmateriaal, 61.44, 61.60, 71.33, 68.23, 75.44 en 66.12 vir ruproteïen en 58.56, 66.45, 75.98, 70.92, 78.43 en 70.79 vir vet, onderskeilik. Die droëmateriaal- (P=O.OOOl) en vetverteerbaarheid (P=O.OOOI) was slegs betekenisvol hoër wanneer vet by LD diëte gevoeg is en nie by HD nie. Die ruproteïen (RP) verteerbaarheid Stellenbosch University http://scholar.sun.ac.za VI was betekenisvol hoër (P=0.0002) by LD en HD (P=0.0488) diëte met vet supplementering, teenoor geen vet insluiting. Die kalwers is op 20 weke ouderdom geslag en die vetsuursamestelling van die vleis (m. longissimus) en die subkutane vetlaag teenaan die 12de rib, asook en die vleiskleur, is bepaal. Die vetsuursamestelling van die longissimus spier is deur die supplementering van rumeninerte vet verander. Die drie primêre vetsure wat in die vleis voorgekom het, was palmitiensuur, steariensuur en oleïensuur. Die palmitensuur (CI6:0) inhoud van die spier en diëte was 24.44 & 20.47, 25.97 & 22.57, 31.06 & 33.23, 30.98 & 37.91, 34.94 & 31.77 en 29.71 & 32.88 van die totale vet van die LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte, onderskeilik. Die C16:0 was betekinisvol hoër in die spiere van kalwers wat die LD diëte met vet supplementering (P=0.0008) ontvang het. Die steariensuur (CI8:0) inhoud van die spier en diëte was 14.35 & 5.22, 19.65 & 8.61, 17.29 & 4.68, 22.59 & 5.78, 22.27 & 15.54, en 26.48 & 20.15 van die totale vet vir die LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte, onderskeidelik. Die C18:0 inhoud was betekinisvol hoër in die spiere van die kalwers wat die HD (P=O.OOOI),teenoor LD diëte ontvang het. Die steariensuur inhoud was ook betekenisvol hoër wanneer vet by LD (P=0.0042) of HD (P=0.0031) diëte gevoeg word. Die oleïensuur (CI8:1) inhoud van die spier en diëte was 36.06 & 21.51, 39.99 & 21.11, 32.21 & 23.67, 29.13 & 24.59, 25.23 & 18.68 en 35.93 & 16.02 van die totale vet vir die LD, HD, LDm, HDm, LDgf en HDgf diëte, onderskeidelik. Die linoleensuur (CI8:3) inhoud van die spier was betekinisvol hoër (P=0.0038) in die LD diëte met vet teenoor LD met geen vet supplementering (0.87 vs. 0.15). Die CIELAB waardes van die LD diëte dui op 'n pienker vleiskleur. Gemiddelde waardes van L* = 32.61 & 34.19, a* = 7.08 & 7.91 en b* = 3.18 & 4.07 is vir die LD en HD diëte, onderskeidelik, waargeneem. Die vleis van die LD diëte het 'n betekenisvol laer L*-(P=0.0252), a*-(P=0.0283) en b*-(P=0.0109) waarde in vergelyking met die HD diëte getoon. Die resultate dui daarop dat daar 'n positiewe respons in die ruproteïenverteerbaarheid by die supplementering van rumeninerte vette by LD en HD diëte voorkom, maar die response op die LD diëte is groter. Die voeromsettingsverhouding, droëmateriaal- en vetverteerbaarheid is egter net bevoordeel in die LD met vet en nie in die HD diëte nie. Die vetsuursamestelling van die longissimus spier in die kalf kan gemanipuleer word met die supplementering van rumeninerte vetbronne, maar slegs wanneer dit gekombineer word met lae degradeerbare proteïen diëte. Die lae degradeerbare proteïen diëte produseer ook die mees aanloklike vleiskleur vir die potensiële kalfsvleisverbruiker.
Barnes, Julie A. "Effects of dietary wheat middlings, dried distillers grains with solubles and choice white grease on growth performance, carcass charactersitics, and carcass fat quality of grow-finish pigs." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/8566.
Повний текст джерелаDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
Joel M. DeRouchey
Five experiments used 3,004 pigs to determine influences of wheat middlings (Midds), dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS), and choice white grease (CWG) on growth, carcass traits, and carcass fat quality of finishing pigs and the optimal SID Trp:Lys in growing and finishing pigs fed 30% DDGS. In Exp. 1, pigs fed increasing dietary Midds had decreased (linear; P≤0.02) ADG and G:F. Feeding 30% DDGS did not influence growth performance. For carcass traits, increasing Midds decreased (linear; P<0.01) carcass yield, HCW, and backfat depth (quadratic; P<0.02) but increased (quadratic; P<0.01) FFLI. Feeding 30% DDGS decreased (P<0.03) carcass yield and backfat depth (P<0.01), but increased FFLI (P<0.02) and jowl fat IV (P<0.001). In Exp. 2, feeding 20% dietary Midds decreased (P<0.01) ADG and G:F. Pigs fed diets with increasing CWG had improved ADG (quadratic, P<0.03) and G:F (linear, P<0.01). Dietary Midds or CWG did not affect ADFI. For carcass traits, feeding 20% Midds decreased carcass yield (P<0.05), HCW, backfat depth, and loin depth, while increasing jowl fat IV (P<0.001). Pigs fed CWG also had decreased (linear, P<0.05) FFLI and increased (linear, P<0.01) jowl fat iodine value. In conclusion, feeding Midds reduced pig growth performance, carcass yield, and increased jowl fat IV. In Exp. 3, xylanase supplementation did not improve growth performance or carcass traits of pigs fed different dietary energy and fiber levels. Increasing dietary energy increased (linear; P<0.001) ADG and G:F with no affect on ADFI. Increasing dietary energy increased (linear; P<0.01) yield, HCW, backfat depth, and reduced FFLI (linear; P<0.001) and jowl fat iodine value (linear; P<0.001). Apparent total tract digestibility of ADF improved (P<0.002) with the addition of dietary xylanase; however, there were no differences in any other nutrient digestibility criteria. As dietary energy increased, there was an increase (linear; P<0.02) in apparent digestibility of DM, N, fat, GE, ADF, and NDF. In Exp. 4 and 5, results indicated the optimal SID Trp:Lys was 16.5% from 36.3 to 72.6 kg, but at least 19.5% from 72.6 to 120.2 kg in corn-soybean meal diets containing 30% DDGS.
Bali, Tarsi C. "Carbohydrate and fat metabolism related to blood lactate concentration : estimation of a constant of half maximal activation of relative carbohydrate oxidation and its relation to performance and gender." Thesis, University of Essex, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.570663.
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