Статті в журналах: "Fat biopsy"

1

Bloomenstein, Richard B. "Liposuction for Fat Biopsy." Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 82, no. 5 (November 1988): 904–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006534-198811000-00030.

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2

Kirby, Madeline A., Douglas J. Grider, and James S. Cain. "Unexpected Abdominal Fat Pad Biopsy: Challenge." American Journal of Dermatopathology 44, no. 2 (February 2022): e16-e17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dad.0000000000002086.

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3

Kirby, Madeline A., Douglas J. Grider, and James S. Cain. "Unexpected Abdominal Fat Pad Biopsy: Answer." American Journal of Dermatopathology 44, no. 2 (February 2022): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dad.0000000000002087.

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4

Kettwich, Lawrence G., Wilmer L. Sibbitt, N. Suzanne Emil, Usman Ashraf, Leslie Sanchez-Goettler, Yumna Thariani, and Arthur D. Bankhurst. "New device technologies for subcutaneous fat biopsy." Amyloid 19, no. 2 (March 27, 2012): 66–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13506129.2012.666508.

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5

Sole Arques, M. "Abdominal fat aspiration biopsy in dialysis-related amyloidosis." Archives of Internal Medicine 148, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.148.4.988.

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6

Arqués, Manuel Solé. "Abdominal Fat Aspiration Biopsy in Dialysis-Related Amyloidosis." Archives of Internal Medicine 148, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1988.00380040228040.

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7

Hansen, Charlotte Toftmann, Hanne E. H. Møller, Aleksandra Maria Rojek, Niels Marcussen, Hans Christian Beck, and Niels Abildgaard. "Combined Subcutaneous Fat Aspirate and Skin Tru-Cut Biopsy for Amyloid Screening in Patients with Suspected Systemic Amyloidosis." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 3649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123649.

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Screening for systemic amyloidosis is typically carried out with abdominal fat aspirates with varying reported sensitivities. Fat aspirates are preferred for use in primary screening instead of organ biopsies as they are less invasive and thereby minimize the potential risk of complications. At Odense Amyloidosis Center, we performed a prospective study on whether the combined use of fat aspirate and tru-cut skin biopsy could increase the diagnostic sensitivity. Both fat aspirates and skin biopsies were screened with Congo Red staining, and positive biopsies were subsequently subtyped using immunoelectron microscopy and mass spectrometry. Seventy-six patients were included. In total, 24 patients had systemic amyloidosis (11 AL, 12 wtATTR, 1 AA), and 6 patients had localized amyloidosis. Combined fat aspirate and skin biopsy were Congo Red-positive in 15 patients (overall sensitivity (OS) 62.5%). Fat aspirates were positive in 14 patients (OS 58.3%), and the skin biopsy was positive in 5 patients (OS 20.8%). In only one patient did the skin biopsy add extra diagnostic information. The sensitivity differed between AL and ATTR amyloidosis—81.8% and 41.7%, respectively. Using skin biopsy as the only screening method is not recommended.

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8

Hummel, Kelsey, Hany Meawad, William T. Gunning, and Amira F. Gohara. "Negative Fat Pad Biopsy in Systemic AL: A Case Report Analyzing the Preferred Amyloidosis Screening Test." Diseases 9, no. 2 (May 28, 2021): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/diseases9020040.

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Light chain amyloidosis (AL) causes irreversible multi-organ damage if not diagnosed early in the disease process. Fat pad biopsy is thought to be a highly sensitive screening test in systemic AL cases, especially if greater than three organs are involved. We present a case of a 64-year-old female who was admitted to the hospital with worsening heart and kidney failure, anasarca, increased free serum lambda light chains, and a negative fat pad biopsy for amyloidosis. Later, she developed asystole, bradycardia, severe hypotension, and respiratory distress. Because X-rays of her calvarium showed multiple osteolytic lesions, a bone marrow biopsy was planned to assess for multiple myeloma. Due to her non-reassuring vitals, the biopsy was not attempted, and she passed away several weeks later. Autopsy findings identified the cause of death as multiple system organ failure due to systemic AL. Through microscopic examination, pathologists found amyloid deposits in her heart, kidneys, rectum, thyroid, adrenals, bone marrow, liver, and spleen. Postmortem fat pad biopsy was negative; however, bone marrow biopsy demonstrated clusters of CD138-positive cells, confirming plasma cell dyscrasia. In cases with a negative fat pad biopsy, an additional superficial or involved organ biopsy should be pursued to establish a diagnosis of amyloidosis if strong clinical suspicion exists.

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9

Boden, Guenther, Matthew Silviera, Brian Smith, Peter Cheung, and Carol Homko. "Acute Tissue Injury Caused by Subcutaneous Fat Biopsies Produces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress." Endocrine Reviews 30, no. 7 (December 1, 2009): 928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/edrv.30.7.9995.

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Abstract Background It is not known whether acute tissue injury is associated with endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Objective Our objective was to determine whether open, sc fat biopsies cause ER stress. Approach Five healthy subjects underwent three open sc fat biopsies. The first biopsy, taken from the lateral aspect of a thigh, was followed 4 h later by a second biopsy from the same incision site and a third biopsy from the contralateral leg. Expression markers of ER stress, inflammation, hypoxia, and adipokines were measured in these fat biopsies. In addition, we tested for signs of systemic ER stress and inflammation in plasma and in circulating monocytes. Results mRNA/18s ratios of IL-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, CD-14, hypoxia-induced factor 1-α, the spliced form of Xbox protein-1, glucose-regulated protein 78, CEBP homologous protein, and activating factor-4 were all severalfold higher, whereas mRNA/18s ratios of adiponectin and leptin were lower in fat biopsies taken from the same site 4 h after the first biopsy but were unchanged in the second biopsy that was taken from the contralateral site. The biopsies were not associated with changes in plasma and monocyte IL-6 concentrations or in monocyte ER stress markers. Also, whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose uptake was the same in 15 subjects who had biopsies compared with 15 different subjects who did not. Conclusion Open, sc fat biopsies produced inflammation, hypoxia, ER stress, and decreased expression of adiponectin and leptin. These changes remained confined to the biopsy site for at least 4 h.

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10

Gallo, Gloria, Mustafa Kaakour, Ashok Kumar, Joseph Chuba, and Jerry Waisman. "Immunohistologic classification of systemic amyloidosis by fat aspiration biopsy." Amyloid 1, no. 2 (January 1994): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13506129409148631.

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11

Aimo, Alberto, Michele Emdin, Veronica Musetti, Angela Pucci, and Giuseppe Vergaro. "Abdominal Fat Biopsy for the Diagnosis of Cardiac Amyloidosis." JACC: Case Reports 2, no. 8 (July 2020): 1182–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaccas.2020.05.062.

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12

Varga, John. "Abdominal Fat Aspiration Biopsy in Dialysis-Related Amyloidosis-Reply." Archives of Internal Medicine 148, no. 4 (April 1, 1988): 988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1988.00380040228041.

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13

Lake, Jordan E., Carlee Moser, Liz Johnston, Clara Magyar, Scott D. Nelson, Kristine M. Erlandson, Todd T. Brown, and Grace A. McComsey. "CT Fat Density Accurately Reflects Histologic Fat Quality in Adults With HIV On and Off Antiretroviral Therapy." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 104, no. 10 (April 11, 2019): 4857–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-02785.

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Abstract Context Microscopic measurement of adipocyte size is the gold standard for determining adipose tissue (AT) quality. AT density on CT may also reflect adipocyte quality (lower density = poorer quality). Objective We used abdominal subcutaneous AT (SAT) specimens and CT scans to validate CT SAT density as a marker of SAT quality in adults living with HIV. Setting and Design Secondary data analysis from completed trial of antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation (ACTG A5224s). CT abdominal SAT density was measured in HU. SAT specimens were digitally scanned for calculation of mean adipocyte area. Participants Participants had SAT biopsy and CT data at baseline (n = 54) and HIV-1 RNA <50 copies per milliliter on ART and biopsy or CT data at week 96 (n = 30). Outcome Measures Spearman correlations and linear regression models adjusting for participant characteristics examined associations between SAT density and adipocyte area. Results Baseline median age was 40 years, CD4+ T lymphocyte count 219 cells per cubic millimeter, and body mass index 26.0 kg/m2; 89% were male and 67% white. Median SAT area and density were 199 cm2 and −100 HU. Over 96 weeks, SAT area increased (+18%) and SAT density decreased (−3%). Mean SAT adipocyte area correlated with SAT density (P < 0.01) off and on ART after adjustment for SAT area, age, race, sex, CD4+ T lymphocyte count, and HIV-1 RNA. Conclusions CT SAT density correlates with biopsy-quantified SAT adipocyte size in adults with HIV on and off ART, suggesting that CT is a useful tool for noninvasive assessment of SAT quality.

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14

Güttsches, Anne-Katrin, Robert Rehmann, Anja Schreiner, Marlena Rohm, Johannes Forsting, Martijn Froeling, Martin Tegenthoff, Matthias Vorgerd, and Lara Schlaffke. "Quantitative Muscle-MRI Correlates with Histopathology in Skeletal Muscle Biopsies." Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases 8, no. 4 (July 30, 2021): 669–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jnd-210641.

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Background: Skeletal muscle biopsy is one of the gold standards in the diagnostic workup of muscle disorders. By histopathologic analysis, characteristic features like inflammatory cellular infiltrations, fat and collagen replacement of muscle tissue or structural defects of the myofibers can be detected. In the past years, novel quantitative MRI (qMRI) techniques have been developed to quantify tissue parameters, thus providing a non-invasive diagnostic tool in several myopathies. Objective: This proof-of-principle study was performed to validate the qMRI-techniques to skeletal muscle biopsy results. Methods: Ten patients who underwent skeletal muscle biopsy for diagnostic purposes were examined by qMRI. Fat fraction, water T2-time and diffusion parameters were measured in the muscle from which the biopsy was taken. The proportion of fat tissue, the severity of degenerative and inflammatory parameters and the amount of type 1- and type 2- muscle fibers were determined in all biopsy samples. The qMRI-data were then correlated to the histopathological findings. Results: The amount of fat tissue in skeletal muscle biopsy correlated significantly with the fat fraction derived from the Dixon sequence. The water T2-time, a parameter for tissue edema, correlated with the amount of vacuolar changes of myofibers and endomysial macrophages in the histopathologic analysis. No significant correlations were found for diffusion parameters. Conclusion: In this proof-of-principle study, qMRI techniques were related to characteristic histopathologic features in neuromuscular disorders. The study provides the basis for further development of qMRI methods in the follow-up of patients with neuromuscular disorders, especially in the context of emerging treatment strategies.

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15

Sorsa, Sirkka, Risto-Pekka Happonen, and Pekka Klemi. "Oral biopsy and fine needle aspiration biopsy from subcutaneous fat in diagnosis of secondary amyloidosis." International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 17, no. 1 (January 1988): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0901-5027(88)80221-2.

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16

Muchtar, Eli, Angela Dispenzieri, Martha Lacy, Francis Buadi, Prashant Kapoor, Suzanne R. Hayman, Wilson I. Gonsalves, et al. "Overuse of organ biopsies in immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis: The consequence of failure of early recognition." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): e19532-e19532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.e19532.

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e19532 Background: The diagnosis of amyloidosis requires histological confirmation of Congo-red (CR) deposits. The tissue source is preferably fat and/or bone marrow biopsy, but at times organ biopsy is required. Methods: We studied 612 patients with systemic light chain amyloidosis to characterize the tissues used to establish the diagnosis Results: The median number of tissue samples biopsied for CR staining was 3. Ninety-five percent of bone marrow (BM) biopsies were stained for CR, while 79% of patients had fat aspiration performed for CR staining. Overall, 76% of patients underwent both procedures. CR stain sensitivity was 69% in BM samples, 75% in fat aspiration and in 89% for both sources combined. CR stain sensitivity was 97-100% for heart, renal and liver biopsies. 42% of patients with renal involvement, 21% of patients with liver involvement and 13% of patients with heart involvement underwent organ biopsy, when a less invasive safer biopsy would have established the diagnosis. Predictors of need for organ biopsy were male sex, limited organ involvement and lack of fat aspiration (Table). Conclusions: Fat aspiration is underutilized for histologic confirmation of amyloidosis. Organ biopsies (particularly renal biopsies) were performed at a high rate, which represents a failure to recognize the disease (i.e. failure to screen with a light chain assay etc.). Early awareness of amyloidosis in the differential diagnosis of patients with organ dysfunction may lead to fewer unnecessary organ biopsies [Table: see text]

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17

Kufer, Verena, Siegfried A. Schwab, Maike Büttner, Abbas Agaimy, Michael Uder, and Kerstin Amann. "Incidental Monotypic (Fat-Poor) Renal Angiomyolipoma Diagnosed by Core Needle Biopsy." Case Reports in Medicine 2012 (2012): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/906924.

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We present the case of a 55-year-old patient with a history of chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation because of acute myeloid leukaemia. An incidental 4 × 3 cm measuring renal mass was detected while performing a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for lumbago. The lesion was suspected to be either a renal cell carcinoma (RCC) or a leukemic infiltration. To decide about further treatment a percutaneous core needle biopsy was performed. Histology showed a monotypic angiomyolipoma, a relatively rare benign renal lesion. Interestingly, in cross-sectional imaging, angiomyolipoma was not taken into differential diagnostic account because of lack of a fatty component. Due to bleeding after biopsy the feeding artery of the tumor was occluded by microcoils. This case demonstrates the utility of biopsy of renal tumors, in particular when small tumor-like lesions are incidentally detected to decide about the right treatment and thereby avoiding nephrectomy.

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18

Flach, Patricia M., Steffen G. Ross, Stephan A. Bolliger, Garyfalia Ampanozi, Gary M. Hatch, Corinna Schön, Michael J. Thali, and Tanja Germerott. "Massive Systemic Fat Embolism Detected by Postmortem Imaging and Biopsy*." Journal of Forensic Sciences 57, no. 5 (April 26, 2012): 1376–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2012.02144.x.

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19

Galdermans, D., D. Coolen, I. Neetens, J. Bultinck, and G. Parizel. "Pulmonary fat embolism presenting as chronic respiratory failure." European Respiratory Journal 2, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 185–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.02020185.

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A patient is presented with progressive respiratory failure, caused by pulmonary fat embolism as proved by an open lung biopsy. Four and a half yrs earlier, she underwent a right hip operation. We surmise that a loosening hip prosthesis caused the marrow embolisation.

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20

Fine, Nowell Mark, Adelaide Olson, Steven Zeldenrust, Fletcher Miller, Suzette Bielinski, Kyle Klarich, Angela Dispenzieri, Christopher Scott, and Martha Grogan. "SENSITIVITY OF SUBCUTANEOUS FAT ASPIRATE BIOPSY FOR DETECTION OF SYSTEMIC AMYLOIDOSIS IN CARDIAC BIOPSY-PROVEN TRANSTHYRETIN CARDIOMYOPATHY." Journal of the American College of Cardiology 61, no. 10 (March 2013): E592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(13)60592-6.

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21

Bowen, Kristina, Nina Shah, and Matthew Lewin. "AL-Amyloidosis Presenting with Negative Congo Red Staining in the Setting of High Clinical Suspicion: A Case Report." Case Reports in Nephrology 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/593460.

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A histologic diagnosis of amyloidosis requires acquiring tissue containing amyloid fibrils from an affected organ or alternate site. The biopsy site and staining techniques may influence testing accuracy. We present a case in which systemic amyloidosis was suspected; however, biopsies of the bone marrow, an osteosclerotic bone lesion, arterial and venous vessels, and the fat pad were all negative for the diagnostic Congo red stain. An eventual renal biopsy demonstrated AL-amyloidosis, kappa light chain associated with extensive vascular interstitial, and glomerular, involvement. Choice of biopsy site, as well as staining and analysis of the tissue, can influence sensitivity and specificity of amyloid testing. Fat-pad biopsies are less invasive and offer reasonable sensitivity. Bone marrow samples are only diagnostic up to 63% of the time. A renal biopsy offers improved sensitivity and is generally safe in experienced hands, but is a more invasive procedure with increased number of relative contraindications and complications. The choice of the biopsy site should be based on considering the expected yield, accessibility of the site, and the risks associated with the procedure.

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22

Yen, Liauw Djai, Clara Valentina, Gabriella Hamid, Mutiara Jesslyn Taslim, Leonardo Leonardo, Florentina Reddy, Oscar Odillo Laman, and Maria Zita. "Imaging and Minimally Invasive Biopsy for Postmortem Pulmonary Fat Embolism Diagnosis." Majalah Kedokteran Bandung 53, no. 4 (December 2021): 186–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v53n4.2440.

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23

Mann, Rachel A., Tiffany N. S. Ballard, David L. Brown, Adeyiza O. Momoh, Edwin G. Wilkins, and Jeffrey H. Kozlow. "Autologous fat grafting to lumpectomy defects: complications, imaging, and biopsy rates." Journal of Surgical Research 231 (November 2018): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2018.05.023.

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24

Ródenas-Herranz, T., L. Linares-Gonzalez, and R. Ruiz-Villaverde. "RF - Diagnostic Biopsy for Amyloidosis: Subcutaneous Fat or Minor Salivary Gland?" Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (English Edition) 111, no. 6 (July 2020): 520–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adengl.2018.11.027.

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25

Mallinson, W. J., O. J. Corrado, and S. R. Milkins. "Amyloid (AL) in an octogenarian diagnosed by abdominal wall fat biopsy." Postgraduate Medical Journal 63, no. 736 (February 1, 1987): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.63.736.105.

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26

Walker, William P., Richard J. H. Smith, and Michael B. Cohen. "Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn." Diagnostic Cytopathology 9, no. 3 (May 1993): 329–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dc.2840090318.

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27

Caballero Martel, Jonathan Ruben, and Sara Estévez Sarmiento. "Schwannoma: A Rare Hoffa's Fat Pad Tumor." Surgery Journal 05, no. 02 (April 2019): e62-e64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1692996.

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AbstractHoffa's fat pad can be affected by a variety of tumors. Schwannomas are benign and typically solitary neoplasms of the peripheral nerve sheath; they are made up of the neoplastic Schwann cells and are usually located eccentrically. Malignant schwannomas are extremely uncommon. Here we report a case of an intra-articular schwannoma of the knee. A 54-year-old man presented with a painful lump in the medial aspect of the knee. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a well-circumscribed intra-articular mass, which was later diagnosed as an intra-articular schwannoma based on biopsy findings.

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28

Tsai, Yi-Shan, Chia-Ying Lin, Ming-Ching Ou, Yi-Sheng Liu, Ming-Tsung Chuang, Yan-Shen Shan, Hong-Ming Tsai, and Chien-Kuo Wang. "A CT-guided fat transversing coaxial biopsy technique for pancreatic lesion biopsy that avoids major organs and vessels." Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology 23, no. 6 (2017): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/sjg.sjg_199_17.

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29

Wendling, P. S., S. J. Peters, G. J. Heigenhauser, and L. L. Spriet. "Variability of triacylglycerol content in human skeletal muscle biopsy samples." Journal of Applied Physiology 81, no. 3 (September 1, 1996): 1150–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1996.81.3.1150.

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The variability of the triacylglycerol store in human skeletal muscle (TGm) was examined using the needle biopsy technique. In 13 subjects, three biopsies were sampled from the vastus lateralis muscle of one leg at rest and after 90 min of cycling at 65% of maximal O2 uptake on one or two occasions. Visible fat and blood were removed before the samples were frozen, and remaining blood, connective tissue, and fat were removed from freeze-dried fiber bundles. TGm content was measured in two aliquots of powdered muscle from each biopsy. Within-biopsy variability was low at 6%. Despite precautions, many biopsies from inactive subjects were contaminated with adipose tissue. The TGm between-biopsy coefficient of variation (CV) was 23.5 +/- 14.6% (SD, n = 24) for rest and exercise time points where three noncontaminated biopsies existed. The between-biopsy variability at rest (19.8 +/- 7.9%, n = 10) was not significantly different from that at exercise (26.1 +/- 17.4%, n = 14). The muscle glycogen between-biopsy CV for rest and exercise time points was 10.0 +/- 10.3%. The resting TGm content was 26.3 +/- 4.3 mmol/kg dry muscle, and the net utilization during the 90 min of exercise was less than the between-biopsy variability. It is concluded that the TGm store measured in repeated biopsies of human skeletal muscle is variable, with a CV of 20-26%. Therefore, because of this high variability, only changes greater than approximately 24% of resting TGm content may be considered meaningful.

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30

Nolan, David, Emma Hammond, Ian James, Elizabeth McKinnon, and Simon Mallal. "Contribution of Nucleoside-Analogue Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Therapy to Lipoatrophy from the Population to the Cellular Level." Antiviral Therapy 8, no. 6 (August 1, 2002): 617–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135965350300800614.

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Objectives It has been proposed that the contribution of nucleoside-analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) therapy to subcutaneous fat wasting involves adipose tissue-specific mitochondrial DNA toxicity. We have investigated the relationships between NRTI therapy, adipocyte mitochondrial DNA content, evidence of toxicity in adipose tissue and fat wasting in Caucasian male Western Australian HIV Cohort study participants. Methods: Longitudinal mixed effects analysis of fat wasting was undertaken in individuals receiving initial stavudine- or zidovudine-containing highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) ( n=49, 149 DEXA measurements). Adipocyte mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion was also assessed according to current NRTI therapy in 92 subcutaneous fat biopsies from 69 HIV-positive individuals and seven healthy controls, and results were correlated with fat wasting among a subset of patients with biopsy data receiving initial stavudine-or zidovudine-containing HAART ( n=22, 103 DEXA measurements). Confocal microscopy was performed in 22 biopsy samples obtained before and after initiating/switching NRTI therapy. Results Stavudine therapy was associated with more severe adipocyte mitochondrial DNA depletion ( P<0.001) and fat wasting over time ( P=0.002) compared with zidovudine therapy in independent analyses. Among patients with concurrent biopsy and longitudinal DEXA data, fat wasting was associated with duration of NRTI therapy ( P=0.001) and adipocyte mtDNA copies/cell ( P=0.01). In this analysis, the significant association between choice of stavudine versus zidovudine and fat wasting ( P=0.03) was lost after adjustment for the effect of mtDNA depletion ( P=0.13). Confocal analysis provided direct evidence of a relationship between severity of adipose tissue toxicity and mitochondrial DNA depletion. No significant effects of HIV protease inhibitor therapy were detected in these analyses. Conclusions Severity of subcutaneous fat wasting is primarily determined by choice of NRTI therapy (stavudine versus zidovudine) and by duration of exposure to the relevant NRTI. At the cellular level, evidence is provided that this effect manifests through NRTI-induced mitochondrial DNA depletion.

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31

Hansen, Patricia E., and Edwin O. Williamson. "Lipoma with Central Fat Necrosis: Is Core Biopsy a Good Way to Diagnose Fat Necrosis of the Breast?" Breast Journal 5, no. 3 (May 1999): 202–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1524-4741.1999.98095.x.

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32

Ikeda, Shu-ichi, Yoshiki Sekijima, Kana Tojo, and Jun Koyama. "Diagnostic value of abdominal wall fat pad biopsy in senile systemic amyloidosis." Amyloid 18, no. 4 (October 17, 2011): 211–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/13506129.2011.623199.

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33

Villé, H., G. Maes, R. Geers, V. Goedseels, G. Parduyns, J. Van Bael, S. Janssens, and P. Dekempeneer. "A technique for muscle biopsy sampling on pigs to assess intramuscular fat." Meat Science 32, no. 2 (January 1992): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0309-1740(92)90099-p.

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34

Carvalho, F., M. Amaro, M. Galvão, A. Morbey, A. Freire, E. Monteiro, A. Vila Lobos, et al. "Abdominal fat aspirative biopsy — diagnostic value in familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy, Portuguese type." Neuromuscular Disorders 6 (February 1996): S55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8966(96)88896-1.

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35

Yki-J�rvinen, Hannele, E. A. Nikkil�, K. Kubo, and J. E. Foley. "Assay of glucose transport in human fat cells obtained by needle biopsy." Diabetologia 29, no. 5 (May 1986): 287–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00452064.

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36

Patel, Niraj S., Michael R. Peterson, Grace Y. Lin, Ariel Feldstein, Bernd Schnabl, Ricki Bettencourt, Ekihiro Seki, Claude B. Sirlin, and Rohit Loomba. "Insulin Resistance Increases MRI-Estimated Pancreatic Fat in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Normal Controls." Gastroenterology Research and Practice 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/498296.

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Background. Ectopic fat deposition in the pancreas and its relationship with hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance have not been compared between patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and healthy controls.Aim. Using a novel magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based biomarker, the proton-density-fat-fraction (MRI-PDFF), we compared pancreatic fat content in patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD to healthy controls and determined whether it is associated with insulin resistance and liver fat content.Methods. This nested case-control study was derived from two prospective studies including 43 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD and 49 healthy controls who underwent biochemical testing and MRI.Results. Compared to healthy controls, patients with NAFLD had significantly higher pancreatic MRI-PDFF (3.6% versus 8.5%,Pvalue <0.001), and these results remained consistent in multivariable-adjusted models including age, sex, body mass index, and diabetes (Pvalue =0.03). We found a strong correlation between hepatic and pancreatic MRI-PDFF (Spearman correlation,P= 0.57,Pvalue <0.001). Participants with increased insulin resistance determined by homeostatic-model-of-insulin-resistance (HOMA-IR) greater than 2.5 had higher pancreatic (7.3% versus 4.5%,Pvalue =0.015) and liver (13.5% versus 4.0%,Pvalue <0.001) MRI-PDFF.Conclusion. Patients with NAFLD have greater pancreatic fat than normal controls. Insulin resistance is associated with liver and pancreatic fat accumulation.

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37

Arjmand, Alexandros, Odysseas Tsakai, Vasileios Christou, Alexandros T. Tzallas, Markos G. Tsipouras, Roberta Forlano, Pinelopi Manousou, et al. "Ensemble Convolutional Neural Network Classification for Pancreatic Steatosis Assessment in Biopsy Images." Information 13, no. 4 (March 23, 2022): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info13040160.

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Non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease (NAFPD) is a common and at the same time not extensively examined pathological condition that is significantly associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. These factors can lead to the development of critical pathogens such as type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), atherosclerosis, acute pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer. Until recently, the diagnosis of NAFPD was based on noninvasive medical imaging methods and visual evaluations of microscopic histological samples. The present study focuses on the quantification of steatosis prevalence in pancreatic biopsy specimens with varying degrees of NAFPD. All quantification results are extracted using a methodology consisting of digital image processing and transfer learning in pretrained convolutional neural networks for the detection of histological fat structures. The proposed method is applied to 20 digitized histological samples, producing an 0.08% mean fat quantification error thanks to an ensemble CNN voting system and 83.3% mean Dice fat segmentation similarity compared to the semi-quantitative estimates of specialist physicians.

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38

Johnson, Gerald W. "Benign Breast Calcifications." American Journal of Cosmetic Surgery 5, no. 3 (September 1988): 177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074880688800500303.

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Benign calcifications in the breast have been observed following breast biopsy, trauma, abscess, augmentation with prosthetic devices, reduction mammoplasty and mastopexy, and augmentation with autogenous fat grafts. These calcifications are generally thought to follow fat necrosis. However, fat necrosis in the breast is more likely to result in calcifications than similar necrosis elsewhere in the body. The author offers a theory that trauma, whether accidental or surgical, can cause not only fat necrosis, but also glandular damage or necrosis that releases an unknown mammary factor (tentatively called Factor MX) that promotes calcium concentration and reacts with the fatty acids to form calcifications. The literature on breast calcifications following surgery is reviewed, and four case reports are presented. The author makes the point that the use of fat injection techniques for breast augmentation has not been proved to be any more likely to result in eventual breast calcifications than are numerous other surgical procedures. Therefore, criticism of this technique based on the potential for unnecessary biopsies at a later date is unwarranted. Benign calcifications have been observed following breast biopsy, trauma, abscess, augmentation using prosthetic devices, reduction mammoplasty, mastopexy, and augmentation with autogenous fat graft. These calcifications are usually thought to follow fat necrosis. We present a summary of the literature and four case reports of benign breast calcifications, three involving patients who developed calcifications following augmentation with silicone prosthetic devices and the fourth, a patient who developed a calcification 4 years after an augmentation using autogenous fat.

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Vasselli, J. R., J. A. Fiene, and C. A. Maggio. "Relationship of adipocyte size to hyperphagia in developing male obese Zucker rats." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 262, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): R33—R38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1992.262.1.r33.

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In growing male obese Zucker rats, hyperphagia reaches a maximum or “breakpoint” and declines at an earlier age with high fat than with chow-type diets. A serial adipose tissue biopsy technique was used to correlate changes of retroperitoneal adipocyte size and feeding behavior in 5- to 7-wk-old male lean and obese rats fed laboratory chow or a 35% fat diet until 30 wk of age. Although chow-fed groups had significantly greater cumulative intake, fat-fed groups had significantly greater body weight gain, retroperitoneal depot weight, and adipocyte number. Mean adipocyte size increased continuously in chow-fed groups but decreased over weeks 20-30 in fat-fed groups, reflecting increased adipocyte number. In fat-fed obese rats, hyperphagia reached a breakpoint at 11 wk and disappeared by 13 wk. In chow-fed obese rats, hyperphagia reached a breakpoint at 15-16 wk and disappeared by 19 wk. Biopsy samples revealed that adipocyte size of fat-fed obese rats was already close to maximal at 10 wk (1.12 micrograms lipid), while that of chow-fed obese rats only approached maximal at 20 wk (0.81 microgram lipid). At these time points, lipoprotein lipase activity paralleled adipocyte size. These data indicate that the duration of the growing obese rat's hyperphagia coincides with adipocyte filling and suggest the existence of feeding stimulatory and inhibitory signals from adipose tissue.

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40

Chen, Xia. "115 Rosai-Dorfman Disease of the Breast Mimicking Fat Necrosis on Core Biopsy." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 149, suppl_1 (January 2018): S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqx118.114.

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41

Garcia, Yessica, A. Bernard Collins, and James R. Stone. "Abdominal fat pad excisional biopsy for the diagnosis and typing of systemic amyloidosis." Human Pathology 72 (February 2018): 71–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.humpath.2017.11.001.

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42

Bi, Yan, Sudhakar K. Venkatesh, and Vijay H. Shah. "Detecting fibrosis without a liver biopsy: getting to the fat of the issue." Hepatology International 7, no. 3 (July 2013): 792–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12072-013-9450-3.

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Kühn, Jens-Peter, Diego Hernando, Alejandro Muñoz del Rio, Matthias Evert, Stephan Kannengiesser, Henry Völzke, Birger Mensel, Ralf Puls, Norbert Hosten, and Scott B. Reeder. "Effect of Multipeak Spectral Modeling of Fat for Liver Iron and Fat Quantification: Correlation of Biopsy with MR Imaging Results." Radiology 265, no. 1 (October 2012): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.12112520.

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44

Fuse, Honoka, Masaya Ito, Kosuke Takemura, Shuzo Ikuta, Toru Motoi, Tomotake Okuma, Madoka Kataoka, and Fumitaka Koga. "Renal Angiomyolipoma Mimicking a Well-Differentiated Retroperitoneal Liposarcoma." Case Reports in Urology 2020 (September 24, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8812057.

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A 37-year-old Burmese woman presented with an incidentally found retroperitoneal fat-containing tumor. The tumor was 9 cm in the longest diameter, surrounding the right kidney, and composed of homogenous adipose tissue with thickened septum-like structures and spotty nonadipose structures, which were enhanced on contrast-enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The tumor did not show either a beak sign or synchronous angiomyolipoma-like lesion in the kidneys. The tumor had irregular septa, thin blood vessels, and spotty small soft-tissue nodules. The tumor did not contain any heterogeneously enhanced solid lesions suspicious for dedifferentiated liposarcomas. Based on these imaging findings, a clinical diagnosis of a well-differentiated liposarcoma was made. Under the consensus of a multidisciplinary cancer board, she was recommended to undergo core-needle biopsy to confirm the clinical diagnosis. However, she declined to undergo biopsy for financial reasons. She underwent kidney-sparing retroperitoneal tumor resection. Histopathologically, the tumor was an angiomyolipoma with positive immunostaining for HMB45 and Melan A. The present case suggests the importance of core-needle biopsy prior to surgical intervention for retroperitoneal fat-containing tumors.

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45

Wahab, Rifat A., Kyle Lewis, Charmi Vijapura, Bin Zhang, Su-Ju Lee, Ann Brown, and Mary C. Mahoney. "Textural Characteristics of Biopsy-proven Metastatic Axillary Nodes on Preoperative Breast MRI in Breast Cancer Patients: A Feasibility Study." Journal of Breast Imaging 2, no. 4 (July 2020): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbi/wbaa038.

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Abstract Objective To determine the diagnostic accuracy of MRI textural analysis (TA) to differentiate malignant from benign axillary lymph nodes in patients with breast cancer. Methods This was an institutional review board–approved retrospective study of axillary lymph nodes in women with breast cancer that underwent ultrasound-guided biopsy and contrast-enhanced (CE) breast MRI from January 2015 to December 2018. TA of axillary lymph nodes was performed on 3D dynamic CE T1-weighted fat-suppressed, 3D delayed CE T1-weighted fat-suppressed, and T2-weighted fat-suppressed MRI sequences. Quantitative parameters used to measure TA were compared with pathologic diagnoses. Areas under the curve (AUC) were calculated using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to distinguish between malignant and benign lymph nodes. Results Twenty-three biopsy-proven malignant lymph nodes and 24 benign lymph nodes were analyzed. The delayed CE T1-weighted fat-suppressed sequence had the greatest ability to differentiate malignant from benign outcome at all spatial scaling factors, with the highest AUC (0.84–0.93), sensitivity (0.78 [18/23] to 0.87 [20/23]), and specificity (0.76 [18/24] to 0.88 [21/24]). Kurtosis on the 3D delayed CE T1-weighted fat-suppressed sequence was the most prominent TA parameter differentiating malignant from benign lymph nodes (P < 0.0001). Conclusion This study suggests that MRI TA could be helpful in distinguishing malignant from benign axillary lymph nodes. Kurtosis has the greatest potential on 3D delayed CE T1-weighted fat-suppressed sequences to distinguish malignant and benign lymph nodes.

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46

Börner, Sabina, Michael Derno, Sandra Hacke, Ulrike Kautzsch, Christine Schäff, Sint ThanThan, Hideto Kuwayama, et al. "Plasma ghrelin is positively associated with body fat, liver fat and milk fat content but not with feed intake of dairy cows after parturition." Journal of Endocrinology 216, no. 2 (November 15, 2012): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-12-0384.

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Ghrelin is a gastrointestinal peptide hormone that is present in blood mostly in a non-posttranslationally modified form, with a minor proportion acylated at Ser3. Both ghrelin forms were initially assigned a role in the control of food intake but there is accumulating evidence for their involvement in fat allocation and utilization. We investigated changes in the ghrelin system in dairy cows, exhibiting differences in body fat mobilization and fatty liver, from late pregnancy to early lactation. Sixteen dairy cows underwent liver biopsy and were retrospectively grouped based on high (H) or low (L) liver fat content post-partum. Both groups had a comparable feed intake in week −6 (before parturition) and week 2 (after parturition). Only before parturition was preprandial total ghrelin concentration higher in L than in H cows and only after parturition was the basal plasma concentration of non-esterified fatty acids higher in H than in L cows. Both before and after parturition, H cows had higher preprandial plasma concentrations of acyl ghrelin, a higher acyl:total ghrelin ratio, lower plasma triacylglyceride concentrations and a lower respiratory quotient compared with L cows. These group differences could not be attributed to an allelic variant of the acyl ghrelin receptor. Rather, the ratio of acyl:total ghrelin correlated with several aspects of fat metabolism and with respiratory quotient but not with feed intake. These results show that endogenous ghrelin forms are associated with fat allocation, fatty liver, and utilization of fat during the periparturient period.

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Lu, MS, FNP, Rebecca, and Tiffany Richards, PhD, ANP-BC, AOCNP. "A Focus on Waldenström Macroglobulinemia and AL Amyloidosis." Journal of the Advanced Practitioner in Oncology 13, no. 5 (July 1, 2022): 45–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.6004/jadpro.2022.13.5.14.

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Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma that is characterized by the overproduction of an IgM monoclonal protein. It may cause adenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, as well as other disease-related complications such as cold agglutinin anemia, cryoglobulinemia, hyperviscosity, and neuropathy. While light chain amyloidosis in patients with WM only occurs in about 10% of patients, it is important that advanced practitioners are able to recognize concurrent AL amyloidosis, which will affect the patient’s treatment trajectory. Diagnosis of WM with AL amyloidosis is based on bone marrow biopsy and a fat pad biopsy. If AL amyloidosis is suspected, the bone marrow and fat pad biopsy should undergo Congo red staining. If it is negative, and there is a strong suspicion of AL amyloidosis, then an organ biopsy can be considered. Treatment of WM uses rituximab-based therapy in combination with a variety of other agents, including proteasome inhibitors, alkylating agents, and BTK inhibitors. Treatment of light chain amyloidosis uses bortezomib as the backbone of therapy and can be administered with cyclophosphamide, dexamethasone, and now daratumumab, which was recently approved. Waldenström macroglobulinemia and light chain amyloidosis are both rare diseases and can lead to a variety of disease-related complications. Fortunately, many options exist for both diseases. This article will highlight a case of WM with amyloidosis and a case of a patient with relapsing WM with considerations for advanced practitioners managing this patient population.

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48

Clapper, Jason R., Michelle D. Hendricks, Guibao Gu, Carrie Wittmer, Carrie S. Dolman, John Herich, Jennifer Athanacio, et al. "Diet-induced mouse model of fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis reflecting clinical disease progression and methods of assessment." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 305, no. 7 (October 1, 2013): G483—G495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00079.2013.

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Shortcomings of previously reported preclinical models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) include inadequate methods used to induce disease and assess liver pathology. We have developed a dietary model of NASH displaying features observed clinically and methods for objectively assessing disease progression. Mice fed a diet containing 40% fat (of which ∼18% was trans fat), 22% fructose, and 2% cholesterol developed three stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (steatosis, steatohepatitis with fibrosis, and cirrhosis) as assessed by histological and biochemical methods. Using digital pathology to reconstruct the left lateral and right medial lobes of the liver, we made comparisons between and within lobes to determine the uniformity of collagen deposition, which in turn informed experimental sampling methods for histological, biochemical, and gene expression analyses. Gene expression analyses conducted with animals stratified by disease severity led to the identification of several genes for which expression highly correlated with the histological assessment of fibrosis. Importantly, we have established a biopsy method allowing assessment of disease progression. Mice subjected to liver biopsy recovered well from the procedure compared with sham-operated controls with no apparent effect on liver function. Tissue obtained by biopsy was sufficient for gene and protein expression analyses, providing the opportunity to establish an objective method of assessing liver pathology before subjecting animals to treatment. The improved assessment techniques and the observation that mice fed the high-fat diet exhibit many clinically relevant characteristics of NASH establish a preclinical model for identifying pharmacological interventions with greater likelihood of translating to the clinic.

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Wang, Di, Yan Wang, Baojian Liu, Yingying Liu, and Shiren Sun. "Diagnostic value of electron microscopy detection using abdominal fat pad biopsy in systemic amyloidosis." Clinical Nephrology 95, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 201–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/cn110320.

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Klem, P. J., S. Sorsa, and R. P. Happonen. "Fine-Needle Aspiration Biopsy from Subcutaneous Fat: An Easy Way to Diagnose Secondary Amyloidosis." Scandinavian Journal of Rheumatology 16, no. 6 (January 1987): 429–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/03009748709165414.

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