Дисертації: "Farming"

1

Miller, Elizabeth Carroll. "Farming without Farmers| Deskilling in Contract Broiler Farming." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10935955.

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Social scientists and food studies scholars have shown an enduring interest in how food is produced in our largely industrialized food system. However, there has been little research about the organization of labor on industrialized farms. These sites of production are mostly privately owned and hidden away from researchers and journalists, who are often perceived as critics or activists by farmers and other agriculturalists. My dissertation fills this gap by focusing exclusively on industrialized contract broiler farms. Contract broiler farming is a model where farmers agree to raise chickens for meat for a set amount of time, at a rate of pay based on the ratio of feed to chicken weight at slaughter. Farmers invest in the built infrastructure to execute this process, but the company they contract for is mostly in control of the upstream and downstream supply and processing chains that depend on the production of the broiler chicken for their continued functioning.

I use archival, interview, and ethnographic data to detail the history of broiler farming, the emergence of contracting, and what the experience of it is like today. The most significant and novel part of this project is my ethnographic data collected over six months spent working on two broiler farms contracted with one of the largest firms in the US. To date, no other researchers have been able to gain this level of access.

In this dissertation, I begin by exploring the role of management, detailing how the structure of the farming contract and ambiguous supervisory oversight facilitates farmer’s compliance with company demands. Then, utilizing agricultural and labor scholarship on deskilling in the labor process, I explore how poultry farming has become deskilled, robbing farmers of autonomy, the opportunity to agitate for better labor conditions, and ultimately eroding the intimate knowledge necessary to execute successful animal husbandry. Finally, I explore the games farmers play at work. While these games obscure how surplus value is appropriated from the farmer by the contracting firm, they also demonstrate farmer’s resistance and acquiescence to their deskilling and loss of autonomy.

2

Miller, Elizabeth. "Farming Without Farmers: Deskilling in Contract Broiler Farming." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24222.

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Social scientists and food studies scholars have shown an enduring interest in how food is produced in our largely industrialized food system. However, there has been little research about the organization of labor on industrialized farms. These sites of production are mostly privately owned and hidden away from researchers and journalists, who are often perceived as critics or activists by farmers and other agriculturalists. My dissertation fills this gap by focusing exclusively on industrialized contract broiler farms. Contract broiler farming is a model where farmers agree to raise chickens for meat for a set amount of time, at a rate of pay based on the ratio of feed to chicken weight at slaughter. Farmers invest in the built infrastructure to execute this process, but the company they contract for is mostly in control of the upstream and downstream supply and processing chains that depend on the production of the broiler chicken for their continued functioning. I use archival, interview, and ethnographic data to detail the history of broiler farming, the emergence of contracting, and what the experience of it is like today. The most significant and novel part of this project is my ethnographic data collected over six months spent working on two broiler farms contracted with one of the largest firms in the US. To date, no other researchers have been able to gain this level of access. In this dissertation, I begin by exploring the role of management, detailing how the structure of the farming contract and ambiguous supervisory oversight facilitates farmer’s compliance with company demands. Then, utilizing agricultural and labor scholarship on deskilling in the labor process, I explore how poultry farming has become deskilled, robbing farmers of autonomy, the opportunity to agitate for better labor conditions, and ultimately eroding the intimate knowledge necessary to execute successful animal husbandry. Finally, I explore the games farmers play at work. While these games obscure how surplus value is appropriated from the farmer by the contracting firm, they also demonstrate farmer’s resistance and acquiescence to their deskilling and loss of autonomy.

3

Mattos, Adriane Wassmassdorf. "Smart farming." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14196.

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4

Day, Warren Godfrey. "Farming out : a study." Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.308825.

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5

Kingdon, Lorraine B. "Is Farming Riskier Today?" College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622397.

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6

Nunes, Vasco Marques Guerreiro. "Urban farming e aquaponia." Bachelor's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14445.

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7

Cheng, Kwok-hang, and 鄭國鏗. "Is vertical farming a more sustainable alternative to conventional farming in Hong Kong?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/207616.

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Hong Kong’s agricultural sector has been declining since the 1980s with the reduction in area of arable lands and number of farmers. The trend of over-reliance on imported produce is likely to continue with population growth in the upcoming decades. The climbing imported to locally grown food ratio might aggravate climate change. Vertical farming, which is promoted in recent years as a more sustainable mode of farming than conventional cultivation, is investigated mainly in terms of life cycle Greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions of its produce. Assessment was carried out following the guidelines in two relevant sets of Publicly Available Specification (PAS). Lettuce variety “Heading European”, which is among the most popular leafy vegetables in Hong Kong, is chosen because of its significant share imported from Guangdong Province. Three sets of surveys have been conducted to find out if locally grown produce generates less GHG than imported one. The sustainability of vertical farming is also evaluated. It performs in a cradle-to-gate basis in which life cycle of the lettuce is assessed from the stage of farmland preparation to delivery of them to Vegetable Marketing Organization (VMO). The results of life cycle GHG evaluation show that produce of local farm generates fewer amounts of GHGs than the imported one. For lettuces imported from the conventional farm in Songyuancun, Guangdong Province, it generates approximately 1.57E+00kg of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-e). It is about 132% higher than the one grown in local conventional farm at Tai Kong Po Tsuen, which is around 6.77E-01kg of CO2-e It seems the idea of replacing local conventional farming with vertical farming is not sustainable at this stage. Evaluation reveals the latter generates more amount of GHG which is 8.72E+00kg CO2-e/cup of Oak Leaf Lettuce. It is about 13 times higher than the locally grown in the conventional farm. The energy-hungry lighting system and the lack of renewable energy are among the major reasons for high GHG emission in vertical farming. Although the GHG emissions are higher than conventional farming in the designated lifecycle, vertical farming does contribute to sustainable development in terms of food stability and job opportunity. Uncertainties of this study could well be improved by developing a specific set of GHG emission factors for components in preparation stage and on-farm stage. More information could be collected for use and end-of-life stages, which is omitted in the study. Further comparison of wider variety of vegetables cultivated in different forms of farming should also be carried out. Carbon labelling scheme for agricultural products would brush up environmental awareness of both producers and consumers. With the trend of green consumption, it would provide an incentive for producers to adopt this scheme. It is especially important for local vertical farms to impose this scheme to increase its market competiveness. Moreover, government should play a significant role in promoting a more sustainable form of agriculture. Supportive policy like increasing investment in R&D for energy efficient technologies or even erecting a modern building for vertical farms would help achieve this goal. The lowered life cycle GHG emission would enhance sustainability of vertical farming.
published_or_final_version
Environmental Management
Master
Master of Science in Environmental Management

8

Leung, Shi Chi. "Farming as Method: Contextualising the Politics of Food and Farming in South China." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/25683.

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How can we feed China? This perennial question addresses the human, social, economic and ecological problems that China has confronted for centuries. Agriculture, which includes peasants, villages and the land, has been an enduring material and theoretical subject for the Chinese communist agrarian revolution and transformation. Drawing on Chen Kuan-hsing’s Asia as Method (2010), I analyse farming as an evolving social and historical-material practice. This entails a decolonial contextualisation in rethinking Chinese modernisation. I propose the concept of farming as method to analyse the shifting conjuncture of food production and consumption within specific historical, social and material conditions¬—namely from socialist to reformist China. I ground this with empirical data collected during my ethnography of food activism in the Guangdong area. My thesis is structured by three major moments. First, for the Maoist “long collectivisation” (1950s–70s), I analyse what I call the “socialist toilet system,” and provide a metabolic account of human waste for understanding the shifting local and geopolitical conditions of the Cold War. Second, I show that the food activism in South China attempts to revitalise “traditional” farming knowledge as a cultural method for peasants’ struggles over livelihood and the environment while countering the reformist development. Third, I investigate a participatory method for forming a producer-consumer nexus, and focus on the articulation of a “convivial technique” that recognises and negotiates responsibilities among different actors caring for the agricultural commons. I conclude that farming as method provides a historically grounded, socially engaged, and ecologically concerned approach to think about our food present and future.

9

Odam, Judy. "Scramjet experiments using radical farming /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://adt.library.uq.edu.au/public/adt-QU20041206.101729/index.html.

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10

Szeremeta, A. "Organic farming policy in Poland." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11803.

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11

Rusch, Peter C. "Precision farming in South Africa." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2001. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01072004-153302.

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12

Summers, Carol Elizabeth 1959. "Assessing constraints to recession farming." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276701.

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The purpose of this study was to develop and field test an approach based upon soft systems methodology for assessing constraints and anxieties faced by farmers utilizing recession farming. The approach in this study was based on soft systems methodology with the intent of constructing root-definitions for recession farming systems. The field testing of the approach utilized three recession farming systems in northeast Thailand. The root-definitions obtained using this approach, characterized two of the recession farming systems as capitalistic using an intensive, high input mode of production with limited land and labor. The third system was characterize as subsistent agriculture with few inputs. It was concluded that the approach developed in this study accurately identified constraints and differences between recession farming systems. The rich picture developed from the farmer's information was adequate to construct the root-definitions. It is recommended that this approach be tested in another region, using indigenous personnel trained to conduct group interviews.

13

Williams, Carrie. "The Detriments of Factory Farming." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/honors/462.

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This thesis discusses the detrimental effects that industrialized farming practices have on public health, animal welfare, and ecological systems and includes factual support. It also provides practical application of this information as well as possible solutions and a detailed description of a related art exhibition.

14

Boag, Franca Elise. "Integrated Mediterranean farming and pastoral systems : local knowledge and ecological infrastructure of Italian dryland farming /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22954.pdf.

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15

Meindertsma, Jan Douwe. "Income diversity, technology and farming systems : modelling of resource poor farming households in Lombok, Indonesia." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389358.

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16

Mack, Margaret M. "Stress and farming an unsustainable relationship /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 175 p, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1456285701&sid=3&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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17

朱逸俊 and Yat-chun Jackson Chu. "Education units of marine fish farming." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31982384.

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18

Huxham, Sally. "Organic conversion strategies for stockless farming." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.289080.

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19

Roberts, I. D. "Upland farming in Northumberland 1850-1914." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295096.

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20

McCooey, Bernadette. "Farming practices in pre-modern Iceland." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7371/.

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This thesis re-evaluates farming practices in Iceland up to c.l600. Advancing Þorvaldur Thoroddsen's early twentieth century work, Lýsing Íslands, this study incorporates modem archaeological investigations, documentary evidence and recent scholarship to advance the discussions of lceland's livestock economy. The study examines farms and their land to give a holistic understanding of pastoral farming and fodder acquisition. An evaluation of the textual sources demonstrates long-term stability in the relative livestock values, though the kúgildi fluctuated in value. Herd sizes and the composition of these herds are also examined to show the purpose of these animals. The vast corpus of máldagar are analysed to show the economies of church-farms (staðir and bændakirkjur), including the changing nature of livestock farming between the twelfth and sixteenth centuries, on local, regional and countrywide scales. Livestock products and consumption beyond the much discussed milk, meat and wool economies are critiqued. It is here argued that Icelandic farming generally moved towards a wool-producing economy, however, masked by this wool economy generalisation were a diversity of farming practices. It is only by examining the complexities of these practices that we discover that Icelandic farming was not declining, but adapting to the challenges of this period.

21

Kuntz, Lauren B. "Wick irrigation systems for subsistence farming." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/83726.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2013.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 59-61).
Irrigation on small-scale farms has been noted as a key method to help lift subsistence farmers out of poverty. With water scarity growing around the globe and lack of access to electricity still prevalent in rural areas, the need to develop an energy efficient irrigation system that simultaneous limits wasted water while being low cost is essential. The possibility of using a wicking irrigation system that relies on the suction plants create for water to mitigate the pumping pressure is investigated. A theoretical model for such a system is developed for an acre sized wicking irrigation system, and the power and water efficiency is compared to a standard drip irrigation system. While the wicking irrigation system has a greater distribution of water delivery from the wicks than compared to the dripper system, a wicking system has the potential to operate at much lower power, with the possibility of even being a power source. If a direct coupling could be developed between the plant's roots and wick, eliminating the need for water to travel through the soil, the energy benefit of the wicking system would be even more dramatic.
by Lauren B. Kuntz.
S.B.

22

Demchenko, K., Світлана Віталіївна Подолкова, Светлана Витальевна Подолкова, and Svitlana Vitaliivna Podolkova. "Vertical farming: the future of food." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/77939.

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In 30 years, 6.5 billion people will live in megacities (about twice as much as today), and to feed such population will be a huge problem. As humanity grows larger, space continues becoming a crucial issue. So, things like houses, interior design, and even garden are becoming more and more vertical. But we are starting to have a large version of gardens, farms. While the field and the greenhouse take their place, this alternative retains it. Vertical farming is the cultivation of products in vertically laid layers.

23

Ahlqvist, Niklas, Jonas Jungåker, and Agnes Perrin. "Internet of things and automated farming." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264453.

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The purpose of this project is to make it easier to grow plants domestically all year round. The objective is to construct a remotely controllable and environmentally independent automated hydroponic system. This would minimize the efforts required by the user to sustain plants in non-native climates. A hydroponic gardening system uses water as a growth medium instead of soil. The system is climate conscious and has benefits compared to conventional agriculture. Hydroponic systems are affected by several factors, this project only focuses on controlling the light intensity by isolating the system, and regulating the nutrient concentration through EC. The system uses a microcontroller for analysis and control. The results are promising, showing that the system works. However, the limitations in time led to a short test period, therefore the data gathered is limited. The discussion based on the results conclude that the system cannot be considered completely automatic but reduces the need of manual labour.
Syftet med detta projekt är att göra det lättare att odla växter inhemskt året runt. Målet är att konstruera ett fjärrstyrbart och miljöoberoende automatiskt hydroponiskt system. Detta ska minimera ansträngningarna från användaren för att underhålla växter i icke-inhemska klimat. Ett hydroponiskt odlingssystem använder vatten som tillväxtmedium istället för jord. Tekniken har fördelar jämfört med konventionell odling vilket gör hydroponi mer miljövänligt. Hydroponiska system påverkas av flera faktorer, men detta projekt fokuserar bara på att kontrollera ljusintensiteten genom att isolera ljuset inom systemet samt att reglera näringsämne-koncentrationen genom att mäta den elektriska ledningsförmågan i vattnet. Systemet använder en mikrokontroll för analys och kontroll. Resultaten är lovande och visar att systemet fungerar. Däremot har begränsningarna i tid lett till en kort testperiod, därför är data som samlas in begränsad. Diskussionen baserad på resultaten drar slutsatsen att systemet inte kan anses vara helt automatiskt men reducerar behovet av manuell arbetskraft.

24

Dorsey, Jay Dunton. "Farming system effects on soil properties /." The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487863429092017.

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25

Schueller, David Allan. "Farming theological reflections and ecological directions /." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1991. http://www.tren.com.

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26

Chu, Yat-chun Jackson. "Education units of marine fish farming." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1995. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2594650x.

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27

García-Caro, Briceño Daniela. "Vertical Farming Sustainability and Urban Implications." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-364788.

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Meeting current and future demands for food is one of the biggest problems facing the world today. Despite the positive correlation that exists between food production and urban food demand, food systems remain separate and excluded from cities. Vertical farming has been proposed as a solution projected to address these issues in a sustainable way. This study aims to determine the sustainability of a vertical farm operation and its perceived value to food security and urban systems. This study implements a qualitative approach and case study research design useful for small, applied research studies, where data is collected via a literature review, emails, and semi- structured interviews. Systems theory is used to frame the phenomena at hand since it allows for a holistic systems view, and the study’s results are analyzed using emergy theory and a conceptual framework based on urban political agroecology. A vertical farm was selected as the focus of the case study, with the vertical farm sustainability serving as this study’s unit of analysis. Contrary to existing information, the results indicate that the vertical farm studied is unsustainable due to its dependence on imported resources. Additionally, an assessment of vertical farm impacts through a conceptual framework on urban political agroecology determined that vertical farming is incompatible with agroecological principle, provides few positive impacts to urban systems, and makes most of its contributions to urban food security rather than food sovereignty. For the sustainable development of vertical farms and urban systems, emergy theory stresses that inputs into the system must be local renewable inputs (i.e. natural inputs located within the system boundaries), and that successful systems should create and implement reinforcing feedbacks. Nonetheless, vertical farming systems are quite immature and carry great potential for change; this study presents recommendations for vertical farming systems reorganizing more sustainably.

28

Raphala, Balefilwe Solomon. "Contract-farming : a case study of sunflower farming in the Bojanala district of the North West Province." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/938.

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29

Sipoko, Nomava. "Effect of irrigation farming potential on commercialization of smallholder farming in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019772.

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Enhancement of smallholder production to improve rural livelihood is an important policy goal in developing countries. Research findings indicate that smallholder production can be improved through establishment of new smallholder irrigation schemes, and the rehabilitation of abandoned ones. Smallholder irrigation has a potential to contribute significantly in shifting smallholder farming to commercial farming. Although the roles of irrigating farmers are clearly defined, smallholder farmer’s development results in South Africa have been disappointing. The performance of smallholder irrigation is unsatisfactory. Smallholder irrigation has failed to improve the standard of living and livelihoods of smallholder farmers in South Africa. The majority of farmers are still producing at subsistence level. This study, therefore, aimed to contribute to smallholder irrigation literature in two ways; firstly by evaluating the extent of irrigation participation of smallholder farmers towards commercialization in the study areas. The study also examined the determinants of irrigation participation among smallholder farmers. A sample of 80 households was drawn by random sampling of smallholders in four villages as follows: 40 respondents from Mgxabakazi and Dinizulu villages and 40 respondents from Ncorha flats and Tshatshu. The sample included both irrigators and non-irrigators. Descriptive analysis shows that irrigators had better production and wellbeing than non-irrigators. For the inferential analysis of the data, two models were employed namely, Binary Logistic Regression Model (BRM) and Truncated Regression Model (TRM). The Binary Regression model was used to predict the probability of farmers participating in irrigation schemes. Whether or not a farmer participated in irrigation was introduced as the binary dependent or response variable that could be explained by a range of explanatory or predictor variables such as source of water, land size, ability to sustain business, membership in the scheme, market access, availability of the irrigation system, willingness to irrigate, farming type commercial or subsistence and institutional support services. From these predictor variables, being part of the irrigation, ability to sustain business and market were found to be factors influencing farmer’s decision to participate. The second model required the in-depth investigation of the influence of irrigation participation as reflected by extent of commercialization. In order to do this, the level of commercialization was measured by calculating Household Commercialization Index. Then the truncated regression model (TR) was used to test the factors that affect the level of commercialization for the farmers who are participating in the irrigation schemes.Age, irrigated land, willingness to commercialize and gross value of production were found to exert strong influence on the level of commercialization among farmers participating in irrigation. The study recommends that investments in smallholder irrigation should receive high priority, with emphasis on collective action, promotion of contract farming and strengthening the support services from government and the private sector, and ensuring enhanced access to market to all farmers.

30

Mamuya, Waized Betty. "Assessing the impacts of organic farming on domestic and exporting smallholder farming households in Tanzania : a comparative analysis." Thesis, Bangor University, 2011. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/assessing-the-impacts-of-organic-farming-on-domestic-and-exporting-smallholder-farming-households-in-tanzania--a-comparative-analysis(cc335371-350f-48b1-84f7-0af6cc8cf6cc).html.

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31

Eastwood, Callum Ross. "Innovatoive precision dairry systems : a case study of farmer learning and technology co-development /." Connect to thesis, 2008. http://repository.unimelb.edu.au/10187/3530.

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32

Yee, Wallace Man Shek. "Food safety, consumer trust in livestock farmers and purchase likelihood." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/820.

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Food safety is an important issue facing consumers, the food industry and the government. Since consumers cannot themselves easily assess food safety risks, their perception of food safety is in part a matter of trust in the food chain. This study focuses on livestock farmers and investigates the causal relationship between the factors which determine consumer trust regarding food safety and in turn their purchase likelihood. The main research questions are: 1) What are the key factors which build consumer trust in this context? 2) What are the contributions of these factors to building consumer trust? 3) Is there any relationship between consumer trust and purchase likelihood? By integrating theories developed in several disciplines, six factors, namely: providing information, competence, integrity, benevolence, credibility and reliability were identified to have a strong influence on consumer trust in livestock farmers. An exploratory study in the form of face-to-face interviews was carried out to clarify the main concerns of livestock husbandry practices, and to identify the items to measure the causal factors of consumer trust in livestock farmers regarding food safety. Because the objectives set out in this study could not be achieved by using multiple regression, which could not handle latent variables, the conceptual model was tested with a quota sample of 194 individuals in the form of a Structural Equation Model using LISREL 8.30. It was proved successful in identifying the effects of the causal factors of trust to build consumer trust and in turn to affect purchase likelihood. The factor ‘providing information’ was identified to be a key factor by which trust is built and the features that lead to trust, namely: ‘competence’, ‘integrity’, ‘credibility’, ‘reliability’, and ‘benevolence’ were identified to be factors to build trust in livestock farmers. Representatives of the livestock industry were approached to confirm the relevance of the study and facilitate the interpretation of the findings. Though there is a limitation of its generalisation due to the sampling method, there is evidence that these factors are important to building consumer trust in livestock farmers regarding food safety. The evidence also suggests that there is a strong relationship between trust and consumer purchase likelihood. The research confirms that livestock farmers could draw benefit from strategies to increase their trustworthiness and in turn positively influence consumers’ purchasing decision. This study recommends further research to apply this model in other industries where the suppliers have little contact with consumers. The differences in trust building between cultures and the communication channels that livestock farmers representatives should used are also suggested for further study. Future research on how the food industry should respond to the change in consumer trust during periods of concern about food safety is also recommended. These are valid topics for future research and will provide potential benefits for consumers and food industry as a whole.

33

Zhu, Jianhua. "Three essays on contract farming in China." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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34

Saint, Clair Albert. "Attitudes towards agriculture (farming) in St. Lucia." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=64485.

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35

Bakhshoodeh, M. "Production efficiency in Iranian intensive dairy farming." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.592099.

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Since the 1990s, the number of intensive dairy farms in Iran has rapidly increased to supply milk to the growing cities. As a result, total production of milk has increased, but scarcities still exist in some regions of the country. Since resources such as feedstuffs are limited, and considerable investment will be required to establish these new farms, the question of production efficiency in Iranian dairy farming seems an important one. Measuring the level of production efficiency, determining the sources of inefficiency, and proposing possible ways of improving the efficiency of the intensive dairy farms are the main aims of this study. In addition to simple measures of partial productivities and profitabilities, a stochastic transcendental frontier production function was estimated, using a single-stage approach to measure overall technical efficiency and its components, and a frontier profit function was used to measure the economic efficiency of individual intensive dairy farms. The latter function was evaluated first with the current distorted prices of milk and concentrates as well as the market prices of other dairy inputs and outputs. However, this frontier led to overestimation of economic efficiency due to ignoring input-price and output-price inefficiencies. To deal with this problem, the frontier was re-evaluated with expected prices defined as fractions of the observed prices of inputs and outputs. In order to investigate the way in which farmers combine dairy inputs, an index of allocative efficiency was also calculated and discussed. All the indices were then compared between the farms specified by factors such as herd size, proportion of pure cattle, etc. The results showed that production efficiency of the intensive dairy farms in Iran can be improved by expanding the proportion of purebred animals, particularly in large farms, and by using as much of the existing capacity of farms as possible.

36

Tuomisto, Hanna. "Comparing environmental impacts of contrasting farming systems." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.547491.

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37

Law, Derek M. "ECOLOGICAL WEED MANAGEMENT FOR ORGANIC FARMING SYSTEMS." UKnowledge, 2006. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/414.

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Two field studies examining direct ecological weed control practices were conducted in Lexington, Kentucky. The first evaluated weed control efficacy and influence on yields of several mulches in two organically-managed bell pepper (Capsicum annum) production systems for two years. Peppers were planted in double rows in flat, bare ground or on black polyethylene-covered raised beds with drip irrigation, and four mulches (straw, compost, wood chips, and undersown white dutch clover (Trifolium repens L.) living mulch) were applied to the two production systems. In both years, polyethylene-covered raised beds produced higher yields than the flat, bare ground system. In the second year, the polyethylene-covered bed system coupled with mulching in-between beds with compost or wood chips after cultivation provided excellent weed control and yields. The second field study evaluated the efficacy of soil solarization and shallow cultivation on the invasive and noxious weed johnsongrass over two years (Sorghum halapense). A soil solarization treatment, using clear plastic stretched over soil for eight weeks, and a cultivated bare fallow treatment, utilizing a tractor pulled cultivator implement equipped with sweep blades, were randomly applied during the summers of 2003 and 2004 to a field infested with johnsongrass. Solarized and cultivated plots in both years were lightly tilled 8 months after completion of the initial treatment period. At the conclusion of the experiment the johnsongrass population was significantly reduced in all treatments and in the control plots compared to the original infestation. These two experiments testing direct weed control practices (mulching, cultivation, solarization) were undertaken in the context of an ecological weed management plan that includes long term strategies to reduce weed infestations such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and fertility management that are essential for organic farmers.

38

Meyer, Hermann Markus Hanns-Erhard. "Competition between technologies : convential versus organic farming." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319902.

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39

Morgan-Davies, Claire Raymonde. "Changing role of hill farming in Scotland." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8856.

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Hill farming systems in Scotland are the result of long evolution and adaptation to financial, social and political changes. Farming in the hills is a major contributor to rural industry and plays an important role in the economy, environment and social cohesion of these areas. However, it is fragile and has been dependent for many decades on high and continued levels of support payments. Agricultural land managers in these hill areas are also under increasing pressure from the other land use groups whose interests lie outside farming. With recent agricultural reforms, shifts in policy orientations regarding land use and changes in support, the future role of hill farming remains uncertain. This thesis sets out to examine the role of hill farming in this context of change, by investigating how hill farmers respond to changing policy, by understanding what other interested stakeholders expect from the hills, and exploring how hill farmers may have to adapt their farming system in response to these changes and expectations. Using an adaptive conjoint analysis method, stakeholders’ expectations have been assessed. Multivariate analysis and participative research with hill farmers have also been carried out, to typify their management responses to policy changes, using the 2003 CAP reform as an example. Stakeholders’ expectations and farmers’ types were then used in a linear programming optimisation model, to explore how hill farmers can maximise their financial margins under different policy and market change scenarios, and how their motivation is a drive towards adaptation. The results suggest that whilst livestock production is identified by stakeholders as one of the most important features for the hill areas, the continuity of livestock farming in the hills is threatened, as hill farmers are strongly affected by policy and market changes. This research also shows that there is a strong diversity in hill farming systems and in hill farmers’ management styles and motivations. That, perhaps, is one of the most important factors to acknowledge when formulating policies. This research also highlights the vulnerability of hill farming businesses (especially hill cattle production) to market price volatility, policy, subsidies and support changes, making it difficult for any hill farmer to withstand these fluctuations. Although different land uses, such as planting forestry, potentially bring substantial economic benefits, they are dependent upon many other restricting factors, including government grants, and require long-term commitment before benefits are seen. Integration of different land uses and productions could be one economic option for these areas, but a set of measures, perhaps including livestock-linked subsidies that recognise the diversity of hill farmers is needed, as well as options for hill farmers to be able to provide other public goods. Unless there is stability in market prices, a policy drive towards increasing efficiency, adequate subsidies and support and more readily attractive diversification options, including the provision of other ecosystem services linked to these grassland systems, this thesis suggests that there is a danger of hill land abandonment, a further decrease in hill farming activity, leading eventually to a decline in rural areas, not unlike many other marginal hill and mountain areas in the UK and Europe.

40

Soteriades, Andreas Diomedes. "Trade-offs in sustainable dairy farming systems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/18753.

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A key challenge facing dairy farming is to meet the increasing demand for dairy products from a growing and more affluent global population in a period of unprecedented socio-economic and environmental change. In order to address this challenge, policies are currently placing emphasis on ‘sustainable intensification’ (SI), i.e. producing ‘more’ outputs and services with ‘less’ resources and environmental impacts. Determining whether or not SI can deliver greater yet sustainable dairy production requires understanding of the relationships between sustainability pillars (environmental; economic; and social) and farm aspects (e.g. on-farm management; and animal productivity) under particular farming systems and circumstances (e.g. regional bio-physical conditions). Trade-offs between pillars and aspects is inevitable within a farming system. Many widely-used assessment methods that aim to measure, scale and weight these pillars and aspects are unable to fully capture trade-offs between them. The objectives of this thesis are: 1) to identify key trade-offs in dairy farming systems to inform greater yet sustainable food production; and 2) to introduce models and methodologies aiming at a more holistic measurement and better understanding of dairy farm sustainability. This thesis assesses the sustainability of French and UK dairy farming systems via a farm efficiency benchmarking modelling framework coupled with statistical analyses. It explores the relationships between pillars, aspects and technical, economic and environmental performance; and identifies important drivers/differentials in dairy farm efficiency. Importantly, it also suggests ways in which farm inputs and outputs can be adjusted so that improvements in environmental, technical and economic performance become feasible. Efficiency benchmarking was performed with the multiple-input – multiple-output productive efficiency method Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA). DEA calculates single aggregated efficiency indices per farm by accounting for several farm inputs and outputs which the DEA model endogenously scales and weights. In this work, the notion of farm inputs and outputs was extended to also include ‘undesirable’ outputs (greenhouse gas emissions) and environmental impacts (e.g. eutrophication, acidification etc.) of dairy farming. The DEA models employed belong to the family of ‘additive’ models, which have several advantages over ‘traditional’ DEA models. These include their ability (i) to simultaneously increase outputs and reduce inputs, undesirable outputs and environmental impacts; (ii) to identify specific sources of inefficiency. These ‘sources’ represent a farm’s shortfalls in output production and its excesses in input use and/or in undesirable outputs and environmental impacts, relatively to the other farms; (iii) to position undesirable outputs in the output set rather than consider them as inputs or ‘inverse’ outputs; and (iv) to rank farms by efficiency performance. Importantly, this thesis also proposes a new additive model with a ranking property and high discriminatory power. In a second stage, DEA was coupled with partial least squares structural equation modelling (SEM) so as to develop and relate latent variables for environmental performance, animal productivity and on-farm management practices. The results suggested that the efficacy of SI may be compromised by several on-farm trade-offs between pillars, aspects and farm inputs and outputs. Moreover, trade-offs depended on particular farming systems and circumstances. Increasing animal productivity did not always improve farm environmental performance at whole farm-level. Intensifying production at animal and farm-levels, coupled with high reliance on external inputs, reduced farm environmental performance in the French case, i.e. a significant negative relationship was found between intensification and environmental performance (SEM path coefficients ranged between -0.31 and -0.57, p < 0.05). Conversely, in the UK case, systems representing animal-level intensification (via genetic selection) for increased milk fat plus protein production performed better, on average, than controls of UK average genetic merit for milk fat plus protein production in terms of technical efficiency (DEA scores between 0.91– 0.92 versus 0.78–0.79) and environmental efficiency (scores between 0.92–0.93 versus 0.80), regardless of whether on a low-forage or high-forage diet. The levels of inefficiency in (undesirable) outputs, inputs and environmental impacts varied among farming systems and depended on the regional and managerial characteristics of each system. For instance, in France, West farms had higher eutrophication inefficiencies than East farms (average normalized eutrophication inefficiencies were, respectively 0.141 and 0.107), perhaps because of their more intensive production practices. However, West farms were more DEA-efficient than East farms as the former benefited from bio-physical conditions more favourable to dairy farming (mean DEA score ranks were 97 for West and 83 for East). Such findings can guide policy incentives for SI in different regions or dairy systems. The proposed modelling framework significantly contributes to current knowledge and the search for the best pathways to SI, improves widely-used modelling approaches, and challenges earlier findings based on less holistic exercises.

41

Saelee, Waraporn. "Environmental efficiency analysis of Thai rice farming." Thesis, University of Reading, 2017. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/75742/.

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The overarching objective of this research is to provide insight into how Thailand can sustainably intensify its rice production. To achieve this aim, this research develops an innovative approach for measuring agricultural environmental efficiency, which is called “the directional nutrient surplus efficiency measure”, which takes place within the theoretical context of directional distance function. Thus, the study determines optimal rice output and the combinations of inputs used for rice production that will minimise the nutrient surplus. This is done using cross-sectional secondary data from 1,112 rice farms which were divided into 9 categories for observation for the crop year 2008/09. In order to estimate the technical efficiency of the 9 observed groups of Thai rice farmers, the directional distance function was used, with different directions of improvement towards the production possibility frontier. The results indicate that measuring technical efficiency is robust in the context of the model choice for the technically efficient farms, implying that different TE measurements (i.e. different directional vectors) do not change the status of the technically efficient farms in the observation. 70%, 26%, 55%, 55%, 64%, 40%, 46%, 78%, and 34% of the total observations of jasmine rice North, jasmine rice Northeast, jasmine rice Central, non-jasmine rice North, non-jasmine rice Northeast, non-jasmine rice Central, nonjasmine rice South, glutinous rice North, and glutinous rice Northeast, respectively, produce on the PPF. The results also indicate that Thai rice farmers have average TE scores ranging from 84.1% to 99%, depending on which directional vector is chosen. Directional nutrient surplus efficiency measures with the directional vectors towards the nitrogen and phosphorus surplus minimum points were applied to measure the nitrogen and phosphorus surplus efficiency of Thai rice farming systems. The results indicate that the amount of NS discharged into the environment by the observed Thai rice farmers averages from 20.1 to 50.7 kg/ha, and the PS discharged into the environment averages from 11.0 to 28.7 kg/ha. The best practice farms of the 9 observed groups, according to this study, can earn higher profits by using fewer inputs, especially inputs detrimental to the environment like nitrogen and phosphorus fertilisers, than the average farms in their respective groups; this also results in lower amounts of NS and PS being discharged into the environment, compared to the average farms in their respective groups. Thus, the environmental problems caused by Thai rice farming systems can be solved by adopting the methods of the best practice farms, and imposing policies for environmental taxation and site-specific soil nutrients testing.

42

Onopchenko, Alla. "Living Heritage : Reinveting Farming Culture in Umeå." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Arkitekthögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-133166.

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43

Wiegel, Whitney J. Artz Georgeanne M. "Adoption of organic farming systems in Missouri." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/5342.

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The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed January 20, 2010). Thesis advisor: Dr. Georgeanne Artz. Includes bibliographical references.

44

Schmidt, Jennifer. "Farming: It's Not Just for Farmers Anymore." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/109.

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Agricultural education, originally the province of land grant institutions, has recently entered the liberal arts curriculum. This represents a profound shift from the origins of agricultural education, when it was intended primarily as vocational training for future farmers, and has important implications for the future of the American food system. The first chapter of this thesis addresses the history of agricultural education: what was it originally like, and why did it come to be heavily criticized in the late twentieth century? Formal agricultural education changed significantly in response to these criticisms, making it more environmentally sustainable and bringing it into liberal arts institutions. The Pomona College Organic Farm is representative of a broader student farm movement that has gained momentum since the late 1990s, and offers the chance to evaluate agricultural education in the liberal arts. This thesis includes a curriculum in sustainable agriculture that was led as a group independent study at the Pomona College Organic Farm in fall 2013 and reflections on the process of curriculum design and implementation.

45

Tantisantisom, Khumphicha. "Information dissemination for farming communities in Thailand." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2011. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/428.

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The use of information and communication technology tools has been applied in many disciplines, including agricultural sectors. It may be applied in many modules such as data gathering, data processing, information management and information dissemination. One issue that cannot be neglected is the readiness of technology service users, or farmers in this case. It was found that most Thai farmers were poor and illiterate; therefore, offering them the best available tools and services may not be always what they would like to use. To answer the research questions, action research methodology was selected in this study to find a practical way to deliver agricultural information to Thai farmers. Groups of participants from two villages in a northern Thai province were targeted; as a result, case study methodology was also used in this study. Accordingly, a needs analysis using a survey technique, in conjunction with an analysis of the current situation and relevant documents, was conducted in order to find answers about the types of information truly required by Thai farmers. Additionally, questions about how Thai farmers currently received agricultural information, and factors affecting their information requirements, were to be answered. Then, information dissemination through the short message service on mobile phones was found to be the most appropriate alternative for Thai farmers in this study. The free-of-charge experimental service was offered to participating farmers for a period of eight weeks. After that the user satisfaction survey and group interviews were conducted to determine the effectiveness of the system framework. A number of findings and discussion points will be useful for policy makers, relevant government agencies and other researchers who attempt to conduct viable projects in the actual field. This study revealed that income, age and education were significant factors related to the success of the agricultural information dissemination project. Also, relationships between agricultural information extension workers and farmers affected the preferences for, and attitudes to, receiving information among Thai farmers. Subsequently, a new framework was proposed and was obtained comments from agricultural extension workers in order to improve the framework for a wider scale. Finally, the main objective of this research, which was to find out how information and communication technologies can be used to enhance information dissemination to Thai farmers, was achieved. In summary, these outputs are likely to be useful and workable in practice, together with collaborations with third parties such as local councils, mobile phone service providers or academic sectors.

46

Saffell, Caroline. "Values, value, risk, and satisfaction as antecedents to continue in farming with specific reference to farming in Great Britain." Thesis, Kingston University, 2007. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/20878/.

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This study concerns ‘value’ and how this leads to the ‘decision’ of whether to stay in farming, or to exit the industry. Most of the research into the ‘value’ of farming is based upon the quantitative economic evaluation of either farmland income or production modelling. This study proposes that there is additional ‘value’ beyond the income received. ‘Value’ is deemed to be ‘customer perceived value’ (‘value’) on the basis that farmers are considered to be consumers of the system of farming within a professional environment. Farming is a “way of life” and this is the first study that investigates whether the ‘personal values’ (‘values’) of farmers effect the ‘value’ they perceive from farming as suggested by Schoon and Te Grontenhuis (2000). This study investigates the relationship between ‘values, value, risk, satisfaction and decision’. The research model posits that ‘values’ (each one separately) impacts on the formation of ‘value’ (which is treated as a higher-order construct of the benefits [“get”] and sacrifices [“give”] components, each of which comprises a number of dimensions), ‘risk’ (also conceptualised as a higher-order construct) impacts on ‘value’ and ‘decision’, ‘value’ is a determinant of ‘satisfaction’ which in tum affects ‘decision’ of whether or not to remain in farming, The competing model although it maintains the above structure treats the two ‘value’ components as separate constructs (that is, tests for differential impact of ‘value’ and ‘risk’ on the “get” and “give” components and for the differential impact of these two components on ‘satisfaction’). The relationships between the constructs were tested via data collected from a postal and internet survey sent to farmers within Great Britain. The empirical investigation involved the use of Partial Least Squares (structural equation modelling). Examination of the solutions obtained for the research and competing model led to the adoption of the latter because of is greater sensitivity and analytical clarity. Overall, the findings confirm the relevance of ‘perceived value’ in a person's decision to remain within a given professional domain. Specifically, the following contributions to extant knowledge are made: • The differential behaviour of the two ‘value’ components (i.e., “give” and “get”) indicates that ‘value’ should not be conceptualised and consequently examined as a unidimensional higher-order construct. Instead each of the ‘value’ components should be free to relate to other constructs. • The research has confirmed the link between personal ‘values’ and value. However, the form of this relationship is considered to be context specific (i.e., in this study only Self Direction, Tradition and Benevolence were found to be a significant determinant of the ‘value’ components). • Risk has been found to impact significantly only on the “give” component of ‘value’. • Of the two components, only the “get” to satisfaction relationship was supported. This implies that the benefits received rather than the “give/sacrifices” made are the main driver of personal satisfaction with the chosen professional domain (in this case farming). • As expected the satisfaction to decision to remain in the chosen profession relationship has been confirmed. Based on the above policy suggestions are put forward regarding actions that could engender farmer's satisfaction with their profession and consequently ensure continuation with their chosen profession.

47

Kooistra, Laura Immy. "Borderland farming : possibilities and limitations of farming in the Roman period and early Middle Ages between the Rhine and Meuse /." Assen : Amersfoort : Van Gorcum ; Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek, 1996. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb369882822.

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48

Howery, Larry D., and Frederick Provenza. "How Do Domestic Herbivores Select Nutritious Diets on Rangelands?" College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/144716.

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8 pp.
Animal learning has been shown to play a major role in the development of diet selection by domestic herbivores. Dr. Frederick Provenza and his associates at Utah State University have conducted a series of experiments over the past 15 years to learn how physiological and behavioral mechanisms govern diet selection. This publication synthesizes several key diet selection concepts presented in four recent articles.

49

Tickes, Barry R. "Lettuce Injury from Preplant and Preemergence Herbicides." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146740.

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50

Howery, Larry D., and Peter Sundt. "Using Repeat Color Photography as a Tool to Monitor Rangelands." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146934.

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6 pp.
It is important to show people that what you say is true when your critics weren't around 10-15 years ago to see the changes you have seen. A series of photographs taken at the same spot through the years can vividly demonstrate change on the range. This article provides an introduction to repeat color photography and explains how it can be used as an important part of a comprehensive rangeland monitoring program.

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