Дисертації з теми "Farming diversity"
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Meindertsma, Jan Douwe. "Income diversity, technology and farming systems : modelling of resource poor farming households in Lombok, Indonesia." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.389358.
Повний текст джерелаPayson-Roopchand, Kelly. "Engaging farmers recognizing and responding to gender and social diversity in farming systems in Trinidad /." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0015460.
Повний текст джерелаPollnac, Fredric Winslow. "Diversity, spatial patterns, and competition in conventional no-tillage and organically managed spring wheat systems in Montana." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/pollnac/PollnacF0507.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаSutherland, Alistair James. "The economics of maintaining breed diversity with reference to the United Kingdom dairy herd." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/26673.
Повний текст джерелаLovett, Peter Nicholas Conrad. "The genetic diversity of the sheanut tree (Vitellaria paradoxa) in the farming systems of northern Ghana." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326727.
Повний текст джерелаBrown, Nicola Jane. "Carabid ecology in organic and conventional farming systems : population density, diversity and high resolution spatial dynamics." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340435.
Повний текст джерелаChavhunduka, Tinashe. "Understanding the diversity of farming systems and assessing the profitability of farming activities of beneficiaries of the Zimbabwe land reform programme : the case of Chegutu district (Ward 12)." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53568.
Повний текст джерелаDissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development
MSc
Unrestricted
Castelhano, Michael Joseph. "Staple Crop Diversity and Risk Mitigation - Potatoes in Bolivia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35254.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Ekström, Marcus. "Främjar ekologisk odling mångfalden av insekter? : En jämförande studie mellan en konventionell odling, en ekologisk odling och natur på en farm i Sydafrika." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för elektronik, matematik och naturvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-18570.
Повний текст джерелаPépin, Antonin. "Performance environnementale de fermes maraichères en Agriculture Biologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2022. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-04059580.
Повний текст джерелаFrench organic vegetable farms are diverse, ranging from complex agroecological systems based on biodiversity and producing many different vegetables, to simple systems based on inputs and producing few different vegetables, suggesting different environmental impacts. The objective of the thesis is to assess the environmental performance of contrasting organic vegetable farms, using life cycle assessment (LCA). The thesis is organised as follows: (1) the characterisation of the diversity of organic vegetable farms, using a typology based on surveys and a framework for analysing farming system diversity; (2) the adaptation of a biodiversity assessment method to vegetable farming; 3) the assessment of three contrasting farms using a LCA "system" approach, considering the farm as a whole and in which all inputs, operations and emissions are related to the total annual production. The analysis of the impacts, expressed per kg of vegetable, ha of farmland and economic value expressed in Euro, on climate change, marine eutrophication, biodiversity, cumulative energy demand and plastic use, revealed large differences between the systems for their main impact contributors, but did not allow a clear ranking of the three farms. The LCA "system" approach corresponds to the agroecological functioning and addresses the challenge posed by the complexity of some vegetable farms. The plastic use indicator shed new light on a growing concern
Mothulatshipi, Sarah Mantshadi. "Landscape archaeology of the later farming communities of the Shashe-Limpopo Basin, eastern Botswana : land use diversity and human behaviour." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/28672.
Повний текст джерелаÖberg, Sandra. "Spiders in the agricultural landscape : diversity, recolonisation, and body condition /." Uppsala : Dept. of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/200725.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаAdeyemi, Samson Adebowale. "Evaluation of the possible application of cowpea genotypes in the farming systems of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007539.
Повний текст джерелаEriksson, Ylva. "Biologisk mångfald bland åkerogräsen. En fältstudie av två åkrar : en konventionellt och en ekologiskt odlad." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Thematic Studies, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2310.
Повний текст джерелаDen biologiska mångfalden är viktig inom lantbruket. Jordbrukslandskapets mångfald är vacker för människan att se på och spännande och rogivande att vistas i. Mångfalden innehåller även en genbank som kan bli mycket etydelsefull i framtiden. Dessutom innebär oftast en rik mångfald bland ogräsen även en rik mångfald bland insekter och andra djur, däribland skadeinsekternas predatorer, vilket bidrar till produktiva åkrar. Ogräsens mångfald på åkern beror till stor del på geografiskt läge, klimat och berggrund. Även odlingssättet och tillhörande odlingsåtgärder är avgörande för hur åkerns ogräsflora ser ut. En odlingsåtgärd som har ett stort inflytande över ogräsflorans sammansättning, är användningen, eller uteslutandet, av herbicider.
Uppsatsens fältstudie består av ogräsinventeringar genomförda på två åkrar – en konventionellt odlad och en ekologiskt odlad. Den konventionella åkern är behandlad med syntetiska herbicider och den ekologiska är det inte. Studien visar att den ekologiska åkern hade fler arter, en rikligare mångfald, och många fler plantor än den konventionella åkern. Artsammansättningen tyder på att den konventionella åkern var något mer näringsrik och hade ett lägre pH.
Biological diversity is important in agricultural systems. The diversity of the agricultural landscape is beautiful to the human eye and it provides an exciting as well as soothing environment. Diversity also denotes genetic resources that can be of great importance in the future. Furthermore, a high biological diversity of weeds most often means a high diversity of insects and other animals, among them the predators of pests, which contributes to high productivity of the arable fields. The diversity of weed in a field depends on its geographical location, the climate and the bedrock. Other factors of great importance to the composition of the weed flora are the farming methods (conventional/ecological) and the specific measures used. One measure that has a high influence on the composition of the weed flora is the use, or exclusion, of herbicides.
The field study of this paper consists of weed inventories of two arable fields – the first cultivated per traditional methods and the second per ecological methods. Herbicides are used in the conventional field but not in the ecological one. The study shows that the ecological field had more secies, a greater diversity, and far more plants than the conventional field. The composition of the weed species indicates that the conventional field had a slightly higher nutritive value and a lower pH value.
Roschewitz, Indra. "Farming systems and landscape context effects on biodiversity and biocontrol /." Doctoral thesis, [S.l. : s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=976217961.
Повний текст джерелаTano, Stina. "Seaweed in the tropical seascape : Importance, problems and potential." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och botanik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-129256.
Повний текст джерелаAt the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.
Nadaleto, Claudio Eduardo Silva. "A diversidade da agricultura familiar e o processo de recampesinização no envolvimento rural de Piedade-SP." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2012. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/126.
Повний текст джерелаThis research has been intended to elucidate the family farming diversity of Piedade, in the State of São Paulo and its ongoing repeasantization process within this wide relevant category in the municipality. The case study was made from a theoretical approach on the rural development and involvement as well as over the family farming. Thus, it was noticed that the farming process and the rural environment of Piedade had already experienced countless situations where they could be fit in the agricultural development, rural development and lastly according to the proposal of this research, rural involvement. This is because it has been observed that some farmer families have become more of peasant families with the various strategies they have undertaken and especially because of this, all their practices have been traversed across by the involvement and dynamism of their performers. Moreover, it has been verified that the repeasantization process gathers the most successful and promising strategies in promoting stability, motivation and autonomy to the local farmer families.
Esta pesquisa procurou elucidar a diversidade da agricultura familiar de Piedade, SP e o processo de recampesinização em curso dentro desta categoria de ampla relevância no município. O estudo de caso foi feito a partir de um enfoque teórico sobre desenvolvimento e envolvimento rural e também acerca da agricultura familiar. Dessa forma, constatou-se que a agricultura e o meio rural de Piedade já vivenciaram inúmeras situações que podem enquadrá-los nas teorias de desenvolvimento agrícola, de desenvolvimento rural e por fim na de envolvimento rural, proposta por esta pesquisa. Isto porque foi observado que algumas famílias agricultoras estão se tornando mais camponesas com as diversas estratégias que têm empreendido e especialmente por isso suas práticas são atravessadas transversalmente pelo envolvimento e pelo dinamismo que promovem. Além disso, verificou-se que este processo de recampesinização congrega as estratégias mais exitosas e promissoras em promover estabilidade, motivação e autonomia às famílias agricultoras locais.
Rajput, Innike. "Designing a food based strategy for the introduction of an unfamiliar food crop as a community based approach." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/41217.
Повний текст джерелаDissertation (MConsumer Science)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
gm2014
Consumer Science
unrestricted
Lerch, Natalie Corinna. "Home gardens, cultivated plant diversity, and exchange of planting material in the Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve area, northeastern Peruvian Amazon." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0019/MQ54998.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаRedin, Carla. "Agrobiodiversidade e a sua articulação entre as dimensões da segurança alimentar e nutricional : uma análise multiescalar no território rural Campos de Cima da Serra, Rio Grande do Sul." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/172672.
Повний текст джерелаThis work traverses the path of construction of the concept of food and nutritional security (SAN), demonstrating social achievements in the field of knowledge, exploring your interdisciplinary character and your incorporation in the Academy, through the use of a framework methodological-theoretical based on a multidisciplinary approach and multiescale, who understands from six dimensions. We seek to deepen the concept of agrobiodiversity, demarcating its relations with the dimensions of the SAN, investigating the existence of a social network and your contribution to the achievement of the same. It is noted the historical approach of the Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE) with environmental issues, marking the approach of of rural territories. The overall objective of the study is to analyze how the agrobiodiversity articulates with the dimensions of the food and nutritional security in the Território Rural Campos de Cima da Serra, Rio Grande do Sul, from the case of São Marcos and the PNAE. Data collection was performed in 56 properties of family farmers, using semi-structured interview, the guided tour and the participant observation. The information about the territory were made available by CECANE UFRGS and analyzed by the study. The data analysis used the multidimensional SAN reference framework, through the proposed indicators for the environmental, socioeconomic and political dimensions. For nutritional and cultural dimensions added-if new indicators, from the analysis of the culinary preparations found in the municipality. The results show that agrobiodiversity comprises 159 species, belonging to 49 botanical families, between exotic and native plants. Of the total of species, 15 are listed by the Interministerial Ordinance 163 of 2016 and there were farmers' recognition of 48 ethnovarieties, from the 12 species. The crop spaces differ according to the production destination. The home gardens are more agrobiodiverses, with species, mainly to consumption, demonstrating the relationship of agrobiodiversity with environmental dimensions, cultural and nutritional of the SAN. In farm fields, the diversity of species is more restricted, with commercial destination, which contributes to the economic dimension. In the cultural and nutritional dimension, the findings reveal the centrality of agrobiodiversity, expressed by the local knowledge about the processes of the environment, species, ethnovarieties and for being present in the feeding practices of families, revealing culinary preparations with nutritional potential, including for insertion in the PNAE. In addition to the nutritional dimension, the importance of the 159 species that composed the feeding of the families configuring greater availability of nutrients. In the political dimension it was not possible to visualize the centrality of agrobiodiversity in the expression of SAN, by the program's operational trend with the purchase of a few species, with a weakened performance of local actors. In general, it is understood that agrobiodiversity is an articulator of the dimensions of the SAN, being relevant for its obtaining in the context of the municipality. However, it needs to be strengthened locally, especially through its insertion into the political dimension. Yet, despite the existence of a set of actors and institutions articulated in the formulation of a social network around the SAN, it is weakened, necessitating actions that contribute to its interweaving in favor of the effective realization of the SAN.
Perrault-Archambault, Mathilde. "Who manages home garden agrobiodiversity? : patterns of species distribution, planting material flow and knowledge transmission along the Corrientes River of the Peruvian Amazon." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=83198.
Повний текст джерелаDickinson, Keith Randolph. "Deciding to Diversify: A Case Study of Seven Virginia Farm Businesses." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/30877.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Gabriel, Doreen. "Plant communities in organic and conventional agriculture comparing local, landscape and regional effects /." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://webdoc.sub.gwdg.de/diss/2006/gabriel.
Повний текст джерелаCarrié, Romain. "Hétérogénéité des paysages et des pratiques agricoles - Effets sur la diversité des abeilles sauvages et la pollinisation." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0104/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe ecological and agricultural importance of wild bees in farmlands stresses the needs for management strategies for these insect pollinators. Wild bees use multiple habitats in agricultural landscapes, such as semi-natural habitats (woodlands, hedgerows, permanent grasslands) and crop fields. This study aims to characterize the community structure of wild bees and assess pollination delivery along gradients of landscape heterogeneity – based on the composition and configuration of semi-natural habitats – and landscape-wide intensity of farming practices. Using a trait-based approach, based on traits determining resource-use by wild bee species, we showed that i) the least mobile species, solitary bees and ground-nesting species were more abundant in crop fields surrounded by large amounts of little-fragmented permanent grasslands, ii) crop fields surrounded by high amount of woodland edges supported a greater abundance of little-mobile bee species, late-emerging bees, social bees and polylectic bees, iii) oligolectic bee species were filtered out in highly forested landscapes, because these species could thrive on resources provided by the crop mosaic. We also found that the positive effect of the proportion of semi-natural habitats on bee diversity was greater in landscapes with intensively managed crop mosaic. Moreover, we showed that the local intensity of farming practices had as much influence on bee diversity as the proportion of semi-natural habitats. Finally, we showed that, depending on situations, the abundance fluctuations of dominant bee species or the occurrence of an assemblage of uncommon bee species can explain variations in pollination success. In the cases where pollination success responded to the occurrence of uncommon species, the proportion of semi-natural habitats had a positive influence on pollination delivery provided by wild bees. This study shows the importance of some uncommon species, dependent on semi-natural habitats, for pollination delivery but also the positive relationship between the abundance of some species groups and the proportion of semi-natural habitats. This work therefore confirms the hypothesis that semi-natural habitats sustain the diversity of wild bee communities and pollination delivery. However, the positive effect of semi-natural habitats on bee diversity depends on farming practices at the local and landscape scale. Therefore, recommendations on the management of landscape heterogeneity and changes in farming practices cannot be given independently from each other
Gaujour, Etienne. "Evaluation des sources d'espèces et des déterminants de la diversité végétale des parcelles agricoles : interchamps, stock semencier, pratiques agricoles et paysage de l'Installation Expérimentale Inra ASTER Mirecourt." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL020N/document.
Повний текст джерелаOne of the means to offset the decrease of pesticide use is to favour agro-ecological services of plant diversity. In this aim, farmer will have to adapt its farming management. My work partly answers to the following applied objective: to bring to the farmer some advices for the management of plant diversity on the farm territory. I have two scientific objectives: i) to verify if field boundaries and soil seed bank are potential sources of plant species for field centres; ii) to quantify the relative influence of dynamics of two factor groups, characterized as field paths, on plant diversity: farming practices and characteristics of landscape mosaïc.I have carried out this study on the experimental farm of INRA ASTER Mirecourt. Its farming systems (mixed crop-dairy systems) have been converted to organic farming since 2004. I have characterized vegetation - established vegetation in field boundaries and in field centres, and vegetation in the soil seed bank - of permanent grasslands and arable fields with complementary approaches: taxonomical approach based on the species, and functional approach based on seven functional properties about dispersal, establishment and persistence of plant species. I have characterized field paths, along nine years, either from farming practices set up on field, either from annual characteristics of landscape mosaïc. I have represented this landscape mosaïc as a mosaïc of distinct land-uses. All of them and their spatialization have been determined from farmer surveys or landscape observations.My results show that soil seed bank and field bboundaries are not potential sources of plant species for field centres, in both permanent grasslands and arable fields. On the other hand, they are efficient refuges for a large part of grassland species. According to my results, I hypothesize that field boudaries are species sinks in arable fields. I also highlight that functional gradient of grassland vegetation in the field edge, between field margins and field centres, is spread until 2 m only.Finally, plant diversity in studied fields is mainly influenced by field path according landscape mosaïc and by farming practices set up the same year of vegetation sampling. Soil characteristics have a minor influence. These three groups of influent factors explain more than 75 % of the functional composition variability of the vegetation in field centres.The management of plant diversity in agricultural fields of a given farm can be partly reach by the farmer. However, according to the effects of field paths about landscape mosaïc, it is necessary to set up a collective management of plant diversity with all actors sharing the studied territory
Favreau, Jean-Luc. "Durabilité des exploitations en agriculture biologique : une analyse de la diversité des situations et des trajectoires d'évolution en Midi-Pyrénées." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058072.
Повний текст джерелаGratecap, Jean-Baptiste. "Agriculture biologique et qualité des eaux dans des aires d’alimentation de captage : diversité des postures techniques d’agriculteurs conventionnels et biologiques et pressions nitrate et pesticide induites." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0059/document.
Повний текст джерелаMany problems with nitrate and pesticide contamination from agriculture exist in European drinking water catchments. In France, a new mitigation approach aims at preventing water quality degradation in explicitly targeting agricultural non-point source pollutions associated with leaching of nitrates and pesticides. This work aims at assessing the opportunity to develop organic farming in water catchment areas in order to reduce nitrate and pesticide leaching from root zone. The objective was to analyze both i) feasibility of conversions to organic farming on farms concerned by water preservation and ii) the potential impacts of these conversions in terms of nitrate and pesticide leaching reduction.To explore the potential contribution of organic farming in water catchment areas, we develop an innovative typology approach to characterize farmers’ conceptions and strategies related to cropping systems’ organization on the farm territory. Our method was tested in two French water catchment areas characterized by diversified production systems, where semi-structured interviews were carried out with conventional and organic farmers. Resulting typologies of farmers were used to assess leaching risks variability related with current cropping systems and to identify potential similarities between conventional and organic farmers’ conceptions. Nitrate and pesticide leaching risks for cropping systems were assessed and spatialized by using four agro-environmental indicators. Our results show major variations for all indicators at both study sites, for example N-surpluses which range from -105 to 192 kg N ha-1 year-1. These variations are deeply related with diversity of farmers’ conceptions summarized in typologies. To assess proximity of conventional farmers to organic farming, we used typologies to compare conceptions related to organization of cropping systems between conventional and organic farmers. By analyzing specificities of organic farmers’ conceptions, we determined three main criteria of proximity to organic farming; these criteria were then used to identify various degrees of proximity to organic farming among conventional farmers in the catchment areas.To assess potential contribution of organic farming to water preservation in catchment areas, we firstly compared nitrate leaching risks between conventional and organic cropping systems. Our results reveal low leaching risks from organic systems, characterized by reduced N-surpluses and lower bare soils frequencies in autumn. According to these results, massive development of organic farming should decrease nitrate leaching in our two water catchment areas. However, analysis of similarities between conventional and organic farmers’ conceptions shows that a majority of farmers are characterized by a low level of proximity to organic farming. Moreover, the farmers who show strongest similarities with organic farmers’ conceptions are already those with low leaching risks cropping systems. To significantly lower nitrate leaching risks, conversions should concern conventional farmers with low degree of proximity to organic farming
Teixeira, Igor. "Análise dos processos de diversificação produtiva, social e organizacional no Assentamento Trinta de Maio, Charqueadas-RS." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/15443.
Повний текст джерелаThis dissertation research was carried out with the aim at to discuss rural settlements. Therefore, it was essential to present a theoretical review about this reform in Brazil and, in this context, the emergence of the projects of rural settlements in the country. Similarly, it was presented the debate about ways of work cooperation emphasizing the differences between the traditional cooperative projects and the cooperative conception in the Landless Squatters Movement – MST. After defining the research object, that corresponds to the characteristics that are present in the relationship between the choice for membership of particular group and the dynamics of the processes of economic and social organization concerned, the following question was set: what is decisive for settled families at the time of choosing either project, either organizational arrangement, and what are the characteristics of the strategies of social and productive organization from it derived? In view of that , the following objectives were set: (i) understand the reasons that lead up some families to gradually desist from the cooperative group and the option to organise themselves socially and economically into individual lots and (ii) related to the previous item, check the strategies and practices of social and productive diversification of each group and in which extent they enabled the emergence of endogenous processes of rural development. It was chosen a qualitative methodology of analysis in which a technique of participant observation and the application of interviews with the two groups was used. It was concluded that the reasons for the families desistence from the cooperative, expressed on the dissatisfaction with the economic equivalent paid for his work and the collective decisions, is explained by elements present in the composition of the classical literature called traditional peasantry. However, the analysis of social organization and production strategies outlined by both groups has identified the establishment of a permanent base and temporary resource used in the production process. It was possible to observe that the use of the workforce, the organization of productive space, the quantity and quality of the occupied areas with crops, and their own internal and external relationships to the settlement, contributed for the existence of some endogenous practices of production industry. Moreover, it was found that the relationship of the settlers with the agent sof rural development occurs basically through provided services by EMATER (a state public company in Brazil to implement the state government's agricultural policy and provides technical assistance to farmers) and other public agents that have relative importance on the mediation work, which perform the planning and implementation of public policies such as PAA.
Lo, Yu-Tang, and 羅裕堂. "Soil Microbial Diversity under Organic Farming." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14057189734535636075.
Повний текст джерела國立中興大學
土壤環境科學系
90
Soil microbial communities are the most diverse in the earth. However, they are not well known at this moment. They are close related to nutrient cycling, plant growth and the other organisms. Therefore, they are important to soil quality. The sustainability of soils is much dependent on the biodiversity in soils. The purples of this study were to investigate the effects of different organic fertilizers, application rates, and different rotation systems on soil microbial diversity, tested by Biolog microplates method. The experiment field was located at Hosing ecological farm, Gaoxyong district agricultural experiment station. The soil microbial communities under chemical fertilization utilized less carbon souses, especially under flooded condition, whatever the rotation was one rice crop or three rice crops in two years. Proper application of organic fertilizer increased the carbon utilization by soil microbial community. However, overdose of organic fertilizer decreased the utilization of carbon sources. A formulated organic fertilizer, named as functional compost, increased the utilization of carbon sources mostly. The metabolic potentials of soil microbial communities under organic fertilizers were higher than that under chemical fertilizer. Overdose of organic fertilizer (14400 kg ha-1 of soybean refuse compost) decreased the metabolic potentials. The metabolic potential of the soil microbial communities under cow manure compost application was lower than that under the other kind of composts. The similarity analysis showed that application of 14400 kg ha-1 of soybean refuse compost changed the structures of soil microbial communities dramatically. The principal component analysis showed that the primary factor affecting the soil communities was the application of organic fertilizers, and the second factor was flooding of the soils. The first component in the experiment dealing with the rates of organic fertilizers was the amount of application and the second component was soil moisture. In the experiment dealing with the kinds of organic fertilizers, the soil moisture was the primary factor affecting soil microbial communities.
Thomas, William H. "Traditional environmental knowledge and its implications for modern conservation among the Hewa of Papua New Guinea." 1999. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/50407031.html.
Повний текст джерелаYong, Ding Li. "Assessing biodiversity in farming landscapes: a cross-taxonomic approach to conservation planning." Phd thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/135763.
Повний текст джерелаChou, Yu-Meng, and 周于盟. "Soil microbial diversity in banana plantation soils as influenced by long-term organic and conventional farming." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/25002357629166423977.
Повний текст джерела國立中興大學
土壤環境科學系所
103
Chemical fertilizers and chemical pesticides are commonly used to increase soil fertility and reduce plant pathogen in conventional farming. To achieve agricultural production in a more sustainable way, integrated managements instead of overdose use of agricultural chemicals are adopted to obtain high quality and yield of crops meanwhile maintain soil quality. The distribution of microbes which participate in nutrient transformation may be changed spatially or temporally in a dynamic soil ecosystems. In the present studies soil microbial diversity as influenced by long-term organic and conventional farming were evaluated in banana plantation soils. Soil samples were collected from the established fields in Taiwan Banana Research Institute during 2011-2014. Basic properties of soil such as water content, pH, EC and organic matter content were determined. Approaches to study metabolic and population diversity in banana plantation soils were conducted. These included the culture-dependent and culture-independent methods to obtain viable number of different bacterial groups, community level of physiological profiles and microbial community structure under different long-term farming systems. The results demonstrated that water content, pH and organic matter content were the highest in 17-year organic farming soils and lowest in long-term conventional farming soils. Metabolic potentials of fast-growing microbes in 7-year organic farming soils were generally higher than that in 17-year organic farming soils or conventional farming soils, as revealed by richness, average well color development and diversity index. The SAWCD value demonstrated that carbohydrates were well utilized by fast-growing microbes in soils under organic farming than that under conventional farming. α-Malic acid, β-Methyl-D-Glucoside, D-Cellobiose, L-Serine and N-Acetyl-D-Glucosamine were positively correlated with organic farming, while L-Asparagine and Pyruvic Acid Methyl Ester were positively correlated with conventional farming, which were verified by principle component analysis. Soils under organic farming harbored slight higher number of heterotrophs, free-living nitrogen fixers and tricalcium phosphate solubilizers than that in conventional farming soils. Members belonging to the phylum Firmicutes were dominated in all the three farming soils, and diverse Bacillus lineages at species or strain level were resolved by cultivated-based method. Microbial community structure of soils under three farming systems was compared through 16S rDNA clone library construction and sequence analysis. The 17-year organic farming soils have the highest percentage of unclassified bacteria (at the phylum level) while members belonging to Proteobacteria were dominated in 7-year organic farming soils and conventional farming soils. A higher percentage of clones was occupied by the phylum Acidobacteria in conventional farming soils, which may be related to soil deterioration.
Hung, Ching-yu, and 洪青優. "Using microsatellite DNA to analysis the genetic diversity of fishing and farming pompanos(Trachinotus blochii) in Taiwan." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/286n84.
Повний текст джерелаFischer, Christina [Verfasser]. "Effects of farming practice and landscape complexity on vertebrate diversity and ecological functioning in agroecosystems / vorgelegt von Christina Fischer." 2010. http://d-nb.info/1005019711/34.
Повний текст джерелаMarín, Jacinto Benhadi. "Diversity patterns of Araneae along a gradient of farming practices in Olive Groves: linking landscape pattern, management practices, and species interactions." Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/87551.
Повний текст джерелаThe olive crop (Olea europaea) is a significant land use type with high importance in the Mediterranean countries. The olive tree is susceptible to the attack of pests that can cause significant losses. Among the community of arthropods of the olive grove, spiders are predators occupying the highest trophic level, hunting mainly insects in all their instars. Thus, they can be useful natural control agents of olive pests; however, the intensification of farming practices can affect their abundance and effectiveness. Aspects such as the conservation of a heterogeneous agricultural landscape and the maintenance of ecological infrastructures can be seen as part of a strategy to achieve sustainability and promote conservation biological control. The main objectives of this thesis were to study the diversity patterns of Araneae through an increasing gradient of olive grove farming practices, study the effect of ecological infrastructures as sources of non-prey foods on the survival and behavior of Araneae, study the mechanisms of foraging of Araneae, and develop tools that aim at promoting the diversity of Araneae in the olive grove agroecosystem. The structure of the Araneae assemblages under different farming practices was studied by sampling selected olive groves in northeastern Portugal at the soil, trunk, and canopy levels, as well as the adjacent semi-natural areas (Mediterranean shrublands). The experimental design, the number of stones in the soil, the percentage of vegetation, moisture, and crop management were used to model the diversity patterns found across the olive grove and its surrounding landscape. The effect of ecological infrastructures and mechanisms of foraging of Araneae were investigated through laboratory assays using selected species of spiders as models for different functional groups. The effect of non-prey foods (glucose at 0.5 M; aphid honeydew; black scale honeydew; a mixture of glucose 0.5 M, phenylalanine 0.1 mM, proline 0.1 mM, and tryptophan 0.1 mM; honey at 10%, and pollen at 10%) on the longevity and food selection, and the functional response and prey preference were studied on immatures and adults of spiders respectively. Moreover, two simulation-based tools were developed: an R package (simaR) that simulates the functional response of a predator and calculates its maximum attack rate, and an educational individual-based model (EcoPred) that simulates a top-down trophic cascade controlled by the pressure exerted by two model predators on a model pest within a hypothetical agricultural landscape. Nine functional groups (ambushers, foliage runner hunters, ground hunters, orb-web builders, sheet web builders, sensing web-builders, space web builders, stalkers, and wandering sheet/tangle weavers) were found to encompass a community that changed significantly across the horizontal and vertical gradient across the olive crops. Philodromus lividus was the most abundant species in the canopy, Erigoninae was the most recorded group on the trunk, and the ground was dominated by Thanatus vulgaris whereas the adjacent shrublands were dominated by Nomisia exornata. The number of stones was found to significantly enhance the overall diversity of spiders, the abundance of immature individuals and abundance of ground hunters. The overall survival of immatures of Haplodrassus rufipes (ground hunters) and Synema globosum (ambushers) fed on non-prey foods significantly increased compared to individuals fed on water. When different non-prey food items were offered together, the exploring rate was significantly higher for H. rufipes than for S. globosum. H. rufipes chose to feed on honey whereas S. globosum chose the mixture treatment. The most chosen food items corresponded with those that provided the highest longevities in both species. The most and the least efficient adult spiders against the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata in laboratory were H. rufipes and S. globosum respectively. However, opposite results were obtained when alternative preys (crickets and moths) were supplied. Araniella cucurbitina (orb-weavers) significantly changed its functional response with the presence of alternative preys as well. Considering the prey preference, the heavy, long-sized and highly motile preys (Acheta domesticus) were avoided whereas light, small-sized and moderately motile preys (C. capitata) were preferred by the three guilds of spiders. The effect of temperature on the attack rate of two guilds of spiders against C. capitata was assessed using the simaR package. It was found that the maximum attack rate of A. cucurbitina (orb-weavers) on C. capitata significantly decreased as the temperature increased whereas the opposite pattern was found for S. globosum (ambushers). On the other hand, EcoPred reflected the changes on a fly population within a simulated olive crop according to the mortality rate caused by the predation of two guilds of spiders and energy loss, the energy gain by feeding on flowers, and the reproduction rate in olives. The model was used to teach different aspects of biological control to 26 students achieving very good results in terms of acceptance and interest in the learning method. In conclusion, each guild of spiders may include efficient predators against pests according to its hunting strategies and the ecological exploited niches. Different aspects related to agricultural management such as the presence of adjacent shrublands, the conservation of soil microhabitats (e.g. hedgerows, stonewalls, and stones on the ground), and maintaining weed strips may allow the spillover, increase the number of shelters, and provide valuable supplementary food resources for spiders thus playing an important role on their contribution to biological control of pests in the olive grove agroecosystem.
A oliveira (Olea europaea) é uma espécie de grande importância na bacia do Mediterrâneo. No entanto, esta cultura é afetada pelo ataque de várias pragas que podem causar perdas significativas. Entre a comunidade de artrópodes do olival, as aranhas são predadores que ocupam o nível trófico mais elevado, consumindo principalmente insetos em todos os seus instares. Por esta razão, as aranhas podem ser importantes inimigos naturais de pragas da oliveira, embora a sua abundância e eficácia possa ser influenciada por vários fatores bióticos e abióticos. Assim, a manutenção de uma paisagem agrícola heterogénea pode ser parte de uma estratégia para alcançar a sustentabilidade e promover a proteção biológica por conservação. Os principais objetivos desta tese foram estudar os padrões de diversidade do táxon Araneae ao longo de um gradiente de práticas agrícolas no olival, estudar o efeito de infraestruturas ecológicas, como fontes de recursos, na sobrevivência e no comportamento do táxon Araneae, estudar os seus mecanismos de predação, e desenvolver meios que visam promover a sua diversidade no olival. A influência de diferentes práticas agrícolas na estrutura da comunidade do táxon Araneae foi estudada em áreas de olival no nordeste de Portugal (ao nível do solo, tronco e copa) e em áreas semi-naturais adjacentes (mato mediterrânico). O tipo de desenho experimental, o número de pedras no solo, a percentagem de vegetação, a humidade e a gestão agrícola foram utilizados na modelação dos padrões de diversidade encontrados no olival e na sua paisagem circundante.O efeito das infraestruturas ecológicas e dos mecanismos de predação do táxon Araneae foram estudados, com recurso a ensaios laboratoriais, utilizando espécies de diferentes grupos funcionais. O efeito de diferentes itens alimentares não-presa (glicose 0,5 M, melada de afídeo, melada de cochonilha-negra; uma mistura de glicose 0,5 M, fenilalanina 0,1 mM, prolina 0,1 mM e triptofano 0,1 mM; mel a 10% e pólen a 10%) na sobrevivência e escolhas alimentares, assim como a resposta funcional e preferência por distintos tipos de presa foram estudadas em aranhas juvenis e adultas respetivamente. Além disso, foram desenvolvidas duas ferramentas de simulação: um pacote de funções em R (simaR), que simula a resposta funcional de um predador, e um modelo baseado em indivíduos (EcoPred), que simula uma cascata trófica de uma praga modelo controlada pela população de dois tipos de predadores. Nos olivais em estudo, foram identificados nove grupos funcionais do táxon Araneae: emboscadores, caçadores nas folhas, caçadores no solo, construtores de teia orbicular, construtores de teias laminares, construtores de teias de deteção, construtores de teias espaciais, acossadores e construtores itinerantes de teias laminares/emaranhadas. As comunidades diferiram significativamente quanto à composição ao longo dos gradientes horizontal e vertical. Philodromus lividus e Thanatus vulgaris foram as espécies mais abundantes na copa e no solo respetivamente, e a subfamília Erigoninae foi o grupo dominante no tronco. As áreas de mato adjacente foram dominadas por Nomisia exornata. A diversidade global de aranhas e a abundância de indivíduos juvenis e de espécimes caçadores no solo foi significativamente maior em áreas com um maior número de pedras. A sobrevivência global de juvenis de Haplodrassus rufipes (caçadores no solo) e de Synema globosum (emboscadores), alimentados com itens não-presa, aumentou significativamente em comparação com indivíduos alimentados com água. Em ensaios alimentares de múltipla-escolha, Haplodrassus rufipes selecionou maioritariamente o mel e apresentou uma taxa de exploração significativamente maior do que S. globosum, que selecionou o tratamento de mistura. Os itens alimentares mais escolhidos corresponderam àqueles que proporcionavam maiores longevidades em ambas as espécies. Os adultos de H. rufipes e S. globosum mostraram ser, respetivamente, os mais e menos eficientes quanto à mortalidade infligida em mosca-do-Mediterrâneo, Ceratitis capitata. A taxa de ataque de S. globosum e de Araniella cucurbitina (construtores de teia orbicular) aumentou significativamente em ensaios de resposta funcional de múltipla-escolha quando comparada com ensaios com uma única espécie de presa. Considerando a preferência por tipologias de presas, verificou-se que as presas mais pesadas, de tamanho maior e altamente móveis (p.e., Acheta domesticus), eram evitadas pelos três grupos funcionais de aranhas, enquanto que as presas mais leves, de menor tamanho e moderadamente móveis (p.e., C. capitata) eram preferidas. O efeito da temperatura na taxa de ataque de dois grupos funcionais de aranhas contra C. capitata foi avaliado usando o simaR. Verificou-se que a taxa máxima de ataque de A. cucurbitina em C. capitata diminuiu significativamente com o aumentou da temperatura, contrariamente ao ocorrido para S. globosum. O modelo EcoPred foi utilizado para ensinar, a 26 estudantes do ensino secundário, os diferentes aspetos relacionados com a proteção biológica. Depois de testarem o modelo, os estudantes mostraram muito interesse neste método de aprendizagem. Em conclusão, cada grupo funcional de aranhas inclui espécies predadoras de pragas sendo que a sua ação varia de acordo com as estratégias de caça e os nichos ecológicos explorados. Os vários aspetos relacionados com a gestão agrícola, tais como a presença de matos adjacentes, a conservação de micro-habitats no solo e a manutenção de faixas de plantas espontâneas, poderiam promover o aumento do número de refúgios e proporcionar recursos alimentares suplementares às aranhas, desempenhando um papel importante na proteção biológica por conservação contra as pragas da oliveira.
Simba, Lavhelani Dembe. "The edge effects of mango farming on flower visitor insect communities and epigeal ant species in Northern-Eastern South Africa." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/331.
Повний текст джерелаKÁROVÁ, Zuzana. "Vliv ekologického a konvenčního zemědělství na diverzitu a abundanci denních motýlů v oblasti Českého středohoří." Master's thesis, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-45776.
Повний текст джерела(5930507), Lisseth Zubieta. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: crop management systems alter community structure and affect soybean growth and tolerance to water stress." Thesis, 2019.
Знайти повний текст джерелаArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are best known for their potential to help plants acquire nutrients, especially phosphorous. These microbes improve soil health by promoting soil aggregation and carbon sequestration, and further benefit plants by helping them withstand biotic and abiotic stress. Currently, there are 200 recognized species of AMF within the phylum Glomeromycota. Recent studies indicate that individual AMF species differ in the benefits they provide, with some even acting as parasites. Moreover, AMF community composition can be altered by soil and crop management practices, but the effect of these changes on the benefits conferred by AMF are still not well understood. Consequently, the goal of this study was to determine how two widely used crop management systems can alter the composition of AMF species, and affect the potential for these communities to promote the productivity and drought tolerance. To accomplish this goal, we collected AMF inoculum from a long-term crop systems trial comparing organic and conventional management for use in greenhouse trials where we subjected plants to drought. We collected AMF inoculum during mid-summer when differences between the two management systems were likely cause larger effects on AMF communities, and again in autumn after harvest to see if differences in AMF communities would persist. We determined AMF species composition using next generation sequencing. Results of this study confirm that soil-building practices commonly used in organic farming systems can improve soil health and increase the productivity of food-grade soybeans. They also demonstrate that AMF communities in Indiana croplands are highly diverse, and some of these taxa can improve soybean growth and help plants tolerate water stress. Although the overall diversity of AMF communities did not differ between the organic and conventional management systems in mid-summer, individual AMF taxa did differ between the systems, which were likely responsible for the greater tolerance to water stress observed when plants were amended with inoculum from the organic system. AMF communities present during autumn were significantly different between the two crop management systems, but did not result in differences in drought tolerance of soybeans, indicating that the loss of key AMF taxa in the organic system from the first relative to the second experiment was likely responsible. Finally, plants grown using inoculum from both crop management systems in autumn had greater tolerance to water stress than plants that received a AMF commercial inoculum. This provides further evidence that individual AMF species vary in the benefits they provide, and that the presence of a diverse consortium of AMF species is needed to optimize plant health and productivity in agricultural systems. Agricultural producers should consider incorporating soil-building practices that are commonly used in organic farming systems such as planting winter cover crops, to improve the health of their soil and enhance the productivity of their crops.
Flohre, Andreas. "Below- and aboveground farmland biodiversity in relation to local and regional management." Doctoral thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-ADA4-9.
Повний текст джерелаBarker, Alistair. "Habitat management using stimulo-deterrent diversion techniques to decrease infestation of sugarcane by Eldana saccarina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/6961.
Повний текст джерелаJakupi, Antje. "Zur Rekonstruktion historischer Biodiversität aus archivalischen Quellen: Das Beispiel des Oderbruchs (Brandenburg) im 18. Jahrhundert." Doctoral thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-AD00-C.
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