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1
Aniekwe, Chika C. "Collective Action and Everyday Politics of Smallholder Farmers in Ugbawka: Examining Local Realities and Struggles of Smallholder Rice Farmers." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15705.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The research draws on an ethnographic research and explores the everyday practice of collective action in Ugbawka in Enugu State by using interviews and participant observation. The study reveals that smallholder collective action is not best fitted into formal institutional arrangement but takes place within a complex and intricate process that involves interaction with diversity of institutions and actors. Equally, the interactions that occur amongst actors are mediated at the community level through interplay of socio-cultural and political factors. This study recognises and places emphasis on understanding of agency and the exercise of agency at the local level arguing that smallholder farmers are not robot but active individual who exercise their agency purposively or impulsively depending on conditions and the assets available at their disposition as well as their ability to navigate the intricate power dynamic inherent at local context. The thesis thus questioned the simplistic use of formal institutional collective action framework in smallholder collective action at the community level and argues that institutions are not static and do not determine outcomes but are informed by the prevailing conditions at the community level. The study emphasises the role of existing institutions and socially embedded principles in community governance and argues that actors should be the focus of analysis rather than the system in understanding smallholder collective action. The study concludes by advocating for further research that could explore the possibility of hybrid approach that accepts the advantages of both formal and informal institutional forms of smallholder collective action.
2
Gonzalez, Alvarez Eleazar U. "Economic and social foundations of collective action an inter-disciplinary institutional approach to Mexican dairy farmers /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4816.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.<br>The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on February 13, 2008) Includes bibliographical references.
3
Blomqvist, (Jonsson) Anna. "Food and Fashion : Water Management and Collective Action among Irrigation Farmers and Textile Industrialists in South India." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 1996. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-54550.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, much ofthe political debate in the West, East aud South has focused on the decentralization of responsibilities from the state to private enterprises and NGOs. But what potential is there for local communities to create their own govenlance structures able to deal with issues up till recently seen as the responsibility of the state? In this thesis, answer to this question is sought by analyzing two case studies from the semi-arid Coimbatore-region in South India from an institutionai perspective. One case concerns the efforts to involve farmers in irrigation water management in the Lower Bhavani Project, while the other focuses on the pressure on textile industrialists in Tirupur city to collectively treat their polluted effluent water. In both cases, the new distribution ofresponsibilities required that groups ofwater users would succeed in establishing new entities for collective action among themselves strong enough to prevent free-riding on a massive scale. Overcoming three main obstacles proved crucial in this process; meeting coordination costs, re-defining the notion of free-riding among resource users, and meeting motivation costs. Factors both within and outsicte the loeal community affected the degree ofsuccess. The distribution and lise of economic, moral and physical power between various actors and the interconnectedness between local and external institutions proved crucial for the establishrnent oflocal govemance stmctures. Moreover, the historical relation between the respective user group and the state has to a large extent affected the goals and strategies oflocal entities of eolleetive action. Clearly, resource management problems at localleve1 can not be solved by simply decentralizing responsibilities from the state to groups ofresource users. Rather, the state could playan important role by initiating, supporting and directing slich local entities of collective action.
4
Pu, Qiongyou. "Who Won? Who Failed? A Comparative Analysis of Online Collective Action in China." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1276112548.
Повний текст джерела
5
Heimbrandt, Andreas. "Styrelsens roll och uppgifter i det lantbrukskooperativa företaget : en fallanalys /." Uppsala : Institutionen för ekonomi, Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/10522837.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
6
Tseti, Angela. "Photo-literature and trauma : from collective history to connective memory." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Prenant appui sur l'intérêt contemporain pour les rencontres texte/image et la prolifération récente des oeuvres bi-médiales, cette thèse se propose d'étudier les structures et les qualités du photo-roman, en vue de soutenir que cette forme nouvelle offre un espace privilégié à l'interrogation — et potentiellement à la représentation ¬des événements traumatiques collectifs. L'exploration d'une série de travaux photo-littéraires produits entre la fin du 20ème siècle et le début du 21ème et caractérisés par une thématique historiographique ainsi que la concomitance avec une catastrophe historique suggère que la combinaison de la fiction et de la photographie au sein d'un même dispositif photo-narratif est susceptible de fournir une alternative à la problématique bien connue de l'irreprésentabilité du trauma. Nous considérons que la photo-littérature emploie les rapports souvent notés entre la photographie et l'histoire, la biographie, le temps et la mort dans le cadre familier du roman, tout en faisant appel au lecteur comme un acteur indispensable du processus d'élaboration du sens textuel. Les mécanismes complexes du composé photo-textuel permettent de mettre en lumière le fait que les histoires de vie personnelles sont pertinentes à l'expérience collective, ainsi que les parallèles entre des événements historiques traumatiques divers. Ainsi, la photo-littérature permet un passage de l'histoire à un genre de mémoire qui est essentiellement connectif ; par là même, cette forme nouvelle va à l'encontre d'une incapacité présumée à énoncer la mémoire traumatique, en suivant une approche fondée sur l'attention et l'investissement affectif<br>Drawing on the increased interest in word-image interactions and the recent proliferation of bimedial works of literature, this study proposes an investigation of the structures and qualities of the photo-nove', with the contention that this emergent new form constitutes a privileged space where instances of collective trauma may be addressed, potentially even represented. The exploration of a series of works of photo-literature of the Tate 20th and early 215t century that are affiliated to historiography and unfold in the midst or aftermath of a great historic calamity suggests that the combination of fiction and photography within a single, photo-textual narrative may counter the problematic of unrepresentability raised by Trauma Studies. Photo-literature, as this study purports, employs photography's well-lçnown relations to history, biography, time and'cleath within the familiar schema of the nove', while invoking? the respondent reader as an essential component of the meaning¬making process. These elaborate workings of the photo-textual compound result in the highlighting of the individual life story's pertinence to the collective experience and the establishment of parallels between diverse historical instances of trauma. Thus, photo-literature enables the passage from history to an essentially connective type of memory and, subsequently, responds to a professed inability to enunciate the traumatic experience, by offering an approach that is reliant on affective investment and attention
7
Bavec, Simon. "Plateformes collectives d’approvisionnement de produits locaux – performance organisationnelle et implication des agriculteurs." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Résumé : Les systèmes agroalimentaires sont confrontés aux nombreux enjeux socio-économiques. Dans ce contexte, les politiques publiques soutiennent une transition vers des systèmes plus durables. Elles stimulent une augmentation des volumes de produits locaux dans la restauration collective publique. Cette demande institutionnelle et d’autres clients professionnels rencontre plusieurs obstacles (ex. volumes, diversité, régularité qualitative) auxquels les agriculteurs individuels n’ont pas nécessairement la capacité de répondre. Les initiatives récentes telles que les plateformes collectives visent à structurer des filières d’approvisionnement en produits locaux. S’intéresser à leur gouvernance devient donc central pour accompagner une transition vers un approvisionnement plus durable. Cette thèse a pour l’objectif d’explorer les modes de gouvernances des plateformes collectives à travers l’analyse de 6 cas d’études dans l’ancienne région Midi-Pyrénées. Dans le prolongement des propositions théoriques relevant de l’économie des coûts de transaction et d’une analyse du positionnement stratégique des plateformes, la thèse propose une nouvelle appréciation de la performance organisationnelle. Au-delà d’expliquer la diversité organisationnelle des plateformes, l’analyse montre que la performance organisationnelle doit s’évaluer par l’adéquation entre structure de gouvernance et positionnement stratégique. L’analyse met en évidence que les plateformes offrent de faibles incitations économiques aux agriculteurs adhérents. La deuxième partie de thèse s’intéresse aux déterminants de leur implication et montre que ceux-ci sont principalement socio-économiques et plus subjectifs. In fine, cette thèse offre les recommandations pour améliorer les performances organisationnelles des plateformes collectives et offre les éléments de réflexion pour les politiques publiques qui subventionnent les plateformes collectives<br>Abstract: Agrofood systems are confronted with numerous socio-economic challenges. In this context, public policies support a transition to more sustainable systems. These public policies stimulate an increase in the volume of local products in public catering. This demand of institutional catering and other professional clients faces several obstacles (e.g. volumes, diversity, and consistency of quality) that cannot be overcome by individual farmers. Recent initiatives such as collective platforms aim to coordinate local food supply chains. To investigate their governance therefore becomes central to support a transition to more sustainable supply chains. The goal of this thesis is to explore the modes of governance of collective platforms through the analysis of 6 case studies in the former Midi-Pyrénées region. Building on the theoretical proposals of transaction costs economics and on the analysis of organizations strategic positioning, the thesis proposes a new appreciation of organizational performance. Beyond explaining the organizational diversity of the platforms, the analysis shows that an alignment of governance structure and strategic positioning generates an organizational performance of collective platforms. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the collective platforms offer weak economic incentives to farmers which are members. In this context, the second part of the thesis looks at the determinants of their involvement and shows that these determinants are mainly socio-economic and subjective. Finally, this study offers recommendations for improving the organizational performance of collective platforms and provides food for thought for public policies that subsidize collective platforms
8
Spånning, Anna C. "Towards Institutional Stabilization and Development? : A Study of Inter-Organizational Cooperation in the Tajik Cotton Industry." Doctoral thesis, Karlstads universitet, Avdelningen för politiska och historiska studier, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-4892.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Close to two decades after the break-up of the Soviet Union, there is still a marked difference in developmental paths, including institutional as well as economic development and performance among the states emerging from the ruins of the vast empire. Turning attention to the least successful post-Soviet region, Central Asia, and Tajikistan in particular, this thesis provides a contribution to the discussion of how to institutionalize social power and build the foundations for political community in post-colonial societies. It is argued here that increased institutional stability may be achieved through inter-organizational cooperation among main actors within an institutional setting. Through the dispersion of intra- and inter-organizational effects of cooperation beyond the action situations where they are produced, several goals may be achieved. These are increased predictability, transparency and durability in governance, a more equitable distribution of wealth, and (in relation to the kinship-foundation of Tajik society) the embracing of kin-divisions in society. The study examines how and why organizations decide to get involved in cooperative collective activities within the Tajik cotton industry, an industry infamous for its unscrupulous financing schemes to which local investors tie farmers; schemes lacking business ethics and the interconnection of the social and economic with political relations. The study, through an embedded case study of one project (the Farmers’ Ownership Model), also examines the institutional implications of inter-organizational collective activities. The study’s empirical base is a combination of data derived from literature, reports, reviews of official documents, as well as from interviews and an expert survey conducted among organizational representatives with expert knowledge on the Tajik cotton industry. The results suggest that it is possible to divide the forms of cooperation into three broad categories; business based cooperation, development and support-based cooperation and unilateral cooperative activity. The latter category contains interactions based on helping as well as on coercion. The motives for cooperating follow the same divisions, with profit and position-related motives dominating business-based cooperation. Development and support-based cooperation are primarily motivated by non-profit factors, such as community-(re)building and knowledge enhancement, as well as position-related motives. Within the group of unilateral interactions, the same divisions valid for business-based cooperation (unilateral cooperative activity based on coercion) and development and support-based cooperation (unilateral cooperative activity based on helping) are found. The actors approached for this study confirm that the institutional setting is “difficult” and that the social and political climate is not supportive of inter-organizational cooperative collective activities. Despite this, the actors agree that the time is right for cooperative efforts. The implications of inter-organizational cooperative collective activities within the frameworks of the examined Farmers’ Ownership Model project are many and important from a stabilizing perspective. Numerous strategic effects have been identified, among which is the creation of the first open farmer-owned joint stock company in the country, providing crop financing, high quality input, and technical assistance to the farmers in the northern Sugd region. This is the most tangible effect, as is legislative change related to the marketing of cotton. The learning and knowledge-creation effects as a result of inter-organizational interactions within the project are also substantial. Client as well as non-client farmers have, through the technical assistance provided through the project company, managed to improve awareness in terms of their legal status. In addition, the technical assistance component of the project has served to improve productivity and the quality of the cotton grown. Despite indications of attitudinal changes within the action situations examined, there is no clear-cut evidence of trust effects at the institutional level. The results of empirical examination of the Tajik cotton industry to a large extent support the central thesis of the study.
9
Assis, William Santos de. "A constru??o da representa??o dos trabalhadores rurais no sudeste paraense." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2007. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/tede/684.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
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Previous issue date: 2007-02-27<br>Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior<br>This study has thought to investigate what sense the collective actions from the family
farmers and theirs representative entities have assumed in the southeast of Par? in recent
years. Therefore we took as the research universe the complex process of the struggle
for the social and political recognition of the family farmers and theirs representative
entities. Moving through the different processes that transformed the region social,
economical and environmental way, we can confirm that the landholders and the family
farmers on the southeast of Par? had imposed themselves as an important social actor
for the regional development through an intense struggle for rights and a hard political
activity of their representants. The permanent mobilisation of these actors and a variable
repertoire of collective actions have made their position stronger in the regional social
space and have influenced the political ways of the state, especially those directioned to
the creation of the settlements.<br>Esta tese procurou compreender o sentido que as a??es coletivas dos agricultores
familiares e de suas entidades representativas t?m assumido no sudeste paraense nos
?ltimos anos. Para tanto, tomamos como universo da pesquisa o complexo processo de
luta pelo reconhecimento social e pol?tico dos agricultores familiares e suas entidades de
representa??o. Percorrendo os diferentes processos que transformaram econ?mica,
ambiental e socialmente a regi?o, podemos afirmar que os posseiros e os agricultores
familiares do sudeste paraense se afirmaram como ator social de import?ncia para o
desenvolvimento regional por meio de uma intensa luta por direitos e uma ?rdua
atividade pol?tica de seus representantes. A mobiliza??o permanente desses atores e um
variado repert?rio de a??o coletiva t?m fortalecido sua posi??o no espa?o social
regional e influenciado os rumos da pol?tica do Estado, principalmente as direcionadas a
cria??o de assentamentos.
10
Shayamano, Innocent. "Trajectory from government-managed to farmer-managed smallholder irrigation and its effects on productivity, operation and maintenance: An analysis of Mamina Smallholder Irrigation Scheme in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/6189.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Magister Philosophiae - MPhil (LAS) (Land and Agrarian Studies)<br>Government's decision to devolve irrigation management to farmers was partly influenced by
international policy imperatives, which were propounded mainly by institutions associated
with the Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) and the
inability by the government to continue funding operation and maintenance costs. The central
question of the study is to understand the effects of Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT) on
productivity, operation and maintenance in the Mamina Irrigation Scheme. Interviews with
various primary and secondary stakeholders that included the irrigators, local political
leadership and locally-based agriculture extension officers were carried out. The interviews
were aimed at getting an insight on land tenure, participation and representation of women,
water and electricity supply system and pricing, effects of irrigation management
arrangements on equity and productivity, understanding the irrigators' food security status,
operation and maintenance arrangement after Irrigation Management Transfer (IMT).
Findings of this study suggest that the existing governance arrangements have partly led to
low crop productivity, increased water and electricity bill arrears, poor water distribution,
change to uneconomic plot sizes, unsustainable increase in the number of irrigators, failure to
organise for operation and maintenance. The key factors influencing the poor performance
include poor collaboration, pumping system that utilised more electricity, inability of the
irrigators to replace leaky pipes, failure of the irrigators to contribute towards electricity and
water bills, failure of the irrigators to contribute towards operation and maintenance.
The study identified nine challenges that affected the success of IMT. The challenges that lay
at the heart of Mamina irrigation scheme were mainly caused by the poor irrigation
technology design, pricing structure of electricity, water permit system, inequalities in water
distribution, low gender participation and representation, non-availability of formal markets
for certain crops, food insecurity, plot alloction and land disputes. Poverty analysis has shown
that the irrigators' ability to escape from poverty or food insecurity is critically dependent
upon their access to assets. Different assets are required to achieve different livelihood
outcomes. The cycle of accumulation of utility bill arrears continued even after devolution
because the same defective irrigation infrastructure was transferred to the irrigators. In the
case of Mamina irrigation scheme, modernisation of the scheme was required to achieve
different livelihood outcomes, but because this did not happen the recurrent utility bill
arrears, low productivity and food insecurity continued to be a very serious challenge even
after IMT.
11
Gillerot, Alice. "Les modes de coordination mis en œuvre par les collectifs d'agriculteurs porteurs de filières territorialisées : un levier pour la transition agroécologique ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2021-...), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UCFA0153.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A l’heure où la coordination d’une diversité d’acteurs dans les territoires est identifiée comme nécessaire et indispensable à la transition agroécologique, un intérêt se porte aux modalités de coordination de ces acteurs, les facteurs qui les amènent à s’organiser collectivement et les ressources qu’ils créent et mobilisent. Alors que l’action collective des agriculteurs est régulièrement présentée comme un levier pour la transition agroécologique, nous nous intéressons dans le cadre de cette thèse aux modes de coordination que les agriculteurs mettent en œuvre lorsqu’ils s’organisent collectivement pour créer et développer des filières territorialisées en agriculture biologique. Nous nous appuyons sur le cadre théorique de l’économie de proximités, qui, à travers l’étude des interactions entre acteurs au sein d’un territoire, nous permet de traiter les thèmes de la gouvernance, de l’action collective et des ressources collectivement créées. A l’appui de la grille des proximités géographiques et organisées et des cadres et outils d’analyse des réseaux sociaux - particulièrement ceux se référant aux réseaux sociaux complets et aux chaines relationnelles - nous étudions les relations d’interdépendances, les rapports de force et les phénomènes d’encastrement à l’œuvre à différentes échelles : le système alimentaire territorialisée, la filière territorialisée, le groupe de pairs agriculteurs et l’exploitation agricole. Pour cela, nous avons mené un travail d’analyse empirique s’appuyant sur l’étude et la mise en regard de cinq collectifs d’agriculteurs porteurs de filières territorialisées en agriculture biologique dans le Puy-de-Dôme. Nous avons mené des enquêtes de terrain essentiellement basées sur des entretiens semi-directifs individuels et des questionnaires sociométriques. Nos résultats montrent que les modes de coordination sont caractérisés par une diversité d’interactions entre agriculteurs, entre acteurs économiques de la filière territorialisée et avec d’autres acteurs du système alimentaire territorialisé. Ces interactions s’appuient la plupart du temps sur des relations interpersonnelles et des partages de proximités géographiques et organisées entre les acteurs et se consolident grâce à divers outils et règles formels destinés à assurer un environnement de confiance propice à leur coordination. Ces interactions entraînent la création et la circulation de ressources nécessaires à la transition agroécologique. Ainsi, ces ressources participent à faciliter des changements de pratiques dans les fermes, à favoriser l’engagement et l’implication des agriculteurs dans leur groupe de pairs, à assurer la coconstruction d’une offre spécifique avec les acteurs économiques de la filière territorialisée et à contribuer à la diversification productive et territoriale<br>As the coordination of a diversity of stakeholders within a territory is identified as necessary and essential for the agroecological transition, interest is growing in the ways in which these stakeholders coordinate, the factors that lead them to organise collectively and the resources that they create and mobilise. While collective action among farmers is regularly presented as a lever for the agroecological transition, this thesis focuses on coordination modes that farmers use when they organise themselves collectively to create and develop organic farming territorialized supply chains. We use the economy of proximity as our theoretical framework, which, through the study of interactions between actors within a territory, enables us to address the themes of governance, collective action and collectively created resources. Using the grid of geographical and organised proximities and the tools of the social networks analysis - particularly those referring to complete social networks and relational chains - we study the interdependence and power relationships and the embeddedness phenomena at work at different scales: the territorialised food system, the territorialised supply chain, the group of peer farmers and the farm. To do this, we carried out an empirical analysis based on the study and comparison of five organic farmers' collectives involved in territorialised supply chains in the Puy-de-Dôme (France). We conducted field surveys based mainly on individual semi-structured interviews and sociometric questionnaires. Our results show that the modes of coordination are characterised by a diversity of interactions between farmers, between economic stakeholders within the territorialised supply chain and with other stakeholders in the territorialised food system. These interactions are based on interpersonal relationships and shared geographical and organisational proximity between stakeholders and are consolidated by various formal tools and rules designed to ensure an environment of trust favourable to their coordination. These interactions lead to the creation and circulation of a diversity of resources needed for the agroecological transition. These resources contribute to facilitating changes in practices on farms, to encouraging the commitment and involvement of farmers in their peer group, to ensuring the co-construction of a specific product and to contributing to territorial diversification
12
Roullaud, Élise. "La Confédération paysanne à l’épreuve de la Politique agricole commune (1987-2007) : Transformations des pratiques de représentation et du travail militant." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
En prenant pour objet d’étude la Confédération paysanne, cette thèse se propose d’examiner les évolutions des formes et modes de représentation des intérêts agricoles sous l’effet de l’intégration européenne. Sur la base d’une enquête de terrain croisant plusieurs méthodes (archives, entretiens, observations, questionnaire), l’étude de ce syndicat mêle l’analyse du processus d’européanisation et la sociologie des groupes d’intérêt européens à la sociologie du militantisme agricole et des mobilisations collectives. En adoptant une approche attentive aux logiques organisationnelles, configurationnelles et dispositionnelles, cette recherche rend compte de deux dimensions. La première éclaire la reconfiguration de l’action syndicale au travers de l’analyse de l’espace de la représentation agricole européenne et des modalités pratiques de l’investissement militant sur la scène politique européenne. La seconde souligne la manière dont la Politique agricole commune « travaille » la Confédération paysanne en affectant l’économie des rapports de force syndicaux internes et externes, ainsi que le travail de production des orientations syndicales, mais également le répertoire d’action syndical. Cette recherche met ainsi en évidence les processus de socialisation et de politisation comme vecteurs de la dynamique d’européanisation<br>Focusing on the Confédération paysanne, this research studies the changes in forms and modes of farmers’ interests representation under the effect of European integration. Drawing upon an extensive, multi-method fieldwork (archives, interviews, observations and questionnaire), the thesis intertwines a study of the Europeanization process, sociology of interest groups in the European Union and sociology of farmers’ unions as well as social movements. Not only emphasizing on organizational and configurational logics but also on social dispositions, this work reports two dimensions. The first throws light on the reconfiguration of farmers’ unions actions by analyzing the field of European farmers’ representation and the way unionists integrate the European political space. The second stresses on how the Common Agricultural Policy influences and affects both the internal and external balance of power, the union’s guidelines production and the repertoire of collective actions. Thereby, this study accurately reveals that the Europeanization dynamics rest on the socialization and politicization processes
13
Damiani, Octavio. "Learning from collective experience : successful small farmer associations in northeast Brazil." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65454.
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14
Kassam, Shinan N. "One explanation for why farmers produce cotton collectively in post-Soviet Tajikistan." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/36114.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In post-Soviet Tajikistan, a heavy concentration on collective cotton production is argued to be based upon vested interests, a cash short economy, historical and political economy reasons. Given challenges in the set up of a functional land cadastral system, access to rural credit can be facilitated through the currency that raw cotton provides as collateral against production loans. While there are other relatively more profitable options for agricultural production, a certain amount of land is placed under cotton, in order to secure financing for non-cotton production. The lender advances credit for cotton production, but a portion of this credit is diverted out of cotton and into non-cotton production. Non-cotton production is not collateralized and results in a private gain for individual members within the “collective”. The lender has full knowledge of this diversion and compensates by pushing a higher level of in kind credit than is needed for the amount of land dedicated to cotton. Accumulating “debt” has become a defining feature of the cotton sector, but I argue that an appropriate definition is non conventional. This is particularly important given that loans are extended over consecutive seasons despite accumulating “debt”. “Debt” can more accurately be defined as the cost of doing business for the lender, who ties together the services of loan provision with that of marketing cotton. Using original copies of farm invoices, state statistics, key informant accounts, as well as secondary survey data, I argue that there is ostensibly little difference in the standard of living between farmers engaged in diversified cropping systems (cotton and non-cotton) and those engaged solely in non-cotton production. In an economy where markets for credit and productive inputs are thin and erratic, the manner in which credit is advanced plays a large role in fostering this indifference. This argument is somewhat different than the prevailing view, which takes the position that cotton “debt” is a constraining factor in the development of the agricultural sector in Tajikistan. One explanation for why Tajik farmers collectively produce cotton at a loss is that it is privately profitable to do so.
15
Magner, Elizabeth J. "TheRole of Collective Identity and Framing Processes in Advocacy Efforts to Implement Farm Animal Protection Policy:." Thesis, Boston College, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:107405.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis advisor: Brian J. Gareau<br>This study explores efforts by the farm animal protection movement to pass anti-CAFO (concentrated animal feeding operation) farm animal protection legislation in Massachusetts and Rhode Island from 2012 to 2015, aiming to understand why successful outcomes were limited, through the theoretical lenses of collective identities and collective action frames. CAFOs, the predominant source of food animals in the United States, rear animals in intensely confined conditions, which raises significant animal welfare concerns, and also exact serious damage on workers, the environment, public health, and rural communities. Given the animal cruelty inflicted by CAFOs, animal protection organizations have invested much time and effort into passing legislation to ban intensive confinement practices, yet have encountered significant challenges in doing so in some states. This thesis aims to help explain why and how some of these challenges arise, and how they might be avoided or overcome in future efforts. To this end, I describe the collective identities of Massachusetts and Rhode Island farmers and professional farm animal advocates, and analyze the ways that these collective identities interact with and inform framing strategies. I conclude that some elements of the farm animal advocate identity conflict with farmer collective identity, and, further, that consequent advocacy framing strategies at times significantly hinder attempts to pass farm animal protection legislation
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Kleftodimos, Georgios. "Economic valuation of bees’ pollination services in arable crop farms : the role of Public Policy regulations towards the provision of pollination services." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20101.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L’objectif principal de l'étude réalisée est d'évaluer l'importance économique des interactions entre les abeilles sauvages et domestiques, appelées « complémentarité », dans les exploitations agricoles. Une emphase particulière a été mise en examinant la manière dont l'importance économique de la complémentarité devrait affecter le règlement de politique publique afin de préserver la fourniture de services de pollinisation. Le premier chapitre fournit le cadre théorique sur lequel repose cette évaluation économique. Le chapitre 2 fournit un modèle éco-économique montrant les décisions des agriculteurs entre deux intrants, les services de pollinisation et les pesticides. Deux sources de pollinisation avec des caractéristiques différentes sont considérées; les abeilles domestiques, qui peuvent être remplacées à un certain coût, et les abeilles sauvages, dont la population est supposée d’être soutenue au paysage. En plus, nous prenons pour acquis que les services entre les deux abeilles ont une relation complémentaire. Le troisième chapitre intègre les résultats du chapitre 2 dans une modélisation éco-économique territoriale plus sophistiquée afin d'explorer les impacts potentiels des changements de politique sur la protection des services de pollinisation et sur les revenus des agriculteurs pour différents taux de coopération entre eux. Enfin, le chapitre 4 évalue l’efficacité des mesures prises par la politique française en matière de protection des services de pollinisation et examine en quoi les résultats de nos analyses peuvent contribuer à l’amélioration de l’efficacité de ces mesures. Le résultat majeur de nos recherches est double. Premièrement, la connaissance de la complémentarité des abeilles peut offrir aux agriculteurs une stratégie alternative de gestion optimale. Deuxièmement, l’inclusion de ces connaissances dans les mesures politiques mises en œuvre peut faciliter le processus d’adoption par les agriculteurs en faveur de pratiques à faibles intrants et conséquemment accroître leur efficacité sur la durabilité des services de pollinisation pour les systèmes agricoles et alimentaires<br>The principal objective of the realized study is to evaluate the economic importance of the behavioral interactions which emerge from managed and wild bees, called bees’ complementarity in arable crop farms. A particular emphasis was placed on examining how the economic importance of bees’ complementarity should affect the public policy regulation in order to safeguard the provision of pollination services. The first Chapter of this Ph.D. thesis provides the theoretical framework on which this economic valuation is based. Chapter 2, provides an ecological-economic model displaying farmer’s decisions between two agricultural inputs, pollination services and pesticides, and two sources of pollination with different characteristics; managed bees, which can be replaced at a cost, and wild bees, which rely on a population being sustained within the farmland. Moreover, we take as a given that the services of wild and managed bees are in a complementary relationship. The third Chapter of this thesis, integrates the findings of Chapter 2 in a Mathematical-Programming territorial ecological-economic modeling in order to explore the potential impacts of policy changes on the provision of pollination services and on farmers’ incomes for different rates of farmers’ cooperation. Finally, Chapter 4, evaluates the effectiveness of French policy measures towards the provision of pollination services and it discusses how the results of our analyses may contribute towards the amelioration of the effectiveness of these measures. The major result of our research is twofold. Firstly, the knowledge of bees’ complementarity may offer to farmers an alternative optimum management strategy. Secondly, the inclusion of this knowledge in the implemented policy measures may facilitate farmers’ adoption process towards low-input practices and, consequently, increase their effectiveness towards the sustainability of pollination services for the agricultural and food systems
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Nyxén, Emmy. "Collecting rainwater, a comparison between Zambia and Sweden : Can farmers learn from each other?" Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Biologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-30872.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis investigates if rainwater collection methods in Zambia are efficient compared to methods used in Sweden. Since the climate changes will affect the rainwater distribution in Sweden, with heavy rainfall, storms and droughts, the comparison is necessary to provide methods for future collection and usage of rainwater in Sweden. The investigation includes the collection of rainwater and two methods for the supply of water onto the ground and the plants. The results show that a correctly built dam will create a good supply of water and thus makes a positive impact for the farm. A proper dam can be the key success factor for water supply all year around. One of the key elements for the dam is the collection of rainwater. The results show that in Zambia it is crucial to obtain a solid capacity of water. The results have shown that the techniques used in Zambia can make a positive impact for methods in Sweden for the collection of rainwater.<br>Denna uppsats undersöker om metoden som används vid uppsamling av regnvatten i Zambia är effektivt samt om det går att använda i Sverige. Eftersom klimatförändringarna kommer att påverka regnvattendistribution i Sverige, med skyfall, stormar och torka är jämförelsen nödvändig för att undersöka metoder för framtida insamling och användning av regnvatten i Sverige. Undersökningen insamlings kapacitet av regnvatten. Resultaten visar att en korrekt byggt damm kommer att skapa en god tillgång på vatten och därmed gör en positiv inverkan på verksamheten. En ordentlig damm kan vara en viktig framgångsfaktor för vattenförsörjning året runt. En av de viktigaste faktorerna för en bra damm är riklig insamling av regnvatten, resultaten visar att i Zambia är det viktigt att erhålla en effektiv vattenförvaring. Resultaten har visat att de tekniker som används i Zambia kan ge en studien studerar metoder i Sverige för insamling av regnvatten.
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Swedlow, Cheney. "GROWING LOCAL: ANTHROPOLOGICAL REFLECTIONS ON CURRENT CHALLENGES FACING CENTRAL FLORIDA ORGANIC FARMERS." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2010. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3174.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis considers Central Florida s emerging local food movement from an anthropological perspective. Area farmers and organizations spearheading this movement and the benefits of purchasing and consuming locally grown food are ethnographically explored. Interviews with natural and organic farmers highlight the challenges affected farmers face in creating a sustainable local food movement in the greater Orlando region. Their motivations for farming organically and the counter-hegemonic tendencies inherent in this mode of cultivating are critically analyzed. Taken as a whole, this work addresses the limitations and opportunities afforded to farmers amid the popularity of local food consumption as a social movement. The farmers interviewed for this project are new to producing food for local consumption. They all share an interest in promoting financial and environmental sustainability for small farms. Key challenges they face include those grounded in access to arable land and agricultural policies that disproportionately favor large-scale producers. This research has significant implications for both those organizations and individuals building sustainable local food movements and those in local, state, and national government developing agricultural policy.<br>M.A.<br>Department of Anthropology<br>Sciences<br>Anthropology MA
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Kung, James Kai-Sing. "From collective to family farms : a transaction cost analysis of an institutional change." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.239239.
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Aw-Hassan, Aden Abdullahi. "Problems of Data Collection for Economic Research in Small Farmer Agriculture: Some Experience in Somalia." DigitalCommons@USU, 1988. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4077.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purposes of this thesis are twofold. The first is to show problems encountered in collecting and analyzing data on small-holder agriculture. The second is to describe the role of data in supporting research and rationalization of alternatives for sustaining agricultural strategies in development.
Data collected from six villages of the Lower Shebelle Region of Somalia are taken as a case study to show the difficulties encountered in procurement and analysis of that data. The thesis discusses data collection methods that ensure gathering adequate data that can be used to undertake production economics and farm management research. The thesis also discusses critical sources of data biases that may preclude any meaningful conclusion from the research effort.
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Comer, Clémentine. "En quête d'égalité(s). La cause des agricultrices en Bretagne entre statu quo conjugal et ajustement catégoriel." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1G038.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cette recherche interroge les conditions de structuration et de perduration d’un engagement séparé pour les femmes dans les organisations et au sein de mobilisations agricoles bretonnes. Majoritairement composés d’exploitantes installées en couple et situés à la frontière entre associations de défense de l’égalité, cercles de sociabilités professionnelles et groupes de parole, les espaces d’encadrement agricole féminins offrent une occasion idoine de questionner non seulement l’imbrication des identités professionnelles et conjugales dans l’engagement mais également la labilité des usages rhétoriques de l'égalité et du féminisme dans des espaces professionnels non-mixtes. L’analyse de leur position dans l’espace de la représentation agricole questionne le degré d’autonomie des revendications portées au nom des agricultrices, leur influence sur les agendas organisationnels et leur effet sur la construction des carrières militantes. L’enquête s’appuie sur un dispositif cumulant une observation de quatre années des activités formelles et informelles des groupes féminins, une étude de leur documentation professionnelle, un recensement de leurs tribunes dans la presse agricole, auxquels s’ajoutent la réalisation d’entretiens avec les actrices qui y sont engagées et la constitution de données statistiques relatives aux mandats féminins dans les organisations agricoles bretonnes depuis 1990. Sur la base d’une analyse croisant les études de genre, la sociologie du militantisme et celle de la représentation professionnelle agricole, notre thèse consiste à démontrer que les groupes et mobilisations d’agricultrices forgent les contours d’une « cause de femmes » agricole mise sous tutelle des intérêts catégoriels et chevillée à l’idéal normatif de la complémentarité des sexes. En tant que réceptacles de positions professionnelles, organisationnelles et conjugales entrecroisées, les espaces de l’engagement féminin produisent des politisations ambivalentes de ces appartenances multiples, à la fois porteuses de contestation comme de reproduction des hiérarchies sexuées et de l’ordre social et politique<br>This research looks into the conditions for the structuring and continuation of a separate female activism within Breton organisations and farmers mobilisations. Mainly made up of professionals living in couples and situated at the intersection between gender equality advocacy groups, professional networks and support groups, farming self-help groups are a case in point to question not only the intertwining of professional and marital identities within activism but also the lability of rhetorical uses of equality and feminism within women-only professional spaces. The analysis of their position within the farmers’ representation spaces makes it compelling to question the degree of autonomy of the claims made in the name of women farmers, their influence upon the setting of professional agendas and their impact on the development of activist careers.Evidence was collected through an apparatus which consisted in the addition of a four-year-long observation of female groups’ formal and informal activities, an analysis of their professional literature, an inventory of their opinion columns inside the farm press, to which can be added semi-structured interviews with women farmers engaged in this activism and the setting up of statistical data about female mandates within Breton farm organisations since the 1990s. Drawing on an analysis which mixes gender studies, sociology of militancy and studies of farming professional representation, this PhD aims to demonstrate that women farmers groups and mobilisations shape the features of a farming “women cause” although it is subordinated to corporatist interests and seen through the lenses of the normative ideal of complementarity between the sexes. Being a repository of interlinked professional, organisational and matrimonial standpoints, female activism spaces lead to the ambivalent politicisation of plural belongings. These multiple affiliations can be a catalyst for protest as well as a way to reproduce sexual hierarchies and social and political order
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Kobayashi, Mai. "Changing Landscape of Food Production in Western Bhutan－Adaptation of Peasant Farmers in an Era of Organic Agriculture." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/215364.
Повний текст джерела
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Alexander, Corinne E. N. "The role of seed company information in price competition, and in farmers' planting decisions /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/558214207.pdf.
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Fallows, Susan Elizabeth. "The Round Barn." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/2241.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Round Barn is a novel in two parts that tells the story of two Iowa farm families during the period 1915 to 1929, a volatile time in the history of the American farm. The first part of the novel tells the story of Joe Marshall, a young man in conflict with his hard-working farmer father. At sixteen-years-old, Joe must choose whether to leave the farm to pursue his own desires or to stay where he is needed to help keep his financially strapped family afloat. Part two of the novel focuses on Mae Allinson, a woman in her early twenties, who has willingly accepted the responsibility of raising her sister's child after her sister dies in childbirth. By doing so, Mae forsakes the man she was to marry, the man who would take her to Chicago and away from farm life. The round barn, built by Joe Marshall's father in the opening chapter of the novel, serves as a through line linking all the chapters and connecting characters to a specific place. The round barn, in addition to being a stage setting for the action of the novel, has its own story arc, rising out of the Iowa soil in the first chapter, functioning as a working barn through the central part of the novel, then finally falling into disrepair by the end. In the novel, Joe and Mae each seek their own identities within their families, identities that put them in conflict with a family dynamic that is focused on the survival and prosperity of the family as a whole. This conflict forces each character to define for themselves what love, power, freedom, and obligation mean and how far they are willing to go inpursuit of these things. In addition to functioning within their own families, the main characters must also contend with the larger issues that put pressure on the American farm of the time (economics, war, social change, and migration to the urban areas), factors that push and pull the characters in different directions. By telling the story from the positions of two different characters and by spanning the number of years that it does, the novel seeks to show how events and the passage of time transform the individual characters, their families, and the American farm.<br>M.F.A.<br>Department of English<br>Arts and Humanities<br>Creative Writing MFA
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Vankeerberghen, Audrey. "Etre agriculteur bio: engagements individuels, engagements collectifs." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209890.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cette thèse se propose d'explorer ce que signifie "être agriculteur bio" aujourd'hui en Wallonie. Après une analyse socio-historique du développement de l'agriculture biologique dans cette région d'Europe, la première partie s'attache à comprendre en finesse les parcours de vie des agriculteurs bio wallons, leurs pratiques ainsi que la construction de leurs identités professionnelles. La deuxième partie se penche quant à elle sur les aspects institutionnels de l'agriculture bio :sur la structuration du secteur syndical et associatif ainsi que sur les interactions entre les pratiques des agriculteurs et la législation encadrant l'agriculture biologique.<br>Doctorat en Sciences politiques et sociales<br>info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Fernandes, Margarida Maria de Menzes Ferreira M. "This was our land : from Latifundia to collective farms; farm occupations and social relations in Baleizao - Southern Portugal." Thesis, University of Kent, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.263747.
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Жаренко, В. Ф. "Особливості правового регулювання кредитування сільськогосподарських товаровиробників, створених у процесі реформування КСП". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/60593.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Визначається значення кредитування для розвитку реформованих колективних сільськогосподарських підприємств, характеризуються його особливості.<br>The author determines the significance of the credits for the development of reformed collective farms, and characterises features of this credit relations.
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Rodrigues, Luiza Maria da Silva. "Agentes comunitários e cooperativismo solidário: o caso da Cresol de Francisco Beltrão." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1493.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Este trabalho analisa a percepção dos agricultores familiares atuantes no Programa de Agentes Comunitários em relação às práticas de autogestão e solidariedade no Cooperativismo Solidário da Cresol Francisco Beltrão. A Cresol é uma cooperativa de crédito rural, de perspectiva solidária, constituída e gerida por agricultores familiares desde 1995,inicialmente constituída no Sudoeste do Paraná, a cooperativa propagou-se em diversos outros municípios. A Cresol Francisco Beltrão foi uma das primeiras a serem criadas e, hoje, destaca-se perante as outras cooperativas por seus indicadores econômicos. As cooperativas Cresol desenvolveram um programa de formação para associados denominado Programa de Agentes Comunitários há 15 anos. Após este período de execução, em 2015, observa-se que os agentes comunitários possuem o papel de estreitar as relações entre a direção da cooperativa e os demais associados, entretanto, os agentes apontam que o princípio da solidariedade encontra-se fragilizada, pois ao observar a relação dos demais associados com a cooperativa, percebem que estes a consideram apenas como uma instituição financeira. A autogestão, que se manifesta na forma como os associados tratam de temas gerenciais e administrativos e como se desafiam a criar mecanismos que ampliem os espaços de consulta coletiva para a tomada de decisão da cooperativa. Neste sentido, observou-se que há algumas práticas que estimulam a democratização de informações e relatórios acerca da gestão, bem como o trabalho do agente comunitário em estimular a participação de outros sócios em reuniões comunitárias. Contudo o fluxo de informação é assimétrica, ocorrendo da cooperativa para a comunidade. Os agentes comunitários da Cresol Francisco Beltrão afirmam ser necessário que a direção desta cooperativa organize eventos e reuniões envolvendo mais associados para ampliar e fortalecer os princípios da solidariedade e autogestão no cooperativismo solidário, bem como da cooperação.<br>This paper analyzes the perceptions of family farmers included in the Program of Community Agents about solidarity and self-management practices in Solidary Cooperativism of Cresol Francisco Beltrão. The Cresol is a rural credit cooperative, with solidarity perspective, organized and managed by family farmers since 1995, initially established in Southwestern of Paraná, the cooperative has spread in several other municipalities. The Cresol Francisco Beltrao was one of the first created and today stands out against the others cooperatives for its economic indicators. Cresol created a training program for members named Program of Community Agents 15 years ago. After this period of implementation, in 2015, it is observed that community workers have the role of closer relations between the direction of the cooperative and the other members, however, the agents point out that the principle of solidarity is fragile, because by observing the relationship of the others associates with the cooperative, they realize that the others consider it only as a financial institution. The concepts of self-management that is manifested in the way associates address management and administrative issues and how they challenge themselves to create mechanisms that expand the spaces of collective consultation for cooperative decision-making. In this sense, it was observed that there are some practices that encourage the democratization of information and reports on the management and the work of community agent in stimulating the participation of others associates in community meetings. However the flow of information is asymmetric, it pass from the cooperative for the community. Community agents of Cresol Francisco Beltrão claim to be necessary that the direction of the cooperative organize events and meetings involving more members for expand and strengthen the principles of solidarity and self-management in solidary cooperativism, as well as cooperation.
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Kock, Marcelino. "The development of an eco-gastronomic tourism (EGT) supply chain-Analyzing linkages between farmer, restaurants, and tourists in Aruba." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5964.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Purpose of this study is to holistically analyze existing linkages between Aruba's tourism industry, restaurants and local farmers, by examining strategies that constrain the development of linkages between these stakeholders. Previous research indicated that tourism development is often accompanied with increased demand for imported food, which results in foreign exchange leakages, inflation and competition with local production. This phenomenon is very common in the Caribbean, where Aruba, with its heavy reliance on imported goods and services, is no exception to this occurrence. To comprehend potential problems associated with linking both sectors, these in-depth case study addresses three fundamental questions: a) what is the structure of supply and demand of food for the tourism industry of Aruba?, and b) what factors constrain the development of linkages between international tourism and Aruba's local agriculture? Using an exploratory and stochastic methodological approach, data will be obtained from structured surveys from three different stakeholders in the food supply chain of Aruba. Anticipated findings illustrate that the existing linkage between the tourism industry and agriculture in Aruba is still weak, yet the food consumption and preferences by tourists can contribute in enhancing an eco-gastronomic tourism supply chain.<br>Ph.D.<br>Doctorate<br>Dean's Office, Education<br>Education and Human Performance<br>Education; Hospitality Education
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Dubois, Alejandra. "Analyse des processus intersectoriels en tant que stratégie pouvant influencer les déterminants de la santé : étude de cas régionaux au Québec." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/30250.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Puisque les déterminants sociaux de la santé sont en dehors du secteur institutionnel conventionnel de la santé, la collaboration intersectorielle apparaît comme la stratégie de choix pour agir sur ces déterminants. Comme souligné par Jackson et coll. (2006), la collaboration intersectorielle et les partenariats interorganisationnels sont des actions transversales qui doivent se produire à des niveaux structurels, sociaux et personnels et qui doivent être imbriquées dans toutes les stratégies de promotion de la santé mises de l’avant par la Charte d’Ottawa. Mais que signifie la collaboration intersectorielle, comment est-elle vécue, et comment ces processus intersectoriels peuvent-ils être réussis?
L’objectif principal de ce projet de recherche était de contribuer à l’élaboration d’un cadre conceptuel de l’action intersectorielle, développé à partir de la littérature disponible et validé empiriquement par quatre études de cas, à l’intérieur d’une région du Québec (Chaudière-Appalaches). Ces quatre initiatives se sont déroulées entre 1997 et 2012 :
• Cas 1 : Programme de prévention de la détresse psychologique auprès des agriculteurs
• Cas 2 : Construction du parc de jeu destiné aux enfants de 0 à 5 ans
• Cas 3 : Programme de cuisines collectives à Beauce-Sartigan
• Cas 4 : Programme de prévention de l’alcool au volant
La première partie de la thèse se concentre sur la compréhension de termes reliés à l’intersectorialité en santé, en comparant les définitions théoriques (à partir d’une revue systématique de la littérature grise et scientifique) à la terminologie utilisée sur le terrain (à partir des études de cas). La deuxième partie de la thèse consiste en une analyse transversale des quatre études de cas qui ont été élaborées autour des sept dimensions suivantes : le problème, les objectifs de santé de populations, les autres objectifs, les résultats, les acteurs, les processus et le contexte. L’analyse transversale porte principalement sur les avantages, les conditions facilitantes et les défis de l’action intersectorielle en santé, incluant une discussion sur le rôle et la légitimité du secteur santé en tant qu’instigateur du partenariat intersectoriel.
Thesis Abstract
Since the social determinants of health lie outside the conventional institutional health sector, intersectoral collaboration appears to be the strategy of choice to act on these determinants. As Jackson et al. note (2006), intersectoral collaboration and inter-organizational partnerships are cross-cutting actions that must occur at structural, social and personal levels, and they should be embedded in all strategies for health promotion put forward by the Ottawa Charter. But what does intersectoral collaboration mean, how it is lived, and how can these intersectoral processes be successful?
The main objective of this research project is to contribute to the development of a conceptual framework for intersectoral action. That framework is developed from the literature and empirically validated by four case studies within a Quebec region (Chaudière-Appalaches). These four initiatives took place between 1997 and 2012:
• Case 1: Program for the prevention of psychological distress among farmers
• Case 2: Construction of a play park for children aged 0 to 5 years
• Case 3: Program of collective kitchens in Beauce-Sartigan
• Case 4: Program for the prevention of alcohol-impaired driving
The first part of the thesis focuses on understanding terms related to intersectoriality in health by comparing the theoretical definitions (from a systematic review of scientific and grey literature) to the terminology used in the field (captured by conducting case studies). The second part of the thesis is a cross-sectional analysis of four case studies developed around the following seven dimensions: the problem, the population health objectives, other objectives, the outcomes, the actors, the processes and the context. This cross-sectional analysis focuses on the benefits, facilitating conditions and challenges of intersectoral action in health, including a discussion of the role and legitimacy of the health sector as an instigator of intersectoral partnerships.
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Pang, Natalie Lee-San, Donald Schauder, Marian Quartly, and Liza Dale-Hallett. "User-centred design, e-research, and adaptive capacity in cultural institutions: The case of the Women on Farms Gathering collection." School of Communication & Information, Nanyang Technological University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/105190.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper explores how the interaction between community members, researchers and cultural institutions can be leveraged to produce improved results for all through the interplay of user-centred design (UCD) and participative action research informed by structuration theory. We discuss through a case study of a Women on Farms Gathering (WoFG) collection in Victoria, our vision of UCD, the potential of using ICT to facilitate e-research, and the reflexive adaptation of cultural institutions.
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Larsén, Karin. "Economic consequences of collaborative arrangements in the agricultural firm /." Uppsala : Dept. of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2008. http://epsilon.slu.se/200828.pdf.
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Kupriūnas, Laimonas. "Kolektyvizacija Pakruojo valsčiuje ir rajone." Bachelor's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2011. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2011~D_20110804_093751-78742.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
1940 m. birželio 14 d. Sovietų Sąjungai jėga užėmus Lietuvą, jau pirmaisiais okupacijos mėnesiais visoje šalyje buvo sistemingai pradėtas diegti sovietinio žemės ūkio mechanizmas. Kaimo sovietizacijos pagrindiniu tikslu tapo privatinės nuosavybės, vienkiemių sunaikinimas, žemės ūkio kolektyvizacijos įgyvendinimas. Tačiau šis procesas buvo sustabdytas, prasidėjus karui tarp SSRS ir Trečiojo Reicho.
1944-1947 m. Lietuvoje, prieš prasidedant kolektyvinių ūkių steigimui, vykdyta agrarinė žemės reforma. Kolūkių kūrimo procesas krašte atnaujintas 1947 m.. Po dviejų metų praktiškai vos ne kiekviename kaime steigtas kolektyvinis ūkis. Dar nepasibaigus kolektyvizacijai, 1950 m. priimtas nutarimas stambinti kolūkius. Apylinkių bei kaimų smulkūs kolektyviniai ūkiai jungėsi į stambesnius.
Pakruojo valsčiuje kolektyvinių ūkių steigimo procesas prasidėjo 1948 m. pavasarį, kada Pakruojo apylinkėje, Sigutėnų kaime pradėjo veiklą kolūkis „Aušra“ ir Akmenėlių apylinkėje, Mažeikonių kaime kolūkis „Raudonoji žvaigždė“. 1948 m. Pakruojo valsčiuje įsteigti tik keturi kolūkiai.
1949 m., masinės kolektyvizacijos metu, papildomai susikūrė 32 kolūkiai. 1950 m. birželio 20 d., po teritorinės – administraciniams reformos, Pakruojo valsčius tapo rajonu. Po reformos pastarajam priskirti (Joniškio, Radviliškio, Šiaulių apskričių) kolūkiai. Tokiomis aplinkybėmis Pakruojo rajone 1950 m. veikė 89 kolūkiai. Tuo pat metu, kaip ir visoje šalyje, taip ir Pakruojo rajone pradėti stambinti kolektyviniai ūkiai. 1956... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>After the Soviet Union forcibly annexed Lithuania on June 14, 1940, already in the first months of occupation the new Soviet system of agriculture was started to be systematically implemented in the whole country. The goal of sovietization campaign in Lithuanian villages was the destruction of private property and homesteads and the implementation of collectivization of agriculture. However, this process was interrupted when the war between the Soviet Union and the Third Reich broke out.
In the years 1944-1947 before the beginning of collectivization, the agrarian land reform was carried out in Lithuania. The creation of collective farms was resumed in 1947. After two years in practically every village there was a collective farm. Before the collectivization was even completed, in 1950 there was a decision to increase the size of collective farms by merging smaller farms into bigger ones.
In the Pakruojis county, the process of collective farm creation was started in the spring of 1948, when in the village of Sigutėnai the first collective farm “Aušra“ („Dawn“) was created and in the village of Mažeikoniai – the collective farm by the name of „Raudonoji žvaigždė“ („The Red tar“) started to operate. In 1948 only four collective farms have been founded in Pakruojis county.
In 1949 during the mass collectivization campaign, 32 collective farms were founded. On June 20 after the territorial-administrative reform the Pakruojis county became Pakruojis district. After the reform... [to full text]
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Choi, Jeong Nam. "Eine Analyse der Transformationsberatung für die "kollektive Landwirtschaft" während der ersten Transformationsphase (1989-1991) am Beispiel Ostdeutschlands : Lehren für Korea /." Halle (Saale) : IAMO, 2009. http://www.iamo.de/dok/sr_vol47.pdf.
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Horbach, Michéli Angélica. "Restauração florestal em São Paulo: diagnóstico de projetos e estudo de caso de produtores de sementes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-22012013-151554/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Programas que contemplem a restauração florestal são importantes para conter o processo de degradação ambiental. A análise do processo de restauração florestal se faz necessária para verificar como estas ações vêm sendo realizado e quais suas características, bem como os principais atores do processo. Este estudo apresenta um diagnóstico do estado atual e das tendências que guiam o processo de restauração florestal no Estado de São Paulo realizado por prestadores de serviços e organizações do terceiro setor. No primeiro capitulo é apresentada uma revisão com aspectos conceituais e práticos da restauração florestal, com a descrição das partes interessadas da restauração. No segundo capítulo foi realizado um diagnóstico do processo de restauração florestal realizado por organizações do terceiro setor (organizações não governamentais) e empresas prestadoras de serviços da área. Para isto foram realizadas visitas a campo e entrevistas com organizações do terceiro setor e prestadores de serviços que desenvolvem projetos de restauração florestal. No capítulo três foi realizado um estudo de caso analisando a colheita de sementes para a restauração florestal por produtores familiares na região de Ribeirão Grande, SP. De acordo com os resultados obtidos no diagnóstico observa-se que a restauração florestal realizada por organizações do terceiro setor e prestadores de serviço do Estado de São Paulo está seguindo duas vertentes: a restauração para recuperação e conservação ambiental e, a restauração devido a exigências legais, para compensação de passivos ambientais ou licenciamento ambiental. Dentro destas vertentes têm surgido novos mercados de valorização da floresta, como o marketing ambiental e o mercado voluntário de compensação das emissões de carbono. As organizações do terceiro setor são também articuladoras do processo, tendo um trabalho importante na captação de recursos para a restauração e na formação de uma consciência ambiental pela sociedade. Para a maioria das organizações do terceiro setor e alguns prestadores de serviços, o processo de restauração florestal tem obtido melhores resultados quando envolvem atividades de educação ambiental e ações participativas com as comunidades envolvidas. A diversidade de espécies utilizadas nos projetos aumentou, bem como a preocupação com a qualidade das sementes utilizadas, apesar da dificuldade de rastreamento do processo. A atividade de colheita de sementes por pequenos produtores familiares tem se desenvolvido como um complemento à renda em regiões com fragmentos de mata nativa. A colheita de sementes também proporcionou uma maior valorização da floresta pelos produtores rurais. As dificuldades enfrentadas pelos produtores relacionam-se à falta de capacitação com a colheita, a identificação das espécies, a marcação de matrizes e também com o transporte das sementes. A colheita de sementes trouxe alguns benefícios econômicos para os produtores, porém aquém do esperado, em parte pela falta de estruturação na comercialização das sementes e de capacitação para a colheita. Os resultados encontrados poderão ser úteis na formulação de políticas públicas para regular e guiar o processo de restauração florestal e a melhoria da qualidade dos projetos resultantes.<br>Forest restoration programs are important to mitigate environmental degradation. The analysis of forest restoration process is needed in order to determine how these programs are being carried out, its mains characteristics, as well as who are the key stakeholders. This study provides an analysis of the current state and trends that drive the process of forest restoration in the São Paulo State conducted by NGOs and service providers. The first chapter presents a review addressing conceptual and empirical aspects of forest restoration. The descriptions of main stakeholders involved with restoration projects were also reported. Chapter two presents an analysis of forest restoration projects and their underlying process. Field visits and interviews were conducted with NGOs and service providers for forest restoration projects. In chapter three a case study was conducted based on seed collection practices for forest restoration by farmers in the region of Ribeirao Grande, SP, Brazil. The results of this thesis show that the restoration projects are being conducted for two main purposes: for recovery and conservation of environmental services and due the legal requirements to compensate or for compliance with environmental licensing. New markets and opportunities had emerged for forest restoration, such as green marketing and voluntary compensation of carbon emissions. NGOs are important players, raising funds for the restoration and environmental awareness. Forest restoration projects have shown better results when they involve environmental education and participatory activities with communities. The diversity of species used in these projects has increased, as well as awareness about seed quality, despite difficulties from collection, tracing and proper economic valuation. Seed collection by small farmers has generated income alternatives for areas with native forest fragments. Farmers are also giving proper value to forest areas. Seed producers main difficulties are associated with seed collection, species identification, seeds transportation and seed registration. Seed collection brought some economic benefits for collectors, but less than expected, partly due to the lack of seed market structure and of capacitation. These results may be useful for policy making and makers to regulate and guide the process of forest restoration, and improving quality of the resulting projects.
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Jimenez, Michael. "To The CORE: The Congress of Racial Equality, the Seattle Civil Rights Movement, and the Shift to Black Militancy." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5323.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis compares the history of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) to that of its Seattle chapter. The study traces the entire history of CORE from 1942-1968 as well as the history of Seattle CORE from 1961-1968. The goal of this examination is to identify why Seattle CORE successfully fended off the movement for black militancy and consequently why national CORE failed to do so. Juxtaposing the two radically different histories shows an integrated organization, bureaucratic leadership, a plan of action based on nonviolent actions, and a strong attachment to the black community were the central reasons for the success of Seattle CORE, and conversely, these areas were why national CORE struggled. Moreover, this study shows the events and failures over the first two decades created a susceptible environment for the organization to abandon CORE's nonviolent ideology and the subsequent disintegration of the Congress of Racial Equality as the walls of Jim Crow broke down.<br>ID: 031001481; System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader.; Mode of access: World Wide Web.; Title from PDF title page (viewed July 17, 2013).; Thesis (M.A.)--University of Central Florida, 2012.; Includes bibliographical references (p. 102-105).<br>M.A.<br>Masters<br>History<br>Arts and Humanities<br>History; Public History
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Tierling, Isielli Mayara Barzotto Martins. "Ação coletiva no contexto da agricultura familiar: um estudo na Associação de Produtores de Corumbataí do Sul." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2016. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/2207.
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Previous issue date: 2016-03-07<br>The current context and perspectives of small rural production property have sparked scientific studies that reveal the profile and different ways of working the family farm. In Brazil, it has played an important role in economic and social spheres, being classified as an important factor of development, despite the difficulties she faced in regional contexts. Over the years, family farming has established itself as a heterogeneous sector, due to the income diversity, activities, size of property, among other factors. Consolidated its position in order to have as its main strategy, diversification of products and processes for economic survival and now has the challenge of contributing to food security as it produces 70% of the food consumed internally in the country. Thus, after observing that among the strategies and alternatives sought by family farmers are the actions of cooperation such as the formation of associations and cooperatives to economic and social representation, this research has as main objective to understand how the collective governance structure - APROCOR - has influence (social, economic, informational, cultural and political) on family farmers associated to it. For this, the qualitative research of explanatory character was used to display the results, with the object of study, South Corumbataí Producers Association - APROCOR, established in the city to meet the demands of producers of fruits in the region. It attempted to, through interviews, consider what the country gains and losses of producers associated with collective governance structure and identify which variables of Collective Action Theory interfere with the creation of value the people studied. The results of empirical research have shown that collective action results in higher proportion of benefits to members, compared with the difficulties in acting collectively. Among the numerous benefits generated to the family farmers, there is the role of APROCOR to provide economic and financial gains, informational, social, environmental and health to rural workers. Regarding the difficulties faced by family farmers, there is the existence of cognitive nature failures, behavioral, structural, institutional and political. Despite the existence of collective failure, there was the feasibility of collective action. Finally, it was concluded that the variables of Collective Action Theory "Group Size" (intermediate), "Group Size" (intermediate) combined with "trust", "Heterogeneity of the group" (strong ties), "Communication face face "," Leadership "and" partnerships "exert positive influence on the creation of value. Jas variables "Free riders" and "Trust" combined with "heterogeneity of interests" exert negative influence on the creation of value. There is the "individual rationality versus collective rationality" as a variable of the Theory of Collective Action that has the capacity to influence on all the other variables, as it reflects the way of understanding and hence the attitude of individuals in the joint action with other individuals.<br>O contexto atual e as perspectivas da pequena propriedade de produção rural têm suscitado estudos científicos que revelam o perfil e as diferentes formas de atuação da agricultura familiar. No Brasil, tem desempenhado importante papel nas esferas econômica e social, sendo classificada como importante fator de desenvolvimento, apesar das dificuldades por ela enfrentadas nos contextos regionais. Ao longo dos anos, a agricultura familiar se estabeleceu como um setor heterogêneo, em razão da diversidade de renda, atividades, tamanho da propriedade, dentre outros fatores. Consolidou-se de modo a ter como principal estratégia, a diversificação de produtos e processos para sobrevivência econômica e passou a ter o grande desafio de contribuir com a segurança alimentar, uma vez que produz 70% dos alimentos consumidos internamente no país. Assim, após observar que dentre as estratégias e alternativas buscadas pelos agricultores familiares estão as ações de cooperação, como a formação de associações e cooperativas para representação econômica e social, a presente pesquisa possui como principal objetivo analisar de que forma a estrutura de governança coletiva APROCOR apresenta influência (social, econômica, informacional, cultural e política) sobre os agricultores familiares à ela associados. Para isso, foi utilizada a pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter explicativo, para exposição dos resultados, tendo como objeto de estudo, a Associação de Produtores de Corumbataí do Sul APROCOR, constituída no município para atender as demandas dos produtores de frutas da região. Buscou-se, através de entrevistas, analisar quais os ganhos e perdas dos produtores rurais associados à estrutura de governança coletiva, bem como, identificar quais variáveis da Teoria da Ação Coletiva interferem na criação de valor dos atores deste estudo. Os resultados da pesquisa empírica demonstraram que a ação coletiva resulta em maior proporção de benefícios aos associados, se comparados com as dificuldades em atuar coletivamente. Dentre os inúmeros benefícios gerados aos produtores familiares, destaca-se o papel da APROCOR em proporcionar ganhos econômicos e financeiros, informacionais, sociais, ambientais e de saúde ao trabalhador rural. Em relação às dificuldades enfrentadas pelos produtores familiares, destaca-se a existência de falhas de natureza cognitiva, comportamental, estrutural, institucional e política. Apesar da existência de falhas coletivas, constatou-se a viabilidade da ação coletiva. Por fim, concluiu-se que as variáveis da Teoria da Ação Coletiva Tamanho do grupo (intermediário), Tamanho do grupo (intermediário) aliado à confiança , Heterogeneidade do grupo (laços fortes), Comunicação face a face , Liderança e Parcerias exercem influência positiva sobre a geração de valor. Jás as variáveis Free riders e Confiança aliada à Heterogeneidade de interesses exercem influência negativa para a criação de valor. Destaca-se a Racionalidade individual versus a racionalidade coletiva como uma variável da Teoria da Ação Coletiva que possui capacidade de influência em todas as demais variáveis, uma vez que reflete a forma de compreensão e, consequentemente, a atitude dos indivíduos na atuação conjunta com os demais indivíduos.
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Ebela, Amélie Philomène. "Le vivrier marchand dans la lutte contre la pauvreté des ménages en milieu rural : le cas du département de la Mvila dans le sud du Cameroun." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BOR30013/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ce travail aborde l’enjeu du vivrier marchand dans la lutte contre la pauvreté des ménages dans l’espace rural du département de la Mvila. L’agriculture vivrière est encore pratiquée par plus de 80% de la population active dans les villages de la Mvila. Pendant longtemps, les cultures vivrières sont exclusivement autoconsommées dans la cellule familiale. Aujourd’hui, s’il est vrai qu’une grande partie de leur production est encore destinée à cette fin, quelques ménages font progressivement du vivrier marchand une réelle ressource économique. L’augmentation de la commercialisation vivrière est souvent une réponse à la baisse du pouvoir d’achat de nombreux ménages agricoles ou à la croissance de la population urbaine non agricole. Cependant, indépendamment des motivations qui guident le choix du vivrier marchand, il semble souvent une opportunité financière qui peut contribuer à l’amélioration des conditions de vie dans les villages. Depuis 1960, l’État multiplie des tentatives visant à réduire les stéréotypes qui associent exclusivement l’agriculture vivrière à l’autoconsommation. Après la crise agricole de la fin des années 1980, la relance de la promotion du vivrier marchand s’intensifie. Pour atteindre cet objectif, il s’ensuit la légalisation des GIC et le financement de divers programmes de subventionnement et d’accompagnement des producteurs. Pourtant, dans les villages du département de la Mvila, la commercialisation vivrière évolue timidement. Et pour beaucoup de ménages, le vivrier marchand reste une source de revenus accessoire. Par conséquent, de façon générale, la contribution de cette activité à la réduction de la pauvreté rurale est encore insuffisante. De nombreuses raisons permettent de comprendre l’insuffisance des résultats de cette stratégie gouvernementale de lutte contre la pauvreté rurale. Il s’agit par exemple de la dépendance paysanne à la cacaoculture ou de la baisse des dynamiques des ménages ruraux autour de la commercialisation vivrière. Cette situation est aussi entretenue par l’absence de modernisation des appareils productifs et commerciaux des cultures vivrières. Un environnement qui entraîne une baisse des volumes, augmente les risques et diminue la rentabilité économique de cette activité. Et, malgré l’évidence de quelques dynamiques des organisations paysannes, l’ampleur des défis actuels restreint beaucoup la faisabilité des initiatives de lutte contre la pauvreté des ménages ruraux avec le vivrier marchand<br>This research examines the role of food-producing trade in fighting against poverty in the rural households of Mvila division in Cameroon. Subsistence agriculture appears to be the principal production activity in the target villages 80% of the active population interviewed is involved in such activities. For a long time, self-consumption has been the main orientation of crop production. However, food-producing trade has gained a lot of economic importance these last years. By so doing farmers find alternative income source after cocoa price has dropped while the urban population, not involved in agriculture, has significantly increased. Regardless of the motivations behind the choice of farmers, food-producing trade leads to income diversification and financial power aiming at improving the living conditions of rural people. Since 1960, the central government of Cameroon has been trying to change believes that restrict food crop production to self-consumption in the households. The crucial economic crisis associated with agricultural export products led to Food-producing trade intensification. This objective has been accompanied by Common Group Initiative (CGI) encouragement and other financing subsidy bodies in the rural areas. It is however worthy noticing that, the villages of Mvila division are far to emerge in income generating activities as many households are still timid in adopting food-producing trade. Therefore, the contribution of such activities to poverty reduction is still insufficient. This kind of contradiction can be justified by several factors, including farmer dependence on cocoa farming or farmer fatigue on agriculture and marketing in general. This situation is also sustained by the lack of modernization of the productive and commercial food crop equipments. That global environment leads to decrease of agricultural production volumes and economic return while the risks increase in rural areas. Although some farmer organizations obtain good results, the scale of the current challenges greatly restricts the feasibility of rural households' poverty alleviation initiatives
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Asfaw, Etenesh Bekele. "Farmers' collective action and agricultural transformation in Ethiopia." Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26602.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rural Ethiopia rolled-out a program for the establishment of farmers’ collective action groups known as ‘Farmers’ Development Groups’ (FDGs), in 2007, based on presumed common interest of smallholder farmers. Although the government trusts that FDGs fetch fast and widescale agricultural transformation as part of the participatory agricultural extension system, systematic study and evidence on what motivates smallholder farmers to act collectively, the group dynamics, long term impact and transformative potential of the agricultural extension groups is scarce.
Using the expectancy-value theory in social-psychology, this study explores what drives smallholders to act collectively; their participation level and benefits in groups, particularly for women and the youth; and the extent to which farmers’ groups attain intended agricultural transformation goals of productivity and commercialization. The study collected a mix of qualitative and quantitative data in 2016, through 46 key informant interviews; 8 focus group discussions with farmers, and a survey of randomly selected 120 smallholder farmers (30 percent women) in four sample woredas (districts) of Ethiopia. The findings of the study are drawn through a content analysis, and descriptive and correlation analysis of the qualitative and quantitative data, respectively.
The study findings show that social identity, and not ‘common interest’ motivates smallholder farmers to join and participate in FDGs. The study provides evidence that participation in FDGs enhances smallholder farmers’ adoption and use of agricultural technologies, where 96 and 84 percent of the farmers who received extension messages in the group on crop and livestock production, respectively, applied the message. Consequently, by 2015 more than 85 percent of the survey respondent farmers reported above 10 percent increase in crop and livestock productivity.
Nevertheless, the nature of the incremental changes brought by the collective actions are not transformative, nor sustainable. Extension groups have limited contribution to commercialization of smallholders, where only 20 percent of the FDG members participate in output marketing. More so, FDGs avail limited collective opportunity for the landless youth, and married female farmers in a rural society where difference in power, status and privilege prevail. It also limits deviation of thought among the rural community.
Limited access to inputs and technology; large family size; limited access to farm land; over dependence of the extension system on ‘model’ farmers and public extension agents, and poorly designed sustainability features bound the transformative potential of FDGs.
The study forwards a set of five recommendations to unleash the potential of FDGs: reconsider the group design to be identity congruent; ensure inclusiveness for young and female farmers; empower and motivate voluntary group leaders; encourage collective marketing and; invest in sustainability features of the group.<br>Development Studies<br>Ph. D. (Development Studies)
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Cockayne, Patrick William. "The role of the collective making of identity in health promotion in the Hlokomela project, Hoedspruit, Limpopo, South Africa." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/21409.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A dissertation submitted to the School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, in
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Medicine by research
and dissertation.
07 June 2016<br>Introduction: Migrant farm workers in South Africa are particularly vulnerable to HIV
infection for a multitude of reasons, including a lack of access to health services and to
health information. Social norms on the farms, including an acceptance of multiple
concurrent sexual partners and transactional sex both for comfort and material gain, tend to
worsen women's powerlessness to manage effectively their sexual reproductive health. High
levels of stigma also mean that the risks of HIV infection cannot easily be spoken about,
further increasing vulnerability. The Hlokomela project sought to use participatory
communication processes to empower peer communicators on the farms to engage farm
workers in regular, structured discussions on HIV /AIDS and other health and wellness
related matters, including difficult conversations around gender inequity. The making of a
collective identity for the project was one of these participatory processes. Its novelty in this
setting warranted research to answer the question "How does (or does) the collective
making of a project identity help to promote health on the farms of Hoedspruit?".
Aim: The aim of the research was to describe and analyse the role of collective identitymaking
in the Hlokomela project, an intervention to address vulnerability to HIV among
migrant and seasonal farm workers in Hoedspruit, Limpopo province, South Africa. The
study aimed also to propose and further develop, in the light of Findings, a conceptual
framework which would help to explain the effects of the various elements of collective
identity-making.
Methods: The research is a qualitative study of the collective identity-making component of
the Hlokomela health project. Elements of a grounded theory approach were adopted in
the three successive data collection site visits, enabling progressive coding of the data as the
collection occurred. Data was collected through two Focus Group Discussions (FGD) with
Nompilos (farm worker volunteer peer communicators and care givers) and two FGDs with
Gingirikani (farm worker volunteer peer communicators chosen by Nompilos and farm
workers to be their deputies on the farms, to facilitate purposive dialogues and thus
increase reach). There were also 10 individual in-depth interviews with other key
stakeholders and three small group interviews (2-3 respondents) with Hlokomela managers
and co-ordinators. All interviews were audio-taped, transcribed and where necessary
translated into English from Xitsonga and Sepedi. The voices of those most directly affected
by the intervention formed the basis for coding and analysis.
Findings: The development of the collective identity through participatory processes was
found to enhance engagement with and among farm workers. This was due to the project's
perceived pertinence and local ownership. The collective identity was seen to be relevant
and expressing a farm worker reality. Farm workers generally described feeling affirmed,
seeing themselves projected into a public space that had hitherto not been open to them.
And also in particular, the agents of the project – the Nompilos and their "deputies" the
Gingirikani – described at length how being associated with Hlokomela gave them the
authority and credentials to work with farm workers on sensitive matters, including
establishing a set of values and norms which would be health-protective but which also
involved a shift in what was considered possible and desirable. There was furthermore a
sense of belonging to the project, not only on the part of the primary "beneficiaries" – farm
workers – but also of other stakeholders, including farm owners/managers, municipal office
bearers, and local health workers. This bridging social capital further augmented the
project's capacity to reach farm workers by, for example, enabling access in working time on
the farms, by donations in money and in kind by the local community, and by making visible
and normal what hitherto had been hidden – particularly in terms of gender equity and a
softening of hegemonic masculinities. Farm workers could take the lead, and women could
take the lead also.
Conclusions: The collective identity-making work of Hlokomela had aided the project's
agents to nurture a new possible, founded in a slightly altered set of values and norms,
which had the potential to reduce vulnerability to HIV infection. The elaboration of a social
institution, largely in the symbolic space, had authorised the project's agents, in their own
eyes as well as those of their peers, to carry out their often difficult work of facilitating
regular dialogues on hitherto rarely broached topics, including gender relations and risky
sexual behaviour.
The findings indicate a need for further research into the cost effectiveness and replicability
of this kind of identity work in similar projects, perhaps with the addition of quantitative
assessments of the extent of projects' reach through collective identity work as well as the
value of collateral beneficial effects to participants in resource poor settings.<br>MT2016
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Mabuza, Majola Lawrence. "The institutional economics of cultivated mushrooms in Swaziland : a study on value chains, transaction costs and collective action." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11331.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study focuses on commercial mushroom production, a relatively new economic activity
in Swaziland that seeks to assist rural-based small-scale farmers to diversify and improve their
economic independence and livelihoods. The mushroom programme is in line with the
National Development Strategy, which, among its major objectives, aims to address povertyrelated
challenges through the promotion of non-conventional high-value agricultural
commodities that have not been explored by local farmers despite having a relatively high
consumer demand in local and international markets. In attempting to provide an impetus to
the mushroom industry, the Swaziland government currently offers free training in mushroom
production, extension services, high quality spawn at a very nominal fee, and free substrate
bags. Considering the geographical suitability and the magnitude of investment made towards
the mushroom development programme, there is a need to understand why many farmers are
not participating in the industry, and why Swaziland still imports more than 95 percent of
locally consumed cultivated mushrooms. There has also been no research so far on the
challenges and opportunities in producing, value adding, and marketing of mushrooms in
Swaziland. This study was, therefore, an attempt to address these knowledge gaps. It also
provided an opportunity to draw relevant policy and management implications to inform
future strategies in the industry. The specific objectives of the study were to: (i) identify and
examine the factors that influence households’ decisions to participate in mushroom
production; (ii) study the underlying mushroom production and market access constraints; (iii)
examine the effects of transaction cost factors that influence mushroom producers’ market
channel choice decisions and the quantity of mushrooms sold in selected channels; and (iv)
study the effects of organisational form on producers’ participation in collective
responsibilities.
Using cross-sectional data gathered from mushroom producers and non-producers, the results
of the Two-Stage Conditional Maximum Likelihood and Two-Stage Probit Least Squares
estimation methods revealed that farmers’ decisions to participate in the mushroom enterprise
are mainly influenced by institutional factors. Farmers who have undergone training in basic
oyster mushroom production, are located in close proximity to input and output markets, and
have positive perceptions towards mushrooms, are likely to participate in the mushroom
industry. The development of positive perceptions towards mushrooms is predominantly
influenced by the knowledge gained on their nutritional and therapeutical properties.
The value chain approach was used to identify the underlying factors constraining mushroom
production and producers’ participation in mainstream markets. Among the important
findings, the study showed that producers’ plans to expand production capacities are
hampered by the difficulty to access key inputs and services, which are centralised and fully
controlled by the government. Generally, local farmers produce below capacity in relatively
small low-cost structures, which are also not well equipped. As a result, farmers apply very
primitive management methods that eventually affect their productivity. These constraints are
partly responsible for the extremely low locally produced volumes and inconsistent market
supply, prompting local mushroom traders to rely on imports. Other constraints relate to the
lack of diversification as farmers currently produce only the oyster mushroom, yet consumers
are mostly interested in the button mushroom, which is favoured for its appearance and taste.
Currently, no cultivated mushrooms are exported from Swaziland and producers have not yet
engaged in any form of mushroom processing. Instead, from what they harvest, it was found
that about six to 10 percent is consumed at household level and the remainder sold through
four channels identified as: (i) the farm gate; (ii) retail market (supermarkets); (iii)
middlemen; and (iv) food services industry (restaurants/hotels). Among the four channels, the
retail market and farm gate were, respectively, identified as the most preferred. Between the
two, the retail market offers a comparatively higher producer price and a relatively more
dependable market. Cragg’s regression results revealed that producers who are likely to
supply the retail market are those who manage a relatively large number of spawn
impregnated bags, have a high labour endowment, own cold storage facilities, and are
affiliated to mushroom producing groups. However, the difficulty in accessing market
information and lack of bargaining power significantly constrains other producers’ plans to
supply the retail market; hence, they end up selling through less remunerative channels, such
as the farm gate. Producers’ decisions on the quantity of mushrooms supplied through the
retail market are significantly affected by the difficulty in accessing transport and uncertainty
about meeting the retailers’ quality requirements.
Over 90 percent of mushroom producers in Swaziland currently participate in the industry
through farmer groups. These groups are predominantly organised in two forms, depicted as
model A and B, respectively. In model A, besides establishing their own by-laws, members
produce mushrooms in one growing house where they share the costs and benefits of all preproduction,
production and marketing activities. In model B, members also establish their
own by-laws and share all pre-production activities. However, instead of producing under one
roof, each member manages his/her own growing house and members are at liberty to make
their own marketing arrangements independently. The results of the Propensity Score
Matching method indicated that producers affiliated to model B groups have significantly
higher levels of cooperation, which is evidenced in making joint decisions and performing
shared manual activities. Participation in such groups also improves producers’ knowledge of
the enterprise, and reduces the likelihood of internal free-riding.
The overall results of the study point to the need to strengthen farmer training in mushroom
production and value-addition. In attempting to improve producers’ access to key inputs and
services, it is recommended that the government should relinquish its position (to the private
sector) as the only provider of these services, allowing public institutions to assume a
monitoring role. Producers’ competitiveness and sustainable participation in the mushroom
value chain can be enhanced by institutionalising and strengthening collective action, which
can possibly enable them to achieve economies of scale benefits in the input and product
markets, and improve their bargaining position. As indicated in the empirical chapters, market
availability for mushrooms is not a challenge in Swaziland. However, the lack of a market
information system, expert assistance in agribusiness management, poor value chain
governance, and lack of vertical coordination, predispose producers to high marketing and
transaction costs such that they end up selling through less remunerative marketing channels.
42
Hua, Hieu Hong. "Farmers’ Decision-Making in Relation to Rice-Based Farming Systems in the Vietnamese Mekong Delta." Phd thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/158132.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Rice-based farming systems have changed in recent years in the
Vietnamese Mekong Delta through an increase in crop intensity
(more crops each year) and higher quality varieties than a decade
ago. Although a range of policies relating to food security
contributed to increasing rice productivity, it has still had a
range of climatic and non-climatic constraints and threats occur
in relation to how farmers decide about their rice-based farming
systems. This study investigates the major decisions that farmers
have to make about their rice-based farming systems through case
studies from three provinces, An Giang, Can Tho and Bac Lieu in
the Vietnamese Mekong Delta. The four main questions were:
1. What are the major decisions that farmers have to make about
their rice-based farming systems that they wish to implement each
year?
2. Which factors influence farmers’ decision-making for
rice-based farming systems, and how will these factors influence
them?
3. How have farmers made collective and individual decisions for
their rice-based farming systems?
4. What are the consequences of the major decisions about
rice-based farming systems and household livelihoods?
The conceptual framework of this thesis was built around a
household livelihood framework. A wide range of quantitative and
qualitative data were collected, including 319 household surveys,
47 in-depth interviews and 18 focus group discussions across the
six communes. The study found that in An Giang and Can Tho
provinces the majority of farmers chose to implement a system of
three rice crops a year with their decisions influenced by the
need to retain a portion of the crop for household consumption,
market price, and through agreements with neighbours regarding
the flooding and draining of shared compounds within dykes. In
those two provinces farmers tended to favour collective
decision-making in relation to dyke construction and the drainage
of their paddy fields, for deciding the seasonal calendar for
planting and harvesting and for the selection of seed varieties.
However, in many cases cooperation took the form of working
together in time and place but did not extend to sharing economic
costs and benefits. In Bac Lieu province the majority of farmers
chose to implement integrated rice-shrimp systems because of
saline water. In this province the pattern of individual and
collective decision-making was similar to the other two provinces
but there was a greater tendency to combine for the purposes of
marketing because fewer rice traders were operating in Bac Lieu.
In all three provinces collective decisions through farmer
organisations had declined because of increasing conflict between
members and declining government support for collective
organisations.
43
Gadzikwa, Lawrence. "Appropriate institutional and contractual arrangements for the marketing of organic crops produced by members of the Ezemvelo Farmers' Organisation in KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/743.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The Ezemvelo Farmers’ Organisation (EFO) is a certified organic smallholder group in KwaZulu-Natal province (South Africa) that exists as an institution to improve smallholder access to niche markets by reducing unit production and transaction costs. The study is motivated by the need to understand drivers of collective action, prevalence of internal group free-riding, and the impact of contract terms on contract performance. These three theoretical concepts are pertinent in understanding organisational and institutional issues affecting the performance of smallholder organic farming groups and in formulating policies to promote the performance of such groups. The study relies on the theoretical
foundations of collective action, free-riding and contracts found within the realm of New Institutional Economics (NIE). These theories, though separate, are in fact related in certain respects. Collective action in smallholder groups, apart from being a function of a plethora of socio-economic factors, including transaction costs, could be constrained by free-riding within the group, which in turn could be influenced by flawed contractual arrangements. This study of collective action focuses on 200 farmers drawn from a sample survey of 49
non-EFO members, and a census survey of 103 partially certified and 48 fully certified EFO members. A ‘collective action’ model investigates the impact of perceived benefits and savings on production and transaction costs attributed to collective action by drawing comparisons between EFO members and non-members using a multinomial logit model. The study of free-riding uses data from 151 members of the EFO to construct an index of free-riding within the group using principal components analysis (PCA). A ‘contract model’, which also focuses on EFO members only, attempts to measure the impact of
verbal contract provisions on contract performance in addition to evaluating the determinants of preferred contract terms using a combination of PCA, Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression, and logit models. Results indicate that continued participation in EFO is not influenced by the age or gender of the farmer, but positively influenced by growth in the net benefits of participation, and negatively by an increase in the size of the household’s cropland or on-farm earnings. With respect to production and transaction costs, the results suggest that EFO has reduced fully certified members’ concerns that crops would be damaged by livestock or constrained by inadequate technical information. However, this is not the case for other problems such as price uncertainty in conventional markets, a lack of affordable operating inputs, a lack
of affordable transport, and a lack of communications infrastructure. The index of free-riding behaviour constructed using principal components analysis
suggests that free-riding poses a serious threat to EFO’s collective marketing efforts. Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis of the index scores shows that members who are male, poorly educated, partially certified, aware of loopholes in the grading system, and who do not trust the buyer are more likely to free-ride. Benefits accruing to EFO members are limited and there is substantial confusion among members about the terms of EFO’s verbal contract with the pack house that purchases their organic produce. Ordinary Least Squares regression analysis of the impact that perceived contractual terms have on quantities delivered to the pack house yielded interesting
findings. Perceptions that delivery calls are made by the buyer, that grading procedures are flawed and that prices are not jointly established were found to reduce quantities delivered to the pack house, after controlling for differences in farm and farmer characteristics. Logit models estimated to identify the determinants of preferred contract clauses indicate that farmers with higher levels of formal education and farm income, and lower levels of experience, favour a written contract over a verbal contract. Similarly, farmers with higher
levels of formal education and lower levels of family farm labour favour a contract
denominated by area rather than weight. It is concluded that EFO should recruit households that rely on farming for income and which are land constrained. EFO is more likely to survive if it continues to secure fully
subsidised information, transport, fencing, and certification services for its members, and if it improves the benefits of participating by synchronising harvest and delivery dates, negotiating price discounts for organic inputs, and by maintaining an office with telephone, fax and postal services. In the longer-term, EFO should address institutionalised free-riding by issuing tradable ownership rights. In the short-term, EFO must engage with the pack
house (buyer) to remove flaws in the grading process that conceal the origin of low quality produce. Transparent and mediated negotiations leading to an incentive compliant contract with the buyer may also help to build trust and reduce free-riding within EFO. It is also recommended that the terms of EFO’s contract with the pack house should be revised so that; (a) delivery calls can be made by either the pack house or by EFO during specified periods and with reasonable notice, and (b) grading procedures are fully transparent and ensure traceability so that losses caused by poor quality can be internalised to members who deliver inferior produce. In addition, it is important that prices be
negotiated at the beginning of each season and that the contractual parties have recourse to pre-agreed facilitators and an arbitrator to resolve disputes on price and quality. A written contract is recommended to support these more complex terms, with the proviso that the contract is explained to current and prospective members, and that growers are fully informed of their rights and obligations.<br>Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2008.
44
Lin, Ying-Xuan, and 林盈萱. "A Study on “Payment Collection Services” of Credit Departments of Farmers' and Fishermen's Associations in Taiwan." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/t9p9qv.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士<br>國立政治大學<br>行政管理碩士學程<br>106<br>The Agricultural Bank of Taiwan (ABT) has integrated services and channels at the credit departments of farmers’ and fishermen’s associations. In 2010 the ABT signed contracts with farmers’ and fishermen’s associations covering items for which credit departments could accept payments on behalf of others, and created a comprehensive system of upstream and downstream financial services. Now the business has grown stably, but due to competition with banks, post offices and convenient stores, and the inability of farmers’ and fishermen’s associations to extend their services to all locations, it is difficult to promote business. In order to address the demands of remote villages, and the welfare of farmers and fishermen, this study uses regression analysis to find the factors affecting payment acceptance services businesses so as to provide a reference for the promotion of current businesses. The study uses 18,420 sets of monthly data from 2013 to 2017 on the financial and geographical conditions, items of payment acceptance services, urbanisation, location, years in which services are provided and seasonal variables, finding that financial conditions, number of branches, competition, items of payment acceptance services promoted, years in which services are provided and seasonal variables all have significant effects on payment acceptance services. The results of this study will be applied to future promotion of payment acceptance services.
45
MING, WANG CHIH, and 汪枝銘. "Development of Automatic Collecting System for Manures in Laying Farms." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09599541845906849563.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士<br>國立中興大學<br>農業機械工程學系<br>89<br>The purpose of this study is to create an automatic manure collect system of the traditional laying farm. This system needs to be durable to suit the laying farm environment, in order to prevent shortage on human power and improve both the workers’ and the chickens’ health.
The system is using motor to spur the belt to collect excreta and move it to the manure place. The belt can adjust moisture content. The collected data included NH3 composting, collection of the moisture content from belt, and the noise measurement from the cleaning method.
The result shows that by using this system, the NH3 composting in the laying farm is reduced. The moisture content of the excreta reached the standard of soil as to 65-70% in 4 to 5 days. The noise caused by the system is similar to the original farm, and the noise rate is lower than using human power and car when cleaning. The system can be used at anytime, this solved the problem of shortage in human power and their health issue, and also improved the quality of the environment.
Keyword：Laying Farm、manure、Automatic Collect System.
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KODADOVÁ, Václava. "Kolektivizace a zakládání jednotných zemědělských družstev v okrese Trhové Sviny, 1949 - 1959." Master's thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-51847.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this contribution to the study of history of the Southern Bohemia I have tried to breefly depict the main period of the socialistic transformation of the farming in the region of Trhové Sviny in the 50-ies and early 60-ies of the 20th century, with all the consequences it brought to the life of the inhabitants of this land. The starting point of the process was the year 1949, when the county of Trhové Sviny was created as administration unit. In this year also the new law of collective farms came to force, becoming the fundamental norm which has changed dramatically the traditional way of farming and living in the country, established through ages. The second milestone pointed up in the article is the turn of the year 1959-1960, when the last stage of the collectivisation was introduced by the amended law of collective farms and when the county of Trhové Sviny was disestablished. Significant part of the work is the comprehensive list and review of the major directives, regulations and public notices, which made the socialisation or {\clq}qcollectivisation`` of the czech coutry lawful and enabled the oficials to put it into practice.
47
Dlamini, Thulile Rejoice. "Collective farming : elements constituting an effective agricultural co-operative, the case of three co-operatives in the Umgungundlovu district." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/745.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Collective smallholder farming has been widely promoted as a vehicle for smallholder agricultural development in South Africa. As a result, agricultural co-operative registrations in South Africa are increasing. However, research suggests that South African co-operatives have generally not been effective, successful and functional. This study investigated the elements constituting an effective and functional primary agricultural co-operative among three smallholder agricultural co-operatives. It is expected that identification of these elements may enable institutions that offer support to co-operatives make better decisions to improve smallholder farming through primary agricultural co-operatives. Understanding of these elements could inform the efforts for members of co-operatives to achieve their set objectives and thus improve smallholder agriculture profitability. Three rural agricultural co-operatives in the Local Municipalities of Mooi-Mpofana, Mkhambathini, and Richmond in the Umgungundlovu District Municipality were purposively selected for the study because they were registered agricultural co-operatives. Inyamvubu Co-operative (from Mooi-Mpofana) was larger in membership, and well established compared to Umphumela (from Mkhambathini) and Ingwe-Mndeni (from Richmond). The sample included the purposively selected members and non-members of agricultural co-operatives to explore the differences and provide insight to the knowledge, opinions and perceptions of collective farming. A framework for analysing the effectiveness of agricultural co-operatives was developed using literature of objectives of agricultural co-operatives, success factors of smallholder agriculture and organisational effectiveness. This framework was used to analyse the effectiveness of the three co-operatives. Focus group discussions, Force Field Analysis and a survey were used for data collection. The study revealed that the three co-operatives have clearly defined group objectives aligned to those set out by the South African government. The main identified objectives of farming for the three co-operatives included; creation of employment and income generating activities, improving access to funding, strengthening market access and strengthening human and community development. Activities carried out by the three co-operatives took advantage of opportunities in the value chain including production, marketing, and transportation of produce to markets. However, farmers’ activities were hampered by a number of constraints. Production capability of the three co-operatives was hampered by resource constraints such as lack of access to land, machinery and equipment, finances and information relevant to production. Marketing, transportation and financial management capability of the three co-operatives was hampered by poor networking skills, poor infrastructure and low literacy levels. Management capability in the three co-operatives was challenged by complex group dynamics characterised by conflict of opinions and issues related to free-rider, horizon, and portfolio problems. Low capability of the three co-operatives to mobilise resources, use the limited resources available and low capability to manage institutional arrangements rendered the co-operatives ineffective in achieving their set objectives. The study recommends strategies for ensuring the effectiveness of agricultural co-operatives. These include strategies for addressing internal and external issues affecting the co-operatives. Direct intervention from government was recommended to improve production through revising land allocation systems, improving extension services and strict monitoring of effective use of government resources provided to farmers. Government should improve access and training to relevant technologies to improve the processing and packaging capabilities of co-operatives. Marketing and management activities should be supported through provision of improved infrastructure and relevant training. Farmers themselves should consider pooling resources for market rental of crop land, engage in value added activities, and develop informed marketing programs and cost-effective distributing mechanisms. Farmers should elect an effective board of members that will ensure enforcement of agreements and constitution.<br>Thesis (M.Agric.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2010.
48
Howell, Jordan P. "Community supported agriculture as revitalization : reconnecting the farm and the dinner table /." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10288/456.
Повний текст джерела
49
Нємцев, Ігор Володимирович, та Ihor Volodymyrovych Niemtsev. "Соціально-економічний розвиток Шалигинського району у 1943–1952". Master's thesis, 2020. http://repository.sspu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Дане дослідження розкриває тему соціального та економічного розвитку Шалигинського району Сумської області в період після звільнення від нациських загарбників до основного етапу закінчення відбудови народного господарства, а також розкривається сталінський тиск на село<br>This study reveals the topic of social and economic development of Shalyhynsky district of Sumy region in the period after liberation from Nazi invaders to the main stage of completion of the reconstruction of the national economy, and also reveals Stalin's pressure on the countryside.
50
"Institutions for Provision of Shared Infrastructure: Insights from Irrigation Systems in India." Doctoral diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.54974.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
abstract: In many social-ecological systems, shared resources play a critical role in supporting the livelihoods of rural populations. Physical infrastructure enables resource access and reduces the variability of resource supply. In order for the infrastructure to remain functional, institutions must incentivize individuals to engage in provision and maintenance. The objective of my dissertation is to understand key formal and informal institutions that affect provision of shared infrastructure and the policy tools that may improve infrastructure provision. I examine these questions in the context of irrigation systems in India because infrastructure maintenance is a persistent challenge and system function is critical for global food production.
My first study investigates how the presence of private infrastructure, such as groundwater pumps, affects the provision of shared infrastructure, such as shared tanks or surface reservoirs. I examine whether formal institutions, such as water pricing instruments, may prevent under-provision of the shared tanks. My findings suggest that in the absence of rules that coordinate tank maintenance, the presence of private pumps will have a detrimental effect on system productivity and equality. On the other hand, the combination of a fixed groundwater fee and a location-based maintenance fee for tank users can improve system productivity and equality.
The second study examines the effect of power asymmetries between farmers, caused by informal institutions such as caste, on the persistence of political institutions that govern infrastructure provision. I examined the effect of policy tools, such as non-farm wage employment and informational interventions, on the persistence of two types of political institutions: self-governed and nested. Results suggest that critical regime shifts in political institutions can be generated by either intervening in formal institutions, such as non-farm wage employment, or informal institutions, such as knowledge transmission or learning mechanisms.
The third study investigates how bureaucratic and political corruption affect public good provision. I examine how institutional and environmental factors affect the likelihood of corruption and infrastructure provision. I demonstrate that cracking down on corruption is only beneficial when infrastructure provision is poor. I also show that bureaucratic wages play an important role in curbing extralegal transactions and improving infrastructure provision.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Doctoral Dissertation Sustainability 2019