Статті в журналах: "FAQ RETRIEVAL"

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Setiawan, Gede Herdian, and I. Made Budi Adnyana. "Information Retrieval Pada Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) dengan metode String Similarity." Techno.Com 21, no. 4 (November 30, 2022): 847–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.33633/tc.v21i4.6843.

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Information retrieval merupakan sebuah sarana untuk menemukan informasi berdasarkan kumpulan informasi pada data terstruktur maupun tidak terstruktur secara otomatis. implementasi information retrival seperti mesin pencari menggunakan query dari pengguna dengan bahasa alami manusia kemudian sistem dapat menemukan dokumen atau informasi yang berkaitan dengan query dari pengguna. Pada penelitian ini di usulkan sistem information retrieval pada Frequently Asked Questions atau FAQ dengan mencari pertanyaan yang mirip (similar) pada daftar pertanyaan di basis data terhadap pertanyaan yang diberikan oleh pengguna menggunakan algoritma Cosine similarity untuk mencari kesamaan kosinus tertinggi. Selanjutnya memberikan respon jawaban yang sebelum nya sudah di berikan label terhadap pertanyaan yang relevan dan memiliki similaritas paling tinggi. Telah dihasilkan dataset FAQ dan dilakukan preprocessing, penerapan algoritma Cosine Similarity terhadap input pertanyaan (query) dengan dataset dan menghasilkan bobot pada setiap pertanyaan (label) pada dataset. Melalui evaluasi akurasi pemberian bobot similaritas yang dilakukan dengan memberikan sembilan input pertanyaan dibagai pada tiga kategori berdasarkan tingkat kemiripan memiliki akurasi mencapai 100%, dengan demikian information retrieval dengan Cosine similarity telah mampu memberikan bobot sesuai dengan tingkat similaritas pertanyaan (query) dengan dataset pertanyaan pada FAQ

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Wu, Chung-Hsien, Jui-Feng Yeh, and Ming-Jun Chen. "Domain-specific FAQ retrieval using independent aspects." ACM Transactions on Asian Language Information Processing 4, no. 1 (March 2005): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1066078.1066079.

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Thuma, Edwin, Moemedi Lefoane, and Gontlafetse Mosweunyane. "A review on the Detection of Missing Content Queries in FAQ Retrieval Systems." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 16, no. 2 (April 7, 2017): 6203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v16i2.5996.

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When developing an automated FAQ retrieval system, the information supplier constructs question candidates in advance using their own knowledge. Then they answer these question candidates to create question-answer pairs to use in the FAQ retrieval system. However, these question-answer pairs will not always satisfy the usersâ€™ information needs. When there is no relevant questionâ€“answer pair to a usersâ€™ query, such a user may submit various query reformulations browsing over the long results list and may abandon the search before their information need has been satisfied. Such users many never return to use the system again because of the inability of the system to return relevant question-answer pairs to their query. In order to alleviate this, modern automated FAQ retrieval systems use a Missing Content Query (MCQ) detection subsystem to detect those queries that do not have the relevant questionâ€“answer pair. In this article we conduct a review of the different approaches proposed in the literature for detecting these MCQs. In particular, we provide a comprehensive review of the different systems that deployed the binary classification approach, the thresholding approach and the hybrid approach in the detection of MCQs. Moreover, we describe the strength and weaknesses of each approach.

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Harksoo Kim and Jungyun Seo. "Cluster-Based FAQ Retrieval Using Latent Term Weights." IEEE Intelligent Systems 23, no. 2 (March 2008): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mis.2008.23.

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Romero, M., A. Moreo, and J. L. Castro. "A cloud of FAQ: A highly-precise FAQ retrieval system for the Web 2.0." Knowledge-Based Systems 49 (September 2013): 81–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2013.04.019.

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Chung-Hsien Wu, Jui-Feng Yeh, and Yu-Sheng Lai. "Semantic segment extraction and matching for Internet FAQ retrieval." IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering 18, no. 7 (July 2006): 930–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tkde.2006.115.

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Moreo, A., E. M. Eisman, J. L. Castro, and J. M. Zurita. "Learning regular expressions to template-based FAQ retrieval systems." Knowledge-Based Systems 53 (November 2013): 108–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2013.08.018.

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Ahn, Hyeokju, and Harksoo Kim. "Enhanced Spoken Sentence Retrieval Using a Conventional Automatic Speech Recognizer in Smart Home." International Journal on Artificial Intelligence Tools 25, no. 03 (June 2016): 1650017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218213016500172.

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With the rapid evolution of smart home environment, the demand for spoken information retrieval (e.g., voice-activated FAQ retrieval) on information appliances is increasing. In spoken information retrieval, users’ spoken queries are converted into text queries using automatic speech recognition (ASR) engines. If top-1 results of the ASR engines are incorrect, the errors are propagated to information retrieval systems. If a document collection is a small set of sentences such as frequently asked questions (FAQs), the errors have additional effect on the performance of information retrieval systems. To improve the performance of such a sentence retrieval system, we propose a post-processing model of an ASR engine. The post-processing model consists of a re-ranking and a query term generation model. The re-ranking model rearranges top-n outputs of the ASR engines using the ranking support vector machine (Ranking SVM). The query term generation model extracts meaningful content words from the re-ranked queries based on term frequencies and query rankings. In the experiments, the re-ranking model improved the top-1 performance results of an underlying ASR engine with 4.4% higher precision and 6.4% higher recall rate. The query term generation model improved the performance results of an underlying information retrieval system with an accuracy 2.4% to 2.6% higher. Based on the experimental result, the proposed model revealed that it could improve the performance of a spoken sentence retrieval system in a restricted domain.

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Moreo, A., M. Navarro, J. L. Castro, and J. M. Zurita. "A high-performance FAQ retrieval method using minimal differentiator expressions." Knowledge-Based Systems 36 (December 2012): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.knosys.2012.05.015.

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Moreo, A., M. Romero, J. L. Castro, and J. M. Zurita. "FAQtory: A framework to provide high-quality FAQ retrieval systems." Expert Systems with Applications 39, no. 14 (October 2012): 11525–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2012.02.130.

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Seo, Jaehyung, Taemin Lee, Hyeonseok Moon, Chanjun Park, Sugyeong Eo, Imatitikua D. Aiyanyo, Kinam Park, Aram So, Sungmin Ahn, and Jeongbae Park. "Dense-to-Question and Sparse-to-Answer: Hybrid Retriever System for Industrial Frequently Asked Questions." Mathematics 10, no. 8 (April 18, 2022): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math10081335.

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The term “Frequently asked questions” (FAQ) refers to a query that is asked repeatedly and produces a manually constructed response. It is one of the most important factors influencing customer repurchase and brand loyalty; thus, most industry domains invest heavily in it. This has led to deep-learning-based retrieval models being studied. However, training a model and creating a database specializing in each industry domain comes at a high cost, especially when using a chatbot-based conversation system, as a large amount of resources must be continuously input for the FAQ system’s maintenance. It is also difficult for small- and medium-sized companies and national institutions to build individualized training data and databases and obtain satisfactory results. As a result, based on the deep learning information retrieval module, we propose a method of returning responses to customer inquiries using only data that can be easily obtained from companies. We hybridize dense embedding and sparse embedding in this work to make it more robust in professional terms, and we propose new functions to adjust the weight ratio and scale the results returned by the two modules.

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Kim, Harksoo, and Jungyun Seo. "High-performance FAQ retrieval using an automatic clustering method of query logs." Information Processing & Management 42, no. 3 (May 2006): 650–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2005.04.002.

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Kim, Harksoo, Hyunjung Lee, and Jungyun Seo. "A reliable FAQ retrieval system using a query log classification technique based on latent semantic analysis." Information Processing & Management 43, no. 2 (March 2007): 420–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2006.07.018.

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He, Daqing, Zhendong Wang, Khushboo Thaker, and Ning Zou. "Translation and Expansion: Enabling Laypeople Access to the COVID-19 Academic Collection." Data and Information Management 4, no. 3 (July 9, 2020): 177–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/dim-2020-0011.

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AbstractAcademic collections, such as COVID-19 Open Research Dataset (CORD-19), contain a large number of scholarly articles regarding COVID-19 and other related viruses. These articles represent the latest development in combating COVID-19 pandemic in various disciplines. However, it is difficult for laypeople to access these articles due to the term mismatch problem caused by their limited medical knowledge. In this article, we present an effort of helping laypeople to access the CORD-19 collection by translating and expanding laypeople's keywords to their corresponding medical terminology using the National Library of Medicine's Consumer Health Vocabulary. We then developed a retrieval system called Search engine for Laypeople to access the COVID-19 literature (SLAC) using open-source software. Utilizing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's FAQ questions as the basis for developing common questions that laypeople could be interested in, we performed a set of experiments for testing the SLAC system and the translation and expansion (T&E) process. Our experiment results demonstrate that the T&E process indeed helped to overcome the term mismatch problem and mapped laypeople terms to the medical terms in the academic articles. But we also found that not all laypeople's search topics are meaningful to search on the CORD-19 collection. This indicates the scope and the limitation of enabling laypeople to search on academic article collection for obtaining high-quality information.

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Arora, Monika, and Vineet Kansal. "The Inverse Edit Term Frequency for Informal Word Conversion Using Soundex for Analysis of Customer’s Reviews." Recent Advances in Computer Science and Communications 13, no. 5 (November 5, 2020): 917–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2213275912666190405114330.

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Background: E-commerce/ M-commerce has emerged as a new way of doing businesses in the present world which requires an understanding of the customer’s needs with the utmost precision and appropriateness. With the advent of technology, mobile devices have become vital tools in today’s world. In fact, smart phones have changed the way of communication. The user can access any information on a single click. Text messages have become the basic channel of communication for interaction. The use of informal text messages by the customers has created a challenge for the business segments in terms of creating a gap pertaining to the actual requirement of the customers due to the inappropriate representation of it's need by using short message service in an informal manner. Objective: The informally written text messages have become a center of attraction for researchers to analyze and normalize such textual data. In this paper, the SMS data have been analyzed for information retrieval using Soundex Phonetic algorithm and its variations. Methods: Two datasets have been considered, SMS- based FAQ of FIRE 2012 and self-generated survey dataset have been tested for evaluating the performance of the proposed Soundex Phonetic algorithm. Results: It has been observed that by applying Soundex with Inverse Edit Term Frequency, the lexical similarity between the SMS word and Natural language text has been significantly improved. The results have been shown to prove the work. Conclusion: Soundex with Inverse Edit Term Frequency Distribution algorithm is best suited among the various variations of Soundex. This algorithm normalizes the informally written text and gets the exact match from the bag of words.

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Di Natale, Gianluca, Giovanni Bianchini, Massimo Del Guasta, Marco Ridolfi, Tiziano Maestri, William Cossich, Davide Magurno, and Luca Palchetti. "Characterization of the Far Infrared Properties and Radiative Forcing of Antarctic Ice and Water Clouds Exploiting the Spectrometer-LiDAR Synergy." Remote Sensing 12, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 3574. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12213574.

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Optical and microphysical cloud properties are retrieved from measurements acquired in 2013 and 2014 at the Concordia base station in the Antarctic Plateau. Two sensors are used synergistically: a Fourier transform spectroradiometer named REFIR-PAD (Radiation Explorer in Far Infrared-Prototype for Applications and Developments) and a backscattering-depolarization LiDAR. First, in order to identify the cloudy scenes and assess the cloud thermodynamic phase, the REFIR-PAD spectral radiances are ingested by a machine learning algorithm called Cloud Identification and Classification (CIC). For each of the identified cloudy scenes, the nearest (in time) LiDAR backscattering profile is processed by the Polar Threshold (PT) algorithm that allows derivation of the cloud top and bottom heights. Subsequently, using the CIC and PT results as external constraints, the Simultaneous Atmospheric and Clouds Retrieval (SACR) code is applied to the REFIR-PAD spectral radiances. SACR simultaneously retrieves cloud optical depth and effective dimensions and atmospheric vertical profiles of water vapor and temperature. The analysis determines an average effective diameter of 28 μm with an optical depth of 0.76 for the ice clouds. Water clouds are only detected during the austral Summer, and the retrieved properties provide an average droplet diameter of 9 μm and average optical depth equal to four. The estimated retrieval error is about 1% for the ice crystal/droplet size and 2% for the cloud optical depth. The sensitivity of the retrieved parameters to the assumed crystal shape is also assessed. New parametrizations of the optical depth and the longwave downwelling forcing for Antarctic ice and water clouds, as a function of the ice/liquid water path, are presented. The longwave downwelling flux, computed from the top of the atmosphere to the surface, ranges between 70 and 220 W/m2. The estimated cloud longwave forcing at the surface is (31 ± 7) W/m2 and (29 ± 6) W/m2 for ice clouds and (64 ± 12) and (62 ± 11) W/m2 for water clouds, in 2013 and 2014, respectively. The total average cloud forcing for the two years investigated is (46 ± 9) W/m2.

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Vaupel, Zachary, Erin A. Baker, Kevin C. Baker, Michael D. Kurdziel, and Paul T. Fortin. "Analysis of Retrieved Agility™ Total Ankle Arthroplasty Systems." Foot & Ankle International 30, no. 9 (September 2009): 815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3113/fai.2009.0815.

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Background: First generation total ankle arthroplasty (TAA) systems showed high rates of failure. The Agility™ (DePuy, Warsaw, IN) TAA system, a second generation design, had improved outcomes; however, implant failure due to loosening of the metallic components persisted. The purpose of this study was to analyze the damage modes and radiographic mode(s) of failure observed in retrieved Agility™ TAA. Materials and Methods: Ten devices were collected and each component was analyzed for common damage modes using microscopy. Clinical damage was analyzed with postoperative implant and preoperative revision procedure radiographs. Results: Analyses revealed damage/wear to retrieved components, including abrasion, dishing, and pitting. These third-body wear particles may be a precursor to wear debris induced osteolysis which could cause component loosening. Seven TAA systems were removed due to loosening or subsidence, suggesting component damage/wear may lead to clinically observed component loosening. Retrieval analysis indicated the polyethylene experiences edge loading, resulting in increased contact stresses to polyethylene in the primary articulation region and wear. Conclusion: Since poor clinical outcomes have been associated with component instability and osteolysis, analyzing retrieved components wear and damage may be an important step toward improving implant design, thereby decreasing wear debris induced osteolysis and improving clinical outcomes. Level of Evidence: IV, Case Series

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Katsev, I. L., A. S. Prikhach, E. P. Zege, J. O. Grudo, and A. A. Kokhanovsky. "Speeding up the AOT retrieval procedure using RTT analytical solutions: FAR code." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 3, no. 2 (April 12, 2010): 1645–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-3-1645-2010.

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Abstract. We present here the aerosol retrieval technique that uses radiative transfer computations in the process of retrieval rather than look-up tables (LUT). This approach provides operational satellite data processing due to the use of the accurate and extremely fast radiative transfer code RAY previously developed by authors along with approximate analytical solutions of the radiative transfer theory. The aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and Angström exponent are optimized in the iteration process using the least-squares technique with fast computations of the derivatives of radiative characteristics in respect to retrieved values. The developed technique can be adapted for processing data of various satellite instruments (including any spectral multi-angle polarization-sensitive sensors). Beside, two important problems that determine the accuracy of the AOT retrieval are considered. The first one is the effect of the preliminary choice of the aerosol model, particularly for retrieval from satellite instrument providing only spectral data (MERIS, MODIS). The second problem is the influence of clouds in adjacent pixels. As for our knowledge, this problem has not been given required attention up to now and it should be properly accounted in the AOT retrieval algorithms.

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Xu, J., F. Schreier, P. Vogt, A. Doicu, and T. Trautmann. "A sensitivity study for far infrared balloon-borne limb emission sounding of stratospheric trace gases." Geoscientific Instrumentation, Methods and Data Systems Discussions 3, no. 1 (May 14, 2013): 251–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gid-3-251-2013.

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Abstract. This paper presents a sensitivity study performed for trace gases retrieval from synthetic observations by TELIS (TErahertz and submillimeter LImb Sounder) which is a stratospheric balloon-borne cryogenic heterodyne spectrometer. Issues pertaining to hydroxyl radical (OH) retrieval from the far infrared measurements by the 1.8 THz channel are addressed. The study is conducted by a retrieval code PILS (Profile Inversion for Limb Sounding) developed to solve the nonlinear inverse problems arising in the analysis of infrared/microwave limb sounding measurements. PILS combines a line-by-line forward model with automatic differentiation for computing Jacobians and employs regularized nonlinear least squares inversion. We examine the application of direct and iterative regularization methods and evaluate the performance of single- and multi-profile retrievals. Sensitivities to expected errors in calibration procedure, instrumental knowledge and atmospheric profiles have been analyzed. Nonlinearity effect, inaccurate sideband ratio, and pointing error turned out to be the dominant error sources. Furthermore, the capability of multi-channel simultaneous retrieval from the far infrared and submillimeter data has been investigated. The errors and averaging kernels infer that the quality of the obtained hydrogen chloride (HCl) can be improved by significantly better exploitation of information from the observations.

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Di Natale, Gianluca, Luca Palchetti, Giovanni Bianchini, and Massimo Del Guasta. "Simultaneous retrieval of water vapour, temperature and cirrus clouds properties from measurements of far infrared spectral radiance over the Antarctic Plateau." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 10, no. 3 (March 8, 2017): 825–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-10-825-2017.

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Abstract. The possibility separating the contributions of the atmospheric state and ice clouds by using spectral infrared measurements is a fundamental step to quantifying the cloud effect in climate models. A simultaneous retrieval of cloud and atmospheric parameters from infrared wideband spectra will allow the disentanglement of the spectral interference between these variables. In this paper, we describe the development of a code for the simultaneous retrieval of atmospheric state and ice cloud parameters, and its application to the analysis of the spectral measurements acquired by the Radiation Explorer in the Far Infrared – Prototype for Applications and Development (REFIR-PAD) spectroradiometer, which has been in operation at Concordia Station on the Antarctic Plateau since 2012. The code performs the retrieval with a computational time that is comparable with the instrument acquisition time. Water vapour and temperature profiles and the cloud optical and microphysical properties, such as the generalised effective diameter and the ice water path, are retrieved by exploiting the 230–980 cm−1 spectral band. To simulate atmospheric radiative transfer, the Line-By-Line Radiative Transfer Model (LBLRTM) has been integrated with a specifically developed subroutine based on the δ-Eddington two-stream approximation, whereas the single-scattering properties of cirrus clouds have been derived from a database for hexagonal column habits. In order to detect ice clouds, a backscattering and depolarisation lidar, co-located with REFIR-PAD has been used, allowing us to infer the position and the cloud thickness to be used in the retrieval. A climatology of the vertical profiles of water vapour and temperature has been performed by using the daily radiosounding available at the station at 12:00 UTC. The climatology has been used to build an a priori profile correlation to constrain the fitting procedure. An optimal estimation method with the Levenberg–Marquardt approach has been used to perform the retrieval. In most cases, the retrieved humidity and temperature profiles show a good agreement with the radiosoundings, demonstrating that the simultaneous retrieval of the atmospheric state is not biased by the presence of cirrus clouds. Finally, the retrieved cloud parameters allow us to study the relationships between cloud temperature and optical depth and between effective particle diameter and ice water content. These relationships are similar to the statistical correlations measured on the Antarctic coast at Dumont d'Urville and in the Arctic region.

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Stevenson, J. A., S. C. Millington, F. M. Beckett, G. T. Swindles, and T. Thordarson. "Big grains go far: reconciling tephrochronology with atmospheric measurements of volcanic ash." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, no. 1 (January 6, 2015): 65–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-65-2015.

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Abstract. There is a large discrepancy between the size of volcanic ash particles measured from deposits on the ground (known as cryptotephra; 20–125 μm in length) and those reported by satellite remote sensing (effective radii of 0.5–9 μm; 95% of particles < 17 μm diameter). We use results from the fields of tephrochronology (a dating technique based on volcanic ash layers), dispersion modelling and satellite remote sensing in an attempt to understand from where it arises. We show that Icelandic cryptotephras deposited in NW Europe have lognormal particle size distributions (PSDs) with median lengths of 20–70 μm (geometric standard deviation: 1.40–1.66; 95th percentile length: 42–126 microns). This is consistent with semi-quantitative grainsize range estimates from the literature. Using measured fall velocities of ash particles, a release height typical of moderate Icelandic eruptions (10 km) and a wind speed typical for NW Europe (10 m s−1), we find that an ash cloud can transport particles < 80 μm diameter up to 850 km in 24 h, so that even moderately sized Icelandic eruptions can deposit cryptotephra on mainland Europe. The proportion of cryptotephra in airborne clouds is unknown. We used simulated satellite data of dispersion-model-derived ash clouds to investigate the effect of PSD on satellite retrievals and show that as the median radius of the input PSD increases, fewer ash-containing pixels are correctly identified. Where retrievals are made of simulated clouds with mass median radii larger than ~ 10 μm, the mean retrieved reff plateaus at around 9 μm. This is a systematic bias in the retrieval algorithm that would cause the grainsize of distal clouds containing significant cryptotephra to be underestimated. This cannot explain discrepancies in coarser proximal clouds, however, which may be because the complex physics of scattering by highly irregularly-shaped grains is inadequately represented by assuming that particles are dense spheres.

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Chen Xiaoyi, 陈晓义, 段亚轩 Duan Yaxuan, 王拯洲 Wang Zhengzhou, 袁索超 Yuan Suochao та 达争尚 Da Zhengshang. "基于多步相位恢复的激光远场焦斑测量方法". Chinese Journal of Lasers 49, № 7 (2022): 0704002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/cjl202249.0704002.

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Jin, Huiliang, Jianhui Huang, Qian Ye, Guoxiang Meng, Binbin Xiang, and Na Wang. "Surface Shape Detection with a Single Far-Field Intensity by Combined Amplitude and Phase Retrieval." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2019 (August 18, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/7648604.

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The efficiency of a reflector antenna highly depends on its surface shape. In order to ensure a good convergence, the conventional phase retrieval based shape detection schemes require that several far-field intensities be scanned, focused, or defocused. For large reflector antennas, the scanning process is time consuming. This paper proposes a new shape detection method that requires only single far-field intensity. Unlike existing shape detection methods, it retrieves both the amplitude and the phase, based on the fact that a deformed shape causes change not only in the aperture phase but also in the aperture amplitude. Through even-odd decomposition analysis, it is found that in the case of small and smooth deformation, “odd-phase” and “even-amplitude” can be directly recovered from one focused far-field intensity. This leads to the recovery of both the odd and the even parts of the antenna surface shape simultaneously. By combining amplitude retrieval and phase retrieval, this work achieves for the first time the shape detection with only one scan.

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Zuraida, Syarifah, and Jaliadi Jaliadi. "KOMPOSISI HASIL TANGKAPAN DAN TINGKAT KELAYAKAN USAHA RUMPON PORTABLE DAN RUMPON TRADISIONAL MENGGUNAKAN PANCING ULUR DI PERAIRAN ACEH BARAT." JURNAL PERIKANAN TROPIS 5, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35308/jpt.v5i1.408.

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FAD in the beginning when fishermen see hordes of pelagic fish congregate naturally around the objects floating on the surface. The level of eligibility criteria is top venture capital investment or long term investment in a particular production. The analysis needs to be done in order to know the development of the business at any given time. Field research conducted in July-August 2016, housed in the waters of West Aceh Meulaboh. Data retrieval is performed using the method of experimental fishing and survey (interview). Data were analyzed with the catch using a descriptive approach. The catch is that caught on portable FAD by using fishing line output with total as many as 622 tail and on traditional FAD as much as 1.171 tail for 30 trip. Portable FAD catches of 34.37% and traditional FAD of 65.63%. The investment required in portable FAD amounting to Rp 51.000.000. Total fixed costs incurred per annum on Rp 15.600.000 portable FAD and cost not fixed at RP 102.240,000. Tradisional FAD cost of Rp 53.000.000. Total fixed costs incurred per year amounting to 15.600.000 and cost is not a fixed amount of Rp 102.240,000. The results of calculations on venture portable FAD retrieved value NPV of Rp 20.137. 984, IRR of 36.86%, Net B/C of 1.39 and PP of 1.99 and on traditional FAD NPV values obtained amounting to 43.773.096, IRR of 60.30%, Net B/C of 1.83, PP amounting to 1.38. Financial analysis using bank rates of 14% by the year 2016. Keywords: Portable FAD, traditional FAD, West Aceh Waters

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Wu, X., X. Zhang, and H. Lin. "RETRIEVAL OF MINERAL ABUNDANCES OF THE DELTA REGION IN EBERSWALDE, MARS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W1 (July 25, 2017): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w1-171-2017.

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Eberswalde Crater, a hotspot of Mars exploration, possesses an unambiguous hydrological system. However, little research has been performed on the large-scale mineral abundances retrieval in this region. Hence, we employed hyperspectral unmixing technology to quantitatively retrieve mineral abundances of the delta region in Eberswalde. In this paper, the single-scattering albedos were calculated by the Hapke bidirectional reflectance function from Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) data (FRT000060DD) and CRISM spectral library respectively, and a sparse unmixing algorithm was adopted to quantitatively retrieve mineral abundances. The abundance maps show that there are six kinds of minerals (pyroxene, olivine, plagioclase, siderite, diaspore, and tremolite). By comparing minerals spectra obtained from images with corresponding spectra in spectral library, we found the similar trend in both curves. Besides, the mineral abundance maps derived in this study agree well spatially with CRISM parameter maps. From the perspective of mineralogy, the instability of pyroxene and olivine indicates the area in which they distribute is close to provenance, and the original provenance is ultrabasic rock (e.g. peridotite) and basic rock (e.g. gabbro), respectively. And minerals, existing in the area of alluvial fan, also distribute in the outside of alluvial fan, which might be caused by fluid transportation.

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26

Li, Zhen, Anton Verhoef, Ad Stoffelen, Jian Shang, and Fangli Dou. "First Results from the WindRAD Scatterometer on Board FY-3E: Data Analysis, Calibration and Wind Retrieval Evaluation." Remote Sensing 15, no. 8 (April 15, 2023): 2087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15082087.

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FY-3E WindRAD (Fengyun-3E Wind Radar) is a dual-frequency rotating fan-beam scatterometer. Its data characteristics, NOC (NWP Ocean Calibration), and wind retrieval performance are investigated in this paper. The diversity of the radar view geometry varies across the swaths, with maximum diversity in the sweet swaths and limited diversity in the outer and nadir swaths. When NOC backscatter calibration coefficients are computed as a function of incidence angle only (NOCint), a smooth correction is found. However, when relative antenna azimuth angle is included (NOCant), it appears that the corrections as a function of relative azimuth angle vary harmonically and substantially for a specific incidence angle. NOCant corrections yield a better fit of the measurements to the GMF (Geophysical Model Function). Hence, NOCant is applied for the analysis of wind retrieval from the Ku-band and C-band. An extra engineering correction of 0.15 dB and 0.20 dB is applied on Ku-band and C-band backscatter values, respectively, to reduce the wind speed bias without increasing the standard deviation. Overall, NOCant is the best option for both channels. In addition, the instrument backscatter data stability over time is good, and the retrieved winds can fulfill operational requirements.

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27

Centeno, Rebecca, Matthias Rempel, Roberto Casini, and Tanausú del Pino Alemán. "Effects of Spectral Resolution on Simple Magnetic Field Diagnostics of the Mg ii H and K Lines." Astrophysical Journal 936, no. 2 (September 1, 2022): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac886f.

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Abstract We study the effects of finite spectral resolution on the magnetic field values retrieved through the weak-field approximation (WFA) from the cores of the Mg ii h and k lines. The retrieval of the line-of-sight component of the magnetic field, B LOS, from synthetic spectra generated in a uniformly magnetized FAL-C atmosphere is accurate when restricted to the inner lobes of Stokes V. As we degrade the spectral resolution, partial redistribution effects, which more prominently affect the outer lobes of Stokes V, are brought into the line core through spectral smearing, degrading the accuracy of the WFA and resulting in an inference bias, which is more pronounced as the resolution becomes poorer. When applied to a diverse set of spectra emerging from a sunspot simulation, we find good accuracy in the retrieved B LOS when comparing it to the model value at the height where the optical depth in the line core is unity. The accuracy is preserved up to field strengths of B ∼ 1500 G. Limited spectral resolution results in a small bias toward weaker retrieved fields. The WFA for the transverse component of the magnetic field is also evaluated. Reduced spectral resolution degrades the accuracy of the inferences, because spectral mixing results in the line effectively probing deeper layers of the atmosphere.

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28

Belotti, Claudio, Flavio Barbara, Marco Barucci, Giovanni Bianchini, Francesco D'Amato, Samuele Del Bianco, Gianluca Di Natale, et al. "The Far-Infrared Radiation Mobile Observation System (FIRMOS) for spectral characterization of the atmospheric emission." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 16, no. 10 (May 25, 2023): 2511–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-16-2511-2023.

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Abstract. The Far-Infrared Radiation Mobile Observation System (FIRMOS) is a Fourier transform spectroradiometer developed to support the Far-infrared Outgoing Radiation Understanding and Monitoring (FORUM) satellite mission by validating measurement methods and instrument design concepts, both in the laboratory and in field campaigns. FIRMOS is capable of measuring the downwelling spectral radiance emitted by the atmosphere in the spectral band from 100 to 1000 cm−1 (10–100 µm in wavelength), with a maximum spectral resolution of 0.25 cm−1. We describe the instrument design and its characterization and discuss the geophysical products obtained by inverting the atmospheric spectral radiance measured during a campaign from the high-altitude location of Mount Zugspitze in Germany, beside the Extended-range Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (E-AERI), which is permanently installed at the site. Following the selection of clear-sky scenes, using a specific algorithm, the water vapour and temperature profiles were retrieved from the FIRMOS spectra by applying the Kyoto protocol and Informed Management of the Adaptation (KLIMA) code. The profiles were found in very good agreement with those provided by radiosondes and by the Raman lidar operating from the Zugspitze Schneefernerhaus station. In addition, the retrieval products were validated by comparing the retrieved integrated water vapour values with those obtained from the E-AERI spectra.

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29

Gerard, L., R. T. Zacks, L. Hasher, and G. A. Radvansky. "Age Deficits in Retrieval: The Fan Effect." Journal of Gerontology 46, no. 4 (July 1, 1991): P131—P136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronj/46.4.p131.

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30

Berho, Mariana. "Mesenteric/Mesorectal Fat and Lymph Node Retrieval." Diseases of the Colon & Rectum 56, no. 9 (September 2013): 1019–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dcr.0b013e31829c41e3.

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31

Nekrasov, Alexey, Alena Khachaturian, Evgeny Abramov, Oleg Markelov, and Mikhail Bogachev. "On Sea Ice Measurement by a C-Band Scatterometer at VV Polarization: Methodology Optimization Based on Computer Simulations." Remote Sensing 11, no. 21 (October 28, 2019): 2518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11212518.

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We consider sea ice and water microwave backscatter features at the C-band with vertical transmit and receive polarization and present a method for sea ice/water discrimination using a multiple fixed fan-beam satellite scatterometer. The method is based on the criterion of the minimum statistical distance of measured backscatter values to the sea ice and water (CMOD7) geophysical model functions. Implementation of the method is considered both for a typical three fan-beam geometry as well as for a potential five fan-beam geometry of a satellite scatterometer. By using computer simulations, we show explicitly that the number of looks at the same cell from different azimuthal directions needs to be increased to provide better (unambiguous) retrieval of the wind vector and sea ice/water discrimination. The algorithms for sea ice/water discrimination are described, and the results obtained are also discussed along with recommendations for the number of different azimuthal looks (beams) at the same cell from the point of view of sea ice/water discrimination as well as unambiguous wind direction retrieval during the satellite’s single pass.

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32

Huh, Soon-Young, Kae-Hyun Moon, and Jinsoo Park. "An Integrated Query Relaxation Approach Adopting Data Abstraction and Fuzzy Relation." Journal of Database Management 21, no. 4 (October 2010): 35–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jdm.2010100103.

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This paper proposes a cooperative query answering approach that relaxes query conditions to provide approximate answers by utilizing similarity relationships between data values. The proposed fuzzy abstraction hierarchy (FAH) represents a similarity relationship based on the integrated notion of data abstraction and fuzzy relations. Based on FAH, the authors develop query relaxation operators like query generalization, approximation, and specialization of a value. Compared with existing approaches, FAH supports more effective information retrieval by processing various kinds of cooperative queries through elaborate relaxation control and providing ranked query results according to fitness scores. Moreover, FAH reduces maintenance cost by decreasing the number of similarity relationships to be managed.

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33

K., Anitha, Radhika S., Kavitha C., Wen-Chen Lai, S. R. Srividhya, and Naresh K. "A Modified LBP Operator-Based Optimized Fuzzy Art Map Medical Image Retrieval System for Disease Diagnosis and Prediction." Biomedicines 10, no. 10 (September 29, 2022): 2438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102438.

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Medical records generated in hospitals are treasures for academic research and future references. Medical Image Retrieval (MIR) Systems contribute significantly to locating the relevant records required for a particular diagnosis, analysis, and treatment. An efficient classifier and effective indexing technique are required for the storage and retrieval of medical images. In this paper, a retrieval framework is formulated by adopting a modified Local Binary Pattern feature (AvN-LBP) for indexing and an optimized Fuzzy Art Map (FAM) for classifying and searching medical images. The proposed indexing method extracts LBP considering information from neighborhood pixels and is robust to background noise. The FAM network is optimized using the Differential Evaluation (DE) algorithm (DEFAMNet) with a modified mutation operation to minimize the size of the network without compromising the classification accuracy. The performance of the proposed DEFAMNet is compared with that of other classifiers and descriptors; the classification accuracy of the proposed AvN-LBP operator with DEFAMNet is higher. The experimental results on three benchmark medical image datasets provide evidence that the proposed framework classifies the medical images faster and more efficiently with lesser computational cost.

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34

Stevenson, J. A., S. C. Millington, F. M. Beckett, G. T. Swindles, and T. Thordarson. "Big grains go far: understanding the discrepancy between tephrochronology and satellite infrared measurements of volcanic ash." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, no. 5 (May 19, 2015): 2069–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-2069-2015.

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Abstract. There is a large discrepancy between the size of volcanic ash particles measured on the ground at least 500 km from their source volcano (known as cryptotephra) and those reported by satellite remote sensing (effective radius of 0.5–9 μm; 95% of particles < 17 μm diameter). Here we present new results from the fields of tephrochronology (a dating technique based on volcanic ash layers), dispersion modelling and satellite remote sensing in an attempt to understand why. A literature review and measurements of prehistoric and recent eruptions were used to characterise the size range of cryptotephra grains. Icelandic cryptotephra deposited in NW Europe has lognormal particle size distributions (PSDs) with median lengths of 20–70 μm (geometric standard deviation: 1.40–1.66; 95th percentile length: 42–126 μm). Grain-size range estimates from the literature are similar. We modelled the settling of volcanic ash using measured fall velocities of ash particles, a release height typical of moderate Icelandic eruptions (10 km), and a wind speed typical for NW Europe (10 m s−1), to show that an ash cloud can transport particles up to 80 μm diameter up to 850 km in 24 h. Thus, even moderately sized Icelandic eruptions can be expected to deposit cryptotephra on mainland Europe. Using simulated satellite infrared data for dispersion-model-derived ash clouds, we demonstrate a systematic bias towards small grain sizes in retrievals of volcanic ash clouds that contain large proportions of cryptotephra-sized grains. As the median radius of the simulated PSD increases, fewer ash-containing pixels are correctly identified. Where retrievals are made of simulated clouds with mass median radii larger than ~ 10 μm, the mean retrieved reff plateaus at around 9 μm. Assuming Mie scattering by dense spheres when interpreting satellite infrared brightness temperature difference (BTD) data puts an upper limit on retrieved particle sizes. If larger, irregularly shaped ash grains can also produce a BTD effect, this will result in further underestimation of grain size, e.g. in coarse ash clouds close to a volcano.

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35

Cederquist, J. N., J. R. Fienup, J. C. Marron, and R. G. Paxman. "Phase retrieval from experimental far-field speckle data." Optics Letters 13, no. 8 (August 1, 1988): 619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.13.000619.

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36

Pérez-Ilzarbe, M. J., M. Nieto-Vesperinas, and R. Navarro. "Phase retrieval from experimental far-field intensity data." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 7, no. 3 (March 1, 1990): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.7.000434.

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37

Forbus, Kenneth D., Dedre Gentner, and Keith Law. "MAC/FAC: A Model of Similarity-Based Retrieval." Cognitive Science 19, no. 2 (April 1995): 141–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1902_1.

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38

Khader, Patrick H., Thorsten Pachur, Lilian A. E. Weber, and Kerstin Jost. "Neural Signatures of Controlled and Automatic Retrieval Processes in Memory-based Decision-making." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 28, no. 1 (January 2016): 69–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00882.

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Decision-making often requires retrieval from memory. Drawing on the neural ACT-R theory [Anderson, J. R., Fincham, J. M., Qin, Y., & Stocco, A. A central circuit of the mind. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 136–143, 2008] and other neural models of memory, we delineated the neural signatures of two fundamental retrieval aspects during decision-making: automatic and controlled activation of memory representations. To disentangle these processes, we combined a paradigm developed to examine neural correlates of selective and sequential memory retrieval in decision-making with a manipulation of associative fan (i.e., the decision options were associated with one, two, or three attributes). The results show that both the automatic activation of all attributes associated with a decision option and the controlled sequential retrieval of specific attributes can be traced in material-specific brain areas. Moreover, the two facets of memory retrieval were associated with distinct activation patterns within the frontoparietal network: The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was found to reflect increasing retrieval effort during both automatic and controlled activation of attributes. In contrast, the superior parietal cortex only responded to controlled retrieval, arguably reflecting the sequential updating of attribute information in working memory. This dissociation in activation pattern is consistent with ACT-R and constitutes an important step toward a neural model of the retrieval dynamics involved in memory-based decision-making.

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39

Peng, Huaiyue, Maria Pilar Cendrero-Mateo, Juliane Bendig, Bastian Siegmann, Kelvin Acebron, Caspar Kneer, Kari Kataja, Onno Muller, and Uwe Rascher. "HyScreen: A Ground-Based Imaging System for High-Resolution Red and Far-Red Solar-Induced Chlorophyll Fluorescence." Sensors 22, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 9443. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22239443.

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Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is used as a proxy of photosynthetic efficiency. However, interpreting top-of-canopy (TOC) SIF in relation to photosynthesis remains challenging due to the distortion introduced by the canopy’s structural effects (i.e., fluorescence re-absorption, sunlit-shaded leaves, etc.) and sun–canopy–sensor geometry (i.e., direct radiation infilling). Therefore, ground-based, high-spatial-resolution data sets are needed to characterize the described effects and to be able to downscale TOC SIF to the leafs where the photosynthetic processes are taking place. We herein introduce HyScreen, a ground-based push-broom hyperspectral imaging system designed to measure red (F687) and far-red (F760) SIF and vegetation indices from TOC with single-leaf spatial resolution. This paper presents measurement protocols, the data processing chain and a case study of SIF retrieval. Raw data from two imaging sensors were processed to top-of-canopy radiance by dark-current correction, radiometric calibration, and empirical line correction. In the next step, the improved Fraunhofer line descrimination (iFLD) and spectral-fitting method (SFM) were used for SIF retrieval, and vegetation indices were calculated. With the developed protocol and data processing chain, we estimated a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) between 50 and 200 from reference panels with reflectance from 5% to 95% and noise equivalent radiance (NER) of 0.04 (5%) to 0.18 (95%) mW m−2 sr−1 nm−1. The results from the case study showed that non-vegetation targets had SIF values close to 0 mW m−2 sr−1 nm−1, whereas vegetation targets had a mean F687 of 1.13 and F760 of 1.96 mW m−2 sr−1 nm−1 from the SFM method. HyScreen showed good performance for SIF retrievals at both F687 and F760; nevertheless, we recommend further adaptations to correct for the effects of noise, varying illumination and sensor optics. In conclusion, due to its high spatial resolution, Hyscreen is a promising tool for investigating the relationship between leafs and TOC SIF as well as their relationship with plants’ photosynthetic capacity.

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Gu, J., and L. Wang. "The optimum number of retrieved lymph nodes for locally advanced rectal cancer following short-course preoperative radiotherapy: A study by fat clearance." Journal of Clinical Oncology 29, no. 4_suppl (February 1, 2011): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.29.4_suppl.449.

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449 Background: The optimum number of retrieved lymph nodes following preoperative radiotherapy and surgery for locally advanced rectal cancer is still controversial. This study is designed to confirm the least number of retrieved lymph nodes for locally advanced rectal cancer following 30Gy/10f short-course preoperative radiotherapy. Methods: From Aug 2002 to Mar 2010, two hundred and twelve patients with locally advanced rectal cancer received 30Gy/10f preoperative radiotherapy (BED: 36Gy), standardized total mesorectal excision and fat-clearance based pathological evaluation in Beijing Cancer Hospital. The size of retrieved lymph nodes (LNs) was recorded. The sequence of LNs was arranged by a descending sort by retrieved nodes' size and the serial number of the largest metastatic lymph node (mLN) was recorded. The serial number of the first largest mLN is regarded as the least number of LNs to distinguish ypN+ status. The cumulative accuracy of ypN stage by variable numbers of LNs was calculated and analyzed. Results: There were total 4,669 retrieved LNs and 354 mLNs. The median retrieved LNs number was 21 (range 4-61). The ypN positive rate was 40.6%. The peak-value of quantitive distribution of LNs and mLNs was observed in 1-2mm and 3-4mm level. The incidence of retrieving mLNs shows an intensifying tendency for increasing size of LNs. The analysis for sequence of LNs sorting suggested that 85.4% of cases could confirm their ypN stage by the first largest LN. The cumulative accuracy ascended to 95.1% or 98.1% when the first 5 or 9 largest LNs were retrieved. Conclusions: For rectal cancer following 30Gy/10f preoperative radiotherapy, retrieving 12 or more lymph nodes seems not to be mandatory for confirming ypN stage. The accuracy in confirming negative ypN stage when retrieving 5 or 9 largest nodes is sufficient for majority of patients. In those cases that could not retrieve 5 or more nodes by routine fixation, fat clearance is indispensable. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

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Ye, Qian, and Dafei Xiao. "Small-phase retrieval using single focused far-field intensity." Optik 218 (September 2020): 164904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164904.

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42

Li, Min, Xin-Yang Li, and Wen-Han Jiang. "Small-phase retrieval with a single far-field image." Optics Express 16, no. 11 (May 20, 2008): 8190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.16.008190.

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43

Mamalis, B. "Optimal High-Performance Parallel Text Retrieval via Fat-Trees." Theory of Computing Systems 32, no. 6 (November 12, 1999): 591–623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002240000133.

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44

Krasivskyi, Ihor, Clara Großmann, Marit Dechow, Ilija Djordjevic, Borko Ivanov, Stephen Gerfer, Walid Bennour, et al. "ECMO Retrieval Program: What Have We Learned So Far." Life 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13010157.

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Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is increasingly used for patients with cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest. However, survival rates remain low. It is unclear to what extent ECMO patients benefit from the ECMO team learning curve. Therefore, we aimed to analyze our mobile ECMO program patients from the past seven years to evaluate if a learning curve benefits patients’ outcomes. We analyzed 111 patients from our databank who were supported with a VA-ECMO and brought to our hospital from January 2015 to December 2021. Patients were divided into two groups: survival (n = 70) and non-survival (n = 41). As expected, complications after ECMO implantation were more severe in the non-survivor group. The incidence of thromboembolic events (p = 0.002), hepatic failure (p < 0.001), renal failure (p = 0.002), dialysis (p = 0.002) and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS, p = 0.044) occurred significantly more often compared with the survivor group. We were able to show that despite our extensive experience in terms of ECMO retrieval program the high mortality and morbidity rates stay fairly the same over the years. This displays that we have to focus even more on patient selection and ECMO indication.

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45

Li, Zhen, Ad Stoffelen, and Anton Verhoef. "A generalized simulation capability for rotating- beam scatterometers." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 12, no. 7 (July 4, 2019): 3573–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-12-3573-2019.

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Abstract. Rotating-beam wind scatterometers exist in two types: rotating fan-beam and rotating pencil-beam. In our study, a generic simulation frame is established and verified to assess the wind retrieval skill of the three different scatterometers: SCAT on CFOSAT (China France Oceanography SATellite), WindRad (Chinese Wind Radar) on FY-3E, and SeaWinds on QuikSCAT. Besides the comparison of the so-called first rank solution retrieval skill of the input wind field, other figures of merit (FoMs) are applied to statistically characterize the associated wind retrieval performance from three aspects: wind vector root mean square error, ambiguity susceptibility, and wind biases. The evaluation shows that, overall, the wind retrieval quality of the three instruments can be ranked from high to low as WindRad, SCAT, and SeaWinds, where the wind retrieval quality strongly depends on the wind vector cell (WVC) location across the swath. Usually, the higher the number of views, the better the wind retrieval, but the effect of increasing the number of views reaches saturation, considering the fact that the wind retrieval quality at the nadir and sweet swath parts stays relatively similar for SCAT and WindRad. On the other hand, the wind retrieval performance in the outer swath of WindRad is improved substantially as compared to SCAT due to the increased number of views. The results may be generally explained by the different incidence angle ranges of SCAT and WindRad, mainly affecting azimuth diversity around nadir and number of views in the outer swath. This simulation frame can be used for optimizing the Bayesian wind retrieval algorithm, in particular to avoid biases around nadir but also to investigate resolution and accuracy through incorporating and analyzing the spatial response functions of the simulated Level-1B data for each WVC.

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46

Guan, Guorong, Aiqin Zhang, Xiangsheng Xie, Yan Meng, Weihua Zhang, Jianying Zhou, and Haowen Liang. "Far-Field and Non-Intrusive Optical Mapping of Nanoscale Structures." Nanomaterials 12, no. 13 (July 1, 2022): 2274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132274.

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Far-field high-density optics storage and readout involve the interaction of a sub-100 nm beam profile laser to store and retrieve data with nanostructure media. Hence, understanding the light–matter interaction responding in the far-field in such a small scale is essential for effective optical information processing. We present a theoretical analysis and an experimental study for far-field and non-intrusive optical mapping of nanostructures. By a comprehensive analytical derivation for interaction between the modulated light and the target in a confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) configuration, it is found that the CLSM probes the local density of states (LDOSs) in the far field rather than the sample geometric morphology. With a radially polarized (RP) light for illumination, the far-field mapping of LDOS at the optical resolution down to 74 nm is obtained. In addition, it is experimentally verified that the target morphology is mapped only when the far-field mapping of LDOS coincides with the geometric morphology, while light may be blocked from entering the nanostructures medium with weak or missing LDOS, hence invalidating high-density optical information storage and retrieval. In this scenario, nanosphere gaps as small as 33 nm are clearly observed. We further discuss the characterization for far-field and non-intrusive interaction with nanostructures of different geometric morphology and compare them with those obtainable with the projection of near-field LDOS and scanning electronic microscopic results.

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47

Sunarti, Sunarti, and Anis Anis. "The Motivation of Married Women in Fertile Age Couples (FAC) in Using Intrauterine Device (IUD) as Contraception Method in Subdistrict Sukorejo Blitar." Jurnal Ners dan Kebidanan (Journal of Ners and Midwifery) 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2017): 040–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26699/jnk.v4i1.art.p040-046.

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The fertile age couples (FAC) motivation in controling pregnancy, which one using IUD contraception. The largest acceptors of 27.1% FAC women of the total FAC women in district Sukorejo 2014 using the IUD. The purpose of the study was to describe the motivation of women in Fertile Age Couples (FAC) in using IUD in district Sukorejo Blitar. The researcher using descriptive method. The data will be taken from FAC women who use IUD in district Sukorejo, Blitar, total sample as much as 44 FAC women using Purposive Sampling technique. Data collection will be done by giving questionnaires. Time data retrieval from March to April 2016. The research results obtained by the motivation that is high motivation 72.7% and is enough motivation 27,3%. Intrinsic motivation is high especially at desire from her self and the target to get effectiveness usage of IUD. Extrinsic motivation also high especially support of environment. And distressed motivation is enough especially at body weight that affects FAC women to use IUD contraception. From this research, the researcher recommended to maintain high motivation in PUS women to use IUD contraceptives method.

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48

Palchetti, L., G. Bianchini, B. Carli, U. Cortesi, and S. Del Bianco. "Measurement of the water vapour vertical profile and of the Earth's outgoing far infrared flux." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 7, no. 6 (December 10, 2007): 17741–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-7-17741-2007.

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Abstract. Our understanding of global warming depends on the accuracy with which the atmospheric components that modulate the Earth's radiation budget are known. Many uncertainties still exist on the radiative effect of water in the different spectral regions, among which the far infrared where few observations have been made. An assessment is shown of the atmospheric outgoing flux obtained from a balloon-borne platform with wideband spectrally resolved nadir measurements at the top-of-atmosphere over the full spectral range, including the far infrared, from 100 to 1400 cm−1, made by a Fourier transform spectrometer with uncooled detectors. From these measurements, we retrieve 15 pieces of information about water vapour and temperature profiles, and surface temperature, with a precision of 5% for the mean water vapour profile and a major improvement of the upper troposphere-lower stratosphere knowledge. The retrieved atmospheric state makes it possible to calculate the emitted radiance as a function of the zenith angle and to determine the outgoing radiation flux, proving that spectrally resolved observations can be used to derive accurate information on the integrated flux. While the retrieved temperature is in good agreement with ECMWF analysis, the retrieved water vapour profile differs significantly, and, depending on time and location, the derived flux differs in the far infrared (0–600 cm−1) from that derived from ECMWF by 2–3.5 W/m2±0.4 W/m2. The observed discrepancy is larger than current estimates of radiative forcing due to CO2 increases since pre-industrial time. The error with which the flux is determined is caused mainly by calibration uncertainties while detector noise has a negligible effect, proving that uncooled detectors are adequate for top of the atmosphere radiometry.

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49

Amri, R., M. Zribi, Z. Lili-Chabaane, C. Szczypta, J. C. Calvet, and G. Boulet. "FAO-56 dual approach combined with multi-sensor remote sensing for regional evapotranspiration estimations." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 6 (June 24, 2013): 8117–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-8117-2013.

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Abstract. The aim of this paper is to use a dual, modified version of the FAO-56 methodology for the estimation of regional evapotranspiration. The proposed approach combines the FAO-56 technique with remote sensing. Two vegetation classes are considered in the evapotranspiration estimations. In the case of cereals, crop coefficients and cover fractions are estimated using relationships established with the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), retrieved from SPOT-VGT data. In order to characterize the soil, a relationship is established between evaporation and the retrieved soil moisture values, based on the ERS/WSC products developed by the University of Vienna. This approach is applied to a semi-arid region in central Tunisia (North Africa) and is validated over 1991–2007 period using simulations from the ISBA-A-gs physical SVAT model. The ISBA soil moisture outputs are validated using remotely sensed ERS/WSC products. Finally, a comparison is made between the ISBA and FAO approaches, for the same studied site.

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Ouaadi, Nadia, Lionel Jarlan, Saïd Khabba, Jamal Ezzahar, Michel Le Page, and Olivier Merlin. "Irrigation Amounts and Timing Retrieval through Data Assimilation of Surface Soil Moisture into the FAO-56 Approach in the South Mediterranean Region." Remote Sensing 13, no. 14 (July 7, 2021): 2667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13142667.

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Agricultural water use represents more than 70% of the world’s freshwater through irrigation water inputs that are poorly known at the field scale. Irrigation monitoring is thus an important issue for optimizing water use in particular with regards to the water scarcity that the semi-arid regions are already facing. In this context, the aim of this study is to develop and evaluate a new approach to predict seasonal to daily irrigation timing and amounts at the field scale. The method is based on surface soil moisture (SSM) data assimilated into a simple land surface (FAO-56) model through a particle filter technique based on an ensemble of irrigation scenarios. The approach is implemented in three steps. First, synthetic experiments are designed to assess the impact of the frequency of observation, the errors on SSM and the a priori constraints on the irrigation scenarios for different irrigation techniques (flooding and drip). In a second step, the method is evaluated using in situ SSM measurements with different revisit times (3, 6 and 12 days) to mimic the available SSM product derived from remote sensing observation. Finally, SSM estimates from Sentinel-1 are used. Data are collected on different wheat fields grown in Morocco, for both flood and drip irrigation techniques in addition to rainfed fields used for an indirect evaluation of the method performance. Using in situ data, accurate results are obtained. With an observation every 6 days to mimic the Sentinel-1 revisit time, the seasonal amounts are retrieved with R > 0.98, RMSE < 32 mm and bias < 2.5 mm. Likewise, a good agreement is observed at the daily scale for flood irrigation as more than 70% of the detected irrigation events have a time difference from actual irrigation events shorter than 4 days. Over the drip irrigated fields, the statistical metrics are R = 0.74, RMSE = 24.8 mm and bias = 2.3 mm for irrigation amounts cumulated over 15 days. When using SSM products derived from Sentinel-1 data, the statistical metrics on 15-day cumulated amounts slightly dropped to R = 0.64, RMSE = 28.7 mm and bias = 1.9 mm. The metrics on the seasonal amount retrievals are close to assimilating in situ observations with R = 0.99, RMSE = 33.5 mm and bias = −18.8 mm. Finally, among four rainfed seasons, only one false event was detected. This study opens perspectives for the regional retrieval of irrigation amounts and timing at the field scale and for mapping irrigated/non irrigated areas.

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