Дисертації з теми "Famille noble"

Les Valerii Messallae appartiennent à une des plus anciennes et prestigieuses familles de Rome, la gens Valeria. L'étude porte sur l'époque tardo-républicaine, jusqu'à la fin de la dynastie julio-Claudienne. C'est une époque essentielle, durant laquelle s'effondre le régime républicain, puis se constitue le Principat. Les Valerii ont contribué à l'émergence d'un régime politique nouveau, auquel ils ont partiellement apporté leur adhésion. La thèse envisage les définitions et les formes nouvelles que prennent les indices de l'appartenance à la nobilitas : carrière politique, culte des ancêtres, évergétisme, fabrique de l'histoire familiale, héritage politique, marqueurs de la richesse et de la supériorité sociale, patronat judiciaire, port des cognomina héroïques et ethniques, privilèges juridiques .... Il s'agit d'identifier les permanences et les ruptures dans la définition d'une triple identité (patricienne, nobiliaire et gentilice) des Messallae et comprendre comment ils ont justifié leur supériorité en remodelant leur passé et en réinventant l'histoire de leurs ancêtres
The Valerii Messallae belong to one of the oldest and most prestigious families of Rome, the gens Valeria. The study focuses on the late-Republican era to the Julio-Claudian dynasty. This is a critical time in which the republican regime collapses and where the Principate is being formed. The thesis focuses on the definitions and new forms that take the indices belonging to the nobilitas : political career, ancestor worship, family history, political legacy, markers of wealth and social superiority, cognomina, legal privileges ... It aims to identify the permanence and ruptures in the definition of a triple identity (patrician, noble and family) of Messallae and how they justified their superiority by reshaping their past and by reinventing the history of their ancestors

Cette thèse se propose de faire l’analyse de la construction des compétences royales et pontificales en matière de bâtardise, mais aussi de faire l’histoire du discours qui justifie la réhabilitation des enfants illégitimes au travers des actes pontificaux et de ceux du roi de France. Il s’agit d’explorer le décalage entre, d’une part, une réalité normative marquée par un discours dont les effets cumulés sont l’instauration d’une discrimination légale envers les bâtards sans cesse rappelée par le monde social, et, d’autre part, la possibilité de leur réhabilitation. L’objectif est ainsi de remettre en perspective différentes temporalités. Tout d’abord, la temporalité du droit qui puise ses racines dans l’Antiquité et établit une terminologie et un cadre normatif qui s’appliquent aux filiations illégitimes. Ce mouvement de fond connaît une évolution importante à partir du XIIe siècle lorsque les juristes s’approprient le corpus justinien et en exhument des moyens de réhabilitation des bâtards en leur donnant de nouveaux fondements. La temporalité politique connaît des moments d’intensité soudaine autour des règnes de Philippe Auguste et de Philippe le Bel, tout en demeurant marquée par une trame de fond qui fait de la gestion de la bâtardise un point d’achoppement entre l’Église et la royauté. Enfin, la temporalité socio-culturelle maintient la stigmatisation des enfants nés hors mariage mais dans le même temps met en valeur le discours – élaboré dans les actes pontificaux puis repris dans les actes royaux – qui justifie la réhabilitation à titre individuel dès lors que certaines conditions sont respectées
The aim of this thesis is to analyze the construction of royal and papal competences in matters of bastardy, and also the history of the discourse that justifies the rehabilitation of illegitimate children through papal acts and those of the King of France. The aim is to explore the discrepancy between, on the one hand, a normative reality marked by a discourse whose cumulative effects are the establishment of a legal discrimination against bastards constantly recalled by the social world, and, on the other hand, the possibility of their rehabilitation. The aim is to put different temporalities into perspective. Firstly, the temporality of the law, which has its roots in antiquity and establishes a terminology and normative framework that apply to illegitimate filiation. This fundamental movement underwent an important evolution from the 12th century onwards, when jurists appropriated the Justinian corpus and exhumed from it means of rehabilitating bastards by giving them new foundations. The political temporality experienced moments of sudden intensity around the reigns of Philippe Auguste and Philippe le Bel, while remaining marked by a backdrop that made the management of bastardy a point of contention between the Church and royalty. Finally, socio-cultural temporality maintains the stigmatization of children born out of wedlock, but at the same time highlights the discourse - elaborated in pontifical acts and then taken up again in royal acts - that justifies individual rehabilitation provided certain conditions are met

Ce travail décrit, à travers l'étude d'une maison noble, celle des Gonzague, ducs de Nevers, le jeu des relations entre des Grands du royaume de France et l'Etat royal, dans la seconde moitié du XVIe siècle et les deux premières décennies du XVIIe. Il vise à apporter une contribution au problème de la construction monarchique et réexamine la question de la transition entre féodalisme et État moderne, dans des termes qui ne sont pas ceux de l'historiographie classique. Les rapports de ces Grands et de la monarchie ne se sont pas déployés sur le mode d'une lutte pour la prééminence politique : pour se conserver, les Nevers se sont associés à la construction même de l'Etat et le Pouvoir, loin de détruire cette maison féodale, en a assuré la perpétuation, politique, économique et. Sociale, en l'inscrivant dans la trame de l'État-royal. Dans la seconde moitié du XVIe, des compromis s'instaurent entre les Nevers et l'Etat, associant ces deux puissances à travers des échanges généralisés. Le système ainsi institué repose sur un partage du pouvoir , établi localement, dans les domaines ducaux et les gouvernements, le Nivernais, la Champagne, attribués au duc, lui permettant d'exercer son autorité à un double titre comme feudataire et représentant du roi. Le fonctionnement original du réseau de clientèle des Nevers joue un rôle décisif dans l'efficience de ce système: il s'agit d'une organisation remarquablement stable, permettant au duc et, par sa médiation, au roi, de contrôler un vaste groupe de protégés et aux clients de cumuler deux fidélités. Ce système a dû affronter deux séries d'épreuves : la première, les guerres de Religion, constitue une crise externe, ne découlant pas d'un dysfonctionnement intrinsèque, mais de la rupture religieuse - l'édifice politique et clientélaire est alors parvenu à se maintenir; en 1614- 1617, la révolte des princes est l'occasion, cette fois, d'une crise interne et aboutit, en Champagne, à une réduction effective du pouvoir des Nevers.

Histoire d'une vielle famille noble d'origine lorraine qui emigra a l'epoque de la revolution et s'installa, sous le nouveau nom de mensdorff-pouilly, dans l'empire des habsbourg et, plus tard, en boheme et en moravie ou elle demeure jusqu'a maintenant. L'integration de la famille fut facilitee autant par ses strategies matrimoniales (union avec les saxe-cobourg et, plus tard, avec les dietrichstein) que par les talents et capacites de ses membres (ascension aux postes militaires et politiques les plus hautes de la monarchie). Ceux-ci sont representes par trois generations, chacune etudiee a l'arriere-plan de l'evolution de la societe de la monarchie de la fin du xviiie siecle aux premieres decennies du xxe siecle. Il s'agit de la penetration des valeurs morales des lumieres, du changement social survenu entre la noblesse et la bourgeoisie, de la lutte de la noblesse pour rester au sommet et du declin relatif de cette derniere. De nombreuses sources d'archives familiales, dont en particulier une correspondance abondante, permettent d'analyser d'autres problemes de nature socio-psychologique : les valeurs de la famille dont la primaute de la notion de l'honneur, les strategies, lesrelations, les amities, l'unite de la famille dans le sens etroit et dans le sens large du mot. L'image de la famille est completee par l'analyse des positions politiques de ses membres (entre autres leur rapport envers la question des nationalites) ainsi que par l'etude du developpement economique des proprietes foncieres de la famille
The history of an ancient noble family originally from lorraine that emigrated at the time of the french revolution and established itself, under the new name of mensdorff-pouilly, in the habsburg empire and, later, in bohemia and in moravia, where it remains to this day. The integration of the family was facilitated thanks as much to its marital strategies (union with the saxe-coburgs and, later, with the dietrichsteins) as to the talents and abilities of its members (ascension to the highest military and political posts of the monarchy). The latter are represented by three generations, each studied against the background of the evolution of habsburg society from the end of the 18th century to the first decades of the 20th century. It is a question of the penetration of the moral values of the enlightenment, of the social change between nobility and bourgeoisie, of the struggle of the nobility to remain in a position of eminence and of the relative decline of the latter. Rich sources taken from family archives, in particular the abundant correspondence, permit the analysis of other problems associated with the socio-psychological the values of the family among which the superiority of the notion of honor, the strategies, the relationships, friendships, the unity of the family in the narrow and wide senses of the word. The image of the family is completed by the analysis of the political positions of its members (among other things their attitude towards the question of nationalities) as well as by the study of the economic development of family properties

This thesis examines the relationship between the commemorative strategies of English noblemen in the period 1485-1572 and their identity both as individuals and as a social group. In particular, it will look at the Howard dukes of Norfolk in the context of their peers. The five chapters each address a different aspect of noble identity. The first two chapters deal with the importance of kinship and of status. The importance of kinship is evident across commemorative strategies from burial locations to the heraldry displayed at funerals to the references to ancestry in elegies. Having achieved a particular status, noblemen were defensive of their rank and the dues accorded to it. Funerals were designed to reflect social status and the choice of burial location could also indicate a concern with status. However, there was not always a correlation between the scale of commemoration and status. The third chapter examines the role that service to the Crown played in noble identity. Late medieval ideals of military service and a chivalric culture survived well in to the sixteenth century and traditional commemorative forms remained popular, even amongst noblemen newly ennobled from the ranks of the Tudor administration. Chapter four addresses the importance of local power to the nobility of the period. Burial and commemoration acted as a visible reminder of the social order and were of benefit in maintaining local stability. Noblemen could also use their death as a means of demonstrating good lordship through charity and hospitality. The final chapter examines the importance of religion to a nobleman's identity during a century of turbulent religious change. Studying commemorative strategies allows us to trace noble responses to religious change, the constraints on their public show of belief, and the ways in which they could express individuality.

Ce travail est consacre aux elites de la commune de pise au xvie siecle, apres la fin de la republique de florence et l'installation des ducs de medicis a florence. Sous le regne des trois premiers grands-ducs, come 1er (1537-1574), francois 1er (1574-1587) et ferdinand 1er (1587-1609), les citoyens de pise doivent faire face aux exigences croissantes de l'administration florentine : surveillance de l'administration locale, controle des institutions pieuses, redefinition des taxes et des impots. Les notables de pise reussissent a maintenir de bonnes relations avec come 1er, qui promet a la ville une bienveillance particuliere et lui accorde graces et privileges. Il remet en fonction l'universite de pise, encourage le commerce et les manufactures, reorganise l'ufficio dei fossi. Les rapports entre la monarchie et les pisans se deteriorent sous le regne de francois 1er en raison des difficultes economiques. Ferdinand 1er, qui revient a la politique de come, se montre favorable a une entente avec les noblesses provinciales. Au cours du xvie siecle, les familles des honorables citoyens de pise se transforment en une veritable noblesse citadine. Elles redeploient une partie des capitaux investis dans les affaires en direction de la terre et renforcent leur possessions foncieres dans le contado pisano. L'entree dans les ordres de chevalerie de saint-etienne et de saint-jean de jerusalem apparait comme la voie d'anoblissement la plus sure. En mobilisant ses preuves de noblesse (arbres genealogiques, chroniques locales, armoiries), chaque famille s'efforce d'acceder a la dignite equestre. Lorsque le grand-duc reside a pise, les notables pisans, dont le statut nobiliaire est desormais reconnu, accedent a la cour et organisent en l'honneur du souverain des festivites comme le gioco del ponte
This work examines the pisan elite in the sixteenth century after the fall of the florentine republic and the establishment of the medicean duchy. The ruling group who possesses the full exercise of citizenship takes an active participation in the local magistracies as priors or reformators. Under the first three grand dukes, cosimo i (1537-1574), francesco i (1574-1587) and ferdinando i (1587-1609), this elite is faced with the increasing requirements of ducal administration : control over the priors' activities, supervision over the luoghi pii, strict laws on tax-exemptions. Nonetheless, the pisan notables succeed in keeping good relations with cosimo i, who has promised his personal protection to the fedelissima citta di pisa. He restores the university of pisa, encourages trade and manufactures, reorganises the magistracy of the ufficio dei fossi. Political relations between florence and pisa are much more difficult under francesco i because of the economic crisis of the 1580's. The third grand-duke ferdinando, who returns to the style of cosimo, pays more attention to provincial elites. In the last decades of the xvith century, the main pisan families lay claim to recognition as a noble group. The transformation of citizens into nobles gradually occurs through the end of the xvith and the beginning of the xviith century. Pisan notables become more sensitive to noble status their family life. Shifting investments from business to land, most families extend their property in thecontado pisano. The admission in the order of saint stephen and the order of malta appears as the best way to reach nobility. By exhibiting proofs of nobility such as genealogies, family trees, chronicles, coats of arms, every noble pisan family tries to gain the honor of becoming a knight. When the grand duke stays in pisa, pisan notables now appear as nobles, admitted to court and providing for such festivities as the gioco del ponte

The thesis examines thinking about, and experiences of, gender roles and family relationships for the gentry and nobility, particularly through the process of marriage formation. The study draws on a range of sources, including collections of family letters, personal memoirs and prescriptive literature. Some chapters pursue a case study approach to correspondence. Others consider the relationship between published advice and personal attitudes and experience. The study explores whether there were contradictions in thinking on family life, gender, love and marriage, as some historians have claimed, and seeks to disentangle the overlaps and inter-relationships between these broad themes. While family and gender roles were multi-layered and multi-faceted, thinking and practice were neither incoherent nor conflicting. Rather, they were highly complex and treated as such. How marriages were forged and male and female roles in this process and in marriage itself required the balancing of many factors. Prescription recognised this and practice reinforced the need for pragmatism. Moreover, advice was not monolithic, but nuanced according to its purpose and intended audience. Gender roles, family relationships and marriage were varied and manifold within both the realms of rhetoric and experience. There was a strong elision of gender roles, affording women significant scope for decision-making. Family relationships were fluid, underpinned by a heavy dependence on, respect for, and emotional investment in, the extended family. Marriage formation was informed by recognition of the importance of a moral, disciplined love for sustaining marriages and families. The thesis highlights the intricacies of relatively new (although increasingly wellresearched) areas of study for historians. It seeks to undermine a simplistic division between prescription and practice, and between advisers and the advised, and to raise the importance of considering men within the family and facets of female authority.

There is no question that early modern France was a patriarchal society. In fact, during this period, there was an increase in legislation further subordinating women under the authority of their fathers and then of their husbands. The legal identities of women as daughters and wives was officially negligible. However, this dissertation argues that in practice, family needs trumped the constricting legal prescriptions placed upon women. In examining the estate accounts, contracts, and family papers of the Saulx-Tavanes, Brulart, Le Goux, Joly, Marmier, and Baissey families, it is abundantly clear that women of both the noblesse de robe and noblesse d'épée were actively engaged in estate management which required negotiations of the legal hurdles placed in front of them. At least unofficially noblemen expected their wives to enter marriage armed with a cadre of managerial skills to be employed for the good of the family during their marriage and if necessary after. Furthermore, noble husbands, many of whom were legists themselves, seemed to have fully embraced women's negotiations of familial authority as commonplace.

Françoise Brulart was a member of the noblesse de robe in Burgundy, albeit of the highest echelon, who married a prominent member of the noblesse d'épée, Claude de Saulx-Tavanes. From the onset of their marriage, Françoise and Claude worked together in a sort of collaborative partnership, one in which he clearly depended on her to take an active role in co-managing the estate and family economy. Upon his death, rather than naming a male relative as the trustee over his properties, he left Françoise in charge. In her viduity, she increased her assiduous estate administration while successfully continuing to promote and defend the family rights and assets. Françoise's experiences and agency were far from singular. Through the analysis of documents involving not only Françoise Brulart, but also those of Louise Joly, Anne de Marmier and Anne de Baissey, it is clear that both in marriage and in widowhood, family success and advancement relied on the ability of noble women to administer the estates frugally, and to sustain, and if possible to grow, the family assets.

This PhD dissertation is a biographical study of the life and political career of the second earl of Salisbury (1591-1668). It examines his early life and the preparation for the aristocratic role he would be expected to play. It looks at the early influences he experienced in his highly politicised home and also from Pembroke, Raleigh, Harrington, Buckingham, as well as in the courts of King James and Prince Henry. The second and third chapters discuss how he dealt with the deaths of his father and Prince Henry, which came at a crucial point in his life. He had to finish the first earl's building programme and settle the debts that had been incurred by him. These chapters also look at the care he gave his family and staff; the rationalisation of his inheritance; and his success in passing on a large patrimony to his family. The final four chapters deal with his long political career. They look at the difficulties he faced to get a Court appointment, the problems he experienced with Buckingham and the troubles he met later with King Charles's personal rule and his anti-Calvinist policies. He was a loyal courtier, who also served as a competent Lord Lieutenant for thirty years and a Privy Counsellor for fifteen. Despite this he displayed an independent streak and was prepared to stand his ground when the occasion demanded, although he was cautious enough to be pragmatic where his sovereign was involved and did not risk political suicide. He could not be counted as a front rank political leader, but he was able, because he did not allow himself to be identified with any faction, to influence those lords who occupied the middle ground. In the fraught years of 1641-2 he tried to bring the king and Parliament together, even risking his inheritance by going to York contrary to a Lords' order. When civil war broke out he continued to work to bring the two sides together, whilst maintaining his loyalty to Parliament. After Charles's execution he served Parliament in the Commons and also in Cromwell's Council of State. The thesis brings out Salisbury's devotion to Calvinism and the part this played in his actions. It also deals with the stain that his reputation has suffered from historians who have neglected him and accepted unthinkingly the royalist Clarendon's judgement. Whilst researching this thesis the rapid introduction of digitisation has seen an increase in the material available to the student at home. This has increased the hours available for study and decreased travelling costs. I have found this beneficial but can see that younger students would not enjoy the increased isolation.

Cette thèse explore un pan méconnu de la vie de Guillaume de Lamoignon de Malesherbes (1721-1794). L'homme issu d'une grande famille de la noblesse de robe parisienne est bien connu comme un acteur politique important des règnes de Louis XV et Louis XVI, mais aussi comme scientifique et botaniste passionné. Ses interactions avec les femmes de son entourage sont en revanche mentionnées à demi-mots voire absentes des études lui étant jusqu’ici consacrées. En s’appuyant notamment sur des sources d’archives (fonds privé Rosanbo, fonds Malesherbes, minutier central des notaires de Paris), cette thèse propose de suivre le fil d’histoires d’affinités oubliées. Dans le sillage de l’histoire du genre, elle analyse les pratiques familiales, sociales et culturelles de femmes nobles à travers des thèmes variés (sciences, voyage, mœurs…), induits par l’éclectisme de Malesherbes. La première partie (1721-1750) s’intéresse aux figures féminines de l’enfance de Malesherbes ainsi qu’à la place dévolue à la femme dans un foyer de la noblesse de robe. La seconde partie (1750-1774) aborde la construction des liens familiaux et sociaux puis s’attarde sur les profils des femmes insérées dans son cercle d’intimes. La troisième partie (1774-1794) considère l’évolution de ses rapports avec ses filles, sa sœur aînée mais aussi des amies communes à Turgot. Les femmes qui ont accompagné Malesherbes dans chaque phase de sa vie, et jusqu’à l’échafaud, étaient porteuses d’amitiés fraternelles, maritale, parentale ou intellectuelles. La reconstitution de ce vaste réseau féminin illustre les modalités plurielles de la construction des rapports hommes-femmes dans les espaces privés et publics de la noblesse au XVIIIe siècle
This thesis explores an unknown part of the life of Guillaume Lamoignon de Malesherbes (1721-1794). The man coming from a prominent family of the Parisian Nobility of the Robe is well known as a major political actor during the reigns of Louis XV and Louis XVI, but also as a scientist and passionate botanist.His interactions with women close to him are by contrast barely mentioned or even absent from the studies so far being dedicated to him. Notably relying on archival sources (Rosanbo private fund, Malesherbes fund, central minute book of the Paris notaries), this thesis proposes to follow the thread of forgotten affinity stories. In the wake of the gender studies, it analizes women’s familial, social and cultural practices, through varied themes (sciences, travel, customs…), led by the eclecticism of Malesherbes. The first part (1721-1750) focuses on the female figures of Malesherbes’ childhood and the role assigned to women in a home of the nobles of the robe. The second part (1750-1774) considers the construction of family and social relationships and focuses on women profiles inserted in his inner circle. The third part (1774-1794) considers the evolution of his relationships with his daughters, his elder sister but also mutual friends with Turgot.Women who have accompanied Malesherbes in every phase of his life, and to the scaffold, were carrying fraternal, marital, parental or intellectual friendships. The reconstruction of this vast female network shows various modes of the construction of relations between men and women in the private and public spaces of the nobility in the eighteenth century

La société nobiliaire des pays de la Couronne de Bohême connut à compter de 1620 et jusqu’au milieu du XVIIe siècle de considérables transformations. La modification radicale de sa structure fut en partie liée à l’arrivée des nouvelles familles dont la majorité appartenaient à la noblesse germanophone. Or, ces lignées ne furent pas les seules à chercher la carrière ou la fortune au service de l’Empereur. Nous y vîmes également de nombreux Espagnols, Irlandais et Ecossais, des nobles originaires des Pays-Bas espagnols ou encore des lignages francophones. Ces derniers provenaient d’une large zone géographique comprenant la Bourgogne, la Provence, l’Artois, le Hainaut français dont la ville de Cambrai, la Lorraine pour en terminer par la Savoie. En effet, ce genre du phénomène migratoire eut des contours assez étendus et se limiter aux seuls Français impliquerait de ne pas prendre en considération le fait que la langue et la culture comptaient davantage que l’origine. Mais il n’existe aucune synthèse ni d’étude analytique sur cette forme de migration dont bien des aspects restent encore négligés et tout simplement à étudier. L’objectif du présent travail fut de présenter un destin particulier d’un noble établi dans les pays tchèques – dans le Margraviat de Moravie en l’occurrence – celui de Jean Louis Ratuit de Souches (1608-1682). Contemporain des grandes personnalités militaires de l’époque, telles que le Grand Condé, Raimondo Montecuccoli, Gustave-Adolphe ou encore Turenne, connues davantage, Jean Louis Ratuit de Souches accomplit, lui aussi, des exploits dignes d’être relatés. Né à La Rochelle, dans un milieu de la petite noblesse huguenote, il sut bâtir sa carrière au service des Habsbourg. Soldat, il se battit successivement pour défendre la cause du protestantisme, d’abord à La Rochelle, sa ville natale, contre les troupes de Louis XIII, ensuite dans l’armée suédoise contre les impériaux. Plus tard, il devint général de Ferdinand III, puis de Léopold Ier, en se servant de ses connaissances de la tactique adverse pour lutter contre les Suédois et les Français. Parti d’un milieu modeste, il finit par être reconnu comme un des plus grands chefs militaires de l’époque et accumula une fortune considérable ce qui lui valut les éloges des uns mais également les critiques et les réactions de jalousie exacerbées, aussi bien dans l’armée qu’à la cour viennoise.Afin de réussir son intégration dans le nouveau milieu, Jean Louis Ratuit de Souches se convertit et pour prouver la profondeur de sa foi, il alla même jusqu’à la fondation d’un lieu de pèlerinage sur ses domaines moraves. Contrairement à beaucoup de ses compatriotes, il laissa des traces durables dans l’histoire du pays et sa légende continua à vivre même après sa mort : un nombre de contes, œuvres d’art et monuments de tout genre allant jusqu’aux fêtes commémoratives en témoignent suffisamment. Pourtant, aujourd’hui encore, une partie non négligeable des épisodes de sa vie privée et publique reste ignorée.Au cours de nos recherches, nous avons également élaboré un catalogue de fiches biographiques et bibliographiques portant sur les familles francophones installées dans les pays de la Couronne de Bohême dans les années 1618-1740. Il permet ainsi une orientation basique dans ce phénomène migratoire spécifique et pourrait servir de point de départ pour des éventuels travaux futurs
Noble society in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown knew from 1620 to the 1650’s considerable transformations. The radical change in its structure was in part linked to the arrival of new families from mostly German speaking nobility. These families weren’t the only ones to look for career and fortune at the service of the Emperor. There were also many Spanish, Irish and Scottish noble families, the families that came from Spanish Holland and the French lineages. These ones originated from an important geographical area containing French regions of Burgundy, Provence, Artois and Hainaut with the town of Cambrai, Lorraine and going up to Savoy. Indeed, this type of migratory phenomenon extended largely its boundaries and we cannot limit the study to only the French because the culture and language were more important than origin. Yet, there is no analytical study of this type of migration and it remains widely neglected. The purpose of this study was to show the particular destiny of one nobleman in the Czech Crown Lands (specifically in the Margraviat of Moravia), Jean Louis Ratuit de Souches (1608-1682). Being a contemporary of the great and better-known military celebrities, such as Le Grand Condé, Raimondo Montecuccoli, Gustave-Adolphe or Turenne, Jean Louis Ratuit de Souches also accomplished great feats that must be studied. Born into small Huguenot nobility in La Rochelle, he pursued a career at the service of the Habsburgs. As a soldier, he often fought for the protestant cause, first in La Rochelle, his hometown, against the troops of Louis 13th, then with the Swedish army against the imperials. Later on, he became one of Ferdinand 3rd ’s general, then one of Leopold 1st ’s by using his knowledge of the enemy’s tactics to fight the Swedish and the French. Although he came from a modest household, he rose to be considered as one of the greatest military leaders at the time and amassed a considerable fortune earning him much respect but also criticism and jealousy from the Army and the Viennese Court. To be a part of this new milieu, Jean Louis Ratuit de Souches converted and to prove his faith, he even constructed a place of pilgrimage on his Moravian lands. Contrary to many of his fellow citizens, he deeply influenced the country’s History and his legend lived on after his death: there are countless stories, paintings and all kinds of monuments and festivities in his honor. However yet today, a lot of his personal and public life still unknown. These studies have also given a chance to conceive a catalog of biographical and bibliographical archives regarding the French speaking families that lived in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown between 1618 and 1740. The catalog guides us through this particular migratory phenomenon and may be the starting point of future studies

碩士
中華大學
企業管理學系
104
This study was the first to explore the status of operations in food industry and future trends and to join the aristocratic family restaurant chain is the case, carry out data mining to explore the aristocratic family of operating costs and profitability. Spindle of this research is: If time again, Noble joined the cause by joining the voluntary whether this strategy that offers the best interests of the financial headquarters? Since the aristocratic family is not currently publicly traded stock company, the financial statements of the information obtained has been difficult, so choose products with the main headquarters of the homogeneity of the aristocratic family quite high OTC stock companies - Yuguo Gong Division agent samples. The study found that the headquarters, all three strategies Direct and mixed mode in five different business strategy comparison, after-tax net profit margin aristocratic family to adopt full-Direct mode of operation the highest, followed by the sequential number for the franchise home straight camp store number 1: 1 business strategy, 1: 0.75 (ie 4: 3) business strategy, 1: 0.5 (ie 2: 1)and the headquarters of the franchise business strategy meat. The cause of such results should be taken franchising business strategy due to product differentiation, prove more effective competitive strategy of product differentiation, is eligible for the higher interest rate theory.

碩士
清雲科技大學
經營管理研究所
98
Due to the changes of family structure and the changes of food-eating habits, lead the food and beverage service industry in Taiwan booming and occupy a position in the structure of industry. This research conducted in-depth interviews using Noble Family Steak House Chain as a case research targets and attempted to understand the factors that affect the competitive advantage of food .and beverage industry. Based on the results of interview, the findings of this research suggested the key factors that affect the competitive advantage of food and beverage service industry consist in valuing the “brand awareness”, “how to reduce costs”, “food quality” and “service quality”. Then that tend to become the competitive advantage of practitioner. In management implication, these results could offer as a reference of strategy-making for Noble Family Steak House Chain and the related industry. However, the key factors of competitive advantage that mentioned above only mean these factors with potential for competitive advantage. Additionally, managers need to find out their core resources and values, and response the changes of environment to reinforce and operate their core resources, then attain the goals of sustainable competitive advantage.

碩士
逢甲大學
經營管理碩士在職專班
94
The service industry has comparatively been inclined toward diversification in late years owing to prosperity in industry and commence and economic advancement which cause changes of the social environment and the awakening to the consumer right. Proprietors have to balance among progucts orientation, marketing, service, quality improvement and managerial capacity, and so forth, to not only meet the damand of diversification but also maintain more profits. But there is nothing more important than the selection of a store site among the pre-opening works which will become the decisive factors for the future turnover. Different businesses lead to different factors of selecting a store site and the weighting of each factor varies slightlyg from site to site. A Addiscussion on the assessing rules of selection store sites for the chain steak carting trade will be made in this article。 The majou variables affecting the turnover will also de found out by using the recursive analytic method on the 2005 statistical data of 57 branch stores in the middle and the south of Taiwan。 During this research, the variables about selecting site which influence turnovers include： a. the general populace b. the existence of selfsame restaurants c. the operation area d. the visibility of the store front e. the breadth of the store front f. the distance between the store site and the street corner g. the road width h. the availability of a parking space i. the density of population j. the competitors The result of the regression analysis reveals that the dominant variables which influence the turnover are items b, c, d and h mentioned above. Finally, an empirical analysis on the author’s newly opened store is carried out in this research and the real situation conforms to the assessment resulting from the four dominant variables. It comes to the conclusion that the assessing model for selecting a store site in this research is feasible for connected trades. The store site is an important link in operating management and seeking for an appropriate site is essential to successful business because a good site can save costs and create profits. Therefore, an effective and feasible assessing model like the one described previously can be provided to the proprietors of the same trade.

O presente trabalho parte do designado Arquivo Gama Lobo Salema, um arquivo de família hoje composto por cerca de 2200 documentos produzidos, recebidos geridos e preservados por diversos grupos familiares entre os séculos XIV e XX. O seu objectivo central passa por compreender a produção, gestão e usos dos arquivos de família nobre entre os séculos XV e XVI através de uma abordagem interdisciplinar que alia a História à Arquivística. Que motivos levaram à constituição de arquivos por parte das famílias da nobreza? Que situações justificaram ou exigiram a utilização de registos escritos arquivados? Como foram os documentos geridos, organizados e recuperados? Que papel desempenharam os arquivos na formação e consolidação das famílias enquanto grupos sociais? O trabalho divide-se em quatro partes: na primeira analisamse os suportes teóricos e metodológicos que guiam a Arquivística Histórica ou a História dos Arquivos, a História da Nobreza em Portugal e a investigação especializada em Arquivos de Família; na segunda estuda-se a arqueologia do Arquivo Gama Lobo Salema, acompanhando as diversas etapas que explicam como e porquê o arquivo chegou até nós e a forma como as diferentes transformações sofridas pelo acervo do século XVII em diante afectam a inteligibilidade do passado representado na documentação dos séculos XV e XVI; na terceira parte apresentam-se quatro estudos de caso de grupos familiares – os Salema, os Vana, os Bulhão e os Queimado de Vilalobos - que produziram, geriram e utilizaram arquivos entre Quatrocentos e Quinhentos; e, por fim, na quarta e última parte oferecem-se propostas de representação arquivística do Arquivo Gama Lobo Salema, nomeadamente um quadro orgânico de classificação e uma base dados com as descrições arquivísticas dos cerca de 300 documentos datados entre os séculos XV e XVI.
The following work departs from the named Gama Lobo Salema Archive, a family archive presently composed of about 2200 documents produced, received, managed and preserved by several families during the 14th and 20th centuries. Its main objective is to understand the production, management and uses of noble family archives during the 15th and 16th centuries through an interdisciplinary approach that unites History and Archival Science. Which motives drove the constitution of archives by noble families? Which situations justified or demanded the use of archived documents? How were the records managed, organized and retrieved? What role did the archives play in the formation and consolidation of families as social groups? The work is divided in four parts: the first analyses the theoretical and methodological guide-lines that steer Archival History or History of Archives, the History of Nobility in Portugal and the specialized research on Family Archives; the second studies the archaeology of the Gama Lobo Salema Archive by following the different stages that explain how and why the archive still exists today and the way how the transformations it suffered from the 17th century onwards affect the intelligibility of the past represented in documentation produced during the previous centuries; the third part focuses on four case studies – the Salema, Vana, Bulhão and Queimado de Vilalobos families - that illustrate how family groups produced, managed and used their archives during the 15th and 16th centuries; lastly, the fourth and final part suggests new archival representations for the Gama Lobo Salema Archive, namely an organic classification scheme and a database made of the archival descriptions of around 300 documents dated from the 15th and 16th centuries.

碩士
華梵大學
中國文學系碩士班
105
Abstract 2014 marked the 250th anniversary of the death of Cao Xueqin that has seen the establishment of Beijing CaoXueqin Society, The Society of Dream of the Red Chambers, Dream of the Red Chamber Fans Club, etc., in China some years earlier. Redology, the academic study of Cao Xueqin's masterpiece Dream of the Red Chamber, is a mighty current of present-day academic circles, and numerous researchers in this field have given rise to multiple research data. Being a traditional Chinese floral artist with my understanding of flowers and cherishing toward classical literature, this essay aims to delve into the twelve beauties of JinlinginDream of the Red Chamber and the symbolism of flowers, further using the creation of Chinese floral art to interpret the flower of fate of the five beauties of Jinling. In Chapter 63Girls Feast at Night to Celebrate Baoyu's Birthday, Qing Wen takes one carved bamboo cylinder containing ivory fortune sticks with floral paintings. By lottery poems with floral paintings, fate and personalities of the ladies are closely connected by Cao’s words and the characteristics of flowers. By drinking games to draw fortune sticks, just like prophecies, the novel firmly focuses on fate of these beauties, the main scope for research basis of this essay and one of the key points. As not all beauties in the novel participate in drawing fortune sticks of drinking game, research area of this essay focuses on the reserved copy of the five beauties, Baochai, Tanchun, Li Wan, Xiangyun and Daiyu to discuss the relationship between their flower of fate and destiny as well as the use of the concrete hairpin of Chinese floral art to present Cao’s literary mind of “likening flowers to humans.”

During the ``long{\crqq} 19th century, when the principle of nobility as such was in great danger, aristocrats wanted to demonstrate the importance of their family. To do so, they used various forms of the presentation: the appearance of rural residences, building family tombs and participation in exhibitions with historical themes. This thesis takes an interest in the forms of presentation of the nobility by three South-Bohemian noble families {--} Buquoys, Czernins of Chudenice and Schwarzenbergs. It focuses not only on the building activity of aristocrats and the visual representation of the ancientry and the nobility but also on the literary work of archivists and other forms of the presentation. In the 19th century the manors were redone in style of historicism, however, an important role was played by the proprietors themselves, their (artistic) hobbies and ideas about history. In some cases this thesis also uncovers the inspirations and motives that led (the members of the South-Bohemian aristocracy) to such demanding reconstructions.

of PhD Theses The Thesis is centred around the influence the Lazansky of Bukova aristocratic family had on the artistic environment in the Czech lands from the 16th to 20th century. On the background of their cultural-historical monograph, the author introduces the individual family member's construction and patronage activities, the development of their art collections and the wider context. Using the interdisciplinary research, the author con- fronts the results of his own work with the conclusions of previous researchers. He chal- lenges some of the earlier hypotheses for the Early Modern Age and draws from the untapped sources a wealth of information about the Lazansky family cultural activities in the modern history. He compares the resulting summary with the realizations of other aristocratic families in the Czech lands and in Central Europe. The author's efforts result is the first comprehensive view of the Lazansky of Bukova family in the wider context of cultural history, and in the rehabilitation of their role in artistic patronage. Keywords: Lazansky of Bukova, Marie Gabriela Lazansky, Prokop Lazansky, patronage, art collections, noble families, Manetin, Rabstejn nad Strelou, Chyse, Lubenec.

Diploma thesis Power of the First Generations of the Ronov Noble Family and Their Position Within Czech Mediaeval Society was dealing with the position and power of the first three generations of the representatives of Ronov noblemen in the direct line towards Hynek from Dubá. In the prosopographical part of the thesis the lines of testimony were analysed and these proved clearly that the maximum of their court career was occurring during the reign of Wenceslaus the First. This maximum is also reflected in the other part of the thesis - which is the analysis of possession- holding. At the age of Wenceslaus the First Ronov noblemen built up a vast area of their particular possessions in Northern Bohemia and gradually they were developing colonisation of this region. Even though Ronov noble family did not take up any posts at the court, the exception is the position of Budysin administrator, they created a very tight connection to Premyslid kings due to the common childhood with Wenceslaus the First and they also supported him politically and also militarily in his inner and foreign policy. After the death of Castoslov from Zitava the position of power in the direct family line began to deteriorate, the peak of power was now for Lichtenburg family. The minimum of the court career comes after their left the...

Os ambientes decorativos onde todas as artes se harmonizam, integram-se num quase esquecimento. Alguns ambientes do Romantismo por nós estudados chegaram intactos aos dias de hoje. Infelizmente, outros foram vítimas de partilhas entre herdeiros e da insustentável manutenção das grandes casas. Frisamos bem a reforma inevitável nos ambientes do século XIX porque a mudança de hábitos tornou imprescindíveis novos compartimentos temáticos e objectos multifacetados para os decorar. O respeito pelos ambientes românticos não foi o esperado, até porque a fugaz evolução de gosto, aliada às contingências da sociedade de consumo, arrasou a sua autenticidade. O facto de serem revivalistas pôs em causa a antiguidade. Vamos procurar entendê-lo através dos ambientes românticos apresentados, pois terá chegado a altura de melhor olhar este «estilo novo» ainda considerado de gosto duvidoso e cuja inspiração proveio dos ambientes régios. No Norte de Portugal, não faltam casas com ambientes característicos deste período. Pena que não se dê o valor da história a um Romantismo que se mantém vivo. As artes oitocentistas vão buscar influências a todas as épocas, recriando o passado mais remoto, com o saber artístico, sócio-cultural e já industrializado de então. É esta aprendizagem que nos interessa focar, na medida em que mudou o rumo do estar, viver e sentir a partir de um recuo feito até à Idade Média. Repensando a existência, retirando e acumulando saberes anteriores, o século XIX evoluiu como o resumo das artes e ciências com interpretação própria. Compreendemo-lo não apenas no contexto de ser a grande era das mudanças e invenções mas, quase isolado, à mercê dos olhares e especiais sentires de cada indivíduo inserido numa dada família e camada social. A região pode fazer a diferença e não por acaso nos debruçamos sobre ambientes de casas nobres do Norte de Portugal. Parece-nos óbvio que a região acima do rio Douro, historicamente mais fechada e isolada na sua vida privada – sem esquecermos toda a zona duriense e Beira Alta –, tem melhor conservado valores e tradições ancestrais no seio das suas famílias nobres. Pela velocidade das modas, circulação de bens e famílias, adesão a estrangeiros e estrangeirismos, centralização do poder, Lisboa acabou por ser penalizada no que respeita a ambientes oitocentistas intactos. Resta-nos como referência a decoração do Palácio Nacional da Ajuda, provavelmente única no género pois até a decoração do Palácio das Tulherias foi destruída pela comuna de Paris em 1871. Sem esquecer o Palácio da Pena, considerado em 2007 uma das maravilhas de Portugal, o que atesta a popularidade actual destes ambientes. Em casas civis, os ambientes continuam abertos ao estudo não se distanciando do comportamento, gosto e viver de uma sociedade sensível ao mais variado tipo de manifestações artísticas. As casas apresentadas distinguem-se entre rurais e urbanas, sendo mistas em alguns casos, na medida em que confirmamos que «não há uma família urbana como não há uma família rural». As casas nobres de Guimarães têm algum destaque nesta nossa dissertação pois, inicialmente, pensamos debruçar-nos sobre ambientes vimaranenses em exclusivo. A abundância, originalidade e riqueza histórico-artística de exemplos a Norte do rio Douro fizeram alterar o nosso rumo, que se estendeu a outras localidades. A nossa dissertação serve de homenagem ao movimento romântico e de elogio àqueles que respeitam a sua memória, continuando a amar os ambientes destas casas, erigidas ou apenas intervencionadas em Oitocentos, que encontramos descritas nos romances e opiniões de escritores notáveis como António Augusto Teixeira de Vasconcellos, Camilo Castello Branco, Eça de Queiroz. São eles que perpetuam os modos, gentes, vivências, preconceitos (e conceitos), aromas de tempos onde o passado nunca ficou perdido. Partindo do geral, e de uma caracterização abrangente, destacamos seis dos exemplos que nos pareceram relevantes em termos de ambientes decorativos românticos em casas nobres susceptíveis de exercerem uma influência relevante na época. Num plano mais específico e estrito, estudamos ambientes de outras casas, dispersas pelo Norte português, aos quais fazemos referência. Acresce ao interesse destes espólios, característicos do acervo de famílias de nobresa fidalga e burguesa (alguns dos quais já desmantelados), a descrição de bens – o que nos transporta para a realidade das grandes casas da Nobreza da Corte, fazendo apelo para uma nobreza em ascensão desde a segunda metade do século XVIII. Após a pesquisa de casas nobres, destacamos tanto ambientes preservados como recentemente desmantelados com partilhas. Consideramos as casas de Villar d` Allen e Visconde da Gândara (no Porto), Carmo, S. Cipriano e Sezim (em Guimarães) e Boavista (em Ponte da Barca), como exemplos a relevar. Villar d` Allen, apesar de ter sido remodelada inicialmente por João Allen, foi seu filho, Alfredo Allen, 1.º Visconde de Villar d’ Allen, que a transformou no museu vivo de curiosidades ligadas à família e de naturalia, que se mantém. De todas as estudadas, Villar d’ Allen é, porventura, uma das mais românticas na medida em que conserva todas as memórias e intervenções. A casa neoclássica erigida, no Porto Oriental, pelo 1.º Visconde da Gândara apresentava já aquecimento central por meio de caldeiras num piso subterrâneo. A Casa do Carmo, ligada à família dos condes de Margaride, em Guimarães, e que recebeu os últimos reis de Portugal, encontra-se despida do seu recheio, que dispersou pela família. (Infelizmente, sofreu obras recentes que desvirtuaram os seus interiores.) No mesmo concelho, Nicola Bigaglia (1841-1908) foi chamado a intervir em São Cipriano depois de projectar a casa que é hoje conhecida por Museu da Quinta de Santiago, em Leça da Palmeira. Ao medievalismo primitivo acrescentou estéticas decorativas e arquitectónicas já enraizadas num Romantismo maduro que influenciou as primeiras décadas do século XX. Comparamo-la à Quinta de Pindela, cuja casa sofreu um último restauro e alargamento em 1885, operados pelo 2.º Visconde de Pindella, amigo pessoal de João Santiago (senhor de S. Cipriano) e pai de D. Júlia do Carmo, casada com um filho do 1.º Conde de Margaride que remodelou a casa para receber as Majestades. Também em Guimarães, distinguimos a possível contribuição do gosto de Auguste Roquemont (1804-1852) no papel de parede dos salões da Casa de Sezim. Este artista passou grandes estadas na referida localidade, deixando a sua marca por várias habitações que visitava como amigo e filho bastardo de um príncipe alemão. Já os ambientes da Casa da Boavista, em Ponte da Barca, foram concebidos em finais do século XIX por Bento Malheiro Pereira Pita de Vasconcelos, 4.º Visconde da Carreira. Apresentam gosto inglês, aparentado com Villar d’ Allen, sendo uma sua característica a farta luz proveniente das amplas aberturas que permitem o convívio com a natureza. A inspiração proveio da Casa da Carreira, dos Távora de Viana do Castelo, actualmente sede da Câmara Municipal. As obras oitocentistas foram realizadas em simultâneo, tendo os proprietários recorrido aos mesmos artífices. Nesta nossa dissertação importa-nos focar, como um todo, as artes decorativas no domínio privado que circulavam dos interiores para os exteriores com alguns elementos que permaneciam de tempos passados em viagem até à Idade Média. Foram elas produzidas em Portugal do século XIX e, já antes na Europa, pois a realidade nacional é sempre um reflexo tardio das tendências europeias. Se bem que, nesta época, muitos casos havia em que a moda ditada em Paris era logo seguida em Portugal. O expor bem, no sentido estético e na vontade de reter o olhar, não era significativo. O expor muito passou a ser um ideal – como acontece em Villar d` Allen, onde se voltou a constituir um pequeno museu de peças íntimas e memórias vivas, em homenagem a João Allen. Nos jardins, encontramos casas de fresco que se enquadram na arquitectura paisagística de formas ora geométricas ora pretensamente espontâneas. Salientamos os jardins labirínticos setecentistas do Paço de S. Cipriano, adaptados ao gosto romântico. A sua Casa de Manteiga é mesmo de arquitectura de raiz renascentista. Foi transportada para junto do tanque setecentista, com aranhões em forma de leão, em inícios do século XX. Nos próprios arbustos ou espécies arbóreas, talham-se esconderijos semelhantes a grutas onde se serviam bebidas exóticas como chá, café e chocolate. Os jardins e mata de Villar d` Allen, formados a partir de várias quintas, estão mais relacionados com o espírito romântico com percursos sinuosos, quase selvagens, pontuados por elementos arquitectónicos. Os jardins de Sezim ficam mais próximos deste ideal inglês onde as instalações da natureza, na natureza, beneficiavam de maior liberdade. De entre as espécies exóticas ressalvamos as cameleiras ou japoneiras trazidas para Portugal desde os Descobrimentos (primeiro da China, depois do Japão) que resultaram em espécies com nomes portugueses, como em Villar d’ Allen. Em termos dos arquivos existentes nas casas abordadas, deparamos com uma situação lacunosa. Não podemos afirmar que a documentação escasseie, pois a maior parte das casas estudadas tiveram a fortuna de se manterem no seio das mesmas famílias e de serem estimadas. No século XIX e inícios do século XX, havia uma real preocupação em acumular memórias e documentos (cartas, postais, recibos, cadernos de contas) e, destes arquivos desorganizados, dispersaram documentos fundamentais. Concluímos que tudo se interliga. Os artistas e executantes circulavam, apropriando-se de exemplos públicos e transpondo-os nos particulares. Os donos das casas mantinham relações com troca de saberes. Infelizmente, a maior parte dos estudos realizados e que importa concluir não cabe no tempo e espaço da presente dissertação, pelo que nos limitaremos a uma imagem de gosto (ou gostos) e ideais artísticos que sublinham a função social e cultural destes ambientes.
Decorative environments where all the arts harmonize, integrated in an almost oblivion. Some environments of Romanticism studied by us have arrived intact to this day. Unfortunately, others were victims of sharing between heirs and the unsustainable maintenance of large houses. We strongly emphasize the inevitable reform in the nineteenth century environments because the change of habits made essential new thematic compartments and multifaceted objects to decorate them. Respect for romantic environments was not what was expected, because the fleeting evolution of taste, coupled with the contingencies of consumer society, wiped out its authenticity. The fact of being revivalists took away their antiquity. Let us try to understand it through the romantic environments presented, because it is time to look better at this "new style" still considered of doubtful taste and whose inspiration came from the royal environments. In the north of Portugal, there are no shortage of houses with environments typical of this period. It is a pity that the value of history is not given to a Romanticism that remains alive. The eighteenth-century arts will seek influences at all times, recreating the most remote past, with the artistic and socio-cultural knowledge, and already industrialized time. We are interested in focusing on this learning that has changed the course of being, living and feeling in a journey back in time to the Middle Ages. Rethinking existence, withdrawing and accumulating previous knowledge, the nineteenth century evolved as the abstract of the arts and sciences with its own interpretation. We understand this not only in the context of being the great era of changes and inventions, but almost isolated, at the mercy of the special looks and feelings of each individual inserted in a determined family and social layer. The region can make the difference and not by chance we look at environments of noble houses of the North of Portugal. It seems obvious to us that the region above the river Douro, historically more closed and isolated in its private life – not forgetting the entire area of Douro and Beira Alta – has better preserved ancestral values and traditions within its noble families. By the speed of fashions, circulation of goods and families, adhesion to foreigners and foreigners, centralization of power, Lisbon ended up being penalized for intact eighteenth-century environments. The decoration of Ajuda National Palace is probably the only one of its kind, since even the decoration of Tuileries Palace was destroyed by the commune of Paris in 1871. Without forgetting the Palácio da Pena, considered in 2007 one of the wonders of Portugal, which attests to the current popularity of these environments. In civil houses, environments remain open to study, not distancing themselves from the behavior, taste and living of a society sensitive to the most varied type of artistic manifestations. The houses presented differ between rural and urban, and are mixed in some cases, as we confirm that "there is no urban family as there is no rural family". The noble houses of Guimarães have some highlight in our dissertation because, initially, we think about exclusive Vimaranenses environments. The abundance, originality and historical-artistic richness of these examples of the north Douro river have changed our course, which has spread to other localities. Our dissertation serves as a tribute to the romantic movement and of praise to those who respect its memory, continuing to love the environments of these houses, erected or only intervened in the Eighth, which we find described in the novels and opinions of notable writers such as António Augusto Teixeira de Vasconcellos, Camilo Castello Branco, Eça de Queiroz. It is they who perpetuate the ways, people, experiences, prejudices (and concepts), scents of times where the past was never lost. Starting from the general, and of a comprehensive characterization, we highlight six of the examples that seemed relevant to us in terms of romantic decorative environments in noble houses that could exert a relevant influence at the time. In a more specific and strict plan, we study environments of other houses, dispersed by the North of Portugal, to which we make reference. In addition to the interest of these estates, characteristic of the collection of noble and bourgeois noble families (some of which have already been dismantled), the description of goods – which transports us to the reality of the great houses of the Court Nobility, appealing to a nobility in since the second half of the 18th century. After searching for noble houses, we highlight both preserved and recently dismantled environments with shares. We consider the houses of Villar d` Allen and Visconde da Gândara (in Porto), Carmo, S. Cipriano and Sezim (in Guimarães) and Boavista (in Ponte da Barca), as examples to be highlighted. Villar d` Allen, although initially remodeled by John Allen, was his son, Alfredo Allen, 1st Viscount of Villar d' Allen, who transformed it into the living museum of curiosities linked to the family and naturalia, which remains. Of all those studied, Villar d' Allen is perhaps one of the most romantic in that it preserves all memories and interventions. In the neoclassical house, erected in Eastern Porto by the 1st Viscount of Gândara, already exhibited a central heating by means of boilers in an underground floor. Casa do Carmo, attached to the family of the counts of Margaride in Guimarães, and which received the last kings of Portugal, is stripped of its filling, which has been dispersed by the family. (Unfortunately, it has undergone recent works that have distorted its interiors.) In the same county, Nicola Bigaglia (1841-1908) was called to intervene in S. Cipriano after designing the house which is now known as Museum of Quinta de Santiago, in Leça da Palmeira. Primitive medievalism added decorative and architectural aesthetics already rooted in a mature romanticism that influenced the first decades of the twentieth century. We compare it to Quinta de Pindela, whose house was last restored and enlarged in 1885, operated by the 2nd Viscount of Pindella, personal friend of João Santiago (lord of S. Cipriano) and father of D. Júlia do Carmo, married with a son of the 1st Count of Margaride who remodeled the house to receive the Majesties. Also in Guimarães, we distinguish the possible contribution of the taste of Auguste Roquemont (1804-1852) in the wallpaper of the halls of the House of Sezim. This artist spent great stays in that locality, leaving his mark by several dwellings that he visited like friend and bastard son of a German prince. The ambiences of the Casa da Boavista, in Ponte da Barca, were conceived at the end of the 19th century by Bento Malheiro Pereira Pita de Vasconcelos, 4th Viscount of Carreira. It have an English taste, related to Villar d' Allen, and its characteristic is the abundant light coming from the wide openings that allow the conviviality with nature. The inspiration came from the Casa da Carreira, the family Távora of Viana do Castelo, now the seat of the Town Hall. The eighteenth-century works were carried out simultaneously, and the owners appealed to the same craftsmen. In this dissertation it is important to focus on the decorative arts in the private domain that circulated from the interiors to the exteriors with some elements that remained from time to time in the Middle Ages. They were produced in nineteenth-century in Portugal and, even earlier in Europe, because our national reality is always a late reflection of European trends. Although, at this time, there were many cases in which the fashion dictated in Paris was soon followed in Portugal. Exposing well, in the aesthetic sense and in the will to retain the gaze, was not significant. Exposing a lot became an ideal – as in Villar d` Allen, where became a small museum of intimate pieces and living memories, in honor of John Allen. In the gardens, we find houses of “fresco” that fit into the landscape architecture of forms sometimes geometric or presumably spontaneous. We highlight the 17th century labyrinthine gardens of the Paço de S. Cipriano, adapted to the romantic taste. Its Butter House is even of Renaissance architecture. It was transported to the seventeenth century tank, with lion-shaped spiders, in the early twentieth century. In the shrubs or tree species themselves, caves-like hideouts were served exotic drinks such as tea, coffee, and chocolate. The gardens and woods of Villar d` Allen, formed from several farms, are more related to the romantic spirit with sinuous, almost savage paths punctuated by architectural elements. Sezim gardens are closer to this English ideal where nature facilities, in nature, benefit from greater freedom. Among the exotic species are the “cameleiras” or “japoneiras” brought to Portugal from the Discoveries (first from China, after Japan) that resulted in species with Portuguese names, as in Villar d' Allen. In terms of the archives in the houses covered, we are faced with a lacuna situation. We can not say that documentation is scarce, since most of the houses studied were fortunate to remain within the same families and to be estimated. In the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, there was a real concern to accumulate memories and documents (letters, postcards, receipts, notebooks) and, from these disorganized files, dispersed key documents. We conclude that everything is interconnected. Artists and performers circulated, appropriating public examples and transposing them into private individuals. The owners of the houses had relations with exchange of knowledge. Unfortunately, most of the studies that have been carried out and which are to be concluded do not fit the time and space of this dissertation, so we will limit ourselves to an image of artistic taste (or tastes) and ideals that underline the social and cultural function of these environments.