Готові списки джерел за темами / False stereotype

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "False stereotype"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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Статті в журналах з теми "False stereotype"

Wong, Jessica T., and David A. Gallo. "Activating Aging Stereotypes Increases Source Recollection Confusions in Older Adults: Effect at Encoding but Not Retrieval." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 74, no. 4 (March 16, 2018): 633–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx103.

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Abstract Objectives Activating aging stereotypes can impair older adult performance on episodic memory tasks, an effect attributed to stereotype threat. Here, we report the first study comparing the effects of explicitly activating aging stereotypes at encoding versus retrieval on recollection accuracy in older adults. Method During the encoding phase, older adults made semantic judgments about words, and during the retrieval phase, they had to recollect these judgments. To manipulate stereotype activation, participants read about aging-related decline (stereotype condition) or an aging-neutral passage (control condition), either before encoding or after encoding but before retrieval. We also assessed stereotype effects on metacognitive beliefs and two secondary tasks (working memory, general knowledge) administered after the recollection task. Results Stereotype activation at encoding, but not retrieval, significantly increased recollection confusion scores compared to the control condition. Stereotype activation also increased self-reports of cognitive decline with aging, but it did not reliably impact task-related metacognitive assessments or accuracy on the secondary tasks. Discussion Explicitly activating aging stereotypes at encoding increases the likelihood of false recollection in older adults, potentially by diminishing encoding processes. Stereotype activation also influenced global metacognitive assessments, but this effect may be unrelated to the effect of stereotypes on recollection accuracy.

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Wong, Jessica T., and David A. Gallo. "Stereotype threat reduces false recognition when older adults are forewarned." Memory 24, no. 5 (July 28, 2015): 650–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658211.2015.1036885.

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Beeghly, Erin. "What is a Stereotype? What is Stereotyping?" Hypatia 30, no. 4 (2015): 675–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hypa.12170.

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If someone says, “Asians are good at math” or “women are empathetic,” I might interject, “you're stereotyping” in order to convey my disapproval of their utterance. But why is stereotyping wrong? Before we can answer this question, we must better understand what stereotypes are and what stereotyping is. In this essay, I develop what I call the descriptive view of stereotypes and stereotyping. This view is assumed in much of the psychological and philosophical literature on implicit bias and stereotyping, yet it has not been sufficiently defended. The main objection to the descriptive view is that it fails to include the common‐sense idea that stereotyping is always objectionable. I argue that this is actually a benefit of the view. In the essay's final part, I put forward two hypotheses that would validate the claim that stereotyping is always morally or epistemically wrong. If these hypotheses are false—which is very likely—we have little reason to build moral or epistemic defect into the very idea of a stereotype. Moreover, we must abandon the seemingly attractive claim that judging individuals based on group membership is intrinsically wrong.

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Djeric, Gordana. "Stereotype: End of (a) story." Filozofija i drustvo, no. 28 (2005): 71–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid0528071d.

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The paper is an analytic retrospective of the author?s work during the preceding research period, involving the study of role, meaning and place of stereotypes in identity discourses. In order to explain the reasons for and ways of dealing with stereotypes, she reviews the evolution of her own research approach and the alternative approaches to the topic from the perspective of various scholarly disciplines. Seeking to avoid the trap of ?interpreting (ethnic) stereotypes stereotypically?, the author chooses not to follow the usual method whereby ethnic stereotypes are ?deconstructed? as false and generalizing image of oneself and others, and exposed to social-psychological and political-anthropological critique. Instead, the author looks at stereotypes primarily in terms of their linguistic and social ?semiotics? and their theoretical and practical usability. Stressing the necessity of relativizing the binary structure of discourse, the author argues that stereotypes, though indispensable as elements of the ?economy? of language and thought, should be socially conceptualized and historicized in analysis.

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LIU, Feng, and Bin ZUO. "The Class Stereotype-Driven False Memories in a Source Monitoring Framework." Acta Psychologica Sinica 45, no. 11 (December 13, 2013): 1261–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1041.2013.01261.

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Rogers, Taylor. "Knowing How to Feel: Racism, Resilience, and Affective Resistance." Hypatia 36, no. 4 (2021): 725–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hyp.2021.47.

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AbstractThis article explores the affective dimension of resilient epistemological systems. Specifically, I argue that responsible epistemic practice requires affective engagement with nondominant experiences. To begin, I outline Kristie Dotson's account of epistemological resilience whereby an epistemological system remains stable despite counterevidence or attempts to alter it. Then, I develop an account of affective numbness. As I argue, affective numbness can promote epistemological resilience in at least two ways. First, it can reinforce harmful stereotypes even after these stereotypes have been rationally demystified. To illustrate, I examine the stereotype of Black criminality as it relates to false confessions (Lackey 2018). Second, it can encourage “epistemic appropriation” (Davis 2018), which I demonstrate by examining the appropriation of “intersectionality” and #MeToo by white culture. Finally, I conclude that resisting harmful resilience requires affective resistance, or efforts that target numbness via different kinds of affective engagement. I consider Kantian “disinterestedness” as a candidate.

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Stoljar, Daniel. "Williamson on Laws and Progress in Philosophy." Epistemology & Philosophy of Science 56, no. 2 (2019): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/eps201956226.

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Williamson rejects the stereotype that there is progress in science but none in philosophy on the grounds (a) that it assumes that in science progress consists in the discovery of universal laws and (b) that this assumption is false, since in both science and philosophy progress consists at least sometimes in the development of better models. I argue that the assumption is false for a more general reason as well: that progress in both science and philosophy consists in the provision of better information about dependency structures.

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Frey, David S. "Aristocrats, Gypsies, and Cowboys All: Film Stereotypes and Hungarian National Identity in the 1930s." Nationalities Papers 30, no. 3 (September 2002): 383–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0090599022000011688.

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Among social psychologists, there has long been a debate over the concept of the stereotype. Are stereotypes meant mainly for consumption by an in-group or are they designed by and for curious outsiders? Are they primarily individual or collective? Are they benign generalizations and categories that make it easier for individuals or groups to perceive and organize the world around them? Or are they insipid and unsustainable generalizations, based on false information, exaggeration, unfairly rigid conceptual categories, or even the observer's laziness? Do they beget understanding or prejudice? These questions, many of which were first raised by Walter Lippmann when he published Public Opinion in 1922, still polarize the psychological profession today. They also continue to confound politicians who wish to construct coherent, distinct, and vibrant identities for their nations.

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de Mayo, Rebecca M., and Kristen A. Diliberto. "False Memory for Pictures of Common Household Chores: Evidence of a Gender Stereotype." Psi Chi Journal of Psychological Research 8, no. 2 (2003): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24839/1089-4136.jn8.2.62.

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LUCAS, PETER. "Communication, stereotypes and dignity: The inadequacy of the liberal case against censorship." Empedocles: European Journal for the Philosophy of Communication 2, no. 2 (December 8, 2011): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/ejpc.2.2.255_1.

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J. S. Mill's case against censorship rests on a conception of relevant communications as truth apt. If the communication is true, everyone benefits from the opportunity to exchange error for truth. If it is false, we benefit from the livelier impression truth makes when it collides with error. This classical liberal model is not however adequate for today's world. In particular, it is inadequate for dealing with the problem of stereotyping. Much contemporary communication is not truth apt. Advertising and journalism, film and fashion portray images that can be neither verified nor refuted. Moreover, where these images do bear some relation to reality, any truth they may possess is not necessarily beneficial. Cultural stereotypes, for example, can be harmful even when true, to the extent that they reflect a distorted reality (the realities of life under conditions of injustice and exploitation). Exposure to such stereotypes affects a community's self-conception. The resulting harms may be direct or indirect. Indirect harm is done when a stereotype affects a community's capacity for self-determination, perpetuating existing inequalities by restricting the options its members understand to be available to them. Direct harm is done when a stereotype induces a distorted self-conception. Pace Kant, human dignity is not purely a function of our capacity to be authors of a universal moral law. It also resides in our capacity to achieve an undistorted self-conception. Thus true communications that reflect a distorted historical reality may threaten our dignity, through their effects on our self-conception, independent of any consequences they may have for self-determining action.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "False stereotype"

Araya, Tadesse. "Stereotypes: Suppression, Forgetting, and False Memory." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Psychology, 2003. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-3340.

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This thesis presents four studies investigating (1) whether incidentally primed control-related words can attenuate the impact of activated stereotypes on subsequent evaluation of a target person, (2) the impact of motivated forgetting on the recall of stereotypically congruent and incongruent information, and (3) the impact of a directed forgetting instruction on the false recall and recognition of nonpresented stereotypical information.

In three experiments, Study I showed that participants initially primed with the social category, immigrant, and subsequently primed with words that were evocative of control or self-control made less negative impression of a target displaying ambiguous behaviors than participants not exposed to such words.

Study II, using a directed-forgetting paradigm, demonstrated in two experiments that participants subliminally primed with Swedish facial photographs who later studied stereotypically incongruent words roughly recalled an equal number of items regardless of the forget or remember instructions.

Study III showed that participants primed with the social category, immigrant and then studied a list of stereotypically related and unrelated words falsely recognized more nonpresented stereotypical words when they were furnished with a forget than a remember instruction. Similarly, Study IV (Experiment 2) demonstrated that participants primed with the social category, immigrant, but not with a neutral category, falsely recalled more nonpresented stereotypical words when their cognitive capacity was depleted through a concurrent memory load task.

The thesis presents a review and a discussion of some of the theoretical underpinnings of the extant literature on stereotyping and intergroup relations and of the social implications of the present findings.

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Годзь, Наталія Борисівна. "Культурні стереотипи в українській народній казці". Thesis, Харківський національний університет ім. В. Н. Каразіна, 2004. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/36671.

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Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата філософських наук за спеціальністю 09.00.04 – “Філософська антропологія, філософія культури”. Кафедра теорії культури та філософії науки Харківського національного університету ім. В. Н.Каразіна. - Харків, 2003. У дисертації виділено та розглянуто систему культурних стереотипів як одного із провідних чинників, що формують і зберігають особливості українського етносу, його ментальну специфіку. Дослідження проводилось на текстах народних казок, які записані в різних регіонах України та належать до різних історичних періодів. Для досягнення більшої валідності результатів проведено порівняльно-зіставний аналіз із залученням текстів казок інших етносів. У виборі текстів, які порівнювались, використано таку схему: порівняно тексти казок етносів, які мають спільні історичні та мовні корені, спільну територію існування і тексти етносів, які не мають спільних історико-мовних коренів і не мали (мають) спільного територіального середовища. Аналіз проведено за чотирнадцятьма основними категоріями-константами (“друг/ворог”, “свій/чужий” і та ін.), внаслідок чого виявлено здатність фольклорних текстів накопичувати культурні стереотипи, підтверджено їх стійкість до впливу часу та культурних стереотипів інших етносів, а також здобуто цікаві наукові результати стосовно етнічних особливостей культурних стереотипів українців, їхньої ідентичності.
Thesis for the degree of the Candidate of Philosophy on speciality 09.00.04 - “Philosophical anthropology, philosophy of culture”. The Department of the theory of culture and philosophy of science of the Kharkiv National University hamed after V.N.Karazin. - Kharkiv, 2003. The thesis has marked out and considered the system of cultural stereotypes as one the leading factors of forming and keeping of the peculiarities of Ukrainian ethnos and its mentality. The investigations were carried out on the texts of the popular folk tales that were written down in different regions of Ukraine and had a rather wide historical gap. To achieve the validity of the results the comparative analysis with the texts of other ethnoses' tales was made. The analysis was carried out in the following way: there were compared the texts of the ethnoses having common historical roots, common linguistic roots, common territory of existence and the texts of the ethnoses having no common historical – linguistic roots and common territorial environment. The analysis is made on fourteen main categorial constants (“friend/enemy”, “home/foreign” and so on) As the result it was found out not only the ability of folk texts to accumulate cultural stereotypes and proved their stableness to the influence of time and other ethnoses, but also there were achieved interesting scientific results as to the ethnic peculiarities of the cultural stereotypes of the Ukrainians, their identity.

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Jones, Judith Ellen 1979. "Colorblind racism : the false promise of a post-racial society." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-05-3184.

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Since the 1970s, racial progress in the United States has stalled and in some ways, even regressed. There continues to be vast disparities between racial groups, pointing to serious inequities and systemic racism within our institutions. White privilege, a product of institutional racism and white supremacy, is a collection of unearned social benefits and courtesies that are bestowed upon a select group of people by virtue of their being white (Delgado & Stefancic, 2001). This literature review examines the dynamics of white privilege and power using the tenets of critical race theory to explain how they are both protected and perpetuated by liberal colorblind ideologies, particularly in education. Naming and examining whiteness, as opposed to ignoring and/or denying its significance, is the first step toward transforming the existing racial hierarchies in society.
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Olaio, Maura Yoná D'antas. "Diferenças inter-individuais na construção de falsas memórias." Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10437/11618.

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Orientação: Laura Alho ; co-orientação: Pedro Rodrigues
Dada a suscetibilidade da memória aos erros, é de grande importância toda a investigação científica, de forma a detetar, analisar e adaptar estratégias para os evitar. Assim, a Psicologia do Testemunho surge com esse o intuito, de fazer uma análise científica dos processos psicológicos básicos, associados ao depoimento e testemunho dos sujeitos. Com esta investigação pretendeu-se estudar as Falsas Memórias e como estas podem influir de forma negativa a memória das testemunhas, tendo por base traços de personalidade, género e raça/estereótipos raciais, enquanto variáveis potenciadores da criação de falsas memórias. Participaram neste estudo 131 estudantes universitários (66 Negros, 65 Caucasianos), distribuídos por dois grupos (experimental vs. controlo), o que diferenciou cada grupo foram os vídeos expostos e as tarefas propostas, sendo que ao grupo experimental foi apresentado o vídeo de crime e a tarefa distratora (resumo com informação falsa), e ao grupo neutro foi apresentado um vídeo que retrata uma situação quotidiana. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o IAT (influência de estereótipos raciais), escala de stresse – VAS, escala de personalidade – NEO-FFI, e questionários sobre os vídeos. Em suma, os resultados revelaram que memória é falível e suscetível a fatores externos e internos. Destes, destaca-se como fatores internos a personalidade, mais especificamente a dimensão “Abertura à Experiência” que se manifesta através de uma maior propensão à formação de FM. E como fatores externos destacam-se a exposição a informação falsa e a ativação emocional – stresse, como potenciadores da criação de FM.
Given the susceptibility of memory to errors, all scientific research is of great importance, in order to detect, analyze and adapt strategies to avoid them. Thus, the Psychology of Testimony arises with this purpose, to make a scientific analysis of the basic psychological processes, associated with the testimony and his subjects. With this investigation it was intended to study False Memories and how they can negatively influence the memory of witnesses, based on personality traits, gender and racial/racial stereotypes,as variables that enhance the creation of false memories. 131 university students (66 Blacks, 65 Caucasians) participated in this study, they were distributed in two groups (experimental vs. control). Each group were exposed to different videos and tasks, which the crime video was presented to the experimental group with a distracting task (summary with false information), and the neutral group was presented with a video that portray a daily situation. The instruments used were the IAT (influence of racial stereotypes), stress scale - VAS, personality scale - NEO-FFI, and questionnaires about the videos. The results revealed that memory is unreliable and susceptible to external and internal factors. Of which stands out the personality as internal factors, more specifically the dimension “Openness to Experience” which is related to a higher propensity to the formation of FM. And as external factors, we have the exposure to false information and emotional activation - stress, as enhancers of FM creation.

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Книги з теми "False stereotype"

Nasreen, Goriawalla, Pereira Myron J, and Indian Social Institute, eds. Partly true and wholly false =: Adhi adhuri jhooti sacchai : a study guide on communal stereotypes. New Delhi: Indian Social Institute, 1986.

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Sternfeld, Jessica. “Pitiful Creature of Darkness”. Edited by Blake Howe, Stephanie Jensen-Moulton, Neil Lerner, and Joseph Straus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199331444.013.15.

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In Andrew Lloyd Webber’s hit megamusicalThe Phantom of the Opera(Broadway 1988), the title character invites a range of interpretations from both fellow characters and audience. Presented sometimes as superhuman (ghost, phantom, god, angel), sometimes subhuman (monster, animal, murderer, sociopath), the Phantom almost never manifests as a man with a disfigured face. Swathed in romance and coated with a layer of false pity, this musical invokes a number of standard plot tropes involving an Other versus a community, including several variations posited by scholars of Disability Studies. This chapter explores how this supposedly modernized take on a story so readily plays into old stereotypes without seeming to, resulting—without audience awareness—in an updated take on the freak show.

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Частини книг з теми "False stereotype"

Operto, Fiorella. "Elements of Roboethics." In Makers at School, Educational Robotics and Innovative Learning Environments, 73–79. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77040-2_10.

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AbstractRoboethics analyzes the ethical, legal and social aspects of robotics, especially with regard to advanced robotics applications. These issues are related to liability, the protection of privacy, the defense of human dignity, distributive justice and the dignity of work. Today, roboethics is becoming an important component in international standards for advanced robotics, and in various aspects of artificial intelligence. An autonomous robot endowed with deep learning capabilities shows specificities in terms of its growing autonomy and decision-making functions and, thus, gives rise to new ethical and legal issues. The learning models for a care robot assisting an elderly person or a child must be free of bias related to the selected attributes and should not be subject to any stereotypes unintentionally included in their design. As roboethics goes hand in hand with developments in robotics applications, it should be the concern of all actors in the field, from designers and manufacturers to users. There is one very important element in this—albeit one that is related indirectly—that should not be overlooked: namely, how robotics and robotic applications are represented to the general public. Of the many representations, the legacy of mythology, science fiction and the legend still play an important role. The world of robotics is often marked by icons and images from literature. Exaggerated expectations of their functions, magical descriptions of their behavior, over-anthropomorphization, insistence on their perfection and their rationality compared to that of humans are only some of the false qualities attributed to robotics.

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Hall, Edith. "Goddesses, a Whore-Wife, and a Slave." In New Directions in the Study of Women in the Greco-Roman World, 11–28. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190937638.003.0002.

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This chapter argues that Phaedra’s false accusation of rape, laid against her stepson in Euripides’ tragedy Hippolytus, has contributed to the widespread belief that women frequently lay such false allegations. The classic status of this play, as of its famous adaptations by Seneca and Racine, has kept the story of Phaedra’s lie at the center of the cultural radar and produced many imitations in popular culture. The gender stereotype that women are unreliable witnesses and custodians of truth has, however, been challenged recently both by the philosopher Miranda Fricker and by campaigns against workplace sexual harassment. By making Phaedra in this play virtuous in other respects, compared with her portrayal in Euripides’ lost Hippolytus Veiled and that of Stheneboea in his lost Stheneboea, Euripides threw the spotlight sharply on her vindictive act of perjury. But when studying and performing these ideologically laden dramas, we must remember that they are fictions.

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de Bruin, Boudewijn. "From the Value of Knowledge to Skills and Stereotypes." In The Business of Liberty, 80–103. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198839675.003.0004.

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This chapter develops the normative ideal of known freedom. You possess known freedom to the extent that you possess knowledge about your opportunity set—that is, about available actions, their consequences, and the likelihood with which they arise. I first discuss an objection to such an ideal based on Isaiah Berlin’s notion of the ‘retreat to the inner citadel’. I critically examine recent work on the value of knowledge (the ‘Meno problem’) undertaken by Timothy Williamson and John Hawthorne, as well Duncan Pritchard’s case of the ‘ravine jumper’ purportedly illustrating the value of false beliefs. Using insights on belief revision, I argue that this body of research does not affect the value of known freedom. On the basis of theoretical and empirical work on skills, I then argue for a view of skills as known freedom and show how stereotype threats as studied by psychologists negatively affect the ideal of known freedom.

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Wattley, Ama S. "Myths, Stereotypes, Sexual Politics, and the Black Power Movement in Alice Childress’s Wine in the Wilderness." In With Fists Raised, 41–64. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800859777.003.0003.

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This chapter examines playwright Alice Childress as an early challenger of Black Power ideology through an analysis of her 1969 play, Wine in The Wilderness, and contends that Childress frankly confronts the sexual and racial politics that characterized the public/political/theatrical arena of the 1960s and 1970s by rebutting some of the false notions and sexist rhetoric disseminated during the Black Power movement, namely, the stereotype of the Black matriarchy. Childress documents some of the tensions that arose between the sexes as a result of this myth and exposes the hypocrisy of the Black middle class who spouted slogans espousing racial pride while accepting negative self-definitions and harboring class prejudices. Given the often competing gender/sexual politics of the Women’s and Black Power movements, the chapter examines the message Childress sends about Black women’s roles and positions within their relationships and society and the resolutions that her play dramatizes as it pertains to gender politics.

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Lent, John A. "Women and Asian Comic Art." In The Comics World, 32–50. University Press of Mississippi, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496834645.003.0003.

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When people argue that they don’t know any significant women cartoonists, it often turns out that they simply haven’t been looking. In this chapter, John A. Lent demonstrates the rich history of women creating and promoting comics in many Asian countries. It attempts to grapple with the marginalization of women in comics, taking women cartoonists in Asia as its focus. Examining the gendering of periodicals and genres, stereotyped portrayals of women in cartoons and comics, and the careers and attitudes of female cartoonists, the chapter attempts not only to redress the false perception that no or few women have had significant careers as comic artists but also to explain how their careers have been rendered invisible.

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Williams, Monnica T. "Understanding Racial Microaggressions." In Managing Microaggressions, 1–34. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190875237.003.0001.

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Abstract: This chapter introduces the concept of microaggressions. It reviews stigmatized racial and ethnic identities and the importance of terminology. It outlines the meaning of Whiteness and White racial identity. It then describes and defines what microaggressions are specifically and the research surrounding this concept. Common stereotypes of ethnic and racial groups are outlined. Types of microaggressive behavior include categories termed not a true citizen; racial categorization and sameness; assumptions about intelligence, competence, and status; false color-blindness/invalidating racial or ethnic identity; criminality or dangerousness; denial of individual racism; myth of meritocracy/race is irrelevant for success; reverse racism hostility; pathologizing minority culture or appearance; second-class citizen/ignored; tokenism; attempting to connect using stereotypes; exoticization and eroticization; avoidance and distancing; environmental exclusion; and environmental attacks. Microaggressions in the media and their negative impact on society are described. Distinctions and commonalities between microaggressions and everyday racism as well as other related concepts are analyzed. Microaggressions overlap with some similar concepts, so one cannot study microaggressions without considering these other close constructs and the related literature base. Furthermore, microaggressions are context dependent: A statement that might be microaggressive in one situation may not be a microaggression in another case, and therefore it may be difficult to recognize.

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McLauchlin, Théodore. "Trust, Mistrust, and Desertion in Civil Wars." In Desertion, 15–37. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501752940.003.0002.

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This chapter mentions Viet Cong (VC) companies in South Vietnam that developed serious morale and motivation problems, which pose a major risk of desertion and defection. It investigates where trust and cooperation will come from if soldiers look for their chance to desert and put up a false front of enthusiasm and conviction. It also proposes a crucial way of keeping soldiers fighting through a norm of cooperation in a military unit, emphasizing a social rule saying that each will fight if others do. The chapter discusses whether an armed group can rely simply on the threat of punishment to keep combatants fighting, even if trust is not in the cards. It describes deeply mistrustful armed groups that use factional memberships or stereotypes to assess soldiers' loyalties, showing coercion as arbitrary persecution.

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Compton, Michael T., and Beth Broussard. "Fighting Stigma." In The First Episode of Psychosis. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195372496.003.0022.

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Mental health professionals now understand more about mental illnesses than ever before. Effective treatments are available that support many people with mental illnesses living full and productive lives. Despite this and the general public’s broader understanding of mental illnesses, negative and incorrect beliefs about these disorders continue. These incorrect beliefs include that mental illnesses are moral failures and that people with mental illnesses are dangerous, incompetent, and unable to function in the community. This can cause persons with mental illnesses and their families to delay seeking treatment in an attempt to avoid being labeled with a mental illness diagnosis. Once diagnosed, they may worry about people finding out and treating them differently. They may experience discrimination in various parts of their lives. This is due to the stigma of mental illness. The traditional definition of stigma is a mark of shame that usually lasts forever. Stigma can have negative effects on both the affected person and his or her family. The stigma related to mental illnesses often begins when doctors diagnose the patient with a mental illness. This diagnosis, or label, sometimes links the patient to stereotypes, or negative ideas, about people with a mental illness. However, stigma can also begin even before a diagnosis, when the affected person begins to display signs and symptoms of an illness. These signs and symptoms (such as talking to oneself or having unusual beliefs) may link the person to negative ideas about those with a mental illness. The stereotypes that society holds about people with mental illnesses are usually wrong. Examples of such ideas are that a person with a mental illness is dangerous, not very intelligent, and unable to work. Other false ideas are that the person has no self-control and will never recover. Stereotypes can cause others to view people with mental illnesses as different and less human. Not understanding these disorders, others may look down upon or think less of those with a mental illness. As a result, patients and their families may feel that they are less important, or they may feel discriminated against. They also may feel that the stereotypes about those with a mental illness are in some way true.

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Langhorne, Emily. "Dorothy Allison: Revising the “White Trash” Narrative." In Rough South, Rural South. University Press of Mississippi, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496802330.003.0007.

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This chapter discusses the life and work of Dorothy Allison, who knows about growing up “white trash.” Born on April 11, 1949, in Greenville, South Carolina, Allison was “the bastard daughter of a white woman from a desperately poor family.” Poverty forced Allison's family to leave South Carolina for central Florida in search of a better life. In 1983, Allison published a collection of poetry, The Women Who Hate Me, followed by a short story collection, Trash, in 1988. In 1992, Allison published Bastard out of Carolina, a largely autobiographical novel about growing up in the Rough South. Allison's other works include chapters and a memoir, Two or Three Things I Know for Sure (1995). The term “white trash” and its prevalence demonstrate society's tolerance of stereotyping poor whites. Such stereotypes not only portray to outsiders a false image of the working class, but are reinforced within the working class itself. Allison writes to combat this myth and these prejudices.

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Higgins, E. Tory. "What We Know." In Shared Reality, 130–58. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190948054.003.0007.

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“I know it when I see it.” That’s what we think. But mostly we know what our shared realities have taught us, and tell us, to know. Not only do we learn from others the names for things in the world, we learn the names for traits to characterize people. We learn which traits are relevant and relevance makes these traits salient and accessible. This makes it more likely that we will see these traits in others, such as seeing people behave in a “stubborn” way even for behaviors that are ambiguous or vague. Our perceptions of a person’s behaviors can also be biased by how that person was previously characterized by someone else, such as saying this person is “warm” or “cold.” A car in an accident will be seen as going faster if someone describes the event as “smashed” versus “hit.” People who have a conversation about an event will converge over time in what they remember about the event. Group members will also converge in their judgments, creating consensual social norms. And groups can create these shared realities about the world even when the consensual belief is false. Stereotypes are an example of this. They can overgeneralize the negative characteristics of a social category, describing members as having traits that are rare and/or no more prevalent than in other social categories. Even worse, the stereotypes are treated as being simply descriptions of reality when they are actually evaluations based on the in-group’s values or standards (ethnocentrism).

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "False stereotype"

WANG, Cheng. "The Behavioral Sign of Account Theft: Realizing Online Payment Fraud Alert." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/636.

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As a matter of fact, it is usually taken for granted that the occurrence of unauthorized behaviors is necessary for the fraud detection in online payment services. However, we seek to break this stereotype in this work. We strive to design an ex-ante anti-fraud method that can work before unauthorized behaviors occur. The feasibility of our solution is supported by the cooperation of a characteristic and a finding in online payment fraud scenarios: The well-recognized characteristic is that online payment frauds are mostly caused by account compromise. Our finding is that account theft is indeed predictable based on users' high-risk behaviors, without relying on the behaviors of thieves. Accordingly, we propose an account risk prediction scheme to realize the ex-ante fraud detection. It takes in an account's historical transaction sequence, and outputs its risk score. The risk score is then used as an early evidence of whether a new transaction is fraudulent or not, before the occurrence of the new transaction. We examine our method on a real-world B2C transaction dataset from a commercial bank. Experimental results show that the ex-ante detection method can prevent more than 80\% of the fraudulent transactions before they actually occur. When the proposed method is combined with an interim detection to form a real-time anti-fraud system, it can detect more than 94\% of fraudulent transactions while maintaining a very low false alarm rate (less than 0.1\%).

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