Статті в журналах: "Fallow deer"

1

Bar-David, Shirli, David Saltz, and Tamar Dayan. "PERSIAN FALLOW DEER." Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 86, no. 3 (July 2005): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9623(2005)86[121:pfd]2.0.co;2.

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2

Pemberton, J. M., and A. P. Balmford. "Lekking in fallow deer." Journal of Zoology 213, no. 4 (December 1987): 762–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb03745.x.

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3

Sherr, Jeremy, and Anne Barker. "Dama dama - Fallow deer." Homoeopathic Links 19, no. 3 (September 2006): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-924448.

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4

Prieto, José M., Ana Balseiro, Rosa Casais, Naiara Abendaño, Liam E. Fitzgerald, Joseba M. Garrido, Ramon A. Juste, and Marta Alonso-Hearn. "Sensitive and Specific Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detecting Serum Antibodies against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Fallow Deer." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 8 (May 28, 2014): 1077–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00159-14.

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ABSTRACTThe enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the diagnostic test most commonly used in efforts to control paratuberculosis in domestic ruminants. However, commercial ELISAs have not been validated for detecting antibodies againstMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin wild animals. In this study, we compared the sensitivities and specificities of five ELISAs using individual serum samples collected from 41 fallow deer with or without histopathological lesions consistent with paratuberculosis. Two target antigenic preparations were selected, an ethanol-treated protoplasmic preparation obtained from a fallow deerM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisisolate (ELISAs A and B) and a paratuberculosis protoplasmic antigen (PPA3) (ELISAs C and D). Fallow deer antibodies bound to the immobilized antigens were detected by using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated anti-fallow deer IgG antibody (ELISAs A and C) or HRP-conjugated protein G (ELISAs B and D). A commercially available assay, ELISA-E, which was designed to detectM. aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisantibodies in cattle, sheep, and goats, was also tested. Although ELISAs A, C, and E had the same sensitivity (72%), ELISAs A and C were more specific (100%) for detecting fallow deer with lesions consistent with paratuberculosis at necropsy than was the ELISA-E (87.5%). In addition, the ELISA-A was particularly sensitive for detecting fallow deer in the latent stages of infection (62.5%). The antibody responses detected with the ELISA-A correlated with both the severity of enteric lesions and the presence of acid-fast bacteria in gut tissue samples. In summary, our study shows that the ELISA-A can be a cost-effective diagnostic tool for preventing the spread of paratuberculosis among fallow deer populations.

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Abdelsalam, Ehdaa Eltayeb Eltigani, Hana Banďouchová, Tomáš Heger, Miroslava Kaňová, Kateřina Kobelková, Monika Němcová, Vladimír Piaček, et al. "Polychlorinated biphenyl toxicity in the thyroid gland of wild ungulates: an in vitro model." Acta Veterinaria Brno 89, no. 2 (2020): 151–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb202089020151.

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Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are carcinogens causing endocrine disruption. While production of PCBs is now banned, wildlife exposure still occurs due to environmental contamination. We investigated thyroid toxicity in wild ungulates using three-dimensional primary thyrocyte cultures exposed to PCB 138 for 24, 48, and 72 h at concentrations ranging within 0–3000 ng/ml. Thyrocyte viability ranged within 78.71–118.34%, 98.14–104.45%, and 84.16–106.70% in fallow deer-, mouflon-, and roe deer-derived cells, respectively. Viability decreased significantly in fallow deer (P = 0.012) and roe deer (P = 0.002) thyrocytes exposed for 48 h at 30 ng/ml. While cytotoxicity ranged within 2.36–16.37%, 3.19–9.85%, and 2.76–11.21% in fallow deer, mouflon, and roe deer, respectively, only roe deer displayed significantly higher cytotoxicity at a 3 ng/ml exposure (P < 0.05) and lower cytotoxicity at 30 ng/ml (P < 0.01). Exposure to 30 ng/ml for 24 and 48 h induced reactive oxygen species in fallow deer. Iodide uptake at 30 ng/ml exposure increased after 24 h in fallow and roe deer, but showed a significant drop after 48 and 72 h in fallow deer, mouflon, and roe deer. Thyroxine T4 release at 30 ng/ml exposure decreased significantly after 48 and 72 h; 24, 48 and 72 h; and 48 h in fallow deer, mouflon, and roe deer, respectively. Our findings indicate time- and species-dependent effects of PCB on performance and thyrocyte function. Use of cell culture models reduces the number of experimental specimens, increases test species welfare and replaces whole organisms with specific target cells.

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6

Hough, Carole. "Deer in Sussex Place-Names." Antiquaries Journal 88 (September 2008): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003581500001347.

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Recent evidence for fallow deer at the first-century AD Roman palace at Fishbourne, Sussex, is supported by place-names identifying a nearby deer park and testifying to the presence of fallow deer in Anglo-Saxon Sussex.

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7

Kononiuk, Anna D., and Małgorzata Karwowska. "Bioactive Compounds in Fermented Sausages Prepared from Beef and Fallow Deer Meat with Acid Whey Addition." Molecules 25, no. 10 (May 22, 2020): 2429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25102429.

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The present study examined the effect of the type of meat (beef and fallow deer) and the addition of freeze-dried acid whey on nutritional values and the content of bioactive compounds (peptides, L-carnitine, glutathione, and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)) in uncured fermented sausages. The antioxidant properties of isolated peptides (ABTS, DPPH radical scavenging activity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power) were also evaluated. The results showed that fallow deer sausages had higher peptide content than beef products. The addition of acid whey caused a decrease in the content of peptides, especially in fallow deer sausages. The glutathione content in beef sausages (22.91–25.28 mg 100 g−1 of sausage) was quite higher than that of fallow deer sausages (10.04–11.59 mg 100 g−1 of sausage). The obtained results showed a significantly higher content of CLA in beef sausages than in products from fallow deer meat. In conclusion, products prepared from fallow deer meat have generally higher nutritional value because of the content of peptides, their antioxidant properties, and the content of L-carnitine, while beef products have higher levels of CLA and glutathione.

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8

Kováč, G., J. Ciberej, I. Paulíková, and H. Seidel. "Haematological Indices in Fallow Deer." Acta Veterinaria Brno 66, no. 4 (1997): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb199766040203.

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9

Braza, Francisco, Juan E. Garcia, and Fernando Alvarez. "Rutting behaviour of fallow deer." Acta Theriologica 31 (December 6, 1986): 467–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4098/at.arch.86-42.

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10

Fernández-García, José L. "The endangered Dama dama mesopotamica Brooke, 1875: genetic variability, allelic loss and hybridization signals." Contributions to Zoology 81, no. 4 (December 14, 2012): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08104003.

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The Persian fallow deer (Dama dama mesopotamica) formerly widespread in the Middle East was described scientifically at the end of the 19th century and considered extinct ever since. In 1956 it was rediscovered in south-western Iran. As a result, several countries have undertaken actions to reintroduce this subspecies in its native territory. In 2007 the Christian Oswald Foundation, in close cooperation with Iranian institutions, launched plans of in situ and ex situ breeding actions, with its centre in the German Von Opel Zoo and with cooperative Mediterranean partner countries as Israel, to support conservation efforts under scientific control. We performed genetic studies to study the suspected hybridization with European fallow deer (Dama dama dama) and a commitment to preserve pureblood populations. We used a set of microsatellite loci to examine genetic variation and recent hybridization with the European fallow deer. All microsatellite loci used were polymorphic, but some were monomorphic within subspecies. The allelic richness was similar in both subspecies but the ‘private allelic richness’ was reduced to a half in the Persian fallow deer, signalling allelic loss due to genetic drift and inbreeding. Moreover, we showed the presence of two discrete groups representing the two subspecies, with no signs of admixture or hybridization. Furthermore, Persian fallow deer studied here belong to two pre-defined genetics groups: the wild and the (more genetically impoverished) captive populations of Persian fallow deer. Finally, the Persian fallow deer deserves a high conservation priority, both in the Iranian stock and in the captive populations, so as to avoid hybridization.

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11

Kasprzyk, Anna, and Janusz Kilar. "Selected minerals in skeletal muscles of fallow deer (Dama dama) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) farmed in the organic system - preliminary study." Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Zootechnica 21, no. 2 (January 23, 2023): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21005/asp.2022.21.2.01.

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The aim of the present study was to identify and assess the determinants of the content of Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cd, and Pb in longissimus lumborum (LL) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles of fallow deer and red deer reared in the organic system. The concentrations of 6 elements (Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Cd, Pb) in fallow deer and red deer meat produced in the organic system in Poland were analyzed with the use of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The animals, i.e. 12 ca. 2- and 3-year-old fallow deer (Dama dama) and 12 ca. 3- and 4-year-old red deer (Cervus elaphus), were culled during the autumn season. Both groups of animals comprised 6 males and 6 females. A significant effect of the species on the content of selected minerals in the meat was noted. It was found that the LL muscle from the fallow deer was a rich source of Ca, Mg, and Zn, and the meat from the red deer had high amounts of Zn and Fe. The age of the animals had a significant effect on the level of Mg in the red deer meat.

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12

Kužmová, Erika, Radim Kotrba, Hans J. Rolf, Luděk Bartoš, K. Günter Wiese, Jutta Schulz, and George A. Bubenik. "Factors affecting the number of STRO-1+ stem cells derived from regenerating antler and pedicle cells of red and fallow deer." Animal Production Science 52, no. 8 (2012): 746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12012.

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Mesenchymal stem cells positive to surface antigen STRO-1 were isolated from regenerating antlers of red deer (Cervus elaphus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) using a magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) method. In this study we analysed factors potentially affecting the number of STRO-1+ cells in the cell cultures. With regard to the STRO-1 antigen, we evaluated data from 188 MACS separation procedures of cell cultures cultivated in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium and 10% fetal calf serum of four fallow deer males (130 procedures) and four red deer males (58 procedures). The analysed factors were the sampling site of the antler or the pedicle, cell passage and type of the cell culture (mixed or STRO-1 negative cell cultures). The percentage of obtained STRO-1+ cells varied greatly from 0.4 to 38.9% for fallow deer and from 1.8 to 16.5% for red deer. We have not found any significant influence of the sampling site. The passage and the type of culture were significant factors for both fallow and red deer cells. The highest numbers of STRO-1+ cells were obtained from the second passage from both fallow and red deer cell cultures (24.6 and 5.5%, respectively). Our experiment revealed that we can maximise the number of STRO-1+ cells in the cultures by manipulating the cultivation factors.

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13

Szczerba-Turek, Anna, and Bernard Kordas. "Fallow Deer (Dama dama) as a Reservoir of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC)." Animals 10, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050881.

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Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia (E.) coli (STEC) are responsible for the outbreaks of serious diseases in humans. Only a few reports on fallow deer as a reservoir of foodborne pathogens have been published to date. The purpose of this study was to determine the occurrence of STEC strains in the fallow deer population in Poland. In all, 94 fallow deer swabs were tested. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to detect the virulence profile of stx1, stx2 and eae or aggR genes, to identify the subtypes of stx1 and stx2 genes and to perform O and H serotyping. STEC and attaching and effacing (AE)-STEC were identified in 13 isolates (13.83%). The most hazardous virulence profile was detected in three strains, namely stx2d serotype O103:HNM, eae/stx1a serotype O26:HNM and eae/stx1a serotype O157:H7. The predominant stx gene was stx2, which was identified in 76.92% of isolates. E. coli O157 was detected in 4/94 (4.26%). Other E. coli serogroups, O26, O103, O111 and O145, were identified in 14/94 fallow deer (14.89%). The present findings suggest that fallow deer are carriers of STEC/AE-STEC that are potentially pathogenic to humans.

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Houszka, Marek, Jolanta Piekarska, Magdalena Podkowik, Michał Gorczykowski, and Jacek Bania. "Morphology and molecular study of Fascioloides magna – a growing threat to cervids (Cervidae) in Poland." Journal of Veterinary Research 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2016-0065.

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Abstract Introduction: The giant liver fluke, Fascioloides magna, has spread across Europe over the years posing a serious threat to the Polish cervid population. Material and Methods: Macroscopic and histopathological studies of the liver of 22 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 10 red deer (Cervus elaphus), and 6 fallow deer (Dama dama) were performed. Species determination of the recovered liver flukes and eggs was performed by PCR protocol amplifying fragments of ribosomal DNA (ITS2), according to a standard method. Results: The presence of F. magna was confirmed in three (13.6%) roe deer, seven (70.0%) red deer, and two (33.3%) fallow deer. The fluke eggs were found only in the stools of five red deer and one fallow deer. Conclusion: This study presents detailed pathological and histopathological changes in the liver of wild Polish cervids, including roe deer, which were subjected to such study for the first time. The hepatic lesions typical for different stages of liver cirrhosis varied depending on the host species and stage of the disease.

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15

Potts, J. M., N. J. Beeton, D. M. J. S. Bowman, G. J. Williamson, E. C. Lefroy, and C. N. Johnson. "Predicting the future range and abundance of fallow deer in Tasmania, Australia." Wildlife Research 41, no. 8 (2014): 633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13206.

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Context Since the introduction of fallow deer (Dama dama) to Tasmania in the early 1830s, the management of the species has been conflicted; the species is partially protected as a recreational hunting resource, yet simultaneously recognised as an invasive species because of its environmental impact and the biosecurity risk that it poses. The range and abundance of fallow deer in Tasmania has evidently increased over the past three decades. In the 1970s, it was estimated that ~7000–8000 deer were distributed in three distinct subpopulations occupying a region of ~400 000 ha (generally centred around the original introduction sites). By the early 2000s, the estimated population size had more than tripled to ~20 000–30 000 deer occupying 2.1 million ha. No study has attempted to predict what further growth in this population is likely. Aims The purpose of our study was to provide a preliminary estimate of the future population range and abundance of fallow deer in Tasmania under different management scenarios. Methods We developed a spatially explicit, deterministic population model for fallow deer in Tasmania, based on estimates of demographic parameters linked to a species distribution model. Spatial variation in abundance was incorporated into the model by setting carrying capacity as a function of climate suitability. Key results On the basis of a conservative estimate of population growth for the species, and without active management beyond the current policy of hunting and crop protection permits, abundance of fallow deer is estimated to increase substantially in the next 10 years. Uncontrolled, the population could exceed 1 million animals by the middle of the 21st century. This potential increase is a function both of local increase in abundance and extension of range. Conclusions Our results identify areas at high risk of impact from fallow deer in the near future, including ecologically sensitive areas of Tasmania (e.g. the Tasmanian Wilderness World Heritage Area). Implications The research approach and results are presented as a contribution to debate and decisions about the management of fallow deer in Tasmania. In particular, they provide a considered basis for anticipating future impacts of deer in Tasmania and prioritising management to mitigate impact in ecologically sensitive areas.

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Snarska, Anna, Andrzej Pomianowski, Przemysław Sobiech, Sławomir Gonkowski, Marcin Lew, Magdalena Drążek, Katarzyna Żarczyńska, Dominika Wysocka, Liliana Rytel, and Artur Stopyra. "Evaluation of bone marrow in female fallow deer kept in captivity." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73, no. 9 (2017): 544–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5773.

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Proper processes of hematopoiesis have a major impact on the results of blood morphological analyses in healthy animals. The aim of this study was to evaluate bone marrow smears of female fallow deer kept in captivity and comparing them to morphological analysis of peripheral blood. To achieve the aim of this study bone marrow was collected from 10 nonpregnant, 2-year-old female fallow deer. Smears stained by the May-Grünwald Giemsa method were analyzed. Bone marrow samples were collected using a biopsy needle from the 3rd – 4th rib in the sternal region into test tubes without coagulant. Whole blood for hematological analysis was sampled from the external jugular vein into 2 ml test tubes containing K2EDTA. The results of the research indicate significant morphological differences of white blood cells line and red blood cells line of fallow deer in comparison to other ruminants. Proerythroblasts of fallow deer appear to have a higher number of nuclei that stain more clearly in the MGG method. In red the blood cells line a high percentage of polychromatic erythroblasts (17.2%) and basophilic erythroblasts (8.19%) was noted. In granulocyte line only 0.97% of myeloblasts was observed in bone marrow smears. The percentage of segmented and band granulocytes was determined at 6.86% and 2.27% consequently. In the lymphoblastic line of fallow deer a low percentage of plazmocytes was observed (1.16%). In the platelets line the percentage of megakaryoblasts (5.85%) was lower than megakaryocytes (7.9%). This report is the first study concerning hematopoiesis in female fallow deer.

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17

Brudnicki, W. " Morphometric analysis of the brain base arteries in fallow deer (Dama dama)." Veterinární Medicína 56, No. 9 (October 6, 2011): 462–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3208-vetmed.

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  This paper describes the course and variation in the brain base arteries in fallow deer. The metrical features of the brain base arteries were determined with an image analysis system. The main sources of blood supply to the brain in fallow deer are internal carotid arteries; vertebral arteries rarely participate in blood supply. The brain base arteries in fallow deer show variation both in their course and in the way of descent of particular vessels. The highest variation was observed in the way of the opening of caudal cerebral arteries. The volume of the arterial circle of brain in fallow deer is similar to the volume of the basilar artery. Considering the correlation between specific parameters, it can be concluded that the volume of the basilar artery is highly correlated with the volume of the posterior part of the arterial circle of the brain, i.e., the volume of the caudal communicating arteries.

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18

Azorit, C., S. Tellado, A. Oya, and J. Moro. "Seasonal and specific diet variations in sympatric red and fallow deer of southern Spain: a preliminary approach to feeding behaviour." Animal Production Science 52, no. 8 (2012): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an12016.

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We studied the diet composition and diet overlap in sympatric red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) throughout a whole year in order to determine variation due to season, species, sex and age class by analysing rumen contents samples of 81 red and 69 fallow deer shot monthly during 2008–09 in Sierra de Andújar Natural Park, southern Spain. We assessed diet similarity and possible inter- and intra-specific foraging competition. We found different foraging strategies for both species and sexes during constraint periods, and several theoretical considerations of specific interactions and behaviour are discussed with respect to the Mediterranean environment. In both species an annual diet dominated by grasses was recorded, peaking in spring. Browses were an important food resource at the end of winter and at the end of summer, and fruit more in autumn and winter. Red deer ingested a higher proportion of browse than fallow deer, which consumed more acorns and for a longer time showed a better ability to compensate for nutritional constraint periods. An overall decline in diet similarity in summer and at the end of winter led us to assume that exploitative competition between red and fallow deer and even between sexes was probable. Red deer females showed low diet similarity to other deer, while there was a great diet overlap between red deer males and fallow deer females at the end of summer. Differences detected between both two species and sexes do not always support predictions deriving from specific body size and morpho-physiological characteristics, but can probably be explained as a consequence of different metabolic demands. The relationship between plant nutritional attributes and food selection according to reproductive or physiological status and seasonal demands for both sexes and species should be researched in order to perform a better assessment of deer feeding behaviour.

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Odyniec, Marta, and Agata Bancerz-Kisiel. "Assessment of the Role of Free-Living and Farmed Fallow Deer (Dama dama) as A Potential Source of Human Infection with Multiple-Drug-Resistant Strains of Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis." Pathogens 11, no. 11 (October 30, 2022): 1266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111266.

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Yersinia enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis are Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic bacteria that cause yersiniosis—one of the most important zoonotic diseases of the digestive tract. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of potentially human-pathogenic Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculosis strains in free-living and farmed fallow deer, and to evaluate their sensitivity to chemotherapeutics. A total of 372 rectal swabs were analyzed, including 262 from free-living and 110 from farmed fallow deer. Due to the psychrophilic properties of Yersinia, two samples were collected from each animal. Seven Y. enterocolitica strains were isolated from free-living fallow deer, while two strains were isolated from farmed fallow deer. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains were not identified. All isolated Y. enterocolitica strains were ystB-positive, and phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of this gene revealed the presence of two phylogenetic groups. Yersinia enterocolitica strains isolated from fallow deer belonged to biotype 1A, and serotyping analysis demonstrated that the vast majority did not agglutinate with any diagnostic sera. All strains were multiple drug resistant and were not sensitive to at least four of the tested chemotherapeutics (amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, ampicillin, cefalexin, and streptomycin). One Y. enterocolitica strain isolated from a free-living animal was resistant to nine out of the 13 analyzed chemotherapeutics and was intermediately sensitive to the four remaining chemotherapeutics. The highest sensitivity was noted in case of ciprofloxacin (five strains) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (three strains). Only one strain isolated from a free-living animal was sensitive to three out of the 13 examined antibiotics, whereas the remaining strains were sensitive to only one drug or were not sensitive to any of the chemotherapeutics used. The results of this study indicate that multiple drug-resistant Y. enterocolitica strains can be carried by free-living and farmed fallow deer. This observation gives serious cause for concern because the meat of fallow deer and other ruminants is often consumed semi-raw (steak) or raw (tartar steak).

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Fonti, Niccolò, Maria Irene Pacini, Mario Forzan, Francesca Parisi, Marcello Periccioli, Maurizio Mazzei, and Alessandro Poli. "Molecular and Pathological Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) and Fallow Deer (Dama dama) in Central Italy." Veterinary Sciences 9, no. 3 (February 24, 2022): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9030100.

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Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a common causative agent of acute hepatitis in the world, with a serious public health burden in both developing and industrialized countries. Cervids, along with wild boars and lagomorphs, are the main wild hosts of HEV in Europe and constitute a documented source of infection for humans. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of HEV in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and fallow deer (Dama dama) living in Tuscany, Central Italy. Liver samples from 48 roe deer and 60 fallow deer were collected from carcasses during the hunting seasons. Following the results obtained from molecular and histopathologic studies, 5/48 (10.4%) roe deer and 1/60 (1.7%) fallow deer liver samples were positive for the presence of HEV RNA. All PCR-positive livers were also IHC-positive for viral antigen presence, associated with degenerative and inflammatory lesions with predominantly CD3+ cellular infiltrates. This study represents the first identification in Italy of HEV RNA in roe and fallow deer and the first study in literature describing liver alterations associated with HEV infection in cervids. These results demonstrate that HEV is present in wild cervid populations in Italy and confirm the potential zoonotic role of these species.

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Gryz, Jakub, Dagny Krauze-Gryz, and Daniel Klich. "Alien or Native? How to Distinguish Feces of Fallow and Roe Deer Using Central Poland as a Case Study." Animals 12, no. 3 (January 25, 2022): 290. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12030290.

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The method of pellet group count is commonly used for estimating population trends of ungulates; however, in the case of species of similar body size, the misidentification rate can be high. Our aim was to find a metrical threshold between pellet groups of roe deer (native species) and fallow deer (alien species) to be applied during fieldwork. The study was conducted in spring 2020 and 2021 in central Poland (lowlands) in areas were only roe or fallow deer occurred. We measured the number of feces in the group, the length and width of five randomly selected feces from each pellet group and the length/width ratio. Roe deer pellets were shorter, narrower and less elongated than those of fallow deer; yet, length was found to be the best discriminant. The most accurate threshold was 1.2 cm, i.e., 12–15% of pellets were over/below this value. The mean number of pellets in a group was lower for roe deer (39.6, SE = 1.6) than for fallow deer (64.5, SE = 1.5). A value of 50–52 pellets best differentiated between the two species. To conclude, combining these two measurements could be an objective method to distinguish between pellet groups of the two species.

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22

Chapman, Norma G., and S. Harris. "Brachygnathia in fallow deer (Dama dama)." Journal of Zoology 227, no. 2 (June 1992): 323–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04827.x.

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23

Huwyler, T., and B. Wüthrich. "A case of fallow deer allergy." Allergy 47, no. 5 (October 1992): 574–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb00685.x.

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24

Clutton-Brock, T. H., M. Hiraiwa-Hasegawa, and A. Robertson. "Mate choice on fallow deer leks." Nature 340, no. 6233 (August 1989): 463–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/340463a0.

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25

Devriese, L., M. Desmidt, S. Roels, J. Hoorens, and F. Haesebrouck. "Streptococcus suis infection in fallow deer." Veterinary Record 132, no. 11 (March 13, 1993): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.132.11.283.

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Birgersson, Björn, Kenneth Ekvall, and Hans Temrin. "Allosuckling in fallow deer, Dama dama." Animal Behaviour 42, no. 2 (August 1991): 326–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-3472(05)80567-6.

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Chapman, Norma G., and Donald I. Chapman. "Cysticercosis in fallow deer in England." Acta Theriologica 32 (May 10, 1987): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4098/at.arch.87-9.

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San José, C., F. Braza, and S. Aragón. "The effect of age and experience on the reproductive performance and prenatal expenditure of resources in female fallow deer (Dama dama)." Canadian Journal of Zoology 77, no. 11 (December 1, 1999): 1717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z99-149.

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In this paper we tested whether prenatal expenditure of resources in fallow deer (Dama dama) is affected by the age and reproductive experience of mothers. The study was carried out on the wild fallow deer population in Doñana National Park in southwestern Spain. Between 1985 and 1996 a total of 60 different females were monitored by direct observation during the fawning season. The exact age of 22 of these females was known, and 59 fawns born of these females were captured. The mother's age had more influence on the fawn's birth mass than the mother's experience did. Fallow deer fawns born of adult multiparous mothers (5-8 years old) were heavier than fawns born of young multiparous mothers (3-4 years old), whereas birth masses of fawns born of primiparous mothers (2-3 years) and young multiparous mothers showed no significant difference. Fawns were born earlier in the breeding season as the mother's age increased. The trade-off required between resources allocated to reproduction and resources available for growth and maintenance may limit reproduction and the possibility of increasing prenatal expenditure by both young primiparous and young multiparous female fallow deer. Sexual dimorphism in birth mass was detected, males being heavier than females, independently of the age and parity of the mothers. This confirms the finding that fallow deer mothers are selected to expend more resources on their male offspring.

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Fonti, Niccolò, Francesca Parisi, Francesca Millanta, Maria Irene Pacini, Marcello Periccioli, and Alessandro Poli. "Immunohistochemical Characterization of Immune System Cells in Lymphoid Organs from Roe and Fallow Deer." Animals 12, no. 21 (November 7, 2022): 3064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12213064.

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Roe and Fallow deer are common wild ruminants widely distributed in Italy. Infectious diseases of these species can potentially pose health risks to domestic animals and humans. However, few studies have been conducted in which immune system cells in these species were phenotyped. The aims of this study were to determine the cross-reactivity of a wide anti-human panel of commercial antibodies on formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) samples and to describe the distribution of roe and fallow deer main immune cell subsets in the lymph nodes and spleen. Twenty retromandibular lymph nodes (RLNs) and spleen samples were collected from 10 roe deer and 10 fallow deer and were tested by a panel of 12 commercial anti-human antibodies. The CD79a, CD20, CD3, Iba-1, MAC387, and AM-3K antibodies were successfully labeled cells in cervine tissue, while the Foxp3 and the CD68 did not show suitable immunostaining. This study supplies the first immunohistochemical description of immune cell subpopulations in non-pathological spleen and RLNs from roe and fallow deer and provides an easily repeatable manual IHC protocol to immunolocalize cervine B-, T-cells, and macrophages subsets in FFPE tissue samples.

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Czurgiel, Sylwia, Zofia Antoszkiewicz, Magdalena Mazur-Kuśnirek та Marek Bogdaszewski. "The Effect of the Inclusion of Different Concentrates in Feed Rations on the Contents of Tocopherols, β-Carotene and Retinol in the Livers and Longissimus dorsi Muscles of Farm-Raised Fallow Deer (Dama dama L.)". Animals 12, № 23 (27 листопада 2022): 3311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12233311.

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This study analyzed the chemical composition and contents of β-carotene, tocopherols and retinol in the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles and livers of fallow deer (Dama dama L.) fed diets based on hay containing different concentrates (hay and oats—HO; hay, oats and protein concentrate—HOP; hay and pellets—HP). The provitamin and lipophilic vitamin contents in the samples of feed and animal tissues were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The contents of retinol were nearly two-fold higher (p < 0.002) in the livers and many-fold higher in the LD muscles of fallow deer fed the HOP and HP diets. β-carotene was not identified in the livers or LD muscles of fallow deer. The concentrations of α-tocopherol and total tocopherols were higher in the livers and LD muscles of the animals that received the HO and HP diets, but the noted differences were not significant. The inclusion of various concentrates in the feed rations had no influence on the proximate chemical compositions of the livers or LD muscles of fallow deer.

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Bykowska, Marta. "Influence of selected factors on meat quality from farm-raised and wild fallow deer (Dama dama): a review." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 98, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2017-0146.

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Fallow deer meat (venison) is a new product acquired from farm-raised and wild animals. Nowadays, people are more concerned about their health, and therefore, they search for high quality, “healthy” products. Farming of fallow deer is ecological and friendly to the environment. Animals are kept in pasture conditions which resemble their natural environment. Venison is considered healthy meat, low in fat and cholesterol, and high in protein. The aim of this review was to gather and discuss the available literature on factors influencing the quality of venison such as sex, age, slaughter method and housing system, feeding, hanging method, animal condition, muscle type, and ageing of meat, considering both farm-raised and wild fallow deer.

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Siroka, Z., B. Krocilova, J. Pikula, H. Bandouchova, L. Peckova, and F. Vitula. "Blood coagulation parameters in fallow deer (Dama dama)." Veterinární Medicína 56, No. 3 (March 24, 2011): 119–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3160-vetmed.

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There are frequent reports from around the world of wild animals being poisoned with anticoagulants. Granulated baits can result in primary or secondary poisoning of non-target animals. Moreover, there are several diseases including infections that influence haemostasis in wild animals. The present study focused on fallow deer (Dama dama) for which insufficient data on physiological values of coagulation parameters are available. Six parameters of blood coagulation were established in clinically normal fallow deer from a game enclosure in North Moravia (Czech Republic). The fibrinogen content of 1.94 g/l is in agreement with the results obtained by other authors. Factor VIII and IX concentrations amounted to 198.42% and 169.91% of human concentration of these parameters in blood. These have never before been measured for fallow deer, but most animal species have concentrations of these factors higher than humans. Prothrombin time (PT), average activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and thrombin time (TT) were assessed as 20.99 s, 33.76 s, and 24.78 s, respectively. Prothrombin time assessed in the present study was longer compared to available data, while APTT is in agreement with the previous data. Thrombin time value is a new piece of information and is comparable with TT values obtained in other ruminants. The possible explanation for the prolonged PT may be the stress associated with yarding and handling the animals which is reported to cause haemorrhages or changes in haemostatic parameters in deer. Interestingly, males had significantly longer clotting times compared to females.

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Bartoš, Luděk, Dominika Vaňková, Jiří Šiler, and Soběslav Losos. "Fallow deer tactic to compete over food with red deer." Aggressive Behavior 22, no. 5 (1996): 375–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2337(1996)22:5<375::aid-ab6>3.0.co;2-i.

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Żmudzki, Jacek, Artur Jabłoński, Zbigniew Arent, Sylwia Zębek, Agnieszka Nowak, Agnieszka Stolarek, and Marta Parzeniecka-Jaworska. "First report of Leptospira infections in red deer, roe deer, and fallow deer in Poland." Journal of Veterinary Research 60, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2016-0039.

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AbstractIntroduction: Recently in Europe an increase in the population of red deer (Cervus elaphus), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), and fallow deer (Dama dama) has been observed. Research on the prevalence of Leptospira infections in Polish cervids has been performed for the first time.Material and Methods: During 2014/2015 hunting season, 147 blood samples from red deer, roe deer, and fallow deer were collected. The animals originated from different geographical regions across Poland. Serum samples were tested by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) for the presence of specific antibodies to the following Leptospira serovars: Icterohaemorrhagiae, Grippotyphosa, Sejroe, Tarassovi, Pomona, Canicola, Bratislava, Hardjo, Ballum, Zanoni, Hebdomadis, and Poi.Results: Serum antibody titres specific to Grippotyphosa, Pomona, and Zanoni serovars were found; none of the sera were positive for any of the other serovars. Out of 147 serum samples only 7 were positive, which gave an overall prevalence of 4.8% in the tested animal population.Conclusion: The low Leptospira antibody titres along with the low number of positive serum samples in deer indicate that these animals may not act as significant reservoirs of Leptospira for either humans or animals in Poland.

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Obidziński, Artur, Piotr Kiełtyk, Jakub Borkowski, Leszek Bolibok, and Karolina Remuszko. "Autumn-winter diet overlap of fallow, red, and roe deer in forest ecosystems, Southern Poland." Open Life Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2013): 8–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11535-012-0108-2.

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AbstractThe wild population of fallow deer in Central Europe has grown considerably over the last decade. However, information on feeding habits of this alien species in relation to the indigenous red deer or roe deer, in areas of their co-occurrence, is scarce. A prevailing view maintains that their food-niches are distinct, although direct comparative studies have not been carried out. Therefore, the aim of the research was to compare the diets of fallow, red, and roe deer feeding in the same habitat. Research was based on the rumen contents of 242 animals hunted in the autumn-winter season in the forests of Southern Poland. The analyses demonstrated that fallow deer are moderate grazers in such conditions and eat more graminoids in comparison to red or roe deer (36.4% vs. 16.1% or 5.5%, respectively). On the other hand, it feeds on less browse (17.2% vs. 41.4%) or dwarf shrubs (8.4% vs. 19.0%) than red deer, and on less bramble (10.9% vs. 34.6%) or forbs (4.0% vs. 7.6%) in comparison to roe deer (P=0.05). Although the diets of the three deer species differ in terms of the proportion of each food type in their diet, overlapping of their food-niches is high (52.6%).

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Sykes, Naomi J., Judith White, Tina E. Hayes, and Martin R. Palmer. "Tracking animals using strontium isotopes in teeth: the role of fallow deer (Dama dama) in Roman Britain." Antiquity 80, no. 310 (December 1, 2006): 948–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00094539.

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Using strontium isotope measurements on the teeth of fallow deer found at Fishbourne, the authors argue that these elegant creatures were first introduced into Britain as a gift to the Romanised aristocracy. Kept and bred in a special enclosure at the palace, they provided more than a status symbol and gastronomic treat: the fallow deer was an emblem of Empire.

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37

Böse, R., K. Petersen, H. Pospichal, N. Buchanan, and A. Tait. "Characterization of Megatrypanum trypanosomes from European Cervidae." Parasitology 107, no. 1 (July 1993): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182000079403.

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SummaryMegatrypanum trypanosomes have been isolated from a number of different European Cervidae, but on the basis of morphology it has not been possible to define the species to which these isolates belong. We isolated Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri from 10 cattle, and Megatrypanum trypanosomes from 11 fallow deer (Cervus dama), 9 red deer (Cervus elaphus), and 4 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) by blood culture on a biphasic medium (NNN agar slopes). Trypanosomes were propagated in Schneider's Drosophila medium and characterized by isoenzyme analysis and molecular karyotyping. Isocitrate dehydrogenase and phosphoglucomutase were visualized after starch gel electrophoresis of trypanosome lysates. By cluster analysis of this data all isolates from deer were clearly separated from the T. (M.) theileri isolates from cattle. Isolates from roe deer were different not only from T. (M.) theileri but also from the other deer isolates. Isolates from fallow deer and red deer were grouped together. Thus, there are probably at least two different species of Megatrypanum trypanosomes in the three Cervidae. One parasitizing roe deer, the other, apparently less host specific species, infecting red deer and fallow deer. Separation of the chromosomes of Megatrypanum trypanosomes by pulsed-field gradient gel electrophoresis (PFGE) showed that each isolate contained a large number (> 18) of chromosomes ranging in size from 300 to > 2200 kb. The molecular karyotypes were similar for all isolates, although no isolate was identical to another.

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Bijl, Hanna, and Sándor Csányi. "Fallow Deer (Dama dama) Population and Harvest Changes in Europe since the Early 1980s." Sustainability 14, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 12198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141912198.

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Fallow deer is one of the most common and widespread cervid species in Europe. To make informed management decisions on any scale, it is essential to have long-term data on the abundance of populations and their harvest. We provide missing information on the changes and status of fallow deer populations in Europe and analyse the relationships between population and harvest changes using a numerical approach. To conduct our analyses, we collected national statistical data on population sizes and hunting bags for all European countries for four periods: 1984, the mid-2000s, mid-2010s, and early 2020s. The fallow deer population increased five-fold from 1984 to the early 2020s and the harvest increased six-fold in the same period. Although the correlations between the population growth rate and harvest growth rate are not strong, removing outliers strengthened the correlation. This indicates that the hunting effort increases as the population increases. Overall, the lack of some data shows that consistent, reliable data collection (monitoring programs) is needed to efficiently manage the increasing fallow deer populations as a renewable natural resource and mitigate the potential negative impacts in a holistic and responsible manner.

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Mega, João, Sérgio Santos-Silva, Ana Loureiro, Josman D. Palmeira, Rita T. Torres, Antonio Rivero-Juarez, David Carmena, and João Mesquita. "Balantioides coli Fecal Excretion in Hunted Wild Cervids (Cervus elaphus and Dama dama) from Portugal." Pathogens 11, no. 11 (October 27, 2022): 1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11111242.

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Balantioides coli is a zoonotic enteric protozoan parasite of public veterinary health relevance and a concern in animal production and food safety. While wild cervids are recognized reservoirs for several zoonotic pathogens, little is known about the occurrence of B. coli in deer species, especially in Europe. To fill this gap, a total of 130 fecal samples from legally hunted red deer (Cervus elaphus, n = 95) and fallow deer (Dama dama, n = 35) were passively collected during two hunting seasons (October to February; 2018–2019 and 2019–2020) in Portugal. After assessment by PCR assay targeting the complete ITS1–5.8s-rRNA–ITS2 region and the 3’ end of the ssu-rRNA gene of the parasite, a prevalence of 4.2% (4/95, 95% CI: 0.2–8.3) in red deer and of 5.7% (2/35, 95% CI: 0.0–13.4) in fallow deer was found. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses allowed the identification of B. coli genetic variants A (in two red deer) and B (in two red deer and two fallow deer). This is the first molecular-based description of B. coli in European deer species, whose population have increased in density and geographical range in recent years. Continued monitoring of wild ungulates as potential vectors of parasitic infection diseases of zoonotic nature is crucial to safeguard public health and food safety.

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Smagol, V. M., O. G. Babich, V. K. Kaminetskyi, V. L. Yarysh, and V. O. Smagol. "Formation of Inter-Species Links in Ungulates in the Azov-Sivash National Nature Park." Vestnik Zoologii 53, no. 3 (June 1, 2019): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vzoo-2019-0025.

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Abstract The succession of ungulate fauna was studied under conditions of artificially high density and limited residential area on the Biryuchy Island of the Azov-Sivash National Nature Park. Forming of inter-specific relationships between populations of the moufflon, red-deer and fallow-deer were revealed. The social hierarchy of the mentioned species, which are at the same trophic level, is determined. For the population of each species the factors influencing the dynamics of its number are given. Competition of species in steppe habitat is based solely on trophic relationships because the protective properties of the land are minimized. The forage base creates equal conditions for different species, since there is no woody vegetation in the steppe, which makes the large size of the red deer not important for the food obtaining. Concerning the fallow-deer, there is activation in reproductive potential, which is the part of the strategy in competition for resources and indicates its wider ecological lability in comparison with the red-deer. Meanwhile, a high level of adaptation to the conditions of the open steppe is noted in the moufflon, which (together with high reproductive capacity) rationally uses pasture potentials while the fallow-deer and red-deer have a certain level of stenophagy.

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41

ZAVOTÇU, Gencay. "About Ziya Gökalp poem and fallow deer." Journal of Turkish Studies Volume 7 Issue 4-I, no. 7 (2012): 601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.4177.

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Schreiber, Arnd, and Peter Fakler. "NADH diaphorase polymorphism in European fallow deer." Biochemical Genetics 34, no. 1-2 (February 1996): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/pl00020596.

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Czajkowska, Jagoda, and Paweł Bogdaszewski. "Carcass characteristics of farmed fallow deer bucks." Roczniki Naukowe Polskiego Towarzystwa Zootechnicznego 17, no. 1 (May 28, 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.9033.

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The average body weight of the 20-21-month-old bucks was 48,00 kg, with an average cold carcass weight of 24,08 kg (Table 1). Research by Żmijewski et al. (2020) showed an average body weight of more than 48 kg in 18-month-old deer bucks, with an average cold carcass weight of 26 kg. According to Volpelli et al. (2002), animals of the same age had an average body weight of 42 kg and a cold carcass weight of 24 kg. Those results are similar to the values presented in this study, which suggests that the body development of the animals studied was normal. null The average carcass weight of 24-month-old fallow deer acquired in natural hunting grounds has been found to be 36,2 kg (Dzierżyńska-Cybulko and Fruziński, 1997). It is worth noting that animals living in the wild are more physically active than farm-raised animals, which may be reflected in differences in their average body weight. The differences between values may be linked to many factors, e.g. health, activity, and/or the quality and amount of food in the diet. It should also be noted that deer body weight differs during the hunting season and off-season, while farmed animals can be slaughtered all year long. The measurements presented in Table 1 are an important element of carcass assessment. Both the carcass proportions and the animal’s individual development can be determined on the basis of these measurements. The average carcass length was 135,67 cm and was statistically significantly correlated (P ≤ 0,01) with body weight (Tables 1 and 2). Żmijewski et al. (2020) reported an average side length of 94 cm in fallow deer. This differs significantly from the data presented in our study, which can be explained by the use of different research methodologies. null A statistically significant relationship (P ≤ 0,01) was found between chest girth and body weight. Among height measurements, a significant relationship (P ≤ 0,05) was noted between height at the withers and body weight, and a highly statistically significant (P ≤ 0,01) relationship between rump height and body weight, as presented in Table 2. The cold dressing percentage was 50,09%, which is similar to the values obtained by Dzierżyńska-Cybulko and Fruziński (1997), ranging from 48,7% to 56,8%. According to Summer et al. (1997), 18-24-month-old fallow deer bucks can attain a dressing percentage of up to 56%, which is higher than the result presented here. Based on hot carcass weights, Stanisz et al. (2015) and Volpelli et al. (2002) estimated dressing percentages of 63,3% and 57,7%, respectively. The differences in the results may stem from differences in research methodologies, including the use of hot carcass weight rather than cold carcass weight to calculate dressing percentage. The combined percentage share of inedible elements (skin, head, and lower limbs) in fallow deer from the research farm was calculated to be 15,42%. Żmijewski et al. (2020) reported a value of 12,48%, while Stanisz et al. (2015) estimated the weight of the head, skin, and lower limbs to be 2,41 kg, 4,31 kg, and 1,44 kg, respectively. In our study, the head and lower limb weights were higher (2,89 kg and 2,06 kg respectively), while the skin weight was lower (2,44 kg). The difference may be attributed to differences in the age of the animals. The internal organs, i.e. the heart, liver, spleen, and kidneys, together constituted 2,86% of the animal’s body weight (Table 3). A statistically significant positive relationship (P ≤ 0,01) was shown between the weight of the liver and body weight (Table 4). Stanisz et al. (2015) reported heart, kidney and liver weight of 0,41 kg, 0,12 kg, and 0,95 kg, respectively. The corresponding values in the present study were 0,34 kg, 0,26 kg, and 0,62 kg. It is worth noting that the data used for comparison pertained to 32-month-old bucks, resulting in significantly different internal organ weights. null null Research by Czajkowska and Czaplejewicz (2020) showed that the average heart weight of 2-3-year-old fallow deer was 0,28 kg, while the heart weight in our research was 0,06 kg higher. The difference in heart weight can be attributed to different methods of extracting the organ, including different amounts of fat tissue left adhering to the heart. An important attribute of carcass quality is the percentage share of the various cuts. In the present study, the rump had the largest percentage share, amounting to about 37% of the total carcass weight, followed by the shoulders (19,49%) and the loin (16,60%). The combined weight of all cuts was 24 kg (98,97%). Stanisz et al. (2015), in 32-month-old fallow deer, found that the loin and the shoulders constituted 17,7% and 16,7%, respectively, of the carcass weight. Żmijewski et al. (2020) reported the rump, loin and shoulder cuts to be 38,42%, 14,42%, and 15,50% of the carcass weight. Those numbers confirm that the rump accounts for the highest percentage share of the carcass, amounting to more than 37% of the overall carcass weight. It should be noted that detailed comparison of the data obtained in the present study with the results of other research may be problematic due to differing dissection methods. The present study showed a highly significant (P ≤ 0,01) relationship between the shoulder, loin, and rump weights and carcass weight. The correlation coefficients ranged from 0,97 to 0,99. Łebacka and Gardzielewska (1975) noted similar relationships for loin and shoulder weights in red deer (r = 0,83 and r = 0,98, respectively). Similarly, Janiszewski (2009) found a highly statistically significant relationship between the weights of the cuts and carcass weight in red deer. For example, the correlation coefficients for the rump and shoulders were r = 0,82 and r = 0,84, respectively. A pronounced relationship between rump weight and carcass weight was also noted by Trziszka (1975), with a correlation coefficient (r = 0,95) very similar to that obtained in the present study. This confirms that calculating correlations between the weights of cuts can enable carcass assessment without the need for dissection. To conclude, the research results confirmed that there are clear relationships between the carcass parameters determined in the study (Table 5), which can serve as a basis for developing indirect methods of assessing the carcasses of farm-raised fallow deer. null Calculating linear regression equations made it possible to approximate the weight of the rump, shoulders, and loin based on the cold carcass weight. The results, presented in Table 6, indicate that the equations are useful and quite accurate, as the estimated and actual weights of the cuts differ by less than 0,13%. The equation used to estimate the weight of the shoulders had the smallest standard error and a high correlation coefficient. null

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Focardi, Stefano, Paolo Montanaro, and Elena Pecchioli. "Adaptive Lévy Walks in Foraging Fallow Deer." PLoS ONE 4, no. 8 (August 11, 2009): e6587. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006587.

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45

Springthorpe, G. "Long haired Fallow deer at Mortimer Forest." Journal of Zoology 159, no. 4 (August 20, 2009): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1969.tb03908.x.

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46

Pearce, P., L. Dorr, and R. Kock. "'Anaesthetic death' in a black fallow deer." Veterinary Record 116, no. 22 (June 1, 1985): 591–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.116.22.591-a.

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Kidd, G., and R. Reuter. "Rhabdomyosarcoma in a fallow deer (Dama dama)." Veterinary Record 124, no. 17 (April 29, 1989): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.124.17.466.

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48

MULLEY, R. C., A. W. ENGLISH, R. J. RAWLINSON, and R. S. CHAPPLE. "Pregnancy diagnosis of fallow deer by ultrasonography." Australian Veterinary Journal 64, no. 8 (August 1987): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1987.tb09699.x.

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Ferretti, F. "Interspecific aggression between fallow and roe deer." Ethology Ecology & Evolution 23, no. 2 (April 13, 2011): 179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03949370.2011.554883.

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50

Schreiber, Arnd, and Peter Fakler. "NADH diaphorase polymorphism in European fallow deer." Biochemical Genetics 34, no. 1-2 (February 1996): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02396240.

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