Статті в журналах з теми "Fairness, justice, environmental decision-making"
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1
Bassett, Andrea. "Fairness and justice in environmental decision making: water under the bridge." Australasian Journal of Environmental Management 24, no. 1 (October 3, 2016): 86–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14486563.2016.1237123.
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Schmid, Sara, Rudolf Vetschera, and Judit Lienert. "Testing Fairness Principles for Public Environmental Infrastructure Decisions." Group Decision and Negotiation 30, no. 3 (February 15, 2021): 611–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10726-021-09725-2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractPublic infrastructure decisions affect many stakeholders with various benefits and costs. For public decisions, it is crucial that decision-making processes and outcomes are fair. Fairness concepts have rarely been explored in public infrastructure planning. We close this gap for a global issue of growing importance: replacing sewer-based, centralized by decentralized wastewater systems. We empirically study fairness principles in this policy-relevant context, and identify possible influencing factors in a representative online survey of 472 Swiss German residents. In a transition phase, innovative, decentralized pilot wastewater systems are installed in households. We designed two vignettes for this context to test the adhesion to principles of distributive justice—equality, equity, and need—at individual and community levels. A third vignette tests procedural justice with increasing fulfilment of fair process criteria. The results confirm our hypotheses: equity is perceived as fairer than equality at individual and collective levels. Contrary to expectations and literature, need is perceived as even fairer than equity. Procedural justice results confirm literature, e.g., the majority (92%) of respondents deems a policy fair that includes them in decision-making. Only few demographic and explanatory factors are significantly correlated with respondents’ fairness perceptions. Although unexpected, this is positive, implying that introducing decentralized wastewater technology can be designed for the entire population independent of characteristics of individuals. Generally, our results confirm literature: fairness perceptions depend on the circumstances. Hence, they should be elicited in the exact application context to be able to enter negotiation processes and provide concrete advice to decision makers.
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Weiner, Bryan J., Jeffrey A. Alexander, and Stephen M. Shortell. "Management and Governance Processes in Community Health Coalitions: A Procedural Justice Perspective." Health Education & Behavior 29, no. 6 (December 2002): 737–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019802237941.
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Community-based coalitions are a popular strategy for promoting community health despite the fact that coalitions often fail to achieve measurable results. Using a procedural justice framework, this study seeks to advance knowledge about the relationship between coalition governance and management processes and indicators of coalition functioning. Member survey data from 25 coalitions participating in the Community Care Network Demonstration Program were analyzed using two-stage least squares regression. Results show that personal influence in decision making, decision process clarity, and collaborative conflict resolution were significantly associated with procedural fairness perceptions. Procedural fairness perceptions, in turn, were positively associated with member satisfaction with coalition decisions, but not personal engagement in the coalition or organizational integration of coalition goals and activities. Personal influence in decision making and collaborative conflict resolution also exhibited direct relationships with all three indicators of coalition functioning examined in the study.
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Cullen, Miriam. "Questioning the Criminal Justice Imperative." Global Governance 25, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 327–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-02502003.
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Abstract The Security Council’s structure as a small but powerful executive, combined with its primary responsibility for international peace and security, leads to a presumption against the application of ordinary standards of procedural fairness. At the same time, explicit provisions of the UN Charter and its own rules of procedure indicate that some balance was to be struck. This article questions whether the attainment of international criminal jurisdiction through Security Council decision-making really outweighs the need to ensure procedural integrity in every step of the process. It posits that a lack of procedural fairness in the Council’s methods of work at least undermines the justice imperative that the Council so espouses and at most violates an ancillary legal obligation.
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Feldman, David L. "Integrated water management and environmental justice – public acceptability and fairness in adopting water innovations." Water Supply 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.035.
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Innovations to manage freshwater resources and avert shortages – including conservation through use of reclaimed wastewater, desalination, and demand-side management measures such as increasing block rate structures offer practical, effective remedies for meeting future water demands. We examine the challenges confronting adoption of these innovations that revolve around perceptions of fairness and public acceptability. A major obstacle to these approaches' adoption is environmental justice – that the risk and burden of resource solutions, as well as their benefits – should be borne equitably, despite differences of income or race. We first consider how debates regarding water supply are often disputes over different notions of environmental justice. We then examine general equity debates over adopting various innovations in one US state at the nexus of water demand and supply innovation: California. We contend that fairly adopting these innovations requires embracing open, inclusive, and transparent decision-making processes in which no important constituency is excluded from decisions, and in which different notions of environmental justice are embraced.
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Heydon, James. "Sensitising Green Criminology to Procedural Environmental Justice: A Case Study of First Nation Consultation in the Canadian Oil Sands." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 7, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v7i4.936.
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Procedural environmental justice refers to fairness in processes of decision-making. It recognises that environmental victimisation, while an injustice in and of itself, is usually underpinned by unjust deliberation procedures. Although green criminology tends to focus on the former—distributional dimension of environmental justice—this article draws attention to its procedural counterpart. In doing so, it demonstrates how the notions of justice-as-recognition and justice-as-participation are jointly manifested within its conceptual boundaries. This is done by using the consultation process that occurs with indigenous peoples on proposed oil sands projects in Northern Alberta, Canada, as a case study. Drawing from ‘elite’ interviews, the article illustrates how indigenous voices have been marginalised and their Treaty rights misrecognised within this consultation process. As such, in seeking to understand the procedural determinants of distributional injustice, the article aims to encourage broader green criminological scholarship to do the same.
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Junaedi, Wahyu, and Adi Prihanisetyo. "Subjective Meaning of Strategic Pricing Decision Making based on Islamic Values in the Muslim Business community." IQTISHADIA 15, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.21043/iqtishadia.v15i1.11553.
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<p><em>Fierce competition in business often encourages businesses to act unreasonably in their pricing strategies. Orientation to maximum profit often trumps the ethical values derived from religious teachings. This study aims to find the meaning of strategic pricing decision-making of Muslim businessmen based on their awareness of Islamic values. Islamic values arise from the perception of business people as a reflection of knowledge about Islamic ethics that they understand. The research method used is transcendental phenomenology. The sampling was conducted on five businesspeople members of the Indonesian Islamic Business Forum (IIBF). This study found that Muslim businessmen Interpret strategic pricing decision-making according to their awareness of Islamic values as a form of justice, namely fairness in pricing based on market segments and based on product value-added. This research will provide knowledge to business people to consider ethics in the strategic policy of price management conducted.</em></p>
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Roberts, Karen, and Karen S. Markel. "Claiming in the name of fairness: Organizational justice and the decision to file for workplace injury compensation." Journal of Occupational Health Psychology 6, no. 4 (2001): 332–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.6.4.332.
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Bartkowiak-Theron, Isabelle, and Emma Colvin. "Understanding the impact of bail refusal on the Australian public health system." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 7, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.280.
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Australia’s incarceration rates are the highest they have been in a century. Bail and remand contribute much to this trend, and yet the reasons why police refuse bail to vulnerable people are currently unclear. What is clear, though, is that a disproportionate number of vulnerable people are being refused bail, resulting in periods of remand incarceration which end up either longer than the prison sentence given by a magistrate, or undue if the alleged offender is found not guilty. This tendency is particularly observable for the most vulnerable: Aboriginal people, children, people with a mental health condition, the homeless, and women. The authors investigated how magistrates grant or refuse bail as part of the court process, then looked at two tipping points bracketing the bail continuum: 1) policing interactions leading to court appearance, and 2) the impact of bail refusal on public health and community safety and well-being in general. In the present article, they examined how authorized police officers consider refusing or granting bail. This new project aims to investigate the police bail decision-making process and generate new knowledge about the impact of bail refusal on vulnerable people. Through an iterative process with national practitioners and international experts, the authors aimed to identify factors to consider when bail involves vulnerable people. Expected outcomes included the development of mechanisms to benefit the full remit of criminal justice, reduce costs, and improve fairness, accountability, and procedural justice.
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Hidayat, Arief, and Ahmad Redi. "ANALISIS KEABSAHAN KEPUTUSAN GUBERNUR JAWA TENGAH NOMOR 660.1/6 TAHUN 2017 TENTANG IZIN LINGKUNGAN KEGIATAN PENAMBANGAN DAN PEMBANGUNAN PABRIK PT SEMEN INDONESIA BERDASARKAN UNDANG-UNDANG NOMOR 32 TAHUN 2009 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN DAN PENGELOLAAN LINGKUNGAN HIDUP." Jurnal Hukum Adigama 1, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/adigama.v1i1.2205.
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The State of Indonesia is a State of Law. But, in fact the ideals of the idea of the State of Law that was built by developing the legal tool itself as a system that is functional and just to achieve community welfare and social justice has not been optimally done. This is reflected in the new Environmental Permit issued by Central Java Governor Ganjar Pranowo (No. 660.1 / 6 of 2017 on Environmental Permit for Mining and Construction Activities of PT Semen Indonesia Plant) is considered to have injured the ideals of the law itself. The new Environmental Permit is contradictory to the content of the Review Judgment issued by the Supreme Court (Supreme Court Verdict Decision Number 99 PK / Tun 2016), because in the ruling it ordered that the Governor Replace the old Environmental Permit, which was issued in 2012 and did not issue New Environmental Permit. The verdict contains the basis of judges' consideration in deciding cases that have reflected fairness and legal certainty. The result of the research on the validity of the Environmental Permit Decree on the Review Judgment issued by the Supreme Court concluded that the decree should be invalid because it is not in line with the decision of the court which has permanent legal force.
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Parovic, Miroslav, and Miroslav Kljajic. "Improvement of metric for quantification and assessment of the energy justice." Thermal Science, no. 00 (2021): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci210527262p.
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This paper provide a qualitative analysis of existing metrics that directly or indirectly quantify energy justice. The main objective of the paper was to determine shortcomings and to suggest improvements in order to enhane existing metrics and create conditions for defining of new energy indicators. The emphasis was placed on the analysis of the readiness of the system for the energy transition. Therefore, elements of the energy trilemma of the observed countries were defined using known parameters related to the transition processes. The use of known economic, political, energy, environmental and other indicators provided the universality of the suggested metric and reduced the impact of subjectivity. Proposed improvements for the metric of energy justice and the defining of new energy indicators served as a help tool for decision-makers in the energy sector. Political solutions should strive to a balancing of the energy trilemma, which was the main precondition for achieving the goals of sustainable development and a just transition. The main results of this paper are the possibility of universal application of metric for the quantification of energy justice and a new composite indicator that indicated the level of energy transition fairness.
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Adiwijaya, Daniel Yusmic Foeck, and Manotar Tampubolon. "Continuing Disputes and Validity of Voting for the Regent and Deputy Regent of Yalimo Regency in Papua Indonesia." Britain International of Humanities and Social Sciences (BIoHS) Journal 4, no. 1 (March 14, 2022): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33258/biohs.v4i1.602.
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This study examines the disputed decisions made by the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia on the election of the Regent and Deputy Regent of Yalimo Regency, Papua Province, in 2020 that do not adhere to the principle of permanent and final legal force. The Constitutional Court's decision on the dispute over the election of the elected Regent and Deputy Regent resulted in a lengthy case due to the possibility of re-election, which still resulted in general election disputes. The author discusses the consequences of re-election, which has the potential for ongoing disputes at the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Indonesia, as well as non-compliance with the principle of final punishment, which has permanent legal force from the standpoint of fairness and justice. Findings from the study of the proposed candidate having been sentenced by the court, as well as the validity of the vote count results in the District that has been declared valid and not re-voted in the Constitutional Court Decision Number 97/PHP.BUP-XIX/2021 (Study of Constitutional Court Decision Number 145/PHP BUP-XIX/2021) are also presented. According to this study, in the dispute over the election of Yalimo's regent and deputy regent, the judge decided on the same case, which had permanent legal force and violated the principle of legal certainty.
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Chiarolla, Claudio. "Intellectual Property from a Global Environmental Law Perspective: Lessons from Patent Disclosure Requirements for Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge." Transnational Environmental Law 8, no. 3 (August 28, 2019): 503–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102519000165.
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AbstractThis commentary considers the intellectual property (IP) system from a global environmental law perspective by exploring the extent to which patent-related treaties, such as the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and the World Intellectual Property Organization Patent Cooperation Treaty, can facilitate implementation of global environmental standards in the field of biodiversity law. It provides practical guidance to countries that wish to introduce patent disclosure-related mechanisms into their legal systems with a view to mainstreaming instances of global justice, fairness and equity, and raises awareness of the limitations arising from their extant IP obligations. Global environmental law standards have exercised an undeniable influence on the political discourse in international IP policy making in the field of patent disclosure. Still, many patent disclosure requirements that pre-date the Nagoya Protocol apply only to genetic resources the provenance of which is the same country that established the requirement. However, if a country designates its patent or IP office as a compliance checkpoint under the Nagoya Protocol, then the disclosure requirement should encompass at least the genetic resources originating from all countries that are contracting parties to this instrument. This could allow the fulfilment of a core monitoring obligation of the latter, while enabling wider synergies and transparency within the IP system.
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Lee, Mary M., and Amanda Navarro. "Prioritizing Racial Equity: How Efforts to Advance Racial Equity Helped Shape the W.K. Kellogg Food & Fitness Initiative." Health Promotion Practice 19, no. 1_suppl (September 2018): 24S—33S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839918783970.
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Racial equity is closely linked to principles of fairness and justice. It is distinct from the concept of racial equality. Community engaged strategies aimed at creating racial equity have generated effective ways to dismantle structural racism—the racialized policies and practices that have shaped economic and social institutions in the United States throughout its history. In crafting the Food & Fitness Initiative, the W.K. Kellogg Foundation made advancing racial equity a top priority. By doing so, it encouraged the community partnerships funded under the initiative to apply theories of expanding equity to real-world situations in order to reduce racial disparities in their neighborhoods. This article reviews the methods that were employed over the course of the initiative to support the partnerships with their efforts. It highlights three key components: (1) being intentional about maintaining a focus on racial equity, (2) concentrating on changing policies and systems, and (3) consistently incorporating meaningful and authentic community engagement into the work. The importance of making the concept of equity concrete and measurable is explored. Furthermore, the article discusses strategies that strengthened the capacity of the partnerships to navigate the policy-making process and to build leadership and shift power to community residents. The article concludes by detailing measures that could guide future efforts to make racial equity a priority and emphasizes that doing so is crucial given the rapid demographic shifts underway across the country.
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Vlavianos, Nickie. "The Applicability of Section 7 of the Charter to Oil and Gas Development in Alberta." Constitutional Forum / Forum constitutionnel 17, no. 1, 2 & 3 (July 11, 2011): 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.21991/c9n95v.
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When Albertans think about human rights in the context of oil and gas development, many think of Africa, and for good reason. Indeed, the tragic events that have unfolded in Sudan in recent years may come to mind. Few, however, will turn their minds to the possibility of human rights violations occurring in their own province. And yet, in at least three court applications over the past year or so, landowners have raised the spectre of the applicability of human rights law in the context of oil and gas development in Al- berta. Specifically, the possibility of the applica- tion of section 7 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is at issue.1 Arguments have been based on both aspects of section 7 — the right to life, liberty, and security of the person, and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accor- dance with the principles of fundamental justice (or procedural fairness), including rights to a fair hearing, to reasonable notice, and to reasons for a decision. Although no definite ruling has yet emerged, in none of these cases was it suggested that section 7 is inapplicable in the context of the actual and potential environmental and health impacts of oil and gas development (or other industrial development for that matter). Where there might have been doubt about this issue be- fore, there does not appear to be any now.
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Solomon, Starr J. "How Do the Components of Procedural Justice and Driver Race Influence Encounter-Specific Perceptions of Police Legitimacy During Traffic Stops?" Criminal Justice and Behavior 46, no. 8 (July 2019): 1200–1216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093854819859606.
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Procedural justice is often recognized as the key antecedent of police legitimacy. However, less is known about how the components of procedural justice, treatment and decision-making quality, influence perceptions of police legitimacy. This study utilizes a 2 × 2 × 2 survey experiment to explore the direct effects of the components of procedural justice, and the moderating effects of driver race, on perceptions of encounter-specific fairness and legitimacy. Results indicate that treatment quality is a more salient predictor of encounter-specific fairness and legitimacy than decision-making quality. In addition, simple effects analyses reveal that driver race moderates perceptions of encounter-specific fairness but not encounter-specific perceptions of legitimacy. The findings imply that police officers should emphasize respectful treatment during encounters with the public.
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Keddell, Emily. "Algorithmic Justice in Child Protection: Statistical Fairness, Social Justice and the Implications for Practice." Social Sciences 8, no. 10 (October 8, 2019): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci8100281.
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Algorithmic tools are increasingly used in child protection decision-making. Fairness considerations of algorithmic tools usually focus on statistical fairness, but there are broader justice implications relating to the data used to construct source databases, and how algorithms are incorporated into complex sociotechnical decision-making contexts. This article explores how data that inform child protection algorithms are produced and relates this production to both traditional notions of statistical fairness and broader justice concepts. Predictive tools have a number of challenging problems in the child protection context, as the data that predictive tools draw on do not represent child abuse incidence across the population and child abuse itself is difficult to define, making key decisions that become data variable and subjective. Algorithms using these data have distorted feedback loops and can contain inequalities and biases. The challenge to justice concepts is that individual and group rights to non-discrimination become threatened as the algorithm itself becomes skewed, leading to inaccurate risk predictions drawing on spurious correlations. The right to be treated as an individual is threatened when statistical risk is based on a group categorisation, and the rights of families to understand and participate in the decisions made about them is difficult when they have not consented to data linkage, and the function of the algorithm is obscured by its complexity. The use of uninterpretable algorithmic tools may create ‘moral crumple zones’, where practitioners are held responsible for decisions even when they are partially determined by an algorithm. Many of these criticisms can also be levelled at human decision makers in the child protection system, but the reification of these processes within algorithms render their articulation even more difficult, and can diminish other important relational and ethical aims of social work practice.
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Chiao, Vincent. "Fairness, accountability and transparency: notes on algorithmic decision-making in criminal justice." International Journal of Law in Context 15, no. 2 (June 2019): 126–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552319000077.
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AbstractOver the last few years, legal scholars, policy-makers, activists and others have generated a vast and rapidly expanding literature concerning the ethical ramifications of using artificial intelligence, machine learning, big data and predictive software in criminal justice contexts. These concerns can be clustered under the headings of fairness, accountability and transparency. First, can we trust technology to be fair, especially given that the data on which the technology is based are biased in various ways? Second, whom can we blame if the technology goes wrong, as it inevitably will on occasion? Finally, does it matter if we do not know how an algorithm works or, relatedly, cannot understand how it reached its decision? I argue that, while these are serious concerns, they are not irresolvable. More importantly, the very same concerns of fairness, accountability and transparency apply, with even greater urgency, to existing modes of decision-making in criminal justice. The question, hence, is comparative: can algorithmic modes of decision-making improve upon the status quo in criminal justice? There is unlikely to be a categorical answer to this question, although there are some reasons for cautious optimism.
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JIANG, Luyuan, Limei CAO, Xin QIN, Ling TAN, Chen CHEN, and Xiaofeng PENG. "Fairness perceptions of artificial intelligence decision making." Advances in Psychological Science 30, no. 5 (2022): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1042.2022.01078.
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Smithard, David G., Nadir Abdelhameed, Thwe Han, and Angelo Pieris. "Age, Frailty, Resuscitation and Intensive Care: With Reference to COVID-19." Geriatrics 6, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geriatrics6020036.
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Discussion regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation and admission to an intensive care unit is frequently fraught in the context of older age. It is complicated by the fact that the presence of multiple comorbidities and frailty adversely impact on prognosis. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation and mechanical ventilation are not appropriate for all. Who decides and how? This paper discusses the issues, biases, and potential harms involved in decision-making. The basis of decision making requires fairness in the distribution of resources/healthcare (distributive justice), yet much of the printed guidance has taken a utilitarian approach (getting the most from the resource provided). The challenge is to provide a balance between justice for the individual and population justice.
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Chattopadhyay, Rachana. "Interactional Justice-related Bias and Its Impact on Appraiser’s Decision-making Process: An Experimental Approach." Journal of Operations and Strategic Planning 1, no. 2 (December 2018): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2516600x18814618.
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Interactional justice refers to the fairness in interpersonal treatment received by an individual both before and after the decision-making. Violation of interactional justice leads to the negative consequences. Literature on organizational justice has already identified the influence of gender on interactional justice. Current research is based on Indian context, where numerous intergroup relations create a different group dynamics. In India, apart from gender, religious stereotyping also plays a significant role in social context. The present experimental study investigates how appraiser’s decision on performance rating and reward recommendation is influenced by interactional justice-related stereotype. This study was conducted on Hindu (240) and Muslim (240) postgraduate students of Indian universities in two experimentations. Result reveals the influence of gender and religious bias on appraiser’s decision-making on performance-based reward system. It has been observed that if there is a violation of interactional justice, female employees sharing the same religious group membership with the appraiser are subjected to the most unfavorable performance rating and reward recommendation. Again, in case of interactional justice adherence, this group is rewarded with the maximum benefit. The whole analysis reveals that performance evaluators expect interactional justice from female employee of their own religious group membership. If there is a violation, this group will be the maximum sufferer.
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Cohen, David. "Procedural Fairness and Incentive Programs: Reflections on the Environmental Choice Program." Alberta Law Review 31, no. 3 (August 1, 1993): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr1205.
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This paper explores the application of concepts of procedural fairness to the federal government's Environmental Choice Program's decision-making processes. While Canadian courts have traditionally required public bureaucrats to act "fairly" when implementing command models of regulation, they have only recently been confronted with demands that regulators implementing economic incentive programs also act in accordance with procedural fairness norms. Procedural fairness has been justified through a number of related arguments, all of which focus on the protection of private interests of individuals adversely affected by the exercise of bureaucratic power. The paper argues that procedural fairness should characterize both decision-making categories within the Environmental Choice Program, and within incentive programs generally. However, the paper argues that the justification for the application of fairness norms in government incentive programs should be the promotion and support of program policies. At best, the protection of private interests is the means through which program benefits can be optimally designed, and effectively delivered to the public. The paper describes the Environmental Choice Program's decision-making processes, and divides the program's operations into two categories. CATEGORY 1 decisions involve the development of environmental standards, and the negotiation of the licensing agreement through which private firms are permitted to use the federal government owned ECOLOGO. CATEGORY 2 decisions involve individual licensing, licence termination and renewal decisions. The paper then discusses the ways in which effective participation of a wide range of interest groups is encouraged in both categories of decisions through access to information, representation on decision-making bodies, and appeal and review processes. Finally, the paper describes the environmental benefits associated with effective participation as an example of the public policy
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Shi, Wei, Jiawei Hu, Suqin Sun, Qiang Meng, and Xuemei Zhang. "Green Supply Chain Decision-Making considering Retailer’s Fairness Concerns and Government Subsidy Policy." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2022 (May 10, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6009764.
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Government’s green subsidy and retailer’s fairness concerns have great implications for enterprise’s operation strategy in the green supply chain (GSC). With the continuous deepening of retailer’s participation in supply chain management, the green services they provided by retailer have become a crucial role in promoting the terminal sales of green products. To further research the government subsidies and retailer’s fairness concerns on the optimal decisions of product pricing, green R&D, and service level, we construct four two-stage GSC models: no subsidy and fairness concerns, subsidizes manufacturer without retailer’s fairness concerns, subsidizes manufacturer with retailer’s fairness concerns, and subsidizes all members with retailer’s fairness concerns. The results show that subsidizes to manufacturers has significantly improved supply chain performance and environmental governance, but it exacerbates the unfair distribution of profits among members, and retailers’ fairness concerns drive them to offer lower green service level. With the green demand of consumers being unable to be fully satisfied, the consumer surplus and effectiveness of government environmental governance decrease accordingly. To eliminate the adverse effect caused by unfair distribution of profits, it is necessary to subsidize retailers so as to share their green service costs and increase their share of profits.
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Patrick D. Smith, Maureen H. McDono. "Beyond Public Participation: Fairness in Natural Resource Decision Making." Society & Natural Resources 14, no. 3 (March 2001): 239–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941920120140.
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Kim, Minseo, and Terry A. Beehr. "Making the case for procedural justice: employees thrive and work hard." Journal of Managerial Psychology 35, no. 2 (February 29, 2020): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jmp-03-2019-0154.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PurposeProcedural justice consists of employees' fairness judgments about decision-making processes used to allocate organizational rewards and has been linked to positive work outcomes. The study drew from social exchange and reciprocity theories to examine a model proposing psychological empowerment and organization-based self-esteem (OBSE) as two psychological processes explaining the relationship of procedural justice with employees' work effort and thriving.Design/methodology/approachThree-waves of data with one-month time lags were obtained from 346 full-time US employees. Structural equation modeling tested the hypotheses.FindingsResults supported the model. Procedural justice at Time 1 was positively related to psychological empowerment and OBSE at Time 2, which both led to employees' work effort and thriving at Time 3.Originality/valueThe study provided a theoretical explanation for procedural justice resulting in better work effort and thriving: Psychological empowerment and OBSE may provide a bridge for the effects of procedural justice on employees’ work effort and thriving.
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Syrett, Keith. "Health technology appraisal and the courts: accountability for reasonableness and the judicial model of procedural justice." Health Economics, Policy and Law 6, no. 4 (August 12, 2010): 469–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133110000228.
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AbstractRecommendations issued by agencies undertaking appraisals of health technologies at the national level may impact upon the availability of certain treatments and services in some publicly funded health systems, and, as such, have regularly been subject to challenge, including by way of litigation. In addition to expertise in the evaluation of evidence, fairness of procedures has been identified as a necessary component of a claim to legitimacy in such circumstances. This article analyses the assessment of courts in three jurisdictions of the fairness of decision-making by such agencies and evaluates the judicial reading of procedural justice developed in this particular context against the conditions of ‘accountability for reasonableness’.
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Michaelson, Zachary. "Biases in choices about fairness: Psychology and economic inequality." Judgment and Decision Making 10, no. 2 (March 2015): 198–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s193029750000396x.
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AbstractThis paper investigates choices about “distributional fairness” (sometimes called “distributive justice”), i.e., selection of the proper way for resources to be distributed in group. The study finds evidence that several of the same biases of risky decision making also apply to choices about distributional fairness, in particular focusing on the key biases that lead to prospect theory. This finding is achieved by introducing a novel thought experiment regarding the fairness of resource distributions, then manipulating the percentage of individuals who gain or lose in these distributions, and changing the sizes of gains and losses. Shared biases may mean similar heuristics are being employed. The mechanism behind this result leaves room for future exploration, as do the implications of the finding for related applications in inequality research.
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Robardet, Patrick. "Processus décisionnels, justice naturelle et équité procédurale dans la jurisprudence comparée de la Cour fédérale et des cours ontariennes et québécoises." Les Cahiers de droit 23, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 687–771. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/042512ar.
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Natural justice and fairness (the « new natural justice ») are well known notions of administrative law. They constitute traditional and newer limits on administrative action. This article analyses these two principles, both as to their nature and the extent to which they are respected by administrative bodies and by government (the Crown and central departments). This latter aspect is illustrated by cases pertaining to the judicial control exercised by the Federal Court of Canada and the Ontario and Quebec superior courts. The approach followed is a comparative one. The paper attempts to identify those judicial trends within the three systems studied which [emphasize] [differences and similarities] in their responses to the various practical issues raised by natural justice and fairness and their respect in administrative decision-making processes. Thus, the study attempts to retrieve from the case law considered those notional and methodological elements, or principles, which structure judicial control and judical reasoning in solving the issues raised by the processes in motion.
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D’Amodio, Alfonso. "Toward a Human-Centered Economy and Politics: The Theory of Justice as Fairness from Rawls to Sen." Philosophies 5, no. 4 (December 8, 2020): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies5040044.
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In this paper, I present the suggestion that a suitable theory of “justice as fairness” could offer a consistent path for solving many issues related to the actual crisis of the classical liberal model of economy and democracy, by substituting the abstract “equality” principle, with the concrete “equity” one in the notion of justice. After a short discussion of some main characters of the present worldwide crisis of the classical liberal model, I present two main theories of justice as fairness. John Rawls’ theory in political philosophy that emphasizes how really equitable judgements must overcome the equalitarianism of the Classical Liberalism, by considering the real possibilities of individuals and groups of accessing and enjoying commodities and utilities, as well as, the “basic liberties” defining the citizen equal dignity in the Modern State. Rawls propose, therefore, a notion of fairness compliant with the Kantian normativism, and a notion of fair distributive justice based on the ethical principle of the maximin, as a criterion for judging the righteousness of the State Institutions. The other theory of justice as fairness I discuss in this paper is an evolution of Rawls’ in the direction of the development of a “comparative distributive justice”, without any normativism. This theory is developed in the context of the newborn discipline of the “social choice theory”, formalizing social decision processes, with applications in economic, social, and political sciences. What characterizes Sen’s theory is its original synthesis between the Aristotelian notion of fairness, based on the “personal flourishing”, and Adam Smith’s ethical principle of the “extended sympathy”, by which making comparable different approaches to pursue the personal flourishing, i.e., for achieving “valued and valuable ways of being and of doing”, compliant with, and respectful of, different value systems.
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Galea, Chris, and Barry Wright. "Sex, roles and justice: a study of gender as a predictor of fairness in decision making." Women in Management Review 14, no. 3 (May 1999): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09649429910269893.
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Baltussen, Rob, Omar Mwalim, Karl Blanchet, Manuel Carballo, Getachew Teshome Eregata, Alemayehu Hailu, Maryam Huda, et al. "Decision-making processes for essential packages of health services: experience from six countries." BMJ Global Health 8, Suppl 1 (January 2023): e010704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010704.
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Many countries around the world strive for universal health coverage, and an essential packages of health services (EPHS) is a central policy instrument for countries to achieve this. It defines the coverage of services that are made available, as well as the proportion of the costs that are covered from different financial schemes and who can receive these services. This paper reports on the development of an analytical framework on the decision-making process of EPHS revision, and the review of practices of six countries (Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Somalia, Sudan and Zanzibar-Tanzania).The analytical framework distinguishes the practical organisation, fairness and institutionalisation of decision-making processes. The review shows that countries: (1) largely follow a similar practical stepwise process but differ in their implementation of some steps, such as the choice of decision criteria; (2) promote fairness in their EPHS process by involving a range of stakeholders, which in the case of Zanzibar included patients and community members; (3) are transparent in terms of at least some of the steps of their decision-making process and (4) in terms of institutionalisation, express a high degree of political will for ongoing EPHS revision with almost all countries having a designated governing institute for EPHS revision.We advise countries to organise meaningful stakeholder involvement and foster the transparency of the decision-making process, as these are key to fairness in decision-making. We also recommend countries to take steps towards the institutionalisation of their EPHS revision process.
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Biddulph, Sarah, Elisa Nesossi, and Susan Trevaskes. "Criminal Justice Reform in the Xi Jinping Era." China Law and Society Review 2, no. 1 (December 12, 2017): 63–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25427466-00201002.
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This paper reviews current criminal justice reforms that have been initiated in recent years under the governance platform Governing the Nation in Accordance with the Law [yifa zhiguo]. 1 These initiatives are helping to reframe criminal justice processes to correspond with the broad governance intentions of President Xi Jinping: finessing center-local power relations, making the authorities in the justice system more accountable for their decision-making, and improving procedures that aim to bring about greater fairness and efficiency. We examine these ongoing reforms in two main areas: the handling of minor crimes and the punishment of serious offenses. We find that yifa zhiguo and the reforms made in its name continue to reflect a highly legalist and instrumentalist vision of law whose goal is to enhance Party-state governance to control dissent and crime more effectively through criminal law, to enhance politico-legal institutional credibility, and, ultimately, to sustain Party supremacy and social stability.
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Deane-Drummond, Celia. "Wisdom, Justice and Environmental Decision-Making in a Biotechnological Age." Journal for the Study of Religion, Nature and Culture 8, no. 2 (February 28, 2007): 173–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ecotheology.v8i2.173.
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Donner, Chirstopher, Jon Maskaly, Lorie Fridell, and Wesley G. Jennings. "Policing and procedural justice: a state-of-the-art review." Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 38, no. 1 (March 16, 2015): 153–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-12-2014-0129.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to systematically and comprehensively review the literature on procedural justice in policing, in the context of both police-citizen encounters and organizational decision making. Design/methodology/approach – The current study reflects a narrative meta-review of procedural justice within policing generated through a systematic and exhaustive search of several academic databases (e.g. Criminal Justice Abstracts, Criminology: A SAGE Full Text Collection, EBSCO Host, PsychInfo, etc.). Findings – The current meta-review identified 46 studies that matched the selection criteria. In this body of research, 28 studies analyzed procedural justices within the context of police-citizen encounters and 18 studies examined procedural justice within the context of police organization decision making. In general, the body of research yields two main findings. First, citizens’ perceptions of procedural justice during interactions with the police positively affect their views of police legitimacy, satisfaction with police services, satisfaction with interaction disposition, trust in the police, and confidence in the police. Second, the perception of police personnel of procedural justice in organizational decision making positively influences their views of decision outcomes, trust in the administration, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, desire to stay with the agency, and overall views of the agency. Practical implications – The practical implications derived from this meta-review are twofold. First, police personnel engaged in police-citizen encounters reap many benefits when they treat citizens with fairness and maintain an encounter process that is marked by objectivity and equity. Second, police supervisors and administrators reap benefits when their subordinates perceive that there is procedural justice within the organization. Originality/value – The state-of-the-art meta-review on procedural justice in policing is the first of its kind. This study comprehensively reviews the literature on two important bodies of policing research. This study will be useful for researchers who wish to further explore procedural justice issues in policing, and for police managers/administrators who wish to strengthen citizens’ perceptions of the police and their employees’ perceptions of the organization.
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Gill, Gitanjali Nain. "Environmental Justice in India: The National Green Tribunal and Expert Members." Transnational Environmental Law 5, no. 1 (December 2, 2015): 175–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2047102515000278.
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AbstractThis article argues that the involvement of technical experts in decision making promotes better environmental results while simultaneously recognizing the uncertainty in science. India’s record as a progressive jurisdiction in environmental matters through its proactive judiciary is internationally recognized. The neoteric National Green Tribunal of India (NGT) – officially described as a ‘specialised body equipped with necessary expertise to handle environmental disputes involving multi-disciplinary issues’ – is a forum which offers greater plurality for environmental justice. The NGT, in exercising wide powers, is staffed by judicial and technical expert members who decide cases in an open forum. The experts are ‘central’, rather than ‘marginal’, to the NGT’s decision-making process.This article draws on theoretical insights developed by Lorna Schrefler and Peter Haas to analyze the role of scientific experts as decision makers within the NGT. Unprecedented interview access provides data that grants an insight into the internal decision-making processes of the five benches of the NGT. Reported cases, supported by additional comments of bench members, illustrate the wider policy impact of scientific knowledge and its contribution to the NGT’s decision-making process.
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Bailey, Keiron, Ted Grossardt, and John Ripy. "Toward Environmental Justice in Transportation Decision Making with Structured Public Involvement." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2320, no. 1 (January 2012): 102–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2320-13.
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Albrecht, Stan L. "Equity and justice in environmental decision making: A proposed research agenda." Society & Natural Resources 8, no. 1 (January 1995): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08941929509380901.
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Barry, RG. "Environmental decision making in a technological age: prudence, wisdom and justice." Ethics in Science and Environmental Politics 2 (September 26, 2002): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3354/esep002030.
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Metsger, Andrey A. "State protection and implementation of civil rights in russian law enforcement." LAPLAGE EM REVISTA 7, Extra-A (May 25, 2021): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24115/s2446-622020217extra-a876p.519-524.
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The article aims at studying the guarantees of civil rights in terms of their constitutional and industry-based specifics. The main method used in this article was the deductive method that allowed studying the legal nature and specifics of state protection, as well as the guarantees of civil rights in law enforcement (as exemplified by the Russian Federation). The article has proved that the theoretical issue of effective state protection and civil rights implementation in Russian law enforcement remains unresolved. The study has revealed that law enforcement is effective when the principles of social justice, legality, reasonableness, and expediency are observed. Thus, social justice is not the only problem of modern law enforcement: law enforcement activities must comply with the principles of legality, fairness, expediency, and validity. Under the current conditions (with due regard to the current development of legal awareness and legal culture), law enforcement officers should meet the principles of legality and validity when deciding. Only such an attitude can help achieve a long-term perspective in law enforcement, i.e. to ensure fairness in decision-making.
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Donald, Dennis Uba, Ugwu Callistus Chinwuba, and Owoseni S. Kayode. "Collaborative Shift-Scheduling and Perceived Procedural Justice as Predictors of Clinical Decision-Making in Managed Care Practice among Selected Samples of Health Workers in the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), Abuja, Nigeria." Journal of Psychology & Behavior Research 5, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/jpbr.v5n1p1.
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This study examined the roles of collaborative shiftwork schedule and procedural justice as predictors of clinical decision-making in managed care practice among a selected sample of health workers in Abuja, Nigeria. The study was survey design conducted among 197 healthcare workers were selected using convenient sample from public and private healthcare institutions in Abuja. The Bergen Shift Work Sleep Questionnaire (BSWSQ) developed by Flo et al. (2012) was used to assess shiftwork collaborative scheduling. Procedural justice was measured using the Procedural Justice Scale (OJS) developed by Niehoff and Moorman (1993). While The Clinical Decision-Making Survey (CDMS) developed by Ferrell et al. (1991) was used to measure clinical decision-making. The result revealed that shiftwork did show significant relationship with clinical decision-making among psychiatric nurses [r (197) = .451, p <. 01]. Results from the multiple regression showed that procedural justice significantly predicted clinical decision-making among healthcare workers [? = .331, p <0.01]. The result of this study suggest that healthcare workers who engage in shift-schedule with a high perception of procedural justice have higher propensity to provide enhanced clinical decision-making at the workplace. The Nigerian healthcare reforms and policies should be reviewed, specifying issues relating to collaborative shiftwork for healthcare workers.
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Belyaev, M. V., and O. V. Kachalova. "Judicial Decisions in Russian Criminal Proceedings: Current Theoretical and Practical Problems." Pravosudie / Justice 2, no. 2 (June 11, 2020): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2686-9241.2020.2.49-66.
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Introduction. The importance of judicial decisions in criminal proceedings is determined by their observance of the established stages of such criminal proceedings. The quality of judicial decisions determines the fairness of justice, and the ability of the state to effectively protect the rights and freedoms of the individual. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The object of the study is the legal relationship arising, changing and resolving, in connection with the adoption of court decision. The methodological basis of the research is the universal dialectical method of cognition, including observation, methods of analysis and synthesis, structural and functional method. Results. The authors came to the conclusion that the main institutional features of judicial decisions (procedural form, requirements to the content regulated by the law, the procedure for making, binding, special procedure for their verification and review) are determined by their nature, as well as by the specifics of the epistemological activity of the court when making them. Judicial decision making is a complex mechanism consisting of a set of various structural elements that correspond with one another in various multiple direct and indirect relationships. Discussion and Conclusion. Judicial decision as an act of judicial power should reflect its basic properties: independence, regulation and law enforcement, decisiveness and objectivity. Judicial decisions taken together must meet the full requirements of the judiciary. The most important property of a court decision is its compliance with the requirements of legal norms. Among the features of the legal nature of the judgment should include: the relevance of the hierarchy of legal regulations governing its form, its content and procedure, and the proper interpretation of the rules of law applied in making this decision. The validity of the court decision is based on an objective semantic link between the results of the evidence, which are reflected in the descriptive and motivational part of the decision, and the direct conclusions of the court on the merits of the issue under consideration in the operative part. The higher the level of proof required in making a decision and the more clearly regulated the procedure of proof and decision-making – the higher the degree of fairness of the court decision.
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Belyaev, M. V., and O. V. Kachalova. "Judicial Decisions in Russian Criminal Proceedings: Current Theoretical and Practical Problems." Pravosudie / Justice 2, no. 2 (June 11, 2020): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.37399/issn2686-9241.2020.2.49-66.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. The importance of judicial decisions in criminal proceedings is determined by their observance of the established stages of such criminal proceedings. The quality of judicial decisions determines the fairness of justice, and the ability of the state to effectively protect the rights and freedoms of the individual. Theoretical Basis. Methods. The object of the study is the legal relationship arising, changing and resolving, in connection with the adoption of court decision. The methodological basis of the research is the universal dialectical method of cognition, including observation, methods of analysis and synthesis, structural and functional method. Results. The authors came to the conclusion that the main institutional features of judicial decisions (procedural form, requirements to the content regulated by the law, the procedure for making, binding, special procedure for their verification and review) are determined by their nature, as well as by the specifics of the epistemological activity of the court when making them. Judicial decision making is a complex mechanism consisting of a set of various structural elements that correspond with one another in various multiple direct and indirect relationships. Discussion and Conclusion. Judicial decision as an act of judicial power should reflect its basic properties: independence, regulation and law enforcement, decisiveness and objectivity. Judicial decisions taken together must meet the full requirements of the judiciary. The most important property of a court decision is its compliance with the requirements of legal norms. Among the features of the legal nature of the judgment should include: the relevance of the hierarchy of legal regulations governing its form, its content and procedure, and the proper interpretation of the rules of law applied in making this decision. The validity of the court decision is based on an objective semantic link between the results of the evidence, which are reflected in the descriptive and motivational part of the decision, and the direct conclusions of the court on the merits of the issue under consideration in the operative part. The higher the level of proof required in making a decision and the more clearly regulated the procedure of proof and decision-making – the higher the degree of fairness of the court decision.
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Das, Sanmay. "Local Justice and the Algorithmic Allocation of Scarce Societal Resources." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 36, no. 11 (June 28, 2022): 12250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v36i11.21486.
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AI is increasingly used to aid decision-making about the allocation of scarce societal resources, for example housing for homeless people, organs for transplantation, and food donations. Recently, there have been several proposals for how to design objectives for these systems that attempt to achieve some combination of fairness, efficiency, incentive compatibility, and satisfactory aggregation of stakeholder preferences. This paper lays out possible roles and opportunities for AI in this domain, arguing for a closer engagement with the political philosophy literature on local justice, which provides a framework for thinking about how societies have over time framed objectives for such allocation problems. It also discusses how we may be able to integrate into this framework the opportunities and risks opened up by the ubiquity of data and the availability of algorithms that can use them to make accurate predictions about the future.
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Cachón-Alonso, Laura, and Marko Elovainio. "Organizational Justice and Health: Reviewing Two Decades of Studies." Journal of Theoretical Social Psychology 2022 (July 5, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3218883.
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Organizational justice refers to employees’ perceptions of the fairness of decision-making rules and policies in the workplace. Lack of justice is suggested to be a significant psychosocial risk factor that affects employees’ attitudes and health. The aim of this narrative review was to compile the evidence available about the effects of organizational justice on health. To this end, a literature search was carried out using the Web of Science, PubMed, and PsycINFO databases. The final sample consisted of 103 articles that studied the effects of justice on mental health (40 results), job stress (26), sickness absence (15), physical health (14), absenteeism/presenteeism (3), safety at work (3), and health of third parties (2). The results show that perceptions of workplace justice predict employees’ mental health, stress-related health problems, and lower levels of sickness absence were relatively compelling. Future studies should focus on less-researched outcomes and on how these associations are modified by other variables for a better understanding of how justice affects health, with a view to being able to carry out preventive measures more efficiently.
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Gladkova, Ekaterina. "Farming Intensification and Environmental Justice in Northern Ireland." Critical Criminology 28, no. 3 (February 1, 2020): 445–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10612-020-09488-3.
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Abstract Going for Growth, an industry-led strategy to expand the agri-food sector, was adopted by the Northern Irish government in 2013 in order to encourage farming intensification in Northern Ireland. This approach, however, threatens an already fragile natural environment and has already had detrimental consequences for human health and well-being. This article employs an environmental justice perspective to scrutinize farming intensification in a community affected by this phenomenon. Based on findings from semi-structured interviews with local residents, the article describes their exposure to environmental risks as a result of farming intensification. The uneven distribution of environmental burdens is also coupled with limited opportunities for the local residents to engage in environmental decision-making and to be recognized as active agents of change. The article concludes that farming intensification in Northern Ireland is marked by procedural environmental injustice and should be addressed by downscaling levels of production and reforming decision-making processes.
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Bauhr, Monika, and Naghmeh Nasiritousi. "Resisting Transparency: Corruption, Legitimacy, and the Quality of Global Environmental Policies." Global Environmental Politics 12, no. 4 (November 2012): 9–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00137.
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The domestic endorsement and institutionalization of transparency is of central importance to the implementation of global environmental policies. Studies often contend that interaction with international organizations (IOs) promotes domestic support for transparency. This article qualifies this conclusion and suggests that the positive effects of interaction with international organizations depend on the quality of IO decision-making processes, defined as their fairness, predictability, and effectiveness. Unfair, ineffective, and unpredictable decision-making processes in IOs can increase corruption, reduce legitimacy, and make officials blame transparency for unsatisfactory decision-making. The results build on a study of government officials in developing countries responsible for managing funds from the Clean Development Mechanism and the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol. Our findings suggest that government officials who perceive IO systems as unfair, ineffective, and unpredictable cultivate an adversarial relationship with media and NGOs and become more critical of the benefits of transparency.
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Hooper, Grant Robert. "Three Decades of Tension: From the Codification of Migration Decision-Making to an Overarching Framework for Judicial Review." Federal Law Review 48, no. 3 (May 29, 2020): 401–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0067205x20927811.
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Over the last three decades, Australian administrative law decisions about who will be allowed to stay in Australia have led to more interaction and tension between the elected government (Parliament and Ministry) and the judiciary than any other subject matter. This interaction has been intensified by Parliament’s attempts to amend the Migration Act 1958 (Cth) to codify judicial review and the procedures to be followed when making decisions under the Act. These amendments were made with the specific aim of minimising, if not practically eliminating, the judiciary’s influence over executive decision-making. However, this outcome has not been achieved. Rather, through a thousand cuts, or more literally cases, the codification efforts of Parliament have been weakened. Instead, the judiciary has put in place an overarching judicial review framework centred on the inherently flexible concept of jurisdictional error. This framework places equal emphasis on both express and implied statutory obligations and procedures. Express procedures have often being interpreted to include judicially created natural justice-like obligations and implied procedures often including other natural justice-like obligations or at least a base level of fairness premised on the constitutionally entrenched premise that the executive cannot decide arbitrarily.
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Florentzou, P., Ch Myrofora, M. Lavdaniti, D. Sapountzi-Krepia, V. Krepia, and P. Prezerakos. "Nurses’ perceptions about the transformational leadership in psychiatric hospitals in Cyprus." Progress in Health Sciences 8, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.8317.
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<b>Purpose:</b> To assess nurses’ perceptions about the transformational leadership applied in psychiatric hospitals and to investigate factors that influence these perceptions. <b>Materials and methods:</b> A descriptive study was conducted in a psychiatric hospital and a psychiatric ward of a general hospital located in a city of Cyprus. A convenience sample of 95 nurses was used, while the Greek version of the « Kuopio University Hospital Transformational Leadership Scale (KUHTLS) questionnaire was used as an instrument. <b>Results:</b> Appreciation, decision making fairness, and individuality were the variables with the highest mean values. Women had significantly higher scores in appreciation, justice, and individuality compared to men. Nurses who were >45 years old had a significantly higher score compared to those who were 31-45 and <30 years old in the subscales decision making (p=0.005), appreciation (p=0.043), development (p=0.020), work efficiency and outcomes (p=0.030). Head and senior nurses had significantly higher scores regarding subscales decision making (p=0.003), appreciation (p=0.025), development (p=0.010), work efficiency and outcomes (p=0.004). Nurses with > 7 years of work experience, had significantly higher scores in fairness subscale compared with the nurses who had less than seven years of work experience (p=0.034). <b>Conclusions:</b> Nurses working in those psychiatric hospitals and ward had positive perceptions about transformational nursing leadership. Hospital administrators should facilitate training programs for nurse managers in leadership styles and their effects on job satisfaction.
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Hackney, Philip T. "Political Justice and Tax Policy." Texas A&M Law Review 8, no. 2 (February 2021): 271–329. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v8.i2.2.
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In addition to valuing whether a tax policy is equitable, efficient, and administrable, I argue we should ask if a tax policy is politically just. Others have made a similar case for valuing political justice as democracy in implementing just tax policy. I join that call and highlight why it matters in one arena—tax exemption. I also further that discussion by arguing that politically just tax policy does the least harm to the democratic functioning of our government and may ideally enhance it. I argue that our right to an equal voice in collective decision-making is the most fundamental value of political justice. To test this case, I evaluate our choice to exempt “social welfare organizations” from the U.S. income tax. In addition to efficiency and equity, I also ask whether the policy is politically just in a democratic sense. I examine three models of democratic justice: liberal, republican, and deliberative. In making the democratic case, I try to find commonalities among the three in order to further what an agreed upon notion of democratic justice might look like in the tax context. I contend that the notion of democratic justice must exist at the substantive level of the Internal Revenue Code (“Code”). This Code-level application demonstrates that the typical criteria of efficiency and fairness do not provide sufficient criteria to evaluate the justice of tax-exempt policy. Political justice provides additional important evaluative criteria. There are likely significant other parts of income tax policy that need to be considered from the value of political justice as democracy as well.
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Davies, Haydn. "Environmental justice and equal protection: intent, motivation and cognition in decision-making." Journal of Human Rights and the Environment 4, no. 2 (September 2013): 191–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/jhre.2013.02.04.
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