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Статті в журналах з теми "Fairness issues"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 6 вересня 2023

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1

Lee, Yun-Jin. "Issues and Suggestions on Fairness in Korean Language Education." Sookmyung Research Institute of Humanities 13 (February 28, 2023): 253–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37123/th.2023.13.253.

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Анотація:

The purpose of this study is to look at how the keyword “fairness,” which is constantly attracting attention in society as a whole and academia, relates to the field of Korean language education. To this end, meaningful major issues were derived based on the analysis of previous studies dealing with ‘fairness’ in the field of Korean language education and its adjacent fields. In addition, the content and direction were suggested to be addressed in subsequent discussions. As a result, issues related to fairness in Korean language education could be roughly divided into ‘textbooks and fairness’, ‘evaluation and fairness’, and ‘language data (AI) and fairness’. Through this, it was revealed that: (1) Korean language education should be developed, used, and evaluated without bias (2) it is important to secure fairness in language evaluation implementation and evaluation tools (3) the issue of fairness should be considered when language data (AI) is used in Korean education in various ways. This paper is significant in that it is the first discussion to examine the issue of fairness in Korean language education overall. In the future, systematically establishing the concept of fairness in Korean language education is necessary, subdivide the criteria for judging fairness, and discuss in-depth the relationship between practical implementation and fairness, considering cultural diversity.

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2

McFadden, S. M. "Understanding Certification: Issues in Fairness." American Journal of Occupational Therapy 39, no. 9 (September 1, 1985): 567–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5014/ajot.39.9.567.

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3

Camilli, Gregory. "Ongoing issues in test fairness." Educational Research and Evaluation 19, no. 2-3 (April 2013): 104–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13803611.2013.767602.

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4

Krakovsky, Marina. "Formalizing fairness." Communications of the ACM 65, no. 8 (August 2022): 11–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3542815.

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5

Asada, Yukiko, Robin Urquhart, Marion Brown, Grace Warner, Mary McNally, and Andrea Murphy. "Troutville: Where People Discuss Fairness Issues." Canadian Journal of Bioethics 3, no. 1 (2020): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1068765ar.

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6

Liansheng Tan, Cao Yuan, and M. Zukerman. "FAST TCP: fairness and queuing issues." IEEE Communications Letters 9, no. 8 (August 2005): 762–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcomm.2005.1496608.

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7

Douligeris, Christos, and Lakshmana N. Kumar. "Fairness issues in the networking environment." Computer Communications 18, no. 4 (April 1995): 288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-3664(95)93446-b.

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8

Kim, Jeffrey. "Fairness in Korean Society." Technium Social Sciences Journal 11 (September 6, 2020): 482–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v11i1.1627.

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This study aims to evaluate the recent "Fairness" related issues in South Korea in the perspectives of the Millennials. In contrast to the X generation, the Millennials are living through the hardest period of Korea with the difficulty of accumulating wealth, high unemployment, and tough social mobility. The challenges in the country led more millennials to lean on a fairer society and to support the current administration, the Moon Administration. However, "Fairness" issues are arising continuously and the response to those issues vary, depending on the typical factors. By analyzing three recent issues-Cho Kuk Incident, ICN Incident, and the Yonsei Incident- the paper analyzes the selective rage of the Millennials. The level of rage is tied to the social, political status of the figure and the direct connection to employment. The policymakers and the X generations emphasize the importance of a fair society while they are not willing to give up their shares of the pie. To avoid slowing down in social and economic development, Korea should find a practical solution or else the Millennials will be living through the toughest generation of Korea.

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9

Abedi, Jamal. "Part Three: Issues of Fairness and Consequences." Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 107, no. 14 (November 2005): 175–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810510701415.

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10

Brown, Andrew G., and Robert M. Stern. "Issues of Fairness in International Trade Agreements." Margin: The Journal of Applied Economic Research 1, no. 1 (March 2007): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/097380100600100101.

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11

Deng, Zichun, Mohd Rizaimy Shaharudin, and Ming-Lang Tseng. "Decision-Making in a Closed-Loop Supply Chain under Fairness Concerns and Optimal Subsidies." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (April 28, 2023): 7380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097380.

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Government subsidies have played an important role in closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) waste utilization. However, when the retailer is disadvantaged in the supply chain cooperation and does not have access to subsidies, fairness issues may arise that affect pricing and subsidies. Therefore, this study aims to examine the optimal solutions for a government-led CLSC with remanufacturing subsidies and fairness concerns. We develop a three-echelon game with a government, a manufacturer, and a fairness-concerned retailer and derive the solutions for four scenarios: the fairness-neutral model, without fairness issues; the retailer has fairness concerns about the distribution of supply chain profits, and the concerned behavior is recognized by the manufacturer; the retailer is fairness-concerned, but the manufacturer ignores the concerned behavior; and the centralized scenario. Through the comparative analysis of different models, we design a cooperation mechanism for enterprises. Then, the conclusions are verified by numerical experiments. This study shows the following: (1) The retailer is always willing to maintain fairness concerns, but this does not affect the amount of collection. (2) The government will consume more subsidies because of the fairness issue ignored by the manufacturer. (3) Only when unit waste pollution is relatively low while the degree of fairness concerns is significant, will the manufacturer recognize the fairness concerns to reduce its unfavorable impact on profit. The increase in the level of concern can bring more benefits for two enterprises by consuming more subsidies for the highly polluting wastes. (4) A two-part tariff contract can coordinate the enterprises and promote social welfare within a certain parameter range.

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12

Dube, Zorodzai. "Voicing God: Theological Injunction to economic issues." Verbum et Ecclesia 38, no. 3 (October 6, 2017): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v38i3.1622.

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Taking a socio-historical approach, this chapter traces history from World War II (WWII) and illustrates the various instances in which economics and politics intersect with theological themes. After WWII the dominant paradigm in theology tilted towards a moral economy by focusing on issues of fairness, justice and peace. This chapter argues that, in view of the triumph of global capitalism since 1989, the future and relevance of theology is located within spaces that provide ethical and moral influence towards fairness and justice, thus agreeing with the central message of Jesus of Nazareth.

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13

Gudbrandsdottir, Ingunn Y., Gudrun Olafsdottir, Gudmundur Valur Oddsson, Hlynur Stefansson, and Sigurdur G. Bogason. "Operationalization of Interorganizational Fairness in Food Systems: From a Social Construct to Quantitative Indicators." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010036.

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Fairness issues within food systems are of increasing concern for policy makers and other stakeholders. Given the topicality and policy relevance of fairness within food systems, there is value in exploring the subject further. Simulation modelling has been successfully used to develop and test policy interventions. However, the subjectivity and intangibleness of fairness perceptions make them difficult to operationalize in a quantitative model. The objective of this study is to facilitate research on fairness in food systems using simulation modelling by defining the social construct of fairness in model operational terms. The operationalization is conducted in two steps. First, the construct of fairness is conceptually defined in terms of its dimensions, antecedents, and consequences using the literature on interorganizational fairness. Then, by focusing specifically on fairness issues within food systems, the conceptual definition is used as a basis for the identification of proxy indicators of fairness. Seven groups of factors related to fairness perceptions were identified during the conceptualization phase: financial outcomes, operational outcomes, power, environmental stability, information sharing, relationship quality, and controls. From these factor groups, five indicators of fairness that are operational in a quantitative model were identified: profit margin as an indicator of distributive fairness and four indicators of procedural fairness related to market power and bargaining power.

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14

Gudbrandsdottir, Ingunn Y., Gudrun Olafsdottir, Gudmundur Valur Oddsson, Hlynur Stefansson, and Sigurdur G. Bogason. "Operationalization of Interorganizational Fairness in Food Systems: From a Social Construct to Quantitative Indicators." Agriculture 11, no. 1 (January 8, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11010036.

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Анотація:

Fairness issues within food systems are of increasing concern for policy makers and other stakeholders. Given the topicality and policy relevance of fairness within food systems, there is value in exploring the subject further. Simulation modelling has been successfully used to develop and test policy interventions. However, the subjectivity and intangibleness of fairness perceptions make them difficult to operationalize in a quantitative model. The objective of this study is to facilitate research on fairness in food systems using simulation modelling by defining the social construct of fairness in model operational terms. The operationalization is conducted in two steps. First, the construct of fairness is conceptually defined in terms of its dimensions, antecedents, and consequences using the literature on interorganizational fairness. Then, by focusing specifically on fairness issues within food systems, the conceptual definition is used as a basis for the identification of proxy indicators of fairness. Seven groups of factors related to fairness perceptions were identified during the conceptualization phase: financial outcomes, operational outcomes, power, environmental stability, information sharing, relationship quality, and controls. From these factor groups, five indicators of fairness that are operational in a quantitative model were identified: profit margin as an indicator of distributive fairness and four indicators of procedural fairness related to market power and bargaining power.

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15

Langenfeld, Thomas. "Internet‐Based Proctored Assessment: Security and Fairness Issues." Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice 39, no. 3 (July 20, 2020): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emip.12359.

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16

Soodak, Leslie C. "PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT: EXPLORING ISSUES OF EQUITY AND FAIRNESS." Reading & Writing Quarterly 16, no. 3 (July 2000): 175–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/105735600406706.

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17

Wu, Qian, Mingwei Gong, and Carey Williamson. "TCP fairness issues in IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs." Computer Communications 31, no. 10 (June 2008): 2150–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2008.02.013.

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18

Kennedy, Ann-Marie, and Nicholas Santos. "Social fairness and social marketing." Journal of Social Marketing 9, no. 4 (October 14, 2019): 522–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-10-2018-0120.

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Анотація:

Purpose Social marketers set out to undertake interventions that benefit society. However, at times, there can be inadvertent, unintended consequences of these interventions that can be seen as unethical. Such ethical issues can arise from the context, process, method and outcomes of interventions and often bring to the fore the “social fairness” of social marketing. Given that social marketing is aimed at societal benefit, the authors believe that the issue of social fairness is an important one in the context of ethical social marketing. With that in mind, the purpose of this paper is to provide a discussion of the application of a normative ethical framework, labelled the integrative justice model (IJM) (Santos and Laczniak, 2009), to social marketing. This amounts to a macro-social marketing ethical framework. Design/methodology/approach Conceptual broadening of a normative ethical framework. Findings The authors hold that the IJM provides several helpful normative guidelines for improving the “social fairness” of social marketing. As such, the presented normative framework of macro-social marketing ethics provides useful guidelines for future development of social marketing codes of ethics. Practical implications The macro-social marketing ethics framework provides practical guidelines for social marketers to assess ethical issues in social marketing. Originality/value The macro-social marketing ethics framework answers the call of Carter, Mayes, Eagle and Dahl (2017) for development of ethical frameworks for social marketers. It provides a reconciliation of multiple normative frameworks to give a set of guidelines for social marketers that are clear and non-contradictory.

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19

Leckey, Robert. "Employing Fairness." Canadian journal of law and society 18, no. 2 (August 2003): 45–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0829320100007705.

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RésuméL'auteur, à partir de l'exemple de la pratique des grandes entreprises de payer à leurs employés des primes basées sur leur performance, fait état de deux types de contraintes s'appliquant aux employeurs: d'une part, les règles imposées par la loi; d'autre part, les recommandations des manuels de gestion des ressources humaines. Le droit considère les primes à travers le prisme étroit et traditionnel des règles portant sur les modalités de rémunération dans le cadre de la relation contractuelle avec l'employé. À l'opposé, la science de la gestion les traite comme une forme de communication avec l'employé et établit des recommandations concernant la conception et la mise en œuvre de programmes de primes qui révèlent une certaine notion d'équité administrative. L'auteur s'interroge sur les liens que cette notion d'équité administrative entretient avec le principe d'équité procédurale du droit public. Les différences entre ces deux conceptions de l'équité suggèrent que, contrairement à l'hypothèse mimétique, les entreprises qui adoptent des pratiques se voulant équitables ne font pas que reproduire les normes issues du contexte gouvernemental. Au contraire, l'équité administrative semble s'auto-générer à l'intérieur du champ social semi-autonome des entreprises. S'inspirant des travaux de Teubner sur les systèmes autopoïetiques, l'auteur considère comment le système juridique peut faciliter cette auto-régulation tout en conservant une certaine capacité d'intervention.

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20

Hail, Yvonne, and Ronald McQuaid. "The Concept of Fairness in Relation to Women Transport Users." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 2919. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052919.

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This paper discusses the concept of ‘fairness’ in transport, specifically regarding women using public transport, future autonomous vehicle taxis or bicycle sharing. Women generally have varying and complex mobility patterns compared to men and suffer disproportionate fairness issues when using transport. Different concepts of fairness are explored, including: equality of opportunity, equity and justice (including procedural, social and distributional justice). While each of these concepts has different implications for women using transport, it is also recognized that fairness principles should apply to all people (regardless of sex, gender or other characteristics). Analysis of the different forms of mobility, as represented by public transport, autonomous vehicles and bicycle sharing, illustrate a variety of specific fairness issues. Factors such as safety and security, cost, physical design of infrastructure and vehicles, and characteristics such as low-income or childcare responsibilities arise in each case. The three cases also indicate a range of both horizonal fairness factors (similar people being treated similarly) and vertical fairness factors (such as more disadvantaged people receiving greater support). Further research is required into setting frameworks for a more comprehensive inclusion of, and balance between, different concepts of fairness and their interactions in both transport policy and practice.

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21

INO, HIROYASU, EISUKE NAKAZAWA, and AKIRA AKABAYASHI. "Drug Repurposing for COVID-19: Ethical Considerations and Roadmaps." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 30, no. 1 (June 5, 2020): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180120000481.

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Анотація:

AbstractWhile the world rushed to develop treatments for COVID-19, some turned hopefully to drug repurposing (drug repositioning). However, little study has addressed issues of drug repurposing in emergency situations from a broader perspective, taking into account the social and ethical ramifications. When drug repurposing is employed in emergency situations, the fairness of resource distribution becomes an issue that requires careful ethical consideration.This paper examines the drug repurposing in emergency situations focusing on the fairness using Japanese cases. Ethical issues under these circumstances addressed by the authors include: maintaining the evidence level, integrity of clinical research ethics, and voluntary consent by original indication patients. In order to address these issues, they argue that rapid accumulation of ethically and scientifically valid evidence is required, as is obtaining information on resource quantity.

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22

Yihdego, Zeray. "The Fairness ‘Dilemma’ in Sharing the Nile Waters: What Lessons from the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam for International Law?" Brill Research Perspectives in International Water Law 2, no. 2 (May 25, 2017): 1–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23529369-12340006.

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This monograph enquires into the fairness dilemma in connection with the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (gerd) in light of relevant colonial-era Nile treaties, post-1990 Nile framework instruments, and international watercourses law. Thegerdis now afait accompli, but fairness considerations will continue to be vital issues in its completion, filling, and operation. The monograph argues that thegerdis a symbol of a fair share of the Nile waters by Ethiopia, the realization of which depends on,inter alia, an appropriate economic return, benefit sharing and prevention of significant impacts. The monograph also calls for a process to address the issue of unfair agreements, and argues that, although fairness application can be complex, the notions of procedural fairness and distributive justice can be applied to define and delineate the principle with reference to a specific treaty regime.

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23

Bridgeman, B., I. I. Bejar, and D. Friedman. "Fairness issues in a computer-based architectural licensure examination." Computers in Human Behavior 15, no. 3-4 (May 1999): 419–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0747-5632(99)00030-8.

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24

Nelson, Richard Alan. "Bias versus fairness: The social utility of issues management." Public Relations Review 16, no. 1 (March 1990): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0363-8111(05)80034-7.

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25

BOSCHERT, SHERRY. "‘Affinity’ for Fairness: Women Connect to Battle Bias Issues." Hospitalist News 5, no. 4 (April 2012): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1875-9122(12)70092-5.

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26

Findlater, Leah, Steven Goodman, Yuhang Zhao, Shiri Azenkot, and Margot Hanley. "Fairness issues in AI systems that augment sensory abilities." ACM SIGACCESS Accessibility and Computing, no. 125 (March 2, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3386296.3386304.

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27

PROST, MARIO, and ALEJANDRA TORRES CAMPRUBÍ. "Against Fairness? International Environmental Law, Disciplinary Bias, and Pareto Justice." Leiden Journal of International Law 25, no. 2 (May 2, 2012): 379–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s092215651200009x.

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AbstractInternational environmental law (IEL) as a discipline has failed to respond to problems of fairness in a meaningful and systematic fashion. Whilst IEL has long acknowledged the existence of competing claims regarding the fair distribution of costs, resources, and responsibilities, fairness remains at the periphery of the disciplinary discourse. The present essay considers some possible explanations for this neglect. The first part of the essay examines a set of implicit assumptions and beliefs in which IEL is embedded, which somewhat prevent genuine and critical engagement with fairness issues. The second part of the essay considers normative and policy arguments recently developed in the law and economics literature that explicitly argue against the notion that fairness should play a role in the design and implementation of environmental regimes. The essay concludes by calling for a more robust engagement with fairness issues and by considering some of the implications this project may have for IEL.

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28

Avi-Itzhak, Benjamin, Hanoch Levy, and David Raz. "QUANTIFYING FAIRNESS IN QUEUING SYSTEMS." Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences 22, no. 4 (September 25, 2008): 495–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269964808000302.

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Анотація:

In this article we discuss fairness in queues, view it in the context of social justice at large, and survey the recently published research work and publications dealing with the issue of measuring fairness of queues. The emphasis is placed on the underlying principles of the different measurement approaches, on reviewing their methodology, and on examining their applicability and intuitive appeal. Some quantitative results are also presented.The article has three major parts (sections) and a short concluding discussion. In the first part we discuss fairness in queues and its importance in the broader context of the prevailing conception of social justice at large, and the distinction between fairness of the queue and fairness at large is illuminated. The second part is dedicated to explaining and discussing three main properties expected of a fairness measure: conformity to the general concept of social justice, granularity, and intuitive appeal and rationality. The third part reviews the fairness of the queue evaluating and measuring approaches proposed and studied in recent years. We describe the underlying principles of the different approaches, present some of their results, and review them in context of the three main properties expected from a measure. The short discussion that follows centers on future research issues.

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29

Bono, Teresa, Karen Croxson, and Adam Giles. "Algorithmic fairness in credit scoring." Oxford Review of Economic Policy 37, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 585–617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/grab020.

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Abstract The use of machine learning as an input into decision-making is on the rise, owing to its ability to uncover hidden patterns in large data and improve prediction accuracy. Questions have been raised, however, about the potential distributional impacts of these technologies, with one concern being that they may perpetuate or even amplify human biases from the past. Exploiting detailed credit file data for 800,000 UK borrowers, we simulate a switch from a traditional (logit) credit scoring model to ensemble machine-learning methods. We confirm that machine-learning models are more accurate overall. We also find that they do as well as the simpler traditional model on relevant fairness criteria, where these criteria pertain to overall accuracy and error rates for population subgroups defined along protected or sensitive lines (gender, race, health status, and deprivation). We do observe some differences in the way credit-scoring models perform for different subgroups, but these manifest under a traditional modelling approach and switching to machine learning neither exacerbates nor eliminates these issues. The paper discusses some of the mechanical and data factors that may contribute to statistical fairness issues in the context of credit scoring.

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30

Sikstrom, Laura, Marta M. Maslej, Katrina Hui, Zoe Findlay, Daniel Z. Buchman, and Sean L. Hill. "Conceptualising fairness: three pillars for medical algorithms and health equity." BMJ Health & Care Informatics 29, no. 1 (January 2022): e100459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjhci-2021-100459.

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Анотація:

ObjectivesFairness is a core concept meant to grapple with different forms of discrimination and bias that emerge with advances in Artificial Intelligence (eg, machine learning, ML). Yet, claims to fairness in ML discourses are often vague and contradictory. The response to these issues within the scientific community has been technocratic. Studies either measure (mathematically) competing definitions of fairness, and/or recommend a range of governance tools (eg, fairness checklists or guiding principles). To advance efforts to operationalise fairness in medicine, we synthesised a broad range of literature.MethodsWe conducted an environmental scan of English language literature on fairness from 1960-July 31, 2021. Electronic databases Medline, PubMed and Google Scholar were searched, supplemented by additional hand searches. Data from 213 selected publications were analysed using rapid framework analysis. Search and analysis were completed in two rounds: to explore previously identified issues (a priori), as well as those emerging from the analysis (de novo).ResultsOur synthesis identified ‘Three Pillars for Fairness’: transparency, impartiality and inclusion. We draw on these insights to propose a multidimensional conceptual framework to guide empirical research on the operationalisation of fairness in healthcare.DiscussionWe apply the conceptual framework generated by our synthesis to risk assessment in psychiatry as a case study. We argue that any claim to fairness must reflect critical assessment and ongoing social and political deliberation around these three pillars with a range of stakeholders, including patients.ConclusionWe conclude by outlining areas for further research that would bolster ongoing commitments to fairness and health equity in healthcare.

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31

Cooper, Simon. "Culpable Driving and Issues of Causation." Journal of Criminal Law 76, no. 5 (October 2012): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2012.76.5.797.

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This article, focusing on road traffic homicides, considers the extent to which notions of culpability and blameworthiness influence the concept of causation. The article reviews the legal rules for determining causation in criminal cases and recognises how a jury's perception of fairness can be determinative. It concludes by questioning the wisdom of leaving emotive moral value judgements to a randomly selected jury.

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32

Sawyer, Thomas M. "The Argument about Ethics, Fairness, or Right and Wrong." Journal of Technical Writing and Communication 18, no. 4 (October 1988): 367–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/694b-xjem-rf64-kr97.

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Four of the five issues normally involved in an argument of policy can be persuasively argued on the basis of facts. However, the fourth issue, that of fairness, might better be argued by following the organizational plan of an appellate court decision. The Supreme Court decision in Teminello vs. the United States is offered as an example. The practicality of this plan is illustrated with a student paper.

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33

Rollin, Bernard E. "Instilling Fairness in Animal Research." American Journal of Bioethics 18, no. 10 (October 3, 2018): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265161.2018.1513600.

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34

Pan, Wansu, Haibo Tan, Xiaofeng Li, Jinlin Xu, and Xiru Li. "Improvement of BBRv2 Congestion Control Algorithm Based on Flow-aware ECN." Security and Communication Networks 2022 (May 7, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1218245.

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Google proposed a new congestion control algorithm (CCA) based on bottleneck bandwidth and round-trip propagation time (BBR), which is considered to open a new era of congestion control. BBR creates a network path model by measuring the available bottleneck bandwidth and the minimum round-trip time (RTT) to maximize delivery rate and minimize latency. The BBR v2 algorithm is a recently updated version by Google, which aims to improve some of the problems in the original BBR (BBRv1) algorithm, such as interprotocol fairness issues, RTT fairness issues, and excessive retransmissions. The BBRv2 evaluation results show that it can improve the coexistence with the loss_based algorithm and alleviate some of the shortcomings in BBRv1. However, when multiple BBRv2 flows enter the same link at different times, fair convergence cannot be achieved, and RTT fairness still exists. Based on these problems, we analyze the root cause and proposed an improved algorithm BBRv2+, which uses flow-aware explicit congestion notification (ECN) to quantify queue information and feedback on the accurate congestion degree. BBRv2+ algorithm can avoid blind window constraints and selectively mark packets so that different flows can converge to fairness. In the simulation experiment of Network Simulator 3 (NS3), the results show that the BBRv2+ algorithm can improve intraprotocol fairness and RTT fairness and ensure bandwidth utilization and interprotocol fairness.

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Chalmers, Sally. "Ethical fairness in financial services complaint handling." International Journal of Bank Marketing 34, no. 4 (June 6, 2016): 570–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbm-09-2014-0124.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to propose a conceptual model for ethical and fair complaint handling. This provides a basis for research and the development of financial institution complaint handling approaches and practices. Design/methodology/approach – Ethical issues posed by the application of fairness theory to complaint handling are explored. The ethical soundness of organizational justice theory is critiqued. Multi-disciplinary literature is drawn on to develop a conceptual model for ethical fairness in complaint handling. Findings – Issues relevant to an ethical approach to complaint handling, and which are underdeveloped in current organizational and perceived justice frameworks, are identified. These include issues of autonomy, context, reflexivity, moral value, stakeholder voice, power and moral accountability. A conceptual model for ethical fairness in complaint handling is proposed. Research limitations/implications – This paper establishes a research agenda. Further development is required. Practical implications – The proposed model contributes to the development of complaint handling practices and competency frameworks. Originality/value – Justice theories have been proposed as theoretical frameworks for service recovery procedures, however, moral and critical questions have been neglected. The model proposed challenges financial institutions to move away from traditional normative perspectives, which seek to solve problems through managerial interventions, and adopt a perspective which is interpretivistic and reflexive. The model recognizes ethical issues and seeks to minimize inherent power positions, identify accountability and question moral values. Through envisioning complaint handlers as boundary spanners, new light is shed on their relational and communicative roles.

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KHODAY, KISHAN, and USHA NATARAJAN. "Fairness and International Environmental Law from Below: Social Movements and Legal Transformation in India." Leiden Journal of International Law 25, no. 2 (May 2, 2012): 415–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156512000118.

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AbstractThis article considers fairness in international environmental law (IEL) in light of the convergence of two contemporary phenomena: the rise of social movements and the increasing power of large developing countries. These two trends will be determinative for the future of IEL. They have brought issues of fairness, equity, and justice to the forefront of contemporary IEL debates. Despite inability to adequately address issues of fairness at the international level, as demonstrated by negotiating gridlock at international summits, IEL can evolve in more equitable directions through the influence of subaltern experiences. This article examines domestic law-reform efforts of Indian social movements, focusing particularly on indigenous movements responding to extractive industries, with a view to determining international implications. The way states such as India address environment-related conflict, respond to demands for fairness, and evolve domestic understandings of inclusive and sustainable law and development will increasingly shape IEL.

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Caines, Jade, Beatrice L. Bridglall, and Madhabi Chatterji. "Understanding validity and fairness issues in high-stakes individual testing situations." Quality Assurance in Education 22, no. 1 (January 28, 2014): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qae-12-2013-0054.

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Purpose – This policy brief discusses validity and fairness issues that could arise when test-based information is used for making “high stakes” decisions at an individual level, such as, for the certification of teachers or other professionals, or when admitting students into higher education programs and colleges, or for making immigration-related decisions for prospective immigrants. To assist test developers, affiliated researchers and test users enhance levels of validity and fairness with these particular types of test score interpretations and uses, this policy brief summarizes an “argument-based approach” to validation given by Kane. Design/methodology/approach – This policy brief is based on a synthesis of conference proceedings and review of selected pieces of extant literature. To that synthesis, the authors add practitioner-friendly examples with their own analysis of key issues. They conclude by offering recommendations for test developers and test users. Findings – The authors conclude that validity is a complex and evolving construct, especially when considering issues of fairness in individual testing contexts. Kane's argument-based approach offers an accessible framework through which test makers can accumulate evidence to evaluate inferences and arguments related to decisions to be made with test scores. Perspectives of test makers, researchers, test takers and decision-makers must all be incorporated into constructing coherent “validity arguments” to guide the test development and validation processes. Originality/value – Standardized test use for individual-level decisions is gradually spreading to various regions of the world, but understandings of validity are still uneven among key stakeholders of such testing programs. By translating complex information on test validation, validity and fairness issues with all concerned stakeholders in mind, this policy brief attempts to address the communication gaps noted to exist among these groups by Kane.

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38

Baumard, Nicolas, Jean-Baptiste André, and Dan Sperber. "Partner choice, fairness, and the extension of morality." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36, no. 1 (February 2013): 102–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x12000672.

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AbstractOur discussion of the commentaries begins, at the evolutionary level, with issues raised by our account of the evolution of morality in terms of partner-choice mutualism. We then turn to the cognitive level and the characterization and workings of fairness. In a final section, we discuss the degree to which our fairness-based approach to morality extends to norms that are commonly considered moral even though they are distinct from fairness.

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Hirayama, Kentaro, and Koki Arai. "Interaction between Information Law and Competition Law: Organizing Regulatory Perspectives on Platform Businesses." Asian Journal of Law and Economics 12, no. 2 (March 10, 2021): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ajle-2020-0074.

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Abstract This study attempts to organize the regulatory perspective on the interaction between information law and competition law, especially for platform businesses. An online platform is an entity that mediates multiple groups of users, such as providers and users of products, services, and information, and has an indirect network effect as a two-sided market. The study illustrates the actions taken by online platforms, indicates attendant problems, and suggests responses to these. Four aspects of the competition policy issues related to online platforms are analyzed and discussed: data collection, data enclosure, data acquisition, and algorithmic transparency. The study considers essential online platform issues, such as promoting competition policy and fairness in information law application, to expand the discussion. Although fairness is important, there is a risk that the analysis of the effects of reducing competition is neglected and that interpreting fairness might increase the concern regarding over-execution. Having disaggregated the elements of fairness, the study suggests the need to establish specific standards.

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40

Hamid, Wahyuniati, and Siti Aisjah. "The Role of Consistence and Perceived Relevance for Sustainability of Sharia Banking." International Journal of Finance & Banking Studies (2147-4486) 10, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20525/ijfbs.v10i2.1257.

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The growth of sharia banking in Indonesia is though significant not as high as expected. The present study identifies two issues, among others, that have hampered this growth. They include consistence and perceived relevance. The study intends to find out their moderating roles on effects of fairness value and halal values on perceived competitive advantage of sharia banking. The novelties of the study lies on its enrichment of perceive value theory by bring up fairness value and halal value, and the insertion of consistence and perceived relevance constructs which could be typical issues of Indonesian consumers. Respondents are regular consumers of sharia banks in Makassar city. It applies PLS for data analysis. The results should be that fairness value and halal value have significant effects on perceived competitive advantage. Consumers who sense the existence of consistence and perceived relevance find their moderating roles on the effects fairness value and halal value on perceived competitive advantage.

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Tannenwald, Nina. "Justice and Fairness in the Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime." Ethics & International Affairs 27, no. 3 (2013): 299–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0892679413000221.

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Today, the nuclear regime is widely perceived to be in crisis. While part of this crisis has to do with direct challenges to the regime posed by the illicit nuclear programs of North Korea and Iran, from the perspective of much of the developing world, the issues facing the nonproliferation regime are overwhelmingly about the justice and fairness of the regime's norms, rules, and procedures. Indeed, it is difficult to identify a security regime today where equity issues are more central to debates about its future than the nuclear nonproliferation regime. Of the three regimes for controlling weapons of mass destruction (chemical, biological, and nuclear), it is in the nuclear regime that issues of justice and fairness appear most critical to long-term sustainability and viability.

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42

Shelley, Cameron. "The Fairness Impact Assessment." International Journal of Technoethics 13, no. 1 (January 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijt.291554.

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As modern life becomes ever more mediated by technology, technology assessment becomes ever more important. Tools that help to anticipate and evaluate social impacts of technological designs are crucial to understanding this relationship. This paper presents an assessment tool called the Fairness Impact Assessment (FIA). For present purposes, fairness refers to conflicts of interest between social groups that result from the configuration of technological designs. In these situations, designs operate in a way such that advantages they provide to one social group impose disadvantages on another. The FIA helps to make clear the nature of these conflicts and possibilities for their resolution. As a broad, qualitative framework, the FIA can be applied more generally than specifically quantitative frameworks currently being explored in the field of machine learning. Though not a formula for solving difficult social issues, the FIA provides a systematic means for the investigation of fairness problems in technology design that are otherwise not always well understood or addressed.

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43

Abusharaf, Rogaia Mustafa. "Finding Spaces for Fairness." Hawwa 9, no. 1-2 (2011): 3–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156920811x575514.

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AbstractExcavating Gender Justice: The Predicament and the Promise disentangles discourses and practices of asymmetrical power. It engages culture and politics by expounding the ways in which religion, modernity, tradition, jurisprudence, and citizenship have come to comprise constitutive elements of gender politics. When we speak of gender justice, we confront matters that lie at the heart of the knottiest philosophical, legal, and anthropological conundrums. These issues have prompted many to grapple with definitions and typologies derived from fields of inquiry as diverse as neoliberal economics, multiculturalism, constitutionalism, democratic political theory, and development. Excavating Gender Justice provides neither a typology nor a definitive definition of its subject. Others have assumed the task before. For example, Anne Marie Goetz (2007) explained the link between gender justice and debates on citizenship, entitlements, rights, and law and development by delineating three mutually inclusive perspectives: a) gender justice as entitlements and choice, the enabling paradigm; b) gender justice as absence of discrimination; and c) gender justice as positive rights.

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44

Sohn, Injoo. "Asymmetrical Fairness: China’s Use of Antidumping Measures." Journal of World Trade 54, Issue 1 (February 1, 2020): 127–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/trad2020006.

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How and under what conditions do issues of fairness affect a state’s behaviour? This article argues, through the study of China’s behaviour in antidumping (AD) disputes, that there is utility in analysing economic conflict resolution by means of the capacity-based concept of asymmetrical fairness. This study seeks to develop theoretical hypotheses (‘systemic stability’ and ‘deterrence signal’) on the causal mechanism through which asymmetrical fairness can affect the policy choices of trade disputants. This study also presents some conjectures about conditions conducive to the elevation of fairness concerns within government: (1) the availability of punitive mechanisms; (2) unclear distributional implications; (3) domestic norms; and (4) in-group identity. The article concludes by discussing some implications of China’s fairness concern for global economic governance in today’s turbulent international system. China, America, fairness, anti-dumping, trade conflict, inequality, WTO, governance

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45

Shin, Jin. "The study on fairness issues in mobile telecommunication service charges." Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 17, no. 9 (September 30, 2013): 1975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.6109/jkiice.2013.17.9.1975.

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46

Bouabdallah, N., A. L. Beylot, E. Dotaro, and G. Pujolle. "Resolving the fairness issues in bus-based optical access networks." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 23, no. 8 (August 2005): 1444–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2005.851779.

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47

Weg, Eythan, and Rami Zwick. "Toward the settlement of the fairness issues in ultimatum games." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 24, no. 1 (June 1994): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(94)90052-3.

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48

Bond, Lloyd. "Unintended Consequences of Perfiormance Assessment: Issues of Bias and Fairness." Educational Measurement: Issues and Practice 14, no. 4 (December 19, 2005): 21–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3992.1995.tb00885.x.

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49

Tsibonis, Vagelis, and Leonidas Georgiadis. "An adaptive framework for addressing fairness issues in wireless networks." Computer Communications 28, no. 10 (June 2005): 1167–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2004.07.018.

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50

Van Bulck, David, and Dries Goossens. "Handling fairness issues in time-relaxed tournaments with availability constraints." Computers & Operations Research 115 (March 2020): 104856. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cor.2019.104856.

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