Статті в журналах: "Failure and Damage"

1

Hu, Jianhua, Pingping Zeng, Dongjie Yang, Guanping Wen, Xiao Xu, Shaowei Ma, Fengwen Zhao, and Rui Xiang. "Experimental Investigation on Uniaxial Compression Mechanical Behavior and Damage Evolution of Pre-Damaged Granite after Cyclic Loading." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 28, 2021): 6179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196179.

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Failure behavior of pillars in deep mines is affected by various cyclic loads that cause initial pre-damage. Pillars will be further damaged and developed in the long-term compressive stress until they are destroyed. To reveal the strength characteristics and crack damage fracture laws after rock pre-damage, uniaxial compression tests were carried out on granite specimens damaged by cyclic loading using the digital speckle correlation method. The experimental results indicate that the mechanical properties of pre-damaged specimens show large damage differences for different cycles. The damage variable of the pre-damaged specimens increases with the increase of cycle number and confining pressure. The damage of specimens is primarily due to the strength weakening effect caused by cycle numbers, and the confining pressure restriction effect is not obvious. The evolution laws of uniaxial compression damage propagation in the pre-damaged specimens show differences and obvious localization phenomenon. Pre-damaged specimens experienced three failure modes in the uniaxial compression test, namely tensile shear failure (Mode I), quasi-coplanar shear failure (Mode II), and stepped path failure (Mode III), and under different pre-damage stress environments with high confining pressures, the failure modes are dominated by Mode II and Mode III, respectively.

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2

Verma, Amrit Shankar, Nils Petter Vedvik, Zhen Gao, Saullo G. P. Castro, and Julie J. E. Teuwen. "Bondline Thickness Effects on Damage Tolerance of Adhesive Joints Subjected to Localized Impact Damages: Application to Leading Edge of Wind Turbine Blades." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 8, 2021): 7526. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247526.

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The leading edges of wind turbine blades are adhesively bonded composite sections that are susceptible to impact loads during offshore installation. The impact loads can cause localized damages at the leading edges that necessitate damage tolerance assessment. However, owing to the complex material combinations together with varying bondline thicknesses along the leading edges, damage tolerance investigation of blades at full scale is challenging and costly. In the current paper, we design a coupon scale test procedure for investigating bondline thickness effects on damage tolerance of joints after being subjected to localized impact damages. Joints with bondline thicknesses (0.6 mm, 1.6 mm, and 2.6 mm) are subjected to varying level of impact energies (5 J, 10 J, and 15 J), and the dominant failure modes are identified together with analysis of impact kinematics. The damaged joints are further tested under tensile lap shear and their failure loads are compared to the intact values. The results show that for a given impact energy, the largest damage area was obtained for the thickest joint. In addition, the joints with the thinnest bondline thicknesses displayed the highest failure loads post impact, and therefore the greatest damage tolerance. For some of the thin joints, mechanical interlocking effects at the bondline interface increased the failure load of the joints by 20%. All in all, the coupon scale tests indicate no significant reduction in failure loads due to impact, hence contributing to the question of acceptable localized damage, i.e., damage tolerance with respect to static strength of the whole blade.

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3

Xie, Li Yang, and Shao Ze Yan. "A Unified Reliability Modeling Approach for Mechanical System and Complex Component." Advanced Materials Research 308-310 (August 2011): 1416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.308-310.1416.

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With the scenario of reliability estimation, a geometrically complex mechanical/structural component with multiple damage sites should be treated as a system, since there are many links (damage sites) of similar failure probabilities on any of such a component and the failures of the individual damage sites are not perfectly dependent of each other. Conventional system reliability model is not applicable to such a system because of the statistical dependence among the element (damage site) failures. To estimate the reliability of a mechanical system (or a complex component) in which element (damage site) failure dependence plays an important role, a model capable of reflecting the effect of element failure dependence is necessary. The present paper develops models which can deal with multiple damage sites and multiple failure mechanisms, reflect the dependence among element failure events and that among different failure modes. Such models are applicable to both typical mechanical systems and various components.

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4

Lu, Ling, and Yu Lin Yang. "Experimental Study of Failure Performances of 51306-Coated Bearings under Lubricant Interruption Condition." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 3876–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.3876.

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Some terrible disasters of aircrafts were caused by inadequate lubrication or interruption of lubricant delivery of the gas turbine engine mainshaft bearings. This paper introduces the design of the test equipment, performs the experiments of failure performance for 51306 coated bearings to respond to oil interruption under the actual situation. The main failure performance of test coated bearings has been demonstrated to be the cage damage of the test coated bearing. The failure mechanism model of the damaged cage of test coated bearings under oil interruption condition is established for the failure analysis of damage cages. The failure mechanism of the damaged cages is revealed. The main reason for the damages of test coated bearing cages under lubricant interruption condition is that the perpendicular component force acted on the cage increases continually to go with the increase of the friction force between the balls and the cage due to inadequate lubrication until the cage is broken.

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5

Mueller, Karsten, Friederike Thiel, Frank Beutner, Andrej Teren, Stefan Frisch, Tommaso Ballarini, Harald E. Möller, et al. "Brain Damage With Heart Failure." Circulation Research 126, no. 6 (March 13, 2020): 750–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circresaha.119.315813.

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Rationale: Heart failure (HF) following heart damage leads to a decreased blood flow due to a reduced pump efficiency of the heart muscle. A consequence can be insufficient oxygen supply to the organism including the brain. While HF clearly shows neurological symptoms, such as fatigue, nausea, and dizziness, the implications for brain structure are not well understood. Few studies show regional gray matter decrease related to HF; however, the underlying mechanisms leading to the observed brain changes remain unclear. Objective: To study the relationship between impaired heart function, hampered blood circulation, and structural brain change in a case-control study. Methods and Results: Within a group of 80 patients of the Leipzig Heart Center, we investigated a potential correlation between HF biomarkers and the brain’s gray matter density (GMD) obtained by magnetic resonance imaging. We observed a significant positive correlation between cardiac ejection fraction and GMD across the whole frontal and parietal medial cortex reflecting the consequence of HF onto the brain’s gray matter. Moreover, we also obtained a relationship between GMD and the NT-proBNP (N-terminal prohormone of brain natriuretic peptide)—a biomarker that is used for screening, diagnosis, and prognosis of HF. Here, we found a significant negative correlation between NT-proBNP and GMD in the medial and posterior cingulate cortex but also in precuneus and hippocampus, which are key regions implicated in structural brain changes in dementia. Conclusions: We obtained significant correlations between brain structure and markers of heart failure including ejection fraction and NT-proBNP. A diminished GMD was found with decreased ejection fraction and increased NT-proBNP in wide brain regions including the whole frontomedian cortex as well as hippocampus and precuneus. Our observations might reflect structural brain damage in areas that are related to cognition; however, whether these structural changes facilitate the development of cognitive alterations has to be proven by further longitudinal studies.

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6

Joseph, Michael. "HEART FAILURE FROM BRAIN DAMAGE." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 9, no. 6 (November 12, 2008): 772–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1967.tb02362.x.

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7

Do, Xuan Nam, Adnan Ibrahimbegovic, and Delphine Brancherie. "Localized failure in damage dynamics." Coupled systems mechanics 4, no. 3 (September 25, 2015): 211–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.12989/csm.2015.4.3.211.

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8

Priyono, Heru, and Widi Setiawan. "INVESTIGATION SOUND FREQUENCY OF TIRE FAILURE IN DRUM TEST MACHINE." Proceedings of The Conference on Management and Engineering in Industry 1, no. 1 (September 16, 2019): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33555/cmei.v1i1.12.

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Indoor test on the tire using the drum test machine by applying pressure and rotation according to the test method that has been determined until the tire is damaged, even until the tire explodes. This is done by measuring the maximum strength of the tire. Damage or explosion on the tire when testing takes place is not expected to occur, because this explosion can damage the drum test machine. For research and development purposes it is necessary to find out the location of the initial damage to the tire so that it can be improved on the weak part of the tire. A few moments before the tire is damaged a lump on the tire occurs and produces an unusual sound. This change in the frequency of sound that occurs before and when the initial tire is damaged will be analyzed, which will then be used to create a tire damage detection system so that the test can be stopped when the tire has initial damage.

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9

Alsarayefi, Saad, and Karoly Jalics. "Anticipation of damage presence in a fibre reinforced polymer plate through damping behaviour." Engineering Solid Mechanics 9, no. 3 (2021): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.esm.2021.3.004.

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Failure of composite materials due to poor anticipations of damages occur very frequently. Damages in composite materials may exist as visible or non-visible with different configurations and identities. Thus, investigation of damages existence in composite materials has to have prior attention to avoid the failure of structures. The current work investigates the damping response offered by a damaged fiber-reinforced polymer plate. The plate is put under three different conditions regarding the damage existence. The focus is to measure the loss factor in all cases and determine whether there is a difference among them to prove damage presence in the composite part. The loss factor is experimentally measured by measuring the reverberation time RT60. The resulting data of loss factors show a well-distinguished difference that might lead to predicted damages and to do a more expanded analysis of this issue.

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10

van Bergeijk, Vera M., Vincent A. Verdonk, Jord J. Warmink, and Suzanne J. M. H. Hulscher. "The Cross-Dike Failure Probability by Wave Overtopping over Grass-Covered and Damaged Dikes." Water 13, no. 5 (March 3, 2021): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13050690.

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A probabilistic framework is developed to calculate the cross-dike failure probability by overtopping waves on grass-covered dikes. The cross-dike failure probability of dike profiles including transitions and damages can be computed to find the most likely location of failure and quantify the decrease in the failure probability when this location is strengthened. The erosion depth along the dike profile is calculated using probability distributions for the water level, wind speed and dike cover strength. Failure is defined as the exceedance of 20 cm erosion depth when the topsoil of the grass cover is eroded. The cross-dike failure probability shows that the landward toe is the most vulnerable location for wave overtopping. Herein, the quality of the grass cover significantly affects the failure probability up to a factor 1000. Next, the failure probability for different types of damages on the landward slope are calculated. In case of a damage where the grass cover is still intact and strong, the dike is most likely to fail at the landward toe due to high flow velocity and additional load due to the slope change. However, when the grass cover is also damaged, the probability of failure at the damage is between 4 and 125 times higher than for a regular dike profile.

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11

Amir, Freeda A., A. R. Othman, and H. Md Akil. "Damage Characterization of Polypropylene Honeycomb Sandwich Panels Subjected to Low-Velocity Impact." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2013 (2013): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/129864.

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The post-test deformation and failures of sandwich composites may involve complex interactions between various failure mechanisms. In this study, the extent of impact damages and response of the thermoplastic honeycomb sandwich are analysed through energy profile diagrams and associated load history curves. The degree of the postimpact damages of the sandwich is further characterized using an optical surfaces metrology analysis. The thickness of the honeycomb was found to influence the extent of the damage which occurred following the low-velocity impact. Thicker core was able to sustain a higher load as well as the energy absorption before total failure occurred.

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12

Tremblay, Robert, Denis Mitchell, and René Tinawi. "Damage to industrial structures due to the 27 February 2010 Chile earthquake." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 40, no. 8 (August 2013): 735–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2012-0197.

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This paper provides a summary of the damage to industrial facilities in the Mw 8.8 Chile earthquake of 27 February 2010. The types of damage observed include failure of elevated tanks, collapse and cracking of concrete silos, buckling of steel silos, collapse of conveyor systems, failure of steel bins, and failure of anchor rods. Damage to industrial buildings included buckling of bracing members, failure of brace connections, shear failures of reinforced concrete columns, and shear failures of heavily loaded steel girders. Aspects of the current Chilean design code for industrial structures are reviewed and discussed. Recommendations are proposed for the development of Canadian seismic design provisions for industrial structures.

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13

Katunin, Andrzej, and Pawel Kostka. "Characterisation of Impact Damage of Composite Structures Using Wavelet-Based Fusion of Ultrasonic and Optical Images." Advanced Composites Letters 23, no. 5 (September 2014): 096369351402300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369351402300504.

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This paper presents the novel approach for the impact damage characterisation of composite structures, which is based on fusion of ultrasonic scans and optical images. Both internal (inter-fibre failure, fibre failure, delaminations) and external (scratches and surface cracks) damages occurred in the composite structures during their operation need to be analysed due to their occurrence on both of these levels, especially in the case of impact damages. The presented approach allows for the improvement of the characterisation quality, i.e. the whole damaged area could be detected and localized. In order to assure the proper damage identification the wavelet-based fusion with application of appropriate wavelets and parameters of a fusion algorithm was used, which allows for distinction of different types of damages and overall improvement of the resulted image with respect to the human perception capability. The approach was validated experimentally on the glass-epoxy laminated plates after the low-velocity impacts. Representative cases of damaged structure were presented and analysed.

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14

Boggs, Wesley, Kevin Heaslip, and Chuck Louisell. "Analysis of Sign Damage and Failure." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2337, no. 1 (January 2013): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2337-11.

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Since the establishment of minimum retroreflectivity levels, agencies and researchers alike have focused on determining the service life of different sheeting type and color combinations. Although deterioration curves and measured retroreflectivity are viable methods for maintaining retroreflectivity compliance, they do not ensure that a traffic sign will convey its intended message. Retroreflectivity efficiency ensures only visibility but does not properly describe the legibility of the sign. In 2011, a data collection effort was conducted by researchers at Utah State University to assess the performance of traffic signs under the Utah Department of Transportation's (DOT) jurisdiction. At its completion, 1,716 traffic signs had been recorded. The researchers determined that the sample sign population was 93% compliant with the minimum retroreflectivity levels. Even though the majority of traffic signs were performing above the minimum retroreflectivity levels, 28% were so damaged that the legibility of the sign could be questioned. Because signs under the Utah DOT's jurisdiction had rates of damage higher than rates of failure, analysis was conducted to determine the contributing factors that led to increased damage rates. Climate and location data were combined with the known location of each traffic sign with the use of geographic information system software. It was determined that average annual precipitation, elevation, seasonal temperature swing, and the exposure of the sign were all contributing factors to higher damage rates.

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15

Dong, Jiwei, and Ningfei Huo. "Progressive tensile damage simulation and strength analysis of three-dimensional braided composites based on three unit-cells models." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 15 (October 30, 2017): 2017–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317737828.

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In order to explore the micro-failure mechanism and predict tensile strength of three-dimensional braided composites, the three unit-cells models, namely interior cell, surface cell and corner cell, are established to simulate progressive damage of these materials. Macro model is firstly created and divided into three kinds of unit cells by their periodical distributions. A criterion is approached to determine damage and its pattern of each element, and stiffness degradation is implemented for the damaged elements with geometric damage theory. Periodical boundary conditions are applied on the models to calculate micro-stress and damage propagation is simulated with the increase of load. Each type of damage and its percentage is obtained by simulation and micro-failure mechanism is analyzed. Furthermore, the tensile strengths are predicted from calculated stress–strain curves. From simulation, composites with large braiding angle have more complicated micro-failure mechanism than composites with small braiding angle. It is also observed that there are more damages in surface cell than in interior cell and the damage types in the surface cell are various. The predicted results on the three unit-cells models agree well with the experimental data and are more accurate than only using an interior-cell model.

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16

Sandin, Olle, Pär Jonsén, David Frómeta, and Daniel Casellas. "Stating Failure Modelling Limitations of High Strength Sheets: Implications to Sheet Metal Forming." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 7821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247821.

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This article discusses the fracture modelling accuracy of strain-driven ductile fracture models when introducing damage of high strength sheet steel. Numerical modelling of well-known fracture mechanical tests was conducted using a failure and damage model to control damage and fracture evolution. A thorough validation of the simulation results was conducted against results from laboratory testing. Such validations show that the damage and failure model is suited for modelling of material failure and fracture evolution of specimens without damage. However, pre-damaged specimens show less correlation as the damage and failure model over-predicts the displacement at crack initiation with an average of 28%. Consequently, the results in this article show the need for an extension of the damage and failure model that accounts for the fracture mechanisms at the crack tip. Such extension would aid in the improvement of fracture mechanical testing procedures and the modelling of high strength sheet metal manufacturing, as several sheet manufacturing processes are defined by material fracture.

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17

Choi, Jung-Youl, Sun-Hee Kim, Kyung-Sung Han, and Jee-Seung Chung. "Application of Failure Mode Effects Analysis for Maintenance of Turnout System on Serviced Urban Rapid Transit." Applied Sciences 13, no. 5 (February 25, 2023): 2978. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13052978.

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Over the past 25 years, maintenance processes for the wooden sleeper turnouts of sleeper floating tracks (known as STEDEF) have been insufficient, lacking accurate maintenance history and failure cause analyses. Currently, damaged parts are repeatedly replaced without an analysis of the cause of their failure. Therefore, it has been difficult to predict potential damages due to the lack of maintenance history data on the replaced items and the timing of the turnout component. This study proposes a turnout maintenance plan using the failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) technique to analyze the turnout maintenance history data for a period spanning 10 years. The maintenance damage type of the turnout was classified to confirm the cause of damage and the damage frequency. Additionally, components that could lower the occurrence score were selected based on a risk analysis of the turnover. Therefore, it was possible to reduce the risk occurrence score by improving the size of the turnout top plate and the number of bolts.

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18

Kubiak, Tomasz, Lukasz Borkowski, and Nina Wiacek. "Experimental Investigations of Impact Damage Influence on Behavior of Thin-Walled Composite Beam Subjected to Pure Bending." Materials 12, no. 7 (April 6, 2019): 1127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12071127.

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The paper deals with buckling, postbuckling, and failure of pre-damaged channel section beam subjected to pure bending. The channel section beams made of eight-layered GFRP laminate with different symmetrical layups have been considered. The specimens with initially pre-damaged web or flange were investigated to access the influence of impact damage on work of thin-walled structure in the full range of load till failure. The bending tests of initially pre-damage beams have been performed on a universal tensile machine with especially designed grips. The digital image correlation system allowing to follow the beam deflection have been employed. The experimentally obtained results are presented in graphs presenting load-deflection or load vs. angle of rotation relations and in photos presenting impact damages areas before and after bending test. The results show that the impact pre-damages have no significant influence on the work of channel section beams.

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19

Mahendra, Afrizal Yose, Aditya Rio Prabowo, and Triyono Triyono. "Failure analysis of motorcycle shock breakers." Open Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 1150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eng-2021-0109.

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Abstract The shock breaker is one of the most important parts of a motorcycle, which functions as a vibration damper. This study aims to analyze the causes of motorcycle shock breaker failure. The research method used is comprised of visual observation, chemical composition testing, Vickers hardness testing, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis, and tensile testing of a damaged shock breaker. From visual observation, it is found that the damage can be classified as a fatigue fracture, forming a damage pattern at 45°. The chemical composition testing results of the shock breaker fractures show that the material includes low-carbon alloy steel (of ST42 series) with a carbon content of 0.162%. The average hardness value of the damaged part of the shock breaker was increased to 204.87 HV, compared with 171.02 HV in areas far from the damage. The difference in hardness in the shock breaker was caused by the high stress acting on the shock breaker and the consequent strain hardening. The results of this study indicate that the failure mechanism of the motorcycle shock breaker was a functional failure due to errors in the shock breaker manufacturing process and fatigue.

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20

Zhao, Yongqiang, Quansheng Li, Kai Zhang, Yingming Yang, Dongxiao Zhang, Weilong Zhang, and Xiaojun Ding. "Experimental Study on Mechanical Properties and Failure Mechanism of Damaged Sandstone." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 28, 2022): 555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010555.

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Solid materials such as rocks can contain primary defects, and internal defects are activated in the event of mining disturbance, which causes rock damage and destruction. Therefore, it is of great significance for rock engineering to study the mechanical properties and failure mechanism of damaged rock. In this study, damaged prefabricated crack sandstone specimens were prepared with the cyclic loading-unloading test, and the uniaxial loading test was carried out with damaged specimens. The evolution law of peak strength, elastic modulus, and peak strain of specimens with different damage degrees was studied, the quantitative relationship between the P-wave velocity and the damage degree was obtained, and the acoustic emission (AE) count and energy evolution characteristics of specimens with different damage degrees were analyzed. The energy evolution law of damaged specimens was revealed, and with the increase in damage degree, the elastic energy stored in the specimens can be converted into crack propagation more quickly, and the dissipated energy density increases rapidly, resulting in complete rock failure. The research results can provide theoretical support for the stability analysis and control of underground engineering rock mass in the event of multiple disturbances.

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21

Socie, D. "Multiaxial Fatigue Damage Models." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 109, no. 4 (October 1, 1987): 293–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3225980.

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Two multiaxial fatigue damage models are proposed: a shear strain model for failures that are primarily mode II crack growth and a tensile strain model for failures that are primarily mode I crack growth. The failure mode is shown to be dependent on material, strain range and hydrostatic stress state. Tests to support these models were conducted with Inconel 718, SAE 1045, and AISI Type 304 stainless steel tubular specimens in strain control. Both proportional and non-proportional loading histories were considered. It is shown that the additional cyclic hardening that accompanies out of phase loading cannot be neglected in the fatigue damage model.

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Cristescu, N. D. "Failure of Compressible/Dilatant Geomaterials." Applied Mechanics Reviews 47, no. 6S (June 1, 1994): S102—S106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3124381.

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The paper presents a general constitutive equation for geomaterials allowing to describe dilatancy and/or compressibility during transient and stationary creep. The constitutive equation also describes the instantaneous response of the geomaterial, work-hardening during transient creep, instantaneous failure and creep failure. The damage produced by dilatancy is used to formulate a criterion for creep failure. Thus ultimate failure may be involved in various ways, depending on the initial and boundary conditions and certainly on the constitutive equation. Typical mining engineering examples are given. First is discussed the creep closure of a deep vertical cylindrical cavern, various possible instantaneous failures, creep failure, and spreading of damage by dilatancy into the rock mass. Second example discusses the instantaneous failure and creep failure around a horizontal tunnel, and the location where damage by dilatancy is more pronounced. The third example presents the case of a rectangular-like shaped cavern.

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23

R. Tear, Gareth, Amitay H. Cohen, Danyal Magnus, David R. Sory, and William G. Proud. "Damage Characterisation for Cement and Concrete Using Microwave Induced Damage." Proceedings 2, no. 8 (June 30, 2018): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/icem18-05418.

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Damage leading to failure in concrete and related materials is a complex behavior. Whilst many numerical approaches are available for simulating the degradation of material strength, it is difficult to discriminate between these models experimentally in the high strain rate ballistic impact regime. An experimental method has been developed to determine when local material failure has occurred, and whether the failure can be classed as fracture or granular flow. This method is tested on Kolsky bar and ballistic impact experiments. Comparison with numerical simulations is presented.

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24

Harik, Vasyl Michael. "Control of Damage in Composite Laminates by Ply-Stacking Designs: Characteristic Failure Signatures and Safety Criteria." Journal of Engineering Materials and Technology 125, no. 4 (September 22, 2003): 385–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1605771.

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Structural designs for composite laminated systems can be optimized for a fail-safe in-service performance by introducing the built-in cumulative-damage-indicators for the progressive degradation of material properties. This design methodology is based on the concepts of the characteristic failure signature (CFS), cumulative-damage states and a load-drop sequence that characterize the stress-strain response and progressive accumulation of damage. The cumulative damage mechanics is based on the three-dimensional laminate analysis that is used to predict nonlinear response of composites, accumulation of damage and failure behavior. An earlier-developed nonlinear analysis involves an incremental formulation that couples the three-dimensional laminate analysis with a progressive ply-failure methodology, which has been tested in the World-Wide Exercise on Composites Failure Theories. The failure signatures are shown to have unique “safety features” that depend on the ply stacking sequence and predominant loading. To refine the analysis of micromechanical damage a model for the macro-to-micro coupling is introduced. Various examples of failure envelopes, characteristic failure signatures, a safety criterion and the “safe” CFSs that lead to the desired controlled failures are discussed for symmetric balanced laminates.

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25

Jain, Neraj, and Dietmar Koch. "Prediction of Failure in Ceramic Matrix Composites Using Damage-Based Failure Criterion." Journal of Composites Science 4, no. 4 (December 7, 2020): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs4040183.

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This paper presents a damage-based failure criterion and its implementation in order to predict failure in ceramic matrix composites (CMC) manufactured via filament winding. The material behavior of CMCs is anisotropic and strongly depends on the angle between fiber orientation and loading direction. The inelastic behavior of laminates with different fiber orientations under tension and shear is modeled with the help of continuum damage mechanics. The parameters required for the damage model are obtained from a standard tensile and shear test. An isotropic damage law determines the evolution of damage in thermodynamic space and considers the interaction of damage parameters in different principal material directions. A quadratic damage-based failure criterion inspired by the Tsai-Wu failure criterion is proposed. Failure stress and strain can be predicted with higher accuracy compared to the Tsai-Wu failure criterion in stress- or strain-space. The use of the proposed damage limits allows designing a CMC component based on the microstructural phenomenon of stiffness loss. With the help of results obtained from modeling and experiments, fracture mechanics during the Iosipescu-shear test of CMCs and its capability to determine the shear strength of the material is discussed.

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26

Guo, De Ping, and Masanori Hamada. "Lessons Learnt from Seismic Damage Induced by the 2008 Wenchuan Earthquake." Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (November 2012): 889–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.889.

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Анотація:

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake with a surface wave magnitude of 8.0 induced numerous infrastructure damages. The typical seismic damages of 61 bridges, 18 tunnels and slope reinforcements are presented. The results show longitudinal or transverse displacement was the most widespread bridge seismic damage and resulted in girder dropping, shear key failure, joint expansion and support damage. Pillar was sheared off or crushed failure due to strong motions and lack of sufficient hoop steels. Tunnel damage was mainly observed at portal, which was mostly caused by slope failure. Strong ground shaking caused multi-direction cracks in the lining, shear failure of lining resulted from serious surrounding rock relative displacement. Investigation of slope reinforcements suggests anchor cable and frame beam had good anti-seismic property. Furthermore, some suggestions about resistant countermeasures to future earthquake are proposed.

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27

SEAL, C. K., M. A. HODGSON, and W. G. FERGUSON. "CYCLIC DAMAGE IN STEEL EXPERIENCING SEISMIC LOADING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 15n16 (June 30, 2010): 2478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021797921006512x.

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During the mid 1990s earthquakes in Northridge, California, and Kobe, Japan, illustrated a lack of understanding of the behaviour of structural steels exposed to seismic loads. Under this type of load regime, structural steel members are subjected to fully plastic load cycles and unexpectedly brittle failures may result. A method for determining the accumulation of damage through cyclic pre-straining is proposed. Toughness, as defined by the area under the true stress strain curve, is used as an indicator of the level of damage that the steel has suffered and from this some idea of its remaining capacity to further deform can be determined. Observations during the testing of these samples have indicated that there is a transition in the failure mode from a fatigue type failure, with a progressively growing crack, to an overload failure, in which the steel fails due to a lack of ability to further deform. Similar transitions have been noted by other researchers in the field. Analysis of the test results seems to show differences in the damage accumulation behaviour that may be used to identify when this transition in failure modes may occur.

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28

Villringer, Arno, and Ulrich Laufs. "Heart failure, cognition, and brain damage." European Heart Journal 42, no. 16 (February 16, 2021): 1579–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab061.

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29

Stratton, Robert A., and Norman L. Colson. "Fiber wall damage during bond failure." Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal 8, no. 2 (May 1, 1993): 245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3183/npprj-1993-08-02-p245-250.

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30

Dasgupta, A., and M. Pecht. "Material failure mechanisms and damage models." IEEE Transactions on Reliability 40, no. 5 (1991): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/24.106769.

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31

Basaran, Cemal, and Minghui Lin. "Damage mechanics of electromigration induced failure." Mechanics of Materials 40, no. 1-2 (January 2008): 66–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mechmat.2007.06.006.

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32

Fyfe, I. M., and J. P. Bonhomme. "Damage initlation prediction in ductile failure." Scripta Metallurgica 22, no. 10 (October 1988): 1623–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0036-9748(88)80254-0.

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33

Krätzig, W. B., and Y. S. Petryna. "Assessment of structural damage and failure." Archive of Applied Mechanics (Ingenieur Archiv) 71, no. 1 (January 29, 2001): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004190000120.

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34

Grassl, Peter, and Milan Jirásek. "Damage-plastic model for concrete failure." International Journal of Solids and Structures 43, no. 22-23 (November 2006): 7166–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.06.032.

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35

Quinlan, Michael H. "Damage and failure in isotropic composites." Mechanics of Materials 7, no. 2 (November 1988): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-6636(88)90012-9.

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36

Halbheer, Daniel, Dennis L. Gärtner, Eitan Gerstner, and Oded Koenigsberg. "Optimizing service failure and damage control." International Journal of Research in Marketing 35, no. 1 (March 2018): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2017.11.001.

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37

Rohwer, Klaus. "Predicting fiber composite damage and failure." Journal of Composite Materials 49, no. 21 (September 26, 2014): 2673–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998314553885.

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38

Woo, Mary A., Jennifer A. Ogren, Christiane M. Abouzeid, Paul M. Macey, Kevin G. Sairafian, Priya S. Saharan, Paul M. Thompson, et al. "Regional hippocampal damage in heart failure." European Journal of Heart Failure 17, no. 5 (February 22, 2015): 494–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ejhf.241.

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39

Silva, Pedro Sá, Jorge Pinto, João Varajão, António Trigo, Isabel Bentes, and Humberto Varum. "Potential Use of the Theory of Vulnerability in Information Systems." Information Resources Management Journal 25, no. 2 (April 2012): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/irmj.2012040102.

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Анотація:

Information Systems in the past few years became a keystone of society. History shows that in some Information Systems one simple failure can lead to disproportioned economic and social damages. Initially used in structural systems, the theory of vulnerability searches for this type of failure. This theory identifies failures in which small damage can have disproportionate impact consequences in terms of the functionality of the whole system. To test and evaluate these failures injections and analyze the impacts of them in sensitive Information Systems, simulation provides an interesting approach. By mimicking systems and representing them through models, simulation studies an imitated system without disrupting the system itself. Simulation provides a safer approach to explore and test the system in damage scenarios without real consequences. This paper discusses the use of the theory of vulnerability in Information Systems simulation.

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40

Ebrahimi, Nader. "Stochastic properties of a cumulative damage threshold crossing model." Journal of Applied Probability 36, no. 3 (September 1999): 720–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1239/jap/1032374629.

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In this paper we describe a model for survival functions. Under this model a system is subject to shocks governed by a Poisson process. Each shock to the system causes a random damage that grows in time. Damages accumulate additively and the system fails if the total damage exceeds a certain capacity or threshold. Various properties of this model are obtained. Sufficient conditions are derived for the failure rate (FR) order and the stochastic order to hold between the random lifetimes of two systems whose failures can be described by our proposed model.

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41

Ebrahimi, Nader. "Stochastic properties of a cumulative damage threshold crossing model." Journal of Applied Probability 36, no. 03 (September 1999): 720–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021900200017526.

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Анотація:

In this paper we describe a model for survival functions. Under this model a system is subject to shocks governed by a Poisson process. Each shock to the system causes a random damage that grows in time. Damages accumulate additively and the system fails if the total damage exceeds a certain capacity or threshold. Various properties of this model are obtained. Sufficient conditions are derived for the failure rate (FR) order and the stochastic order to hold between the random lifetimes of two systems whose failures can be described by our proposed model.

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42

Septiyana, Diah. "FUZZY FMEA APPLICATION TO IDENTIFICATION RISK IN-PROCESS PRODUCTION OF TOYOTA HI-ACE WIRING HARNESS PRODUCT." J@ti Undip: Jurnal Teknik Industri 16, no. 3 (October 1, 2021): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jati.16.3.153-160.

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Анотація:

In product manufacture, the high failure rate problem of produce product is the number of product defects. Several types of defects have a high enough percentage. To solve this problem, we need to identify the failures and to get the assessment information of the three risk factors. Our research using the traditional FMEA method at the production of Wiring Harness products to shows the current condition of various modes of failure in those areas. This study focuses on implementing fuzzy FMEA to identify the potential risks that may occur along with the assembling of the Wiring Harness process. The fuzzy FMEA approach is preventing product and process problems before they occur, this paper is also expected to result in some mitigation effort that can be applied to improve the Wiring Harness production process. With the Fuzzy FMEA method, we have found the highest FRPN value that shows the highest defect such as damage insulation is 8.5, damage terminal is 8.5, and the damaged part is 8.5 and the highest RPN from the traditional FMEA is damage insulation (324). To solve this problem, we propose to use the fishbone diagram and give suggestions for improvements to the highest failure modes that are damaged insulation.

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43

Mori, T., T. Sugiyama, I. Hosooka, M. Nakata, K. Okano, and Y. Satofuka. "SLOPE FAILURE RISK ASSESSMENT MODELING USING TOPOGRAPHIC DATA AND NUMERICAL CALCULATION OF SOIL CONSERVATION BY TREE ROOT SYSTEMS." ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-2/W5 (May 29, 2019): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-2-w5-217-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In Japan, the frequency of sudden heavy rain events has recently increased, causing slope failures that in turn increase rates of damage to transit infrastructure such as railways and roads. To reduce this damage, there is a need to identify locations near railroad tracks that are at risk of slope failure. Thus, an assessment that predicts whether or not damage will occur due to external forces such as heavy rains is required, rather than a simple relative risk assessment based on identifying locations similar to those damaged in previous events. In this study, we developed a method for time series stability assessment of slopes during heavy rains using digital topographic data. This method uses topographic data to estimate topsoil thickness, which contributes to stability, and soil strength, which is affected by the root systems of vegetation on slopes. Using differences in these parameters between tree species and forest type, we were able to calculate slope stability and simulate slope failure during rainfall. The simulations allowed us to evaluate locations along routes where previous failures occurred, and to identify at-risk locations that have not yet experienced slope failure. This approach will improve forest management based on risk assessments for intensifying heavy rains.</p>

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44

Hatmoko, Jati Utomo Dwi, Bagus Hario Setiadji, and Mohammad Agung Wibowo. "Investigating causal factors of road damage: a case study." MATEC Web of Conferences 258 (2019): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201925802007.

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High rainfall leads to flood vulnerability and potentially leads to the failure of road pavement which affects the economic loss for the people. However, such road pavement failures need to be studied more deeply to be able to distinguish whether the failure is solely due to flood natural disaster or other factors, such as overloading and poor construction quality. This research is urgently needed because up to now there is no tool for assessing pavement failure as a tool of decision-making system that is able to distinguish road pavement failure causal factors into category of natural disaster or human negligence factors in accordance with the definition of building failure in Indonesia Law no. 2 year 2017. Assessment of the causal factor of failure is very important because it is closely related to the determination of the parties who must be legally responsible. This research intends to develop methods for assessing the damage and failure of pavement as a tool of rapid and accurate decision-making system to determine the factors of pavement failure. To obtain accurate results, a case study was taken on Kendal Timur road to enable a deep evaluation of the factors that causing failure on the road. The results showed that many factors involved in causing the failure of the road, such as un-functional drainage channel, uncontrolled overload due to the closing of weigh stations around the road, and also low quality of road maintenance work so that repeating similar road damages occurred in the not-too-distant future. Based on functional and structural failure analysis, as much as 71%, 10% and 19% of the road were in failed, critical and not-failed conditions, respectively.

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45

Elżbieta, Gawrońska, Domek Grzegorz, Krawiec Piotr, and Kołodziej Andrzej. "Modeling the damages of belt gears." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1199, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1199/1/012017.

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Abstract This paper looks into the problem of choosing a driving belt for a drive. The previously developed selection of algorithms was subjected to another evaluation that helped us recognize the need for changes indicated in developing new designs of drive belts. The new algorithm will be tested by simulating the operating conditions of the transmission, to which the right belt must be selected. Damage assessment after operation and belt selection allows for the identification of a new coupling model. By presenting the relationship between specific failure cases and the parameters of the coupling model, we can see the functionality of the selection algorithm. There may be multiple belt transmission damages. The feed may be broken; the surface may be damaged; the same applies to the edges. Furthermore, the wheels and bearings may be damaged too. The belt can have many additional functions that affect its operating parameters. Next to the drive function, the belt often performs conveyor and control functions. Thus, additional types of damage occur in belts with additional functions. The number of causes of their occurrence is also growing. For example, any damage to the sling in the passenger elevator can endanger the life of the passengers. Intensive research is being carried out on the real-mode damage monitoring systems. Specific failures are being monitored, and appropriate systems are being designed for them. Therefore, it is important to investigate the damages to belt transmissions, modeling their course of progression and causes.

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46

Watanabe, Masaru, Masashi Saito, Kenichiro Toda, and Hiroaki Shirasawa. "Rain-Driven Failure Risk on Forest Roads around Catchment Landforms in Mountainous Areas of Japan." Forests 14, no. 3 (March 9, 2023): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030537.

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Although the causes of and impacts against forest road failure differ according to the type of damage that occurs, the statistical understanding of the trends in the type of failure is insufficient. In this study, we collected data on 526 forest road failures due to heavy rainfall during 2006–2010 in the mountainous regions of Japan and statistically analyzed the characteristics. The forest roads covered in this study include those used primarily for timber extraction as well as those used for public purposes. Forest road segments were classified into four categories: streamside, stream crossings, zero-order basin, and others, and comparisons were made regarding the length of damage, the relative probability of occurrence, repair costs, and induced rainfall intensity in each category. Streamside segments accounted for only 15% of the total length of routes analyzed but 42% of all damaged segments. Furthermore, the relative risk of the streamside segments was about 6.0 times higher than that of the other categories of segments, indicating that they were the most likely to be damaged in this analysis. It is clear that the most important issue in the target area is to prevent damage to streamside segments.

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47

Shi, Jian, and Mingbo Tong. "Multi-Scale Nonlinear Progressive Damage and Failure Analysis for Open-Hole Composite Laminates." Aerospace 9, no. 2 (January 24, 2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9020059.

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In order to study the nonlinear behaviors and interactions among the constituents for the composite material structure under the tensile load, multiscale damage model using generalized method of cells (GMC) and a lamina-level progressive damage model were established, respectively, for fiber reinforced composite laminates with a central hole, which were based on the thermodynamic Schapery Theory (ST) at either the micro-level or the lamina level. Once the nonlinear progressive degradation of the matrix material reached the lower limit value for the ST method, matrix failures naturally occurred, the failure of the fiber was determined by the maximum stress failure criterion. For the multiscale progressive damage model, the GMC model consisting of a fiber subcell and three matrix subcells was imposed at each integral point of FEM elements, and the three matrix subcells undergo independent damage evolution. The load versus displacement curves and failure modes of the open-hole laminates were predicted by using the two progressive failure models, and the results were compared with that obtained by the Hashin-Rotem progressive failure model and the experimental results. The results show that the ST based method can obtain the nonlinear progressive damage evolution states and failure states of the composite at both the lamina level and the multiscale level. Finally, the damage contours and failure paths obtained are also presented.

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48

Li, Dongsheng, Qian Hu, and Jinping Ou. "Fatigue Damage Evolution and Monitoring of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Bridge Cable by Acoustic Emission Technique." International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks 8, no. 10 (October 1, 2012): 282139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/282139.

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Desirable properties of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites include their high strength, high rigidity, light weight, corrosion free, and fatigue resistance. CFRP composites are popularly applied in bridge engineering structures, but the causes of fatigue damage in CFRP bridges have not been thoroughly investigated. We adopt acoustic emission (AE) technology to monitor fatigue damage and failure of CFRP bridge cables. The relationship between AE signal characteristics and CFRP cable fatigue damage, as well as the pattern of AE signals during a fatigue test, is investigated. Results show that the failure models exhibit matrix and fiber-matrix interface failures at the initial stage of fatigue testing, followed by delamination and fiber rupture. The b value, Kurtosis index, and RA value based on AE characteristic parameters are proposed to describe the different damage stage failure modes. Finally, the failure types of AE waveform are extracted and analyzed using wavelet transformation. The AE technique proved to be a potential means for evaluating the fatigue damage characteristics of CFRP cables.

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49

Yan, Shi, Xixi Chen, and Yun Zhao. "Analysis of multiple impact tests’ damage to three-dimensional four-directional braided composites." Science and Engineering of Composite Materials 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 242–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/secm-2022-0023.

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Abstract This article was designed with a plurality of impact tests of three-dimensional four-directional braided composites, and the impact response of specimen impacted by a circular punch was studied. Ultrasonic C-scanning was used to detect the internal damage area to study the damage propagation process under multiple impact loads. The finite-element software ABAQUS was used to model the meso-structure of three-dimensional four-directional braided composites. Based on material characteristics, the three-dimensional Hashin damage criterion was used for the fiber bundle, and the maximum stress criterion was used for the matrix to judge the material damage. Combined with test and simulation results, the failure mode and damage evolution process of the specimen under multiple impact loads were studied. The results showed that the impact resistance of the three-dimensional woven composite material is affected by the braided angle. The larger the braided angle of the specimen, the better the impact resistance. The damaged area of the large braided angle material expanded to the periphery, and the damaged area of the small braided angle material was primarily developed in the longitudinal direction. The failure modes of the specimen during the impact process were primarily a longitudinal tensile failure of fiber bundles, transverse tensile failure and transverse compression failure of fiber bundles and matrix.

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50

Pearson, Matthew R., Mark J. Eaton, Eszter Szigeti, Rhys Pullin, Alastair Clarke, Richard Burguete, and Carol A. Featherston. "Damage Detection in Composite Materials Using Airborne Acoustics." Key Engineering Materials 569-570 (July 2013): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.569-570.72.

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Composite materials are increasingly being used in a wide range of structural applications in place of metallic materials. This presents a new range of challenges when considering the monitoring of damage and failure in complex components. This paper explores these challenges and presents a potential monitoring method using airborne acoustics which is both non-contact and easily implemented. A carbon composite panel was manufactured and statically loaded in tension until failure. During the test, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) was used to measure full field surface strain in the panel. An array of microphones, placed adjacent to the panel, was used to capture airborne acoustic signals between 400Hz and 20kHz during the test. The captured sound waves potentially contain signals originating from a range of sources, such as fibre failures and matrix cracking, but also contain background noise. A range of techniques have been used to examine the signals and determine the onset of failure, including Short-Time Fourier Transforms (STFT). The detection of failure using the airborne acoustic system has been validated using the strain data from the DIC measurements. The results presented demonstrate the applicability of the airborne system to monitoring of composite components.

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