Статті в журналах: "Facteur de confusion"

1

Hardelin, Jean-Pierre. "Facteur « confondant » ou de confusion." médecine/sciences 40, no. 4 (April 2024): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/medsci/2024036.

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Ezzatian, Payam, Margaret Kathleen Pichora-Fuller, and Bruce A. Schneider. "Do Circadian Rhythms Affect Adult Age-Related Differences in Auditory Performance?" Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 29, no. 2 (April 26, 2010): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980810000139.

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RÉSUMÉLes effets de l’heure du jour ont été identifiés comme facteur de confusion potentiel dans la recherche portant sur la performance cognitive en fonction de l’âge. Les rythmes circadiens ont étés liés aux variations des mesures sensorielles en fonction de l’heure du jour; cependant, on en sait davantage sur l’effet des rythmes circadiens sur la vision que sur l’audition. On ne sait pratiquement rien en ce qui concerne les effets de l’heure du jour comme facteur de confusion potentiel dans les études portant sur le vieillissement auditif. L’objectif de la présente étude était de déterminer si les différences liées à l’âge observées dans l’exécution de tâches auditives étaient affectées par l’heure du jour. Un ensemble de quatre expériences auditives a été répété trois fois au cours d’une journée avec un groupe de jeunes adultes « du soir » et un groupe d’adultes aînés « du matin ». Les résultats reproduisent les constatations précédentes concernant les différences liées à l’âge, mais l’heure du jour n’affecte pas les résultats de base. Donc, l’heure du jour n’est pas un facteur de confusion sur les résultats observés dans des expériences de laboratoire typiques qui étudient le vieillissement auditif.

3

Du Thanh, A., L. Lasch, G. Rathat, O. Dereure, and A. Rafii. "Le psoriasis est un facteur de confusion dans le suivi biologique du cancer du col utérin." Annales de Dermatologie et de Vénéréologie 142, no. 12 (December 2015): S570—S571. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.annder.2015.10.313.

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Maréchal, I., C. Hallais, H. Daubert, M. H. Roux, V. Josset, L. Froment, and P. Czernichow. "Suivi des transfusions de concentrés de globules rouges (CGR) dans les établissements de santé : l’activité médicalisée est un facteur de confusion." Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique 56, no. 1 (April 2008): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2008.02.095.

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5

Etard, Olivier, Sandrine Cremona, Christophe Tzourio, and Marc Joliot. "La somnolence lors des études en IRMf de repos est un facteur de confusion majeur pour l’analyse de la connectivité cérébrale." Médecine du Sommeil 20, no. 1 (March 2023): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msom.2023.01.175.

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Bourdages, Rosalie, and Denis Foucambert. "Regard sur les dimensions sous-jacentes dans les épreuves de conscience morphologique." SHS Web of Conferences 46 (2018): 10012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20184610012.

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Malgré l’importance de la conscience morphologique pour le, développement d’habiletés de haut niveau indispensables au succès, scolaire (Apel, Diehm et Apel, 2013; Kieffer et al. 2016; Tighe et, Schatschneider; 2016), il y a une réelle confusion dans la littérature sur le, plan de la mesure de ce construit, en ce sens que les tâches utilisées pour le, circonscrire font intervenir des habiletés d’ordre cognitif et linguistique, extr êmement variées (Deacon, Parrila et Kirby, 2008). En nous basant sur, les épreuves traditionnellement utilisées pour mesurer la conscience, morphologique, nous avons construit six tâches qui mobilisent à la fois des, unités (morphèmes flexionnel ou dérivationnel), des opérations,(suppression ou ajout) et des types de contrôle (implicites ou explicites),divers (Apel, 2014). Nos données ont été récoltées auprès d’enfants, québécois et français de 8 à 10 ans. Les résultats, issus d’analyses, factorielles confirmatoires (AFC), mettent en relief l’importance du type, d’opérations cognitives effectuées comme facteur permettant de, discriminer les épreuves entre elles.

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Graziani, Pierluigi. "La consommation excessive d’alcool chez la personne âgée." Drogues, santé et société 9, no. 2 (July 21, 2011): 49–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1005300ar.

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Les problèmes d’une consommation excessive chez les sujets âgés (+ de 65 ans) sont sous-estimés, sous-identifiés, sous-diagnostiqués et sous-traités. Une des raisons est probablement la confusion sur ce qui peut être attribué à l’âge ou aux effets de l’alcool. De plus, ces derniers imitent certains symptômes d’autres maladies et troubles, par exemple les troubles anxieux, la dépression ou la démence. La plupart des outils de dépistage sont insuffisamment adaptés aux personnes âgées et l’estimation de l’abus d’alcool chez celles-ci varie largement selon les méthodes utilisées. La vieillesse devient également un facteur de fragilisation face à la consommation d’alcool surtout si la personne âgée présente des problèmes de santé. Les alcoolisations sont souvent une réponse à la solitude, à l’isolement ou à la perte de soutien social et à l’anxiété, à la dépression et au stress. L’efficacité des interventions brèves dans le cas d’abus d’alcool chez les adultes âgés a été soulignée par ses résultats. L’approche clinique cognitive sur les addictions met l’accent sur l’importance des croyances concernant le produit d’alcoolisation. Certaines trouvent leur source dans l’âge de la personne.

8

Le Gall, Michel, Martine Philippart-Rochaix, and Camille Philip-Alliez. "Échec dans la réhabilitation antérieure en cas d’agénésies des incisives latérales maxillaires." L'Orthodontie Française 87, no. 1 (March 2016): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/orthodfr/2016019.

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L’agénésie des incisives latérales maxillaires pose des problèmes particuliers pour les dentistes, les orthodontistes et les patients. Le traitement de ces agénésies fait encore l’objet de nombreuses polémiques, tant sur le plan fonctionnel qu’esthétique. Sourire et guidance antérieure du patient sont affectés. Ils doivent être rétablis. Le diagnostic est facile et ne prête pas à confusion. La décision thérapeutique, quant à elle, est beaucoup plus complexe. Même si cette décision ne repose que sur deux solutions parfaitement distinctes : la fermeture de l’espace laissé par l’agénésie ou l’ouverture de cet espace et le remplacement prothétique de la dent manquante. Ce choix se fera grâce à de multiples facteurs...à l’origine des nombreuses erreurs d’appréciation. En effet, la recherche du résultat optimal ne pourra se faire que s’il y a une excellente coordination entre différents intervenants de plusieurs spécialités. Chaque clinicien aura un rôle spécifique à jouer. Aussi, le patient et sa famille se trouvent au cœur de la décision, tant dans leur consentement (durée du traitement, possibilités financières) que dans leur motivation. C’est cette décision multifactorielle, pluridisciplinaire qui fait que le traitement de l’agénésie de l’incisive latérale est un défi permanent pour le clinicien à la recherche du meilleur résultat possible. Chaque cas est différent. Établir des règles est impossible. Aucun facteur ne peut être négligé pour éviter « l’erreur ».

9

Lamy, S., M. Maurel, P. Grosclaude, F. Despas, G. Laurent, B. Lepage, and C. Delpierre. "Effet causal des comorbidités sur la survie des patients traités pour lymphomes B diffus à grandes cellules en ex-région Midi-Pyrénées en présence de facteur de confusion intermédiaire dépendant de l’exposition." Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique 67 (May 2019): S133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2019.03.098.

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10

Guldner, C., M. Mohamed, X. Laqueille, M. C. Bourdel, and A. Dervaux. "Tempérament affectif et alcoolo-dépendance : influence de la dépression." European Psychiatry 30, S2 (November 2015): S105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.197.

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ContexteUne étude préliminaire a évalué la fréquence des tempéraments affectifs décrits par Akiskal et al. [1] dans une population de patients alcoolo-dépendants [2]. Dans cette étude, le score moyen à la sous-échelle du tempérament dépressif était significativement plus élevé dans un groupe de sujets alcoolo-dépendants par rapport à un groupe de témoins [2]. Les objectifs de notre étude étaient :– déterminer si la dépression pouvait influencer le lien entre tempérament dépressif et alcoolodépendance ;– comparer les tempéraments entre un groupe de patients alcoolo-dépendants déprimés et un groupe de patients alcoolo-dépendants non déprimés.MéthodeCent dix-huit patients, consultant consécutivement, de juillet 2014 à mars 2015, dans le service d’addictologie de l’hôpital Sainte-Anne (Paris) pour alcoolo-dépendance, ont été inclus dans l’étude. Un groupe de sujets alcoolo-dépendants déprimés (n = 38) a été comparé à un groupe de sujets alcoolo-dépendants non déprimés (n = 80). Ils ont été évalués à l’aide de l’auto-questionnaire Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego (TEMPS-A), à 39 items, explorant les cinq sous-échelles du tempérament affectif :– cyclothymique ;– dépressif ;– irritable ;– hyperthymique ;– anxieux [3].Les troubles psychiatriques associés ont été évalués à l’aide du MINI et de l’échelle de dépression de Beck, à 13 items.RésultatsLe score total moyen à l’auto-questionnaire TEMPS-A était plus élevé dans le groupe des patients alcoolo-dépendants déprimés que dans le groupe des patients alcoolo-dépendants non déprimés (respectivement scores moyens : 19,24 ± 5,73 vs 14,25 ± 6, 41, p < 0,001). Les scores moyens aux sous-échelles dépressive, cyclothymique et anxieuse étaient significativement plus élevés dans le groupe de patients alcoolo-dépendants déprimés. En revanche, il n’y avait pas de différences significatives pour les sous-échelles irritable et hyperthymique.ConclusionLa dépression peut constituer un facteur de confusion dans le lien retrouvé antérieurement entre tempérament dépressif et l’alcoolo-dépendance.

11

Ross, Garrin, and Linda Tomko. "Confusion in the Cockpit." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601301.

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Persistent and pervasive, pilot confusion reigns as the most frequently reported, yet under-investigated, human factor in aviation mishaps. Using Aviation Safety Reporting System incident reports with pilot self-appraisal of confusion, the current study analyzed pilot confusion, and the relationships of confusion-related antecedents, conditions, and events. Results indicated that types and patterns of pilot confusion exist, and these can be classified in the context of operational-specific conditions and the nature of the confusing events. Results further revealed that when both pilots experienced confusion during the same event, it was not inherently shared confusion. Crew configuration and phase of flight were associated, as well as phase of flight and type of confusion. Significant differences were revealed in the human factors, contributing factors, and primary problems associated with incidents of pilot confusion. A novelty matrix for classifying incidents was evaluated, and revisions recommended for adaptation to aviation-specific use.

12

Gauthier, Benoit, and Linda S. Pagani. "Accès aux écrans dans les espaces privés au début de l’adolescence et difficultés scolaires et sociales à la fin des études secondaires chez les garçons et les filles." Promotion de la santé et prévention des maladies chroniques au Canada 44, no. 2 (February 2024): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.24095/hpcdp.44.2.01f.

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Introduction Au Canada et aux États-Unis, les lignes directrices sur l’utilisation des médias numériques chez les jeunes recommandent de tenir les écrans hors de la chambre à coucher. Cette étude a pour objectif de vérifier si la présence d’un écran dans la chambre à coucher à 12 ans permet de prédire des difficultés scolaires et sociales à 17 ans. Méthodologie Les participants sont issus de la cohorte de naissance de l’Étude longitudinale du développement des enfants du Québec (661 filles et 686 garçons). À l’aide d’analyses de régression linéaire tenant compte des facteurs de confusion individuels et familiaux potentiels, nous avons estimé les associations entre, d’une part, le fait d’avoir un écran (télévision ou ordinateur) dans sa chambre à coucher à 12 ans et, d’autre part, les moyennes globales autodéclarées, le risque de décrochage scolaire, le comportement prosocial et la probabilité d’avoir eu une relation amoureuse au cours des 12 derniers mois à 17 ans. Résultats Tant chez les garçons que chez les filles, la présence d’un écran dans la chambre à coucher à 12 ans a permis de prédire des notes globales inférieures (B = −2,41, p ≤ 0,001 pour les garçons; B = −1,61, p ≤ 0,05 pour les filles), un risque de décrochage supérieur (B = 0,16, p ≤ 0,001 pour les garçons; B = 0,17, p ≤ 0,001 pour les filles) et une probabilité moindre d’avoir eu une relation amoureuse (B = −0,13, p ≤ 0,001 pour les garçons; B = −0,18, p ≤ 0,001 pour les filles) à 17 ans. Le fait d’avoir un écran dans sa chambre à coucher était également un facteur prédictif d’un niveau inférieur de comportement prosocial (B = −0,52, p ≤ 0,001) à 17 ans chez les garçons. Conclusion La présence d’un écran dans la chambre à coucher au début de l’adolescence ne permet pas de prédire une santé et un bien-être positifs à long terme. Les lignes directrices des sociétés de pédiatrie à l’intention des parents et des jeunes devraient recommander plus vigoureusement de garder les écrans hors de la chambre à coucher et de ne pas laisser aux enfants un accès illimité aux écrans dans les espaces privés.

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Dines, Joshua S. "Growth Factor Confusion." Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic & Related Surgery 26, no. 9 (September 2010): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arthro.2010.06.020.

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14

Jones, R. Kent. "Miscommunication between pilots and air traffic control." Language Problems and Language Planning 27, no. 3 (October 18, 2003): 233–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.27.3.03jon.

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Language confusion is a frequent cause of pilot error. Although English was made the common language of world aviation in 1951, miscommunication and crashes in which communication was a contributing factor are common. Standard phrases used by air traffic controllers in the United States contain numerous confusing elements. These include ambiguities, misnomers and illogicalities. Phrases are not derivations of a master plan as they should be. The inability of English to express specific directions to pilots without confusion disqualifies it as a language for permanent use by aviation.

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Kim, Boram. "Établissement de la filiation et l'intérêt supérieur de l'enfant en vertu de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme." Legal Studies Institute of Chosun University 31, no. 1 (April 30, 2024): 43–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.18189/isicu.2024.31.1.43.

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Le droit civil coréen montre une attitude ambivalente, protégeant parfois la vérité biologique et parfois empêchant l’établissement de la vérité biologique à travers des règles relatives à la filiation légale. De telles contradictions législatives se produisent parce que la valeur la plus importante que le droit de la famille doit protéger est le bien-être de l'enfant ou son intérêt supérieur. Cependant, le bien-être de l'enfant n'est pas stipulé dans le cadre du système de la filiation naturelle du droit civil, ce qui constitue finalement un facteur d'approfondissement de la confusion juridique concernant la filiation naturelle. Par conséquent, il sera nécessaire de clarifier l'interprétation du bien-être de l'enfant pour lequel on considére dans la détermination de la filiation légale. En conséquence, cette étude a analysé les décisions de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme et la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme sur l'établissement et la dissolution de la filiation légale. L'objectif ici est de tenter d'interpréter la notion de bien-être des enfants dans le droit civil coréen à la lumière de la notion d'intérêt supérieur de l'enfant. En résumant les arrêts de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme, la forme la plus souhaitableen termes de droits de l'homme est la formation d'un lien juridique de paternité qui soit conforme à la vérité biologique. Toutefois, l’intérêt supérieur de l’enfant devrait servir de limite aux avantages juridiques en matière de droits de l’homme de telles relations biologiques parent-enfant. Sur cette base, l'orientation du développement de notre droit a été recherchée afin que le bien-être des enfants puisse être pris en compte dans la pratique et dans les critères de détermination de la paternité. Les tâches législatives sont résumées comme suit. Premièrement, le système de présomption de paternité doit être réorganisé dans la perspective du bien-être de l'enfant. Les problèmes du système ont été analysés et des solutions pour chacun ont été présentées, divisées en cas où la présomption fondée sur la vérité biologique est renversée et en cas où le cadre du système actuel est maintenu. Des modifications doivent être recherchées en référence à ce contenu. Deuxièmement, la filiation sociale doit être légalement acceptée afin que d’autres facteurs que la vérité biologique puissent être pris en compte dans le cas où les actions en contestation de la filiation. Si la présence ou l'absence de la filiation sociale et le degré d'union fonctionnent comme des conditions pour établir la iliation légale. le bien-être de l'enfant peut être systématiquement reflété comme le principe déterminant de la filiation légale.

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Herquelot, E., N. Assi, C. Vabre, F. Raguideau, and A. Panes. "Facteurs de confusion non mesurés : quels designs et méthodes adopter ?" Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique 71 (March 2023): 101443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2023.101443.

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17

Hoque, Mohammed Ziaul, and Md Nurul Alam. "Consumers' knowledge discrepancy and confusion in intent to purchase farmed fish." British Food Journal 122, no. 11 (May 4, 2020): 3567–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-01-2019-0021.

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PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to examine the influence of consumers' perceived knowledge, knowledge discrepancy and confusion on the intention to purchase farmed fish (FF) via a survey design regarding perceptions, buying and consumption practices of urban households in Chittagong, Bangladesh.Design/methodology/approachThe samples of 498 households were selected from a stratified cluster from the Chittagong city and were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The data have been analysed using exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modelling.FindingsThe results show that consumers' subjective knowledge (SK) is significant for purchase intention whereas objective knowledge (OK) is not. Again, consumers' SK, OK, knowledge discrepancy and confusion have no influence in forming consumers' attitude towards FF. However, consumers who overestimate their actual level of knowledge hold negative attitude towards FF and vice versa. Furthermore, consumers' OK affects their confusion inversely although it does not influence the purchase intention significantly.Practical implicationsIf the marketers can frame a more engaging means of communication and knowledge enhancement plan, consumers' attitude and purchase intention regarding FF will be signified.Originality/valueThis is the first study that fundamentally contributes to the scientific research in that it measures the knowledge discrepancy of consumers regarding FF. In addition, this study substantiates that low objective knowledge leads to confusing consumers at the time of purchasing. The effect of overestimating the level of knowledge as well as underestimating the level of knowledge in explaining the purchase intention of FF would be a supplementary addition.

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Isaac, Kendall D. "Is It “A” or Is It “The”?" Texas A&M Law Review 1, no. 1 (October 2013): 55–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v1.i1.2.

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The recent Supreme Court decision in University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center v. Nassar has brought exposure to a prevalent problem in employment discrimination and retaliation cases: there is great discrepancy in how plaintiffs have to prove and courts have to assess these claims. Depending on whether the case is based on discrimination or retaliation pursuant to the ADA, ADEA, or Title VII, the standard that needs to be met might be that the plaintiff must prove that discrimination was “the” motivating-factor for the adverse employment action or that it was “a” motivating-factor for the action. Adding even greater confusion is the fact that, if an employee argues that they are the victim of discrimination (such as on the basis of national origin) and retaliation, the employee might have to prove that their national origin was “a” motivating-factor in the discrimination case and “the” motivating-factor in the retaliation aspect of the case. If this sounds confusing to scholars and attorneys, imagine how confusing these various standards within one case can be for potential litigants, judges unfamiliar with employment law, and a member of the jury! This Article delves into these muddy waters and attempts to highlight the issues, spotlight the statutes, and ultimately formulate a working motivating-factor standard that can be infused into all of the various employment discrimination statutes and thus result in a consistency in interpretation and application.

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Rozeboom, William W. "Factor-indeterminancy Issues are not Linguistic Confusions." Multivariate Behavioral Research 31, no. 4 (October 1996): 637–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3104_16.

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20

Pantoja Zarza, Lucía, Carolina Díez Morrondo, and José Antonio Manjón Haces. "Artritis y onicofagia: un factor de confusión." Reumatología Clínica 10, no. 4 (July 2014): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.reuma.2013.05.010.

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Metselaar, Paula I., Celine Hos, Olaf Welting, Jos A. Bosch, Aletta D. Kraneveld, Wouter J. de Jonge, and Anje A. Te Velde. "Ambiguity about Splicing Factor 3b Subunit 3 (SF3B3) and Sin3A Associated Protein 130 (SAP130)." Cells 10, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10030590.

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In 2020, three articles were published on a protein that can activate the immune system by binding to macrophage-inducible C-type lectin receptor (Mincle). In the articles, the protein was referred to as ‘SAP130, a subunit of the histone deacetylase complex.’ However, the Mincle ligand the authors aimed to investigate is splicing factor 3b subunit 3 (SF3B3). This splicing factor is unrelated to SAP130 (Sin3A associated protein 130, a subunit of the histone deacetylase-dependent Sin3A corepressor complex). The conclusions in the three articles were formulated for SF3B3, while the researchers used qPCR primers and antibodies against SAP130. We retraced the origins of the ambiguity about the two proteins and found that Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) added a Nature publication on SF3B3 as a reference for Sin3A associated protein 130 in 2016. Subsequently, companies such as Abcam referred to OMIM and the Nature article in their products for both SF3B3 and SAP130. In turn, the mistake by OMIM followed in the persistent and confusing use of ‘SAP130′ (spliceosome-associated protein 130) as an alternative symbol for SF3B3. With this report, we aim to eliminate the persistent confusion and separate the literature regarding the two proteins.

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Batykov, Ivan Vladimirovich. "Factors of Trademark Confusion: Sociological Analysis." Теория и практика общественного развития, no. 10 (October 2020): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/tipor.2020.10.2.

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The aim of the present study is to provide a detailed list of factors influencing the probability of confus-ing similarity of trademarks. The identification of a set of such factors is a practically significant task of applied sociology of management, as it allows to make a comprehensive assessment of the views of the parties in disputes about the similarity of means of individualization based on the data of sociologi-cal expertise. Apart from that, the development of understanding of the phenomenon of confusing similarity is a topical theoretical problem in consum-er behavior research. The author supports the fac-tors analysis with a hypothetical description of the mechanism by means of which each factor contrib-utes to the resulting probability of confusing simi-larity of trademarks in consumer’s mind. The system of factors proposed by the author is a useful tool for selecting a coordinate system where a sociologist can model consumer behavior.

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Lambert, Bruce L., Swu-Jane Lin, Ken-Yu Chang, and Sanjay K. Gandhi. "Similarity As a Risk Factor in Drug-Name Confusion Errors." Medical Care 37, no. 12 (December 1999): 1214–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199912000-00005.

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Abdullah, Dedy, and Erwin Dwika Putra. "Comparasi Edge Detection Roberts dan Morfologi Pada Deteksi Plat Nomor Kendaraan Roda Dua." JSAI (Journal Scientific and Applied Informatics) 1, no. 3 (November 3, 2018): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.36085/jsai.v1i3.58.

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Refers to the difficulty factor on the detection plate on this research will focus on the detection of two-wheeled vehicle number plate, where the data will be taken from the farm garage. The resolution of this problem will be attempted using techniques of digital image processing method of detection of edge (edge detection) and morphology. Study on the evaluation and the research results will be calculated using the technique of confussion matrix, this technique will measure on the success rate of approach will be obtained from the proposed method. of the proposed method is sufficiently high, namely 53% success rate, while the value of positive predictive value by which this value to know the success rate of the method to detect the entire image test is still extremely less just reached 40% success, while the value of negative value which is the value of preditive to know separation detection noise his success pretty well with a value of 56% success rate Keyword: Edge Detection, Morfologi, Confusion Matrix

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Jackson, E., V. Dermauw, G. Tchamdja, M. Shah Jalal, A. Janitz, A. Millogo, Z. Tarnagda, R. Ganaba, P. Dorny, and H. Carabin. "311 - Détermination des facteurs de confusion avec les DAGs: l'exemple de Taenia solium." Revue d'Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique 70 (August 2022): S176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.respe.2022.06.309.

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George, Mathew, Arubala P. Reddy, P. Hemachandra Reddy, and Sudhir Kshirsagar. "Unraveling the NRF2 confusion: Distinguishing nuclear respiratory factor 2 from nuclear erythroid factor 2." Ageing Research Reviews 98 (July 2024): 102353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2024.102353.

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Elmståhl, Sölve, Christer Wahlfrid, and Peter Jerntorp. "Precipitating and Predisposing Factors of Acute Confusional State Among Emergency Department Patients." International Psychogeriatrics 7, no. 4 (December 1995): 519–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610295002250.

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The aim of this study was to examine predisposing and precipitating factors of acute confusional state (ACS) retrospectively in medical records of patents examined in an acute medical unit (AMU) who had a preliminary diagnosis of confusion/anxiety. The study comprised all 221 patients who were 65 years old and older among the 18,015 patients examined in the AMU during 1 year who, after a preliminary examination in the AMU, received a diagnosis of confusion/anxiety without any other etiologic diagnosis. Fifty-six cases fulfilled the DSM-III-R criteria for ACS. The control group comprised 165 patients, with anxiety, depression, or psychosis the main finding in 135 cases. Among patients further examined in other departments or for whom consultations were made, the medical records showed that the ACS group had on average 2.6 predisposing factors for ACS, with dementia, cerebrovascular disease, and sensory deficits the most common. Three to six predisposing factors were found among 46% of the ACS patients, compared to 4% of the control group. A precipitating factor of ACS was found in 78% of the ACS cases, and the average number of precipitating factors was 1.6. Dementia (32%), metabolic disturbances (30%), and cardiovascular diseases (16%) were the most frequent precipitating factors among the ACS group. The mortality rates 2 years after examination in the AMU were 32% for the ACS group and 20% for the control group (p < .05). The study suggests that the causes of ACS are often multifactorial and that it is important to seek several precipatating factors when treating this potentially reversible condition.

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Nawaz, Sadia, Gregor Kennedy, James Bailey, and Chris Mead. "Moments of Confusion in Simulation-Based Learning Environments." Journal of Learning Analytics 7, no. 3 (December 17, 2020): 118–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.18608/jla.2020.73.9.

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Confusion is an important epistemic emotion because it can help students focus their attention and effort when solving complex learning tasks. However, unresolved confusion can be detrimental because it may result in students’ disengagement. This is especially concerning in simulation environments using discovery-based learning, which puts more of the onus for learning on the students. Thus, students with misconceptions may become confused. In this study, the possible moments of confusion in a simulation-based predict-observe-explain (POE) environment were investigated. Log-based interaction patterns of undergraduate students from a fully online course were analyzed. It was found that POE environments can offer a level of difficulty that potentially triggers some confusion, and a likely moment of students’ confusion was the observe task. It was also found that confidence in prior knowledge is an important factor that can contribute to students’ confusion. Students mostly struggled when they discovered a mismatch between the subjective and objective correctness of their responses. The effects of such a mismatch were more pronounced when confusion markers were analyzed than when students’ learning outcomes were observed. These findings may guide future works to bridge the knowledge gaps that lead to confusion in POE environments.

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González-Castro, A., J. C. Rodriguez-Borregan, and O. Azcune. "Hipercloremia como factor de confusión en estudios de fluidoterapia." Revista Española de Anestesiología y Reanimación 63, no. 6 (June 2016): 366–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.redar.2016.02.002.

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Kalchiem-Dekel, Or, Jeffrey Galvin, Allen Burke, Sergei Atamas, and Nevins Todd. "Interstitial Lung Disease and Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Practical Approach for General Medicine Physicians with Focus on the Medical History." Journal of Clinical Medicine 7, no. 12 (November 24, 2018): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm7120476.

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Interstitial lung disease (ILD) and pulmonary fibrosis comprise a wide array of inflammatory and fibrotic lung diseases which are often confusing to general medicine and pulmonary physicians alike. In addition to the myriad of clinical and radiologic nomenclature used in ILD, histopathologic descriptors may be particularly confusing, and are often extrapolated to radiologic imaging patterns which may further add to the confusion. We propose that rather than focusing on precise histologic findings, focus should be on identifying an accurate etiology of ILD through a comprehensive and detailed medical history. Histopathologic patterns from lung biopsy should not be dismissed, but are often nonspecific, and overall treatment strategy and prognosis are likely to be determined more by the specific etiology of ILD rather than any particular histologic pattern. In this review, we outline a practical approach to common ILDs, highlight important aspects in obtaining an exposure history, clarify terminology and nomenclature, and discuss six common subgroups of ILD likely to be encountered by general medicine physicians in the inpatient or outpatient setting: Smoking-related, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, connective tissue disease-related, occupation-related, medication-induced, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Accurate diagnosis of these forms of ILD does require supplementing the medical history with results of the physical examination, autoimmune serologic testing, and chest radiographic imaging, but the importance of a comprehensive environmental, avocational, occupational, and medication-use history cannot be overstated and is likely the single most important factor responsible for achieving the best possible outcomes for patients.

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Dumont, J. E., S. Dremier, I. Pirson, and C. Maenhaut. "Cross signaling, cell specificity, and physiology." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 283, no. 1 (July 1, 2002): C2—C28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00581.2001.

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The literature on intracellular signal transduction presents a confusing picture: every regulatory factor appears to be regulated by all signal transduction cascades and to regulate all cell processes. This contrasts with the known exquisite specificity of action of extracellular signals in different cell types in vivo. The confusion of the in vitro literature is shown to arise from several causes: the inevitable artifacts inherent in reductionism, the arguments used to establish causal effect relationships, the use of less than adequate models (cell lines, transfections, acellular systems, etc.), and the implicit assumption that networks of regulations are universal whereas they are in fact cell and stage specific. Cell specificity results from the existence in any cell type of a unique set of proteins and their isoforms at each level of signal transduction cascades, from the space structure of their components, from their combinatorial logic at each level, from the presence of modulators of signal transduction proteins and of modulators of modulators, from the time structure of extracellular signals and of their transduction, and from quantitative differences of expression of similar sets of factors.

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Amzad, S., S. K. Barathi, and K. Karpagam. "Level of Delirium and its Contributing Factor among Patients in ICU." CARDIOMETRY, no. 23 (August 20, 2022): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18137/cardiometry.2022.23.8993.

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Background: Delirium is an acute state of confusion characterized by a rapid onset, usually within hours to days, with changes in consciousness and cognitive changes. Delirium may also present as a form of agitation in intensive care patients. Delirium can affect up to 80% of patients in intensive care units and increase their length of stay and cost of hospitalization. Objectives: The main aim of the study is to evaluate the level of Delirium and its contributing factors among patients in intensive care unit. Methods: A descriptive study design was adopted for the study with 60 samples that met the inclusion criteria and were selected using convenience sampling technique. Data for demographic variables were collected using multiple-choice questionnaires, followed by assessment of delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) scale. Results: 20%) had mild delirium, 13 samples (21.7%) of moderate delirium and 13 samples (21.7%) of severe delirium. Regarding the demographic variables of delirium, diabetes rapidly had a statistically significant association with the degree of delirium in ICU patients at p < 0.05. Conclusion: Confusion assessment method (CAM) is an effective to find out the level of delirium among intensive care unit patients.

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Liu, Fang-Fang, and Hoon-Ku Sul. "Online hotel reservation delay based on price complexity, consumer confusion and shopping fatigue: Focusing on Chinese mobile hotel reservation application." Tourism Sciences Society of Korea 48, no. 2 (March 30, 2024): 161–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17086/jts.2024.48.2.161.182.

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In China, the rapid expansion of mobile hotel reservation apps has led to an information overload, resulting in pricing complexity, user confusion, and subsequent booking delays. In the context of mobile hotel booking app services in China, this study empirically examined the relationships between price complexity, consumer confusion, shopping fatigue, and purchase delay. Additionally, it also tested the mediating effect of shopping fatigue and both the moderating and the moderated mediation effects of reservation experience on these relationships. To this end, an online survey targeting Chinese consumers with an experience of booking hotels using mobile apps in China was carried out, and a total of 305 valid responses were analyzed. The key findings are as follows. Firstly, both the price complexity and consumer confusion exerted positive impacts on shopping fatigue and purchase delay. Secondly, shopping fatigue positively impacted purchase delay. Furthermore, shopping fatigue partially mediated the relationship between price complexity, consumer confusion, and purchase delay. Finally, reservation experience significantly influenced the relationship between consumer confusion and purchase delay, serving as a moderating factor and as a moderated mediating factor. The findings of this study can help enrich the understanding and knowledge base in the hotel reservation domain and devise practical and effective solutions to tackle related challenges.

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Lee, Gyeongnam. "A Study on Factor Analysis Influencing on the Confusion of Reading Comprehension." Journal of reading research 40 (August 30, 2016): 119–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.17095/jrr.2016.40.4.

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Khattab, Elina, Nikolaos Velidakis, Evaggelia Gkougkoudi, and Nikolaos P. E. Kadoglou. "Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension: A Valid Entity or Another Factor of Confusion?" Life 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13010128.

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Exercise-induced pulmonary hypertension EIPH has been defined as an increase in mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP) during exercise in otherwise normal values at rest. EIPH reflects heart and/or lung dysfunction and may precede the development of manifest pulmonary hypertension (PH) in a proportion of patients. It is also associated with decreased life expectancy in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) or left ventricle (LV) valvular diseases. Diastolic dysfunction exacerbated during exercise relates to increased LV filling pressure and left atrial pressure (LAP). In this context backward, transmitted pressure alone or accompanied with backward blood flow promotes EIPH. The gold standard of EIPH assessment remains the right heart catheterization during exercise, which is an accurate but invasive method. Alternatively, non-invasive diagnostic modalities include exercise stress echocardiography (ESE) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Both diagnostic tests are performed under gradually increasing physical stress using treadmill and ergo-cycling protocols. Escalating workload during the exercise is analogous to the physiological response to real exercise. The results of the latter techniques show good correlation with invasive measurements, but they suffer from lack of validation and cut-off value determination. Although it is not officially recommended, there are accumulated data supporting the importance of EIPH diagnosis in the assessment of other mild/subclinical or probably fatal diseases in patients with latent PH or heart failure or LV valvular disease, respectively. Nevertheless, larger, prospective studies are required to ensure its role in clinical practice.

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Moore, M. "The Preliminary Injunction Standard: Understanding the Public Interest Factor." Michigan Law Review, no. 117.5 (2019): 939. http://dx.doi.org/10.36644/mlr.117.5.preliminary.

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Under Winter v. NRDC, federal courts considering a preliminary injunction motion look to four factors, including the public interest impact of the injunction. But courts do not agree on what the public interest is and how much it should matter. This Note describes the confusion over the public interest factor and characterizes the post-Winter circuit split as a result of this confusion. By analyzing the case law surrounding the public interest factor, this Note identifies three aspects of a case that consistently implicate the direction and magnitude of this factor: the identity of the parties, the underlying cause of action, and the scope of injunctive relief. By centering the public interest factor on these three aspects, courts and litigants will achieve a unified conception of the public interest factor.

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Salvador-Gimeno, Marina. "Alliteratio, onomatopoeia and imitative harmony: differentiation and conceptual frontiers." Cuadernos de Filología Clásica. Estudios Latinos 42, no. 2 (January 20, 2023): 171–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/cfcl.85038.

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Nuestro objetivo en las siguientes páginas es aclarar la confusión existente entre los conceptos de aliteración, onomatopeya y armonía imitativa, que actualmente se utilizan sin rigor. De hecho, las diferencias entre la onomatopeya y la armonía imitativa ahora se han atenuado (y desdibujado). Han sido reducidos a la categoría de función, habiéndose convertido en manifestaciones específicas de la aliteración, recurso al que se le ha atribuido erróneamente una finalidad icónico/expresiva. La sinonimia incorrecta entre aliteración, onomatopeya y armonía imitativa también se refleja en la práctica, donde es posible observar el uso indiscriminado de los tres términos. Un factor importante a tener en cuenta en la identificación incorrecta de estas técnicas es la subjetividad de los estudiosos, quienes, a nuestro juicio, tienden a atribuir un valor icónico/expresivo a las repeticiones sonoras puramente rítmicas. Ante esto, hacemos una llamada al rigor y objetividad de los estudiosos para evitar confusiones de este tipo

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Walcott, C. "Pigeon homing: observations, experiments and confusions." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.1.21.

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Homing pigeons can return from distant, unfamiliar release points. Experienced pigeons can do so even if they are transported anesthetized and deprived of outward journey information. Airplane tracking has shown that they make relatively straight tracks on their homeward journey; therefore, pigeons must have some way of determining the home direction at the release site. Manipulating the pigeon's internal clock causes predictable deviations in their flight direction relative to home. When the sun is not visible, such clock shifts have no effect. This result implies a two-step system: the determination of the home direction and the use of a sun compass to fly in that direction. When pigeons cannot see the sun they use a magnetic compass. The use of compass cues to select and maintain a direction of flight is well understood compared with the uncertainty surrounding the nature of the cues used to determine the home direction when pigeons are released at an unfamiliar site. Because they generally home successfully from any direction and distance from the loft, without requiring information gathered on the outward journey, it seems likely that they use some form of coordinate system. Presumably, a displaced pigeon compares the values of some factor at the release site with its remembered value at the home loft. This factor might be olfactory, it might be some feature of the earth's magnetic field or it might be something else. There is some evidence that pigeons may use several cues and that pigeons raised in different lofts under different environmental conditions may prefer to use one cue over another. I believe that it is this flexible use of multiple cues that has led to so much confusion in experiments on pigeon homing.

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Saucier, Gerard. "Trapnell versus the Lexical Factor: More Ado About Nothing?" European Journal of Personality 8, no. 4 (November 1994): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410080406.

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Although Trapnell (1994) provides an interesting demonstration of the orthogonal relations between intuitively constructed English‐language adjective scales for competence and liberalism, the critique of an earlier article (Saucier, 1992) is marred by recurrent conceptual confusions between lexical and questionnaire factors, and by an overly narrow and misleading conception of the lexical Factor V. As one antidote to future confusions, I point toward an appropriately broad conceptual interpretation of the lexical Factor V.

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Gordillo Montaño, M. J., S. Ramos Perdigues, C. Merino del Villar, C. Caballero Roy, S. Latorre, M. Guisado Rico, A. Bravo Romero, S. V. Boned Torres, and M. de Amuedo Rincon. "Confusion between symptom and disease. Parkinson vs meningioma." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): s493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.605.

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IntroductionParkinson's disease is caused by decreased dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Psychosis occurs between 20 and 40% of patients with Parkinson's disease. Dopaminergic drugs act as aggravating or precipitating factor. Before the introduction of levodopa patients had described visual hallucinations but the frequency was below 5%.ObjectiveIllustrated importance of treatment, reassessment after its introduction and refractoriness to answer; as well as the importance of a differential diagnosis at the onset of psychotic symptoms later in life.MethodClinical case: female patient 75 years tracking Neurology by parkinsonism in relation to possible early Parkinson disease. She was prescribed rasagiline treatment. Begins to present visual and auditory hallucinations, delusional self-referential and injury. She had no previous psychiatric history. She went on several occasions to the emergency room, where the anti-Parkinson treatment is decreased to the withdrawal point and scheduled antipsychotics did not answer. Doses of antipsychotics are increased despite which symptoms persist and even increase psychotic symptoms. In this situation it is agreed to extend the study. Subsequently an NMR of the skull where the image is suggestive of a right occipital meningioma appears.Results/conclusionsWith the emergence of psychotic symptoms later in life it will be important to ask a broad differential diagnosis, since in a large number of cases will be secondary to somatic or to drug therapies.Parkinsonism can be a symptom of occipital meningioma, presenting in the psychotic clinic. Refractoriness, on one hand to the suspension of treatment for Parkinson's disease, such as poor response to antipsychotics, did extend the study, which ultimately gave us the diagnosis.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Xia, Shibin. "The Impact of Live-Streaming E-commerce Key Opinion Leader Traits on Consumer Engagement——Based on the Mediating and Moderating Effect of Consumer Confusion and Platform Enabling." SHS Web of Conferences 148 (2022): 03021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214803021.

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Live-streaming e-commerce has become a significant technique for businesses to perform marketing operations because to the rapid development of social emerging media. Consumers are more exposed to live shopping, and in order to save time and money, they rely more on Key Opinion Leaders (KOL). KOLs deliver more thorough product information to customers, eliminate buyer confusion, and improve consumer engagement behaviors. As a result, this study investigates the impact of KOL traits in connection to consumer engagement and offers a moderated mediation model to investigate if customer confusion serves as a mediating factor and whether this process is controlled by platform enabling. The findings of the empirical investigation, which used 368 valid samples, reveal that: consumer confusion partially mediates the association between KOL traits and consumer engagement; and platform enabling positively moderates the relationship between KOL traits and consumer confusion. These findings have significant implications for businesses looking to improve the quality of their marketing initiatives and broaden their market reach.

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Kline, Paul. "Factor analysis and personality theory." European Journal of Personality 1, no. 1 (March 1987): 21–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410010105.

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This article deals with the factor analytic approach to personality. More specifically, it deals with problems in factor analyses of personality questionnaires which contribute to factorial confusion. It is stated that in fact the factorial results make better sense than is usually admitted. The apparent disparity of results can be accounted for by technical defects in the chosen factor analytic method. Furthermore, it is shown that another source of disagreement lies in the interpretation of what are essentially the same factors.

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Freyman, Richard L., and G. Patrick Nerbonne. "Consonant Confusions in Amplitude-Expanded Speech." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 39, no. 6 (December 1996): 1124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3906.1124.

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The perceptual consequences of expanding the amplitude variations in speech were studied under conditions in which spectral information was obscured by signal correlated noise that had an envelope correlated with the speech envelope, but had a flat amplitude spectrum. The noise samples, created individually from 22 vowel-consonant-vowel nonsense words, were used as maskers of those words, with signal-to-noise ratios ranging from –15 to 0 dB. Amplitude expansion was by a factor of 3.0 in terms of decibels. In the first experiment, presentation level for speech peaks was 80 dB SPL. Consonant recognition performance for expanded speech by 50 listeners with normal hearing was as much as 30 percentage points poorer than for unexpanded speech and the types of errors were dramatically different, especially in the midrange of S-N ratios. In a second experiment presentation level was varied to determine whether reductions in consonant levels produced by expansion were responsible for the differences between conditions. Recognition performance for unexpanded speech at 40 dB SPL was nearly equivalent to that for expanded speech at 80 dB SPL. The error patterns obtained in these two conditions were different, suggesting that the differences between conditions in Experiment 1 were due largely to expanded amplitude envelopes rather than differences in audibility.

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P, Myagmartseren, and Myagmarjav I. "CROPLAND SUITABILITY ASSESSMENT AND CONFUSION MATRIX EVALUATION WITH GIS." Mongolian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 21, no. 02 (February 6, 2018): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjas.v21i02.911.

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Aim of the research is to test multi-criteria method for suitability valuation with GIS method in cropland of Bornuur, Mongolia. The research has following steps: (i) to value the suitable land for cropland with basic condition (constraint mapping) (ii) to value the suitable land with Multi-criteria (factor mapping) analysis; iii) to check the integrated suitability assessment image with confusion matrix. Basic condition or constraint map is drawn with Boolean logic method. Weighted value for analysis had been calculated using “ranking hierarchy". Weighted linear model are used for it. Cropland factors hierarchy is sorted out through pair wais comparison technique. The relative weight is calculated using analytical hierarchy processing (AHP) method for sorting factors based on previous researches and shows following values: S=organic matter*0.36+ (A+B) horizon*0.22+ soil texture*0.16 + slope*0.08+ soil moisture*0.06+ altitude*0.04+ soil stoniness* 0.02+ exch. bases* 0.02 + pH*0.02. To check the accuracy and agreement the field study materials archived in 1989-2009 and performed model map had been used in confusion matrix evaluation. It could be concluded that suitability map is prpcessed somewhat correct according to the result of overall accuracy 0.83, matched cells 72-95% and Kappa coefficient 0.8 results. Correspondingly the places modeled for an exploration area for the cropland was matched to the current location of agricultural land possessions.

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Garnett, Emily, Julia Wang, Brian Jackson, Gary Procop, Charlene Bierl, and Ila Singh. "What’s in a Name? Comparative Analysis of Laboratory Test Naming Guidelines as Applied to Common Confusing Test Names." American Journal of Clinical Pathology 154, Supplement_1 (October 2020): S18—S19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa137.033.

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Abstract Laboratory test names frequently do not enable easy understandability or promote correct test utilization, which leads to difficulty for providers in finding the correct test and results in unnecessary cost and medical errors. As a further complication, laboratory test names are largely unstandardized and are not named based on a consistent set of conventions. To address these issues, the TRUU-Lab (Test Renaming for Understanding & Utilization) initiative aims to generate a consensus laboratory test naming guideline for better human understandability of laboratory test names. These studies address the first and second aims of the TRUU-Lab initiative: 1) to identify root causes and challenges in understanding and using laboratory test names, and 2) to share resources related to potential solutions. We initially conducted survey studies to capture the most commonly problematic laboratory test names, then performed analysis of these names to identify aspects of these names that led to confusion among providers. 274 survey responses yielded ~100 unique laboratory tests that respondents felt were confusing, and highlighted substantial diversity both in the names of these tests between institutions and in respondent opinion on the best alternative names, with the top 10 most commonly-cited tests having at least 3 unique names, and the top 2 tests (Vitamin D and anti-factor Xa) having at least 10 unique names. Post-survey analysis identified eight common characteristics associated with poor understandability of a test name, including ambiguity, abbreviations, homophones, multiple indications for a single test, non-descriptive proprietary names, synonyms, truncation due to software limitations, and €œpanels where test components are obfuscated. A subset of the survey-identified confusing test names were used to evaluate existing laboratory test naming guidelines for their ability to produce understandable test names. Five guidelines, including LOINC, ONC TigerTeam, Pan-Canadian iEHR Viewer Name, Standards for Pathology Informatics (Australia), and ARUP Laboratories internal style guides, were evaluated, and produced highly variable names given the same test name prompt. Further, existing guidelines also varied in their ability to avoid pitfalls previously identified as associated with poor understandability. Together, these studies highlight the aspects of existing laboratory test names that lead to confusion among ordering providers, and identify the inability of existing laboratory test naming practices to adequately address these issues. Efforts are ongoing within TRUU-Lab to use these results to inform novel laboratory test naming guidelines that promote universal human understandability. Work is also ongoing to apply these novel guidelines to generate new candidate test names, and conduct survey analysis to evaluate the effects of new test naming guidelines on understandability and correct test utilization.

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Burnett, Paul C. "Self-concept or self-esteem." Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 3 (November 1993): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1037291100002120.

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Confusion exists with regard to the substantive difference between self-concept and self-esteem. In an endeavour to cast some light on this confusion two studies were conducted with 1193 preadolescents using modified versions of two commonly used instruments designed to measure self-concept and self-esteem. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that both these instruments measure specific facets of the same construct, namely self-concept. General or global self-concept proved to be a difficult construct to measure in preadolescent students.

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Hovmöller, Sven, and Xiaodong Zou. "The Relation Between the Phase of the Electron Wave (Which is Lost When an Em Image is Recorded) and the Preserved Crystallographic Structure Factor Phases." Microscopy and Microanalysis 3, S2 (August 1997): 1027–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600012022.

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The phase problem in X-ray crystallography is one of the most interesting and most studied mathematical problems that exist. There is still today no general solution of the phase problem, but partial solutions have resulted in at least 8 Nobel Prizes, even though one of the most prominent solutions, the Patterson function, was not awarded the Prize.It has frequently been claimed that there should be a phase problem also in electron microscopy. It may be more correct to say that there is no phase problem, only a phase confusion problem in electron microscopy. The phase confusion problem has arisen since the word phase is used for (at least) two very different physical entities in the field of electron microscopy. When crystallographers speak about phases, they mean the crystallographic structure factor phases, while physicists mean the wave front phases. In order to resolve the phase confusion problem, it is necessary to define clearly which phases are meant.

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Posner, Ethan M. "Clarifying a "Pattern" of Confusion: A Multi-Factor Approach to Civil RICO's Pattern Requirement." Michigan Law Review 86, no. 7 (June 1988): 1745. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1289103.

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Chen, Xiaowei, and Jian Wang. "Impact of Confusion Factor on Simulation of An Agent-based Panic Crowd Evacuation Model." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 563 (August 9, 2019): 052027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/563/5/052027.

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Yonekura, Reiko, Yasuhiro Itoh, Masami Asayama, and Katsumi Shibata. "The effects of dietary tryptophan metabolism on the “vigor” and “confusion” factor of mood." International Congress Series 1304 (November 2007): 180–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ics.2007.07.028.

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