Дисертації з теми "Façadism"
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Aarage, Ali. "Façades vitrées et ambiances architecturales." Grenoble INPG, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPG0013.
Повний текст джерелаFabian, Victoria. "The Ornament as a Reconstruction Tool for Façades." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-289218.
Повний текст джерелаMeunier, Virginie. "De l'esquisse à l'optimisation d'un élément de paroi multicritère : proposition d'une méthodologie." Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2066.
Повний текст джерелаBurochin, Jean-Pascal, and Jean-Pascal Burochin. "Segmentation d'images de façades de bâtiments acquises d'un point de vue terrestre." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00786332.
Повний текст джерелаDieudonné, Patrick. "L'architecture du "Nouveau Nancy" : l'ornementation des façades des immeubles d'habitation (1900-1914)." Brest, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BRES0003.
Повний текст джерелаBurochin, Jean-Pascal. "Segmentation d'images de façades de bâtiments acquises d'un point de vue terrestre." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1064/document.
Повний текст джерелаFacade analysis (detection, understanding and field of reconstruction) in street level imagery is currently a very active field of research in photogrammetric computer vision due to its many applications. This thesis shows some progress made in the field of generic segmentation of a broad range of images that contain one or more facade areas (as a whole or in part).This kind of data is carecterized by a very rich and varied architectural complexity and by problems in lighting conditions and in the choice of a camera's point of view. Workflow genericity is an important issue. One significant constraint is to be as little biased as possible. The approches presented extract the main facade structures based on geometric properties such as alignment and repetitivity. We propose a hierarchic partition of the image contour edges and a detection of repetitive grid patterns based on marked point processes. The facade is set appart from its neighbooring façades and from its environment (the ground, the sky). Some elements such as windows, balconies or wall backgrounds, are extracted in a relevant way, without being recognized. The parameters regulation is done in one step and refers to all architectural styles encountered. The problem originates from most themes such as facade separation, the increase of level of details in 3D city models generated from aerial or satellite imagery, compression or indexation based on geometric primitives (structure grouping and space between them)
Rocha, Antonio Carlos da. "Análise comparativa de planejamento e custo de fachadas de edifício de múltiplos pavimentos com as tecnologias tradicional e com chapas delgadas estruturadas em light steel framing." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3153/tde-27092017-103852/.
Повний текст джерелаThe building technology of light weight external sheets structured in Light Steel Framing (LSF) has been introduced in the domestic market as an alternative to replace traditional exterior masonry and mortar cladding technology commonly used for façade construction in multiple floors buildings. It is a technology with dry assembly that brings potential benefits in relation to the traditional method of façade production, especially in relation to: optimization of the logistics in the construction site; simplification of procedures for monitoring and controlling the executive stages; high productivity, with potential reduction of work deadlines; easier control over the final cost of the service; and reduction of risks regarding compliance with the deadlines planned for the development and completion of the activity. The objective of the present work is to compare the differentials in the planning of the work and the cost of production between this technology and the traditional method for the execution of façades of multiple floors buildings, considering the same architectural design. As a method for the development of the work, it was adopted: bibliographic research; interviews with professionals, manufacturers and companies specializing in the assembly of thin sheet structured in Light Steel Framing (LSF) technology; research on the alternatives available to the light weight external sheets structured in LSF technology and on the costs practiced in the national market for both technologies; follow-up of works in LSF aiming to deepen the knowledge about its method of execution of facade. Due to the scarce national literature on the subject and the still incipient knowledge about this technology in the technical and academic environment, it is believed that the present work presents relevant information for professionals or companies willing to innovate in the execution of this important subsystem of the buildings, adopting the technology with light weight panels for façade production in their future projects.
Boulaassal, Hakim. "Segmentation et modélisation géométriques de façades de bâtiments à partir de relevés laser terrestres." Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6006.
Повний текст джерелаThe production of 3D urban models is of high interest in the photogrammetric and computer vision fields. The recent developments made for terrestrial laser scanners, especially in terms of acquisition speed and measurement accuracy, lead to new research topics like for instance the modelling of 3D building facades. Data provided by a terrestrial laser scanner is made of points defined in a 3D Cartesian coordinate system. This thesis proposes a geometric approach for segmentation and modelling of building facades using terrestrial laser scanner data. The processing sequence consists of a segmentation step followed by a modelling step. Firstly, by assuming that façades are mainly composed of planar surfaces, an automatic segmentation proceeds to the decomposition of the point cloud into a set of planar clusters. A Ŗplanar clusterŗ is a set of points located in a buffer zone around the calculated plane. The segmentation algorithm firstly extracts the planar cluster using the RANSAC algorithm (RANdom SAmple Consensus). Since reality is not always adjustable by mathematical models, the RANSAC algorithm has been optimized. So a region growing algorithm has been developed in order to correct errors occurring when points are on the same plane, but describe different architectural objects. Then, based on the segmentation results, a façade modelling algorithm has been developed. It starts with the automatic extraction of façade contours based on the results of a Delaunay triangulation. The contours are composed by points describing the elementsř edges of the facade. Based on these results, the modelling algorithm produces a vector model of the façade. To do this, the contours are decomposed into straight and curved edges, based on the criterion of pointřs collinearity. Then, the modelling of edges is performed based on the study of their geometric characteristics, as well as their topological relationships. At this level, a vector model of each planar cluster and of the edges that describe the façade elements is available. Finally, to assess the results of the algorithms composing the entire processing sequence, they are compared to a reference. For this purpose, quality indices have been used. Obviously, the quality of the results depends on different façade types as well as point cloud characteristics (facade complexity, architectural details, size, point density, spatial resolution, etc. ). The obtained results are satisfactory and confirm the reliability of the proposed approach
Ok, David. "Mise en Correspondance Robuste et Détection d'Éléments Visuels Appliquées à l'Analyse de Façades." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844049.
Повний текст джерелаBatool, Ayesha. "Quantifying Environmental Performance of Jali Screen Façades for Contemporary Buildings in Lahore Pakistan." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/17931.
Повний текст джерелаKahrmann, Steffen. "Experimental analysis of fire-induced flows for the fire-safe design of double-skin facades." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25422.
Повний текст джерелаLai, Chi-Ming. "Development and thermal performance assessment of the opaque PV façades for subtropical climate region." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/204562.
Повний текст джерелаChow, Cheuk Lun. "Assessment of fire hazard on glass buildings with an emphasis on double-skin façades." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597651.
Повний текст джерелаOk, David. "Mise en correspondance robuste et détection de modèles visuels appliquées à l'analyse de façades." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00974556.
Повний текст джерелаOk, David, and David Ok. "Mise en correspondance robuste et détection de modèles visuels appliquées à l'analyse de façades." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00844049.
Повний текст джерелаSafer, Nassim. "Modélisation des façades de type double-peau équipées de protections solaires : approches multi-échelles." Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0028/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn this past decade, glazed façades use in new buildings has soared. Some of these façades, called "double skin façades"(DSF), are made of internal and external glazing. As indicated by its name, DSF are a special type of envelope which air space in between, called "the channel", can be rather important (up to 0. 8 meter). Properly DSF allow for energy savings and for the increase of the indoor comfort. The majority of these facades are equipped with solar protections. In general the channel is ventilated in order to decrease the overheating problems in summer and to contribute to energy savings in winter. To reach these goals, the detailed behavior of double skin façade need to be better understood and a global model should be produced. The velocity and temperature fields of DSF are investigated using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) approach. The main influent parameters are identified. To complement these simulations, the second part of the present work is dedicated to experimental measurement. Using PIV (Particle Image Velocimetry) technique. In the last part, a global DSF model is proposed. This model is based on the main influent parameters identified within the experimental and numerical parts including the convective coefficients. The model is based on nodal approach adapted for building energy simulations. Finally, the developed model is implemented within a dynamic building energy simulation tool (TRNSYS), allowing the investigation of optimal management of solar protection in order to reduce energy consumptions of tertiary buildings
Tejedor, Herrán Blanca. "Contributions to the determination of thermal behaviour of façades using quantitative internal IRT (Infrared Thermography)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665319.
Повний текст джерелаDins el Marc Europeu, la majoria dels edificis residencials no satisfan les especificacions tèrmiques mínimes. De fet, la taxa de renovació a Europa és estimada en 1% anual. Per complir amb els objectius de les Directives Europees 2010/31/UE i 2012/27/UE, és necessari assegurar una bretxa energètica mínima. A partir d'un estat de l'art exhaustiu, es va detectar que el comportament tèrmic d'un edifici sovint és subestimat o negligit durant les etapes de construcció i operació. Per aquest motiu, una prova no destructiva i precisa hauria de ser requerida, per tal de millorar les deficiències donades per les actuals eines de modelització i diagnosi d'edificis. El propòsit de la tesi era desenvolupar un mètode per determinar in-situ el comportament tèrmic de les façanes sota condicions estacionàries mitjançant la termografia quantitativa interna (IRT). Després d'elaborar un model numèric per estimar la transmitància tèrmica (U-value) com a paràmetre clau de la qualitat construïda, la dissertació va continuar amb un procés de validació executat en dues parets típiques espanyoles de diferents períodes de construcció. Això va permetre: (i) refinar el mètode proposat; (ii) explorar les condicions de contorn; (iii) avaluar la influència dels valors tabulats establerts per les normatives internacionals per l'emissivitat de la paret i els coeficients de transferència de calor per convecció. Els resultats van revelar baixes desviacions respecte als valors teòrics de transmitància tèrmica (1.24 a 3.97%) per duracions de test entre 2 i 3 hores. A més a més, els resultats van demostrar que l’ús de valors tabulats podria implicar altes desviacions (40%) en parets compostes. En general, els projectes de construcció d'edificis existents antics no estan disponibles. Per tant, aquest mètode podria proporcionar informació sobre la façana per futures rehabilitacions. En el cas d’edificis nous, el mètode podria permetre verificar el comportament tèrmic de les parets d’acord amb els paràmetres de disseny. Malgrat això, una revisió bibliogràfica posterior va posar de manifest que encara hi ha una bretxa en la estandardització d’aquest mètode per la diagnosi in-situ. Considerant aquest aspecte, es van desenvolupar tres estudis per tal de millorar l’aplicabilitat de la termografia quantitativa interna dins el camp de la indústria de la construcció. En primer lloc, es va analitzar la influència de les condicions operatives en la determinació de la transmitància tèrmica mesurada a través duna cambra experimental amb una façana simple sota un ampli rang de diferència de temperatura (3.8 < DT < 21ºC). En segon lloc, es van dur a terme tests en un parc d’habitatges públics constituïts per quatre pisos desocupats (sense sistemes elèctrics ni de calefacció en funcionament), amb la finalitat d’analitzar la influència de les propietats termofísiques no transitòries (ex. la capacitat de calor per unitat d’àrea) en la precisió del mètode. En tercer lloc, es va proposar i validar un mètode de processat de dades basat en l’anàlisi de sèries de temps de la U-value mitjançant sis parets compostes. L’objectiu era trobar un criteri comú per aturar la prova quan no són necessàries més dades per obtenir un resultat fiable. Havent investigat els aspectes mencionats anteriorment, es pot extrapolar que: (i) el gradient de temperatura òptim es troba entre 7 i 16ºC; (ii) la variància en la transmitància tèrmica podria ser principalment atribuïda a canvis en la temperatura ambient de l’aire exterior; (iii) la IRT quantitativa interna és més acurada en parets compostes amb altes capacitats de calor per unitat d’àrea, aconseguint unes desviacions màximes del 0.20%; (iv) el test podria ser executat en només 30 minuts; (v) el mètode podria permetre l’avaluació d’aspectes relacionats amb la determinació de la U-value en edificis desocupats per T sota 10ºC, especialment a Espanya o països europeus amb un clima mediterrani on aquestes condicions de test podrien representar una limitació. Per tant, la presa de decisions es podria simplificar en entorns construïts reals. De fet, aquesta recerca podria conduir a una millor execució del procés de rehabilitació en edificis que s’espera que tinguin deficiències l’any 2050, augmentant així la taxa de renovació europea a mig termini. La dissertació conclou resumint les principals aportacions d’aquesta investigació. Els temes que s’han plantejat durant la recerca realitzada, i que no es van poder abordar, es comenten i es proposen com a línies de treball futures.
Gaspar, i. Fàbregas Kàtia. "Impact assessment of the façades' actual state on the energy performance gap of residential buildings." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669241.
Повний текст джерелаReduir la diferència entre el rendiment energètic previst i real dels edificis és necessari per tal d’augmentar el rendiment energètic dels edificis existents i assolir els objectius sobre eficiència energètica de la Unió Europea en el “Marc sobre clima i energia per al 2030”. La construcció és considerada el sector amb més potencial d'estalvi energètic. Concretament, el condicionament tèrmic dels edificis mitjançant calefacció té un potencial d'estalvi energètic considerable. La transmitància tèrmica és el paràmetre fonamental per caracteritzar les pèrdues de calor a través de les envolvents de l’edifici. Tanmateix, diversos investigadors han demostrat que les hipòtesis sobre la pèrdua de calor dels edificis abans i després d’una rehabilitació no són correctes. En aquest sentit, es fa necessari realitzar mesures in situ amb elevada precisió per proporcionar informació sobre la transmitància tèrmica real de les façanes. El propòsit d’aquesta tesi és contribuir a reduir la bretxa del rendiment energètic en els edificis residencials. Per això, l'objectiu d'aquesta dissertació és millorar la precisió en la realització de mesures in situ de la transmitància tèrmica real de les façanes dels edificis residencials existents usant el mètode estandarditzat del mesurador de flux de calor (HFM), per assegurar l'èxit en la presa de decisions durant els processos de renovació energètica dels edificis existents i confirmar estratègies d'eficiència energètica per a nous edificis de consum d’energia quasi nul. L'anàlisi dels paràmetres d’assaig per a la mesura in situ de la transmitància tèrmica no està totalment especificada en l'estàndard ISO utilitzat extensivament. Pel que fa als procediments de càlcul, el mètode que s’utilitza de forma més àmplia pels investigadors és el mètode de mitjanes. Poques iniciatives utilitzen el mètode dinàmic degut a la seva complexitat. La investigació avalua les implicacions d'utilitzar els diferents mètodes de càlcul estandarditzats per verificar quin s’ajusta millor als valors teòrics de referència. A més, es fomenta i facilita la usabilitat del mètode dinàmic estandarditzat mitjançant un procediment de càlcul, definint un full de càlcul programat accessible per als professionals. La dissertació proposa un sistema de classificació de façanes per facilitar la selecció de façanes per a la seva posterior anàlisi del rendiment tèrmic de les façanes del sector de l'habitatge. La classificació de façanes d'edificis residencials existents es basa en la caracterització de la part opaca de les façanes. La dissertació continua explorant els límits dels requisits per a la utilització del mètode HFM per a refinar les condicions d’assaig en les façanes amb baixa transmitància tèrmica. Aquestes façanes es promouen cada vegada més per tal de complir amb els objectius de la Directiva 2010/31/CE. Tot i així, diversos investigadors han demostrat que realitzar mesures in situ precises en aquest tipus de façanes és un repte. Investigar els límits d'aplicació del mètode HFM per a la mesura in situ de la transmitància tèrmica en façanes amb baixa transmitància tèrmica permetrà assegurar el compliment de les polítiques de transició d'edificis existents a edificis de consum energètic quasi nul (nZEB), i confirmar estratègies d'eficiència energètica per a nous edificis nZEB. Per millorar la usabilitat del mètode HFM, aquesta tesi analitza diferents criteris per a determinar les condicions d’aturada de l’assaig durant les campanyes experimentals per mesurar in situ la transmitància tèrmica de les façanes. Els resultats ajudaran a reduir la incertesa sobre la durada de les campanyes experimentals per obtenir una transmitància tèrmica real precisa de les façanes dels edificis existents. La tesi conclou resumint les principals aportacions d'aquesta investigació. Els temes que s’han plantejat durant la investigació realitzada, i que no s'ha pogut abordar, es comenten i es proposen com a línies de treball futures
Haugeard, Jean-Emmanuel. "Extraction et reconnaissance de primitives dans les façades de Paris à l'aide d'appariement de graphes." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CERG0497.
Повний текст джерелаThis last decade, modeling of 3D city became one of the challenges of multimedia search and an important focus in object recognition. In this thesis we are interested to locate various primitive, especially the windows, in the facades of Paris. At first, we present an analysis of the facades and windows properties. Then we propose an algorithm able to extract automatically window candidates. In a second part, we discuss about extraction and recognition primitives using graph matching of contours. Indeed an image of contours is readable by the human eye, which uses perceptual grouping and makes distinction between entities present in the scene. It is this mechanism that we have tried to replicate. The image is represented as a graph of adjacency of segments of contours, valued by information orientation and proximity to edge segments. For the inexact matching of graphs, we propose several variants of a new similarity based on sets of paths, able to group several contours and robust to scale changes. The similarity between paths takes into account the similarity of sets of segments of contours and the similarity of the regions defined by these paths. The selection of images from a database containing a particular object is done using a KNN or SVM classifier
Demantke, Jérôme. "Reconstruction de modèles 3D photoréalistes de façades à partir de données image et laser terrestre." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1015/document.
Повний текст джерелаOne wishes to detect and model building façades from data acquired by the ign mobile scanning vehicle, the Stereopolis. It is a question of finding a geometric representation of facades appropriate to the data (lidar/laser signal and optical images).The method should be automatic and enable the modeling of a large number of facade to help the production of digital city models. Technical obstacles come from the mobile acquisition in uncontrolled urban environment (vehicle georeferencing, variable lidar point density...), they come from the lidar signal, retrieved from a relatively new technology for which the process is not yet consensus :does one operates into sensor geometry or not ? Finally, the amount of data raises the problem of scaling up. To analyze the geometry of lidar 3D point clouds, we proposed attributes describing for each point the shape of the local surroundings (linear-1D, planar-2D or volume-3D).The facade main planes are automatically extracted from lidar data through a streamed detection algorithm of vertical rectangles. We developed two models that are initialized by these rectangles. An irregular grid in which each cell, parallel to the main plane can move forward or backward. A deformable grid which is ''pushed by the laser beams toward the laser points''. Finally, we showed how the deformable grid can be made consistent with the optical images aligning the geometric discontinuities of the grid with radiometric discontinuities of the images
Malatrait, Marie-Cécile. "Propriétés hydriques du mortier pour enduits de façades en relation avec sa structure poreuse : mise en oeuvre, durabilité." Toulouse, INPT, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992INPT157H.
Повний текст джерелаGavan, Valentin. "Full-Scale experimental evaluation and modelling of a double-skin façade : optimal control of thermal and visual comfort." Lyon, INSA, 2009. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2009ISAL0074/these.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThe double-skin façade system (DSF) is a system consisting of two glass skins placed in such a way that air flows within the intermediate cavity. Without a good understanding of how the DSF performs, a complete appreciation of the interactive relationships between the envelope and equipment systems cannot be obtained. An extended experimental campaign in controlled climatic conditions was carried out on a full scale DSF. This experimental campaign was complete by a modelling and validation part which allowed the creation of a dedicated simulation platform for the study and the development of different control strategies
Battistini, Francesca. "Ventilated façades and thermal coatings compared: environmental product declaration and energy certification in a study case." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2020. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/20062/.
Повний текст джерелаHaugeard, Jean-Emmanuel. "Extraction et reconnaissance de primitives dans les façades de Paris à l'aide de similarités de graphes." Phd thesis, Université de Cergy Pontoise, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00593985.
Повний текст джерелаLi, Yiqin. "Approches analytique et expérimentale de la convection naturelle en canal vertical : Application aux double-façades photovoltaïques." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI002/document.
Повний текст джерелаUnder the current energy context, the development of solar energy goes through its large scale development, especially in urban areas. Active and integrated solutions, such as photovoltaic double-skins, allow both the heat recovery for building needs and the exploitation of building envelope as collecting surface. Furthermore, this configuration limits the efficiency loss and the acceleration of ageing process due to overheating of the solar cells. Indeed, in this configuration, the photovoltaic panels are separated from the building by an air channel and the thermally driven flow that develops in the channel helps to evacuate the heat absorbed by the panels. However, the global behaviour of the photovoltaic double-skin is complex and not yet fully understood. This study is part of a scientific project on multi-scale modelling and experimentation of BIPV components. It focuses on the experimentation of the natural convection phenomenon in double-façades. An experimental apparatus developed during C. Daverat's thesis models the double-façade by a vertical channel with wall heating. The working fluid is water so as to avoid radiative heat transfer between walls. The experimental apparatus consists of a 65 cm high vertical channel, with isoflux heating, immersed in a 1.5 m high water tank. The fluid flow is instrumented with measurements of heat flux, wall temperature and velocity. The velocity measurements are made by Particle Image Velocimetry and Laser Doppler Velocimetry. Two heating configurations are studied: symmetrical (same heat flux is imposed on both walls) and asymmetrical (only one wall is heated, the other one being adiabatic). For the study with symmetrical heating configuration, experimental data from Daverat's thesis are analysed by a zonal approach. The channel is split into several zones and a scaling analysis is conducted in order to explain experimental observations. Thus, the study focuses on heat transfer, pressure evolution in the channel and fluctuations, in particular, the evaluation of the maximum Reynolds stress. The asymmetrical configuration is studied for the transient regime and the steady regime. For the transient regime, early stage (first hours) is characterised in terms of wall temperature, velocity and two- or three-dimensional flow behaviour. A large-scale reversal flow is observed. The impact of external thermal stratification is also studied. For the steady regime, thermal and dynamic behaviours are studied and two different states are distinguished and characterised. Reversal flows are also observed. Finally, the influence of the Prandtl number and the channel width is discussed
Zoubir, Amine. "Etude des transferts thermo-convectifs dans un canal semi-ouvert : Application aux façades type double-peau." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0003/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe present investigation deals with natural convection flow in a vertical open-ended channel with wall constant heat flux. This study falls under the framework of research on passive cooling of building integrated PV components. For this purpose, a numerical code developed with Finite Differences scheme is used to solve Navier-Stokes equations and simulate the natural convection in a channel. This problem is difficult to solve because the writing of inlet/outlet boundary conditions remains an open problem. First, our work consists of studying different boundary conditions for the the numerical benchmark AMETH. The work carried out has enabled a first choice of boundary conditions. The study then focuses on numerical and experimental quantification and qualification for two fluids : air ( convection - radiation) and water ( pure convection) . Experimental and numerical results were compared and discrepancies were analyzed. Several phenomenological aspects ( surface radiation, thermophysical properties variation, Prandtl number variation ) were discussed in order to characterize their influence on flow and heat transfer. Finally, in order to provide some answers on dynamical boundary conditions, we simulated natural convection of a channel inside a cavity and tried a modeling
Faure, Cédric. "Contrôle de la diffusion par des façades : cas des métasurfaces et des guides d'ondes ouverts inhomogènes." Thesis, Le Mans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LEMA1033/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of this thesis is to develop a scheme for controling the propagation of acoustic waves using heteregenous surfaces. Its results can be applied in the field of urban acoustic. The thesis is composed of two sections, each of them employing a different method. The first section focuses on controling the direction of a reflected wave, using a metasurface. The second concentrates on the influence of an inconsistent treatment to the side of an open waveguide on the wave joint and competitive effects of absorption, confinement and radiation. Part one provides experimental evidence that it is possible to conceal an object placed on a wall from an audible acoustic wave. To prove it, the thinest possible metasurface was constructed with Helmholtz resonators. The experimental results were compared to a numerical study realized with finite elements. This work was made in both temporal and frequency domains, allowing to point out the wide frequency characteristics of the metasurface. The numerical and experimental results show that the direction of a reflected wave can, indeed, be controled. Part two analyse the impact of a heterogeneous wall on the spreadinf of an acoustic wave in a street. Due to radiation losses, the street produces complex ways of propagation. The presence of a porous material on a waveguide‘ side deeply disrupt the spatial location of these waves, making them more or less fleeting. In particular, depending on the position of the material in the street, certain waves will be more confined to the inside of the street, radiating less towards the open external environment. They are consequently, less cushioned
Gadilhe, Agnès. "Comportement aéraulique des enveloppes de bâtiment : détermination numérique des pressions en façade : Modélisation de la perméabilité à l'air." Lyon, INSA, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ISAL0023.
Повний текст джерела[Pressure models provide an attractive tool for the evaluation of the building ventilation. However, further development and validation of these models requires a better understanding of two critical issues : the pressure distribution around the building and the hydrodynamic behaviour of the envelope. The objectives of this thesis are to present a feasibility study of the k-e model for the evaluation of the pressure distribution and to better understand the flow characteristics through the envelope. First, we compare the pressure coefficients on a seven story building obtained by three existing methods : wind tunnel analysis, on site measurements, numerical approach. The comparison of the results of the numerical simulation with the wind tunnel test on two buildings demonstrates the limits and the difficulties of this promising numerical technique. Then we focus on the behaviour of the envelope - interface between inside and outside. A bibliography review and an on site experiment allow us to identify the type, the location and the flow equation of the various air paths. In order to improve our understanding of the flow through every specific building component, we test in our laboratory apparatus the behaviour of cracks and slots. The limits of the pressurization technique and its associated logarithmic law are clarified. ]
Serna, Morales Andrés Felipe. "Analyse sémantique de nuages de points 3D dans le milieu urbain : sol, façades, objets urbains et accessibilité." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENMP0052/document.
Повний текст джерелаMost important cities in the world have very detailed 2D urban plans of streets and public spaces.These plans contain information about roads, sidewalks, facades and urban objects such as lampposts, traffic signs, bollards, trees, among others.Nowadays, several local authorities, national mapping agencies and private companies have began to consider justifiable including 3D information, navigation options and accessibility issues into urban maps.Compared to the first 3D scanning systems 30 years ago, current laser scanners are cheaper, faster and provide more accurate and denser 3D point clouds.Urban analysis from these data is difficult and tedious, and existing semi-automatic methods may not be sufficiently precise nor robust.In that sense, automatic methods for 3D urban semantic analysis are required.This thesis contributes to the field of semantic analysis of 3D point clouds from urban environments.Our methods are based on elevation images and illustrate how mathematical morphology can be exploited to develop a complete 3D processing chain including six main steps:i)~filtering and preprocessing;ii)~ground segmentation and accessibility analysis;iii)~facade segmentation,iv)~object detection;v)~object segmentation;and, vi)~object classification.Additionally, we have worked on the integration of our results into a large-scale production chain. In that sense, our results have been exported as 3D point clouds for visualization and modeling purposes and integrated as shapefiles into Geographical Information Systems (GIS).Our methods have been qualitative and quantitative tested in several databases from the state of the art and from TerraMobilita project.Our results show that our methods are accurate, fast and outperform other works reported in the literature on the same databases.Conclusions and perspectives for future work are discussed as well
Berdoulay, Maïté. "Analyses physico-chimiques et microbiologiques de façades en pierre exposées aux embruns marins du golfe de Gascogne." Pau, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PAUUA001.
Повний текст джерелаDuring this thesis, we developed a DNA-based molecular method adapted to the genotyping of microorganisms living on building stone. Once calibrated, the method was tested by characterizing microbial biofilms from two stony types of construction frequently encountered on the coast of the golfe de Gascogne. This analysis showed that the method is effective to reveal the microbial biodiversity of biofilms. It was also used to better understand the evolution of the microbial biodiversity during stone colonization, on a period of 2 years. This analysis allowed us to identify pioneer microorganisms, some of them being unexpected, as well as secondary colonizers
Doya, Maxime. "Analyse de l'impact des propriétés radiatives de façades pour la performance énergétique de bâtiments d'un environnement urbain dense." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00537691.
Повний текст джерелаMalys, Laurent. "Evaluation des impacts directs et indirects des façades et des toitures végétales sur le comportement thermique des bâtiments." Ecole Centrale de Nantes, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ECDN0052.
Повний текст джерелаThe combination of global warming and urban 'heat island' effect raises health, energy consumption and discomfort concerns that require quick and realistic answers. One of the issues is the adaptation of the city planning in order to mitigate the urban 'heat island' phenomenon and its impact on the energy consumption of buildings. In a context of urban intensification, coating the building envelope with vegetation is one solution considered. The main objective of this thesis is thus to provide a simulation tool which is able to describe how the vegetation of buildings' envelopes affects the thermal behaviour of the building directly but also indirectly, through induced micro-climate changes. A preliminary study showed that coupling a CFD code and Solene, a thermo-radiative model, is necessary to assess the impact of micro-climate on buildings' thermal behaviour. Then, a thermal model of green walls has been implemented in Solene-microclimat, a micro-climatic model developed at CERMA laboratory. This model has been subsequently validated using experimental data. Finally several scenarios of vegetation applied to the "Pin Sec" district, a suburban neighbourhood of the city of Nantes (France) previously densified, have been simulated. From these empirical results, it has been shown that, in the case of uninsulated buildings, the direct effect of the green façades and roofs can avoid indoor thermal discomfort in summer. Covering with vegetation the external walls of neighbouring buildings also allows to indirectly improve the thermal comfort in a building which is neither insulated nor coated with vegetation
Le, Dantec Tiffanie. "Les façades enduites au plâtre d'Île-de-France. Le déclin du plâtre extérieur, du XVIIe au XXe siècle." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLV001/document.
Повний текст джерелаPlaster of Paris’ notoriety exceeds France’s national borders, its use in moulding, sculpture, architectural ornaments in French artistic production built its reputation. Beyond plaster for moulding, gypsum plaster is one of the most used materials for building construction in the Paris area, and one the most obvious one. In fact, half of Paris ancient buildings and a large part of historical buildings in the region Ilede-France have facades covered with gypsum-based renders and ornaments. However, gypsum renders are still mistaken with lime or cement renders, people call them gypsum-and-lime renders and most of them are covered by thick layers of recent paints, making their observation difficult. Renders are often qualified as minor items in the construction field and are not studied much, while external gypsum plaster is still mostly ignored even though there is a renewal for this kind of materials thanks to wider studies on the uses of earth and lime. Gypsum renders, though, have historical and technical values, but are also aesthetically pleasing. Their rich ornamentation carves facades with lights and shadows, colors and textures. The skin of the buildings shapes the urban atmosphere.Our study will explore the rise and fall of external gypsum renders through the analysis of sixty buildings and one hundred facades which have been put into a database and a Geographical Information System (GIS). The studied facades have been built and rendered over three centuries, from the golden age of the seventeenth century to the loss of know-how in the second half of the twentieth century. The period of the industrial revolution is carefully analyzed as the industrial sector experienced drastic changes in the process of making plaster. This fieldwork is completed with historical research based upon the readings of construction treatises, newspapers, invention patents, building cost estimates and building experts’ statements from various centuries. The use of external gypsum renders is analyzed from 1667 until 1980, through the evolution of the extraction, production and execution processes as well as building conception. This report expresses how gypsum plaster was an essential material for construction and slowly became a fragile one, only good to use in decoration and internal works, as its legendary good quality deteriorated and local know-how disappeared
Bioret, Nicolas. "Géolocalisation par images en s'appuyant sur un sytème d'informations geographiques." Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ECDN0047.
Повний текст джерелаIn a context of research in urban planning and architectural simulations, we wish to use Augmented Reality as a tool for interaction between users and geograhic information in an urban environment. Such an approach is based on a pose computation, requiring an initialization step (which is the purpose of our work) and then a tracking step. Therefore we present here an outdoor localization approach which combines image data and GIS (Geograhical Information System) data. In a first step we used photographs taken by a handheld camera as input data. Image analysis and projective reconstruction associated to an uncertainty model allow to query the road and building layers of a 2D GIS. Robustness is archieved through a multi-hypothesis approach followed by a filtering step, which discards wrong camera poses. In a second step we looked for more automation by using videos as input data. We reconstruct a cloud of 3D points in which vertical facades are detected, which enables a localization query in the GIS. We also present encouraging experimental results. Our main contribution is to automatically match vector data from a 2D GIS with a recontruction made from imge data, and use thes correspondances for the purpose of outdoor urban localization
Hannequart, Philippe. "Comportement thermomécanique de structures intégrant des alliages à mémoire de forme : Modélisation, Simulation et Expérimentation. Application aux façades adaptatives." Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC1064/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe surprising thermomechanical properties of shape memory alloys (SMA) are harnessed in many engineering fields. This material is able to set a structure in motion upon a temperature change. Today, contemporary building facades must adapt to variable climate conditions as well as to evolving building use and occupancy. In particular, they must regulate light and thermal energy passing through the facade, with motorized systems, for example. We explore the potential of SMA wires for putting in motion solar shading devices in facades. The modelling of the mechanical coupling induced by the introduction of such materials in a structure has received little attention as of now. The SMA acts on the structure which in return modifies the SMA behavior. The first step of this work is a contribution to modelling the thermomechanical behavior of this material through the choice of a free energy, a dissipation potential and internal variables. We propose two one-dimensional models: a first monocrystalline model reproduces the material behavior in a simplified way, and a second polycrystalline model offers a more accurate description of it. An original temperature-controlled testing apparatus was developed in parallel. This led to a reliable characterization of Nickel-Titanium wires and the identification of the model parameters. In a second stage, these models allowed to solve elementary coupling cases (SMA wire + Spring, Elastic plate + Embedded SMA wire) for simple thermomechanical loadings and we established analytical solutions. The models were then numerically implemented via a user-material script (UMAT) for the finite elements software ABAQUS, by using a constrained optimization algorithm. This enables the simulation of the coupled response of, in principle, any structural system including SMA wires, connected or embedded in the structure. Finally, we designed, fabricated and tested different actuators in the context of sunlight control in facades. The working principle lies in using a temperature cycle which allows the SMA to deform the structure, and then allows the elastic strain energy in the structure to ensure the return to the original shape. The real behavior of these actuators have been compared to analytical and finite element calculations. We also performed cyclic tests
Bagheri, Moghaddam Faezeh. "Urban vertical garden: ways to improve living conditions by applying green façades in buildings refurbishment at semi-arid climate." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673516.
Повний текст джерелаEsta tesis tiene como objetivo mejorar las condiciones de trabajo en los edificios de oficinas mediante la implementación de sistemas de vegetación vertical, como fachadas verdes y muros vivos en climas semiáridos. Dado que el rendimiento energético de los edificios se caracteriza por sus sistemas eléctricos e intercambios térmicos a través de la envolvente del edificio, que se define principalmente por sistemas de acristalamiento en las fachadas, cubrir las fachadas acristaladas con una capa de vegetación puede desempeñar un papel clave en el ahorro de energía y el confort térmico de los edificios. Esta investigación evalúa, a través del método de simulación de edificios, la influencia de las fachadas verdes en el confort térmico, el consumo de energía y las cargas de calefacción y refrigeración de un edificio de oficinas en la ciudad de Denver con una condición climática semiárida. Además, el desempeño psicológico y físico de los jardines verticales como una solución basada en la naturaleza y, desde la perspectiva de las ciudades biofílicas y la filosofía, ha sido evaluado a través de una revisión de estudios previos relacionados con el efecto de los sistemas de vegetación en edificios de oficinas. Una fachada verde también se puede utilizar como una opción de modernización para la renovación de edificios de oficinas. Se creó un estudio de caso como modelo conceptual para investigar la influencia de las fachadas verdes y la configuración de las fachadas verdes en su predicción de rendimiento en climas semiáridos. Además, para una mejor comprensión del rendimiento del jardín vertical en regiones semiáridas, se llevaron a cabo estudios de caso de simulación en Barcelona con un clima mediterráneo (como artículos) y Denver con un clima semiárido como el contexto de esta disertación y se compararon sus resultados. La información generada a partir de la simulación de configuraciones de fachadas desnudas y verdes como una fachada de doble piel se incorporó a teorías cualitativas que intentan predecir los aspectos de comodidad humana en el entorno de trabajo. Para equilibrar las medidas de ahorro de energía a través de la renovación de fachadas verdes, cuatro criterios cualitativos sirven como base para la comodidad psicológica y física de los ocupantes, y se ha establecido su impacto en la productividad. Estos criterios son: el requisito de una temperatura del aire interior adecuada, la calidad del aire interior, la disponibilidad de luz natural para el desempeño psicológico de los usuarios y el control percibido sobre la fachada por una capa de vegetación en los lugares de trabajo. Finalmente, se introdujo un nuevo concepto de jardines verticales mediante la integración de la biología y la tecnología en la arquitectura, que puede resolver el problema de las condiciones climáticas y la escasez de agua en algunos climas, como los climas semiáridos, para la implementación de jardines verticales.
Patrimoni arquitectònic, civil, urbanístic i rehabilitació de construccions existents
Eiselé, Gilles. "Synthèse et photoréticulation de matrices acryliques : application aux revêtements semi-épais." Mulhouse, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MULH0447.
Повний текст джерелаGarnier, Lorraine. "Recherches sur les façades dans l'architecture domestique de l'Italie romaine (IIe s. av. J.-C. - IIe s. ap. J.-C.)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM3118.
Повний текст джерелаThis research is concerned with the façade in Roman domestic architecture, a topic often neglected by previous studies in the field. The study focuses on residential villas and houses built on the ramparts of some coastal cities in central-southern Italy (and to a lesser extent in northern Italy) between the 2nd century BC and the 2nd century AD. This research aims at defining the role of the façade in the design of domestic space and in its relationship with its environment. It brings together archaeological data, written sources and iconographic documents. I approach the subject from three main viewpoints – architectural, spatial and semiological – and in a diachronic perspective, in order to study the conditions and terms of the development of a "facade architecture" in domestic buildings and to analyze its forms, meanings and evolutions. The first three chapters are dedicated to a chronological study of the façades of villas. Three main periods have been defined for this study (2nd c. BC ; 1st c. BC from Sylla to August ; 1st and 2nd c. AD). A fourth chapter deals with the case of houses built on urban seafront. These houses are of particular interest insofar as they have two opposing fronts, one towards the town and the other towards the outside of the city. I study, from a synchronic viewpoint, the forms of their façades, in connection with both villa architecture and urban domestic architecture
Shi, Yang. "Towards sustainable renovation of façades : A case study of additional double glass façade on lamella house from energy saving perspective." Thesis, KTH, Hållbara byggnader, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263621.
Повний текст джерела黃麗明 and Lai-ming Wong. "[Street-Scape-Stage] in Causeway Bay." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2001. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31986146.
Повний текст джерелаBarberousse, Hélène. "Etude de la diversité des algues et des cyanobactéries colonisant les revêtements de façade en France et recherche des facteurs favorisant leur implantation." Phd thesis, Museum national d'histoire naturelle - MNHN PARIS, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00188566.
Повний текст джерелаParadoxalement, les algues microscopiques et les cyanobactéries constituant ces biofilms sont peu connues en France. La première approche de ce projet a donc consisté à prélever des fractions de revêtements de façade colonisés afin d'identifier les micro-organismes s'y développant. 22 espèces d'algues et 25 espèces de cyanobactéries ont ainsi été observées dans les 71 prélèvements analysés, les algues étant dominantes sur tous types de matériaux.
Les facteurs favorisant l'implantation et le développement de ces micro-organismes ont ensuite été étudiés. Un traitement statistique des données environnementales recueillies lors de la campagne d'échantillonnage a ainsi mis en évidence l'importance des facteurs climatiques liés à l'humidité, des facteurs permettant la dissémination des spores, tels que le vent ou la proximité de végétation, ainsi que l'importance de la nature du support colonisé. Cette dernière observation a pu être approfondie grâce à l'utilisation d'un banc d'essai permettant l'évaluation simultanée de différents matériaux quant à leur colonisation par des algues et des cyanobactéries isolées en façade au cours de cette étude. Ces essais ont montré que des facteurs tels que la porosité, la rugosité et le pH de surface des matériaux influent sur la colonisation par ces micro-organismes.
En parallèle, afin d'envisager le développement de matériaux défavorisant l'accroche des micro-organismes, les mécanismes d'adhésion d'une sélection d'algues sur des surfaces modèles ont été étudiés à l'aide d'une cellule à flux laminaire. Les surfaces hydrophiles ont provoqué le plus faible taux d'adhésion. L'exploitation de ces résultats a également mis en évidence l'initiation d'interactions hydrophobes et électrostatiques lors du processus d'adhésion.
Finalement, les polymères extracellulaires produits par une sélection de micro-organismes isolés en façade ont été analysés. Ils ont ainsi montré être de nature polysaccharidique, anionique et plus ou moins hydrophobe selon les souches les sécrétant. L'adsorption d'un polymère d'une souche de Klebsormidium flaccidum, algue verte dominante en façades en France, a été plus importante et plus forte sur des surfaces hydrophobes que sur des surfaces hydrophiles. En outre, la dégradation enzymatique des polymères de cette même souche tend à diminuer l'adhésion sur surface hydrophobe. Ces observations confirment donc l'hypothèse d'une intervention des polymères extracellulaires dans l'étape de contact du micro-organisme avec une surface, puis lors de l'étape de consolidation de cette adhésion, par le biais d'interactions hydrophobes et sans doute électrostatiques.
Esquivel, Juan Francisco Temoche. "Avaliação do uso de revestimentos cerâmicos de fachada em edifícios residenciais multifamilares em São Paulo: estudo de caso região Sul - 1994 - 1998." Universidade de São Paulo, 2002. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16131/tde-17102004-201052/.
Повний текст джерелаThis Dissertation is about an evaluation of the use of ceramic tiles in facades of buildings, based on the study of housing buildings located at the southern region of the city of Sao Paulo, which were built between 1994 and 1998. At the beginning, the historic aspects of use of ceramic tiles in facades are reviewed, specifically in Brazil. Later on, the main characteristics of the components of ceramic tiles in coverings are studied, emphasizing the resulting characteristics when applied to facades. The study also describes considerations for both the elaboration and implementation of projects of ceramic tile facade coverings including the main pathologies that may affect them. An analysis on the use of ceramic tile facade coverings in a specific scenery is included. Photographic files of each neighborhood are attached to this section as well as a research among architecture offices who were responsible for the projects of those buildings. Finally you will find approaches related to the state -of-art when using ceramic tile facade coverings based on an in situ research and on architects opinions.
Fougnie, Sébastien. "La mutation contemporaine des stations balnéaires françaises, tentative de modélisation de la station littorale intégrée : étude des façades Atlantique, Manche et Mer du Nord." Nantes, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NANT3015.
Повний текст джерелаThe important evolutions of the coastal tourist planning lead to the mutation of the seaside resort system. The constituents of the latter are generated and modified according to the context of the society and to the conceptions of nature, tourism and town planning, definiting it. Thus, if the ecumene coast is contemporary with the earliest elitist resorts, falling within capitalism and ostentatious town building, nowdays, the heritage coast, prompted by a local voluntarism, is based on a well-regulated development and an integrated built planning. According to the assertion of the sustainable tourism, to the authentification of resorts as tourist products and to the emergence of original " heritage-land " territorialities, the model of the integrated coastal resort can be identified. The latter is one constituent pole of the " heritage land " of coastal integrated tourist planning, which caracterize the current mutation of the tourist coasts
Lau, Wing-chung, and 劉永聰. "Saving face: a new approach in conserving heritage brickwork by understanding the issue of salination." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4709249X.
Повний текст джерелаpublished_or_final_version
Conservation
Master
Master of Science in Conservation
Trempe, Richard. "Réhabiliter l'enveloppe du bâtiment au Québec : impact des considérations sociales et techniques sur l'analyse de la performance." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26746.
Повний текст джерелаIturralde, Lerchundi Kepa [Verfasser], Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Bock, Ernesto [Gutachter] Gambao, Thomas [Gutachter] Bock, and Konrad [Gutachter] Nübel. "Study on Automated and Robotic Renovation of Building Façades with Prefabricated Modules / Kepa Iturralde Lerchundi ; Gutachter: Ernesto Gambao, Thomas Bock, Konrad Nübel ; Betreuer: Thomas Bock." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1241246890/34.
Повний текст джерелаLagurgue, Xavier. "La végétalisation verticale des bâtiments : vers une écoesthétique du vivant." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100045.
Повний текст джерелаWith a very small footprint, “green walls” allow to reinforce the greening of urban areas. They contribute, in the same way as vegetated roofs, to the adaptation of cities to climate change, to the resorption of heat islands, to the fight against the collapse of biodiversity. There are many types of green walls, from the most artificial and the most expensive on which plants grow in hydroponics, almost without substrate, to the most spontaneous which develop naturally without any human intervention, in the joints of building materials. This thesis deals with both architecture and ecology in the perspective of cohabitation with vegetation on the vertical parts of buildings. While contemporary thoughts of nature renew the relationships of belonging between man and his environment, architecture is still slow to embark on this path. The aim is to study the capacity of the building to accommodate on its exterior surfaces a nature as autonomous as possible, which costs nothing or little, and provides the city with multiple ecological services. The first part presents a state of the art, an inventory of the means and techniques and a classification of the architectural figures of the methods of vertical vegetation of the buildings. The second part of the thesis is devoted to three field studies on ruderal plants, vegetated balconies, green walls, as well as to the discussion of the results. The outcome leads to the hypothesis that humans and non-humans share a «eco-aesthetics of the living» that connects them in a common environment and that constitutes a new perspective for architectural ecology
Cypriano, Debora Zacharias. "Fachadas inclinadas da arquitetura moderna brasileira : uma caracterização formal com o uso da gramatica da forma." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257730.
Повний текст джерелаDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: Tradicionalmente, a historiografia da arquitetura moderna brasileira e internacional tem proposto diferentes maneiras de categorização, baseadas, sobretudo, em períodos, regiões, tipologias das edificações, influências externas, escolas e arquitetos. Esses tipos de categorização são encontrados, por exemplo, nas obras de Benévolo (1960), de Mindlin (1956) e de Bruand (1971). Foi observado, nesta pesquisa, que a historiografia da arquitetura moderna no Brasil enfatiza, sobretudo, a classificação por arquiteto. Nenhum dos livros pesquisados utilizou critérios morfológicos para categorizar os edifícios. Objetivando propor uma nova abordagem para o estudo da arquitetura moderna brasileira, este trabalho apresenta uma classificação de obras arquitetônicas baseada em critérios morfológicos. Neste trabalho a gramática da forma (shape grammar), desenvolvida na década de 70 por George Stiny e James Gips, foi utilizada para caracterizar uma classe específica de edifícios. Para este exercício foi escolhido um pequeno conjunto composto por apenas seis obras, duas do arquiteto Oscar Niemeyer, duas de Affonso Eduardo Reidy e duas de João Vilanova Artigas, das décadas de 40 e 50, que possuem como característica comum a presença de fachadas inclinadas. Essas obras possivelmente influenciaram diversas obras similares posteriores. A partir da análise desse pequeno corpus de obras, foram inferidas regras de composição que, quando aplicadas na ordem correta, permitem reproduzi-las. Por meio da aplicação das regras da gramática desenvolvida seria possível gerar, também, alguns projetos desenvolvidos posteriormente aos do conjunto analisado, enquanto que, para outros, seria necessário acrescentar algumas regras novas. A aplicação dessas regras permite ainda a geração de novas composições contendo as mesmas características principais das obras analisadas. O objetivo da aplicação da gramática da forma na caracterização de edifícios neste trabalho tem o intuito de proporcionar uma oportunidade de compreensão aprofundada dos processos de composição do tipo de edifício escolhido, com vistas a possíveis aplicações pedagógicas e projetuais desse procedimento.
Abstract: The historiography of Brazilian and international modern architecture has traditionally proposed categorization based mainly in periods, regions, function, external influences, schools and architects. These types of categorization are found, for example, in the works of Benévolo (1960), Mindlin (1956) and Bruand (1971). It has been observed, in the present study, that the historiography of modern architecture in Brazil emphasizes, in particular, classification by architect. Morphology is seldom used to categorize the buildings. Aiming to propose a new approach to the categorization of Brazilian modern architecture, this work proposes a classification of architectural works based on specific morphological criteria. In this work the shape grammar formalism, developed in the 70's by George Stiny and James Gips, was used to characterize a particular class of buildings. For this exercise a small set of buildings was chosen, composed by two buildings designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer, two by Affonso Eduardo Reidy, and two by John Vilanova Artigas, in the 40's and 50's. The six buildings have as a common feature the presence of sloping façades. These buildings have possibly influenced several subsequent works. From the analysis of that small body of buildings, composition rules have been inferred. When applied in the right order, the rules can reproduce them. The application of the rules of the grammar can also generate some similar projects developed later by other architects, and new, original compositions as well. The shape grammar developed provided an opportunity to clearly understand the process of design of the buildings in the corpus. Further work will include studying the possible applications of the grammar in education, as a design method.
Mestrado
Arquitetura e Construção
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
Bessa, Vanessa Montoro Taborianski. "Contribuição à metodologia de avaliação das emissões de dióxido de carbono no ciclo de vida das fachadas de edifícios de escritórios." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-21102010-114255/.
Повний текст джерелаThe construction industry is one of the main sources of pollution due to high energy consumption in its life cycle. Besides the energy used in the construction of the building during its operation, many systems also use, mainly, the air conditioning system. The energy consumption of the air conditioning system is related, among others things, with the outdoor air temperature and the indoor required air temperature. The façades are the elements in which the transference of heat happens from the outdoor environment to the indoor environment in high buildings. So, the façade typologies contribute to the energy consumption in the life cycle of the buildings and to CO2 emissions, because the emission of this gas is linked directly to the energy consumption. The objective of this work is to contribute to the development of evaluation methodology of CO2 emissions generated during the life cycle of the façades of office buildings. The results for the parameters considered in this work show that the façades in structural glazing with colorless glass are those that emit more CO2 throughout its life cycle, followed by the façades in masonry and coated with ACM (Aluminium Composite Material), façades in structural glazing with reflective glass and façades in masonry coated with mortar. Finally, an analysis was made to evaluate the results uncertainty.
Guy-Plourde, Samuel. "Utilisation du lambris de bois en construction non résidentielle." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28213.
Повний текст джерелаTraditionnellement, le bois est utilisé comme parement extérieur en construction résidentielle pour ses avantages d’ordre économique, esthétique et environnemental. Cependant, la structure actuelle du marché non résidentiel fait en sorte que les produits de lambris en bois sont freinés dans leur accession au marché non résidentiel. Le marché non résidentiel est pourtant stratégique étant donné sa taille et sa croissance. De plus, une utilisation accrue du bois diminue l’impact environnemental des bâtiments. Ainsi, l’objectif du projet est d’explorer le potentiel d’utilisation du parement bois en construction non résidentielle. Le contexte pluridisciplinaire de l’étude amène à utiliser une approche systémique s’appuyant sur un éventail de méthodes, dont les entrevues semi-dirigées, l’enquête en ligne, et l’analyse de sites web. Les résultats de l’étude montrent que les produits actuels de lambris en bois ne sont pas adaptés à ce segment de marché. Dans un premier temps, l’étude représente et organise les différents aspects qui contribuent à la sélection d’un parement en construction non résidentielle. Le projet considère les différents acteurs impliqués (clients, architectes, entrepreneurs, sous-traitants) et les différentes étapes d’un projet de construction, de l’analyse des besoins jusqu’à l’entretien du parement. Dans un deuxième temps, l’étude confirme les barrières à l’utilisation du bois : l'entretien récurrent, la règlementation, l’offre de produit et les problèmes techniques reliés aux détails de construction et à l’installation. La juxtaposition des résultats précédents a permis de mettre en évidence un décalage entre les besoins des acteurs et les produits de lambris actuellement présents sur le marché. Il a ainsi été possible d’émettre des recommandations pour favoriser l’utilisation du bois. Les recommandations s’organisent autour de trois axes : communication, adaptation et développement. Ultimement, les recommandations aideront les manufacturiers de lambris de bois non seulement dans la mise en marché, mais également dans le développement de produits.
Traditionally, wood is used as an exterior cladding material in residential construction for its economic, aesthetic and environmental benefits. However, the current structure of the non-residential market means that wood paneling products are hampered in the non-residential market access. The non-residential market is nevertheless strategic given its size and growth. Moreover, increased use of wood in the construction sector reduces the environmental impact of buildings. Thus, the objective of the project is to explore the potential use of wood in non-residential construction. The multidisciplinary context of the study leads to the use of a systemic approach based on a range of methods including semi-directed interviews, online surveys, and websites analysis. The results of the study show that current wood cladding products are not suitable for the non-residential market. First, the study organizes the various aspects that contribute to the selection of a cladding for non-residential buildings. The project considers the various stakeholders involved (clients, architects, contractors, subcontractors) and the life cycle of a project from identification of the needs to maintenance of the cladding. Secondly, the study confirms the barriers to the use of wood: recurring maintenance, regulations, product offer and technical problems related to construction details and installation. The juxtaposition of the previous results revealed a discrepancy between the needs of the stakeholders and the cladding products currently on the market. Thus, it was possible to provide recommendations to promote the use of wood. The recommendations are organized around three axes: communication, adaptation and development. Ultimately, the recommendations will help wood cladding manufacturers not only in marketing but also in product development.