Статті в журналах з теми "Extraction de forme SHACL"

Due to the sharp increase in household waste, its separate collection is essential in order to reduce the huge amount of household waste, since it is difficult to recycle trash without separate collection. However, since it is costly and time-consuming to separate trash manually, it is crucial to develop an automatic system for separate collection using deep learning and computer vision. In this paper, we propose two Anchor-free-based Recyclable Trash Detection Networks (ARTD-Net) which can recognize overlapped multiple wastes of different types efficiently by using edgeless modules: ARTD-Net1 and ARTD-Net2. The former is an anchor-free based one-stage deep learning model which consists of three modules: centralized feature extraction, multiscale feature extraction and prediction. The centralized feature extraction module in backbone architecture focuses on extracting features around the center of the input image to improve detection accuracy. The multiscale feature extraction module provides feature maps of different scales through bottom-up and top-down pathways. The prediction module improves classification accuracy of multiple objects based on edge weights adjustments for each instance. The latter is an anchor-free based multi-stage deep learning model which can efficiently finds each of waste regions by additionally exploiting region proposal network and RoIAlign. It sequentially performs classification and regression to improve accuracy. Therefore, ARTD-Net2 is more accurate than ARTD-Net1, while ARTD-Net1 is faster than ARTD-Net2. We shall show that our proposed ARTD-Net1 and ARTD-Net2 methods achieve competitive performance in mean average precision and F1 score compared to other deep learning models. The existing datasets have several problems that do not deal with the important class of wastes produced commonly in the real world, and they also do not consider the complex arrangement of multiple wastes with different types. Moreover, most of the existing datasets have an insufficient number of images with low resolution. We shall present a new recyclables dataset which is composed of a large number of high-resolution waste images with additional essential classes. We shall show that waste detection performance is improved by providing various images with the complex arrangement of overlapped multiple wastes with different types.

Molar anchorage loss in extraction case is believed due to the reaction of mechanical force applied to retract anterior teeth. While it may be close to truth in adult patients, it is certainly not true in adolescents. Studies on molar growth show upper molar move forward as mandible growing forward, probably through intercuspation force. Hence, for adolescents, molar anchorage loss shall consist of two parts. One is from retraction force — mechanical anchorage loss; another from biologic force — physiologic anchorage loss. Since physiologic anchorage loss is caused by the continuous biologic force, the strategy of physiologic anchorage control (PAC) is different from the strategy of mechanical anchorage control. A new PAC method is introduced in this article that can reduce the headgear and temporary anchorage device used as sagittal anchorage dramatically in orthodontic clinic.

Introduction. To control the concrete strength of reinforce concrete structures the shear test based on the empirical proportional dependence of concrete strength and tear force of a special purpose anchor with an expanding cone is used. The absence of a physical model of a concrete deterioration when tearing strength is a sign of the defect of the method which hampers the search of the ways for accuracy increase and test validity. The purpose of this study is to develop a physical model of concrete deterioration to determine the calculated strength by the shear test.Materials and methods. The concrete strength model is a mechanism for local deterioration by tearing out a body of concrete in the form of an indicative cone when extracting it from a pre-fabricated anchor well. It is accepted that the deterioration occurs in two stages: from the melting of the concrete to the formation of cracks in the plane of the apex of the concrete cone in the first stage and the subsequent formation of cracks along the lateral surface of the cone during the extraction of the anchor. For transition to compression resistance, the average of the ratio of concrete resistance to compression and tensile or Fere formula shall be used. The model was verified by the calculation of 6 test measurements.Conclusions. It has been established that the empirical correlation between the resistance of concrete to compression and the force of extraction of the anchor in the concrete test is only possible if the resistance of concrete is linearly related to compression and extension. However, the actual ratio of concrete resistance to compression and tensile is non-linear, so for relatively weak concrete the possibility of overestimating the strength of concrete on compression empirical dependence is offset by a reduction factor, and for more durable concrete, measurements are underestimated.

Text clustering is a popular research topic in the field of text mining, and now there are a lot of text clustering methods catering to different application requirements. Currently, Weibo data acquisition is through the API provided by big microblogging platforms. In this essay, we will discuss the algorithm of extracting popular topics posted by Weibo users by text clustering after massive data collection. Due to the fact that traditional text analysis may not be applicable to short texts used in Weibo, text clustering shall be carried out through combining multiple posts into long texts, based on their features (forwards, comments and followers, etc.). Either frequency-based or density-based short text clustering can deliver in most cases. The former is applicable to find hot topics from large Weibo short texts, and the latter is applicable to find abnormal contents. Both the two methods use semantic information to improve the accuracy of clustering. Besides, they improve the performance of clustering through the parallelism.

In this study, the petals collected from peony hybrid Paeonia lactiflora "Bowl of Beauty" and Calendula officinalis L. were extracted using an ethanol-water mixture assisted with microwave and ultrasonic treatment. The isolation of Calendula officinalis L. essential oil was done by hydrodistillation as well. The total phenolic and flavonoids content in the extracts and oil were determined and their antioxidant activity was evaluated. The highest total phenolic content was found for the extracts of hybrid P. lactiflora and C. officinalis L. obtained by ultrasound extraction (83.16 and 114.47 mg GA/g, respectively), while the flavonoid content obtained by microwave-assisted extraction was relatively high (123.48 and 65.29 mg QE/g, respectively). The highest antioxidant activity was obtained in DPPH• and ABTS•+ assay for the microwave-assisted extraction of hybrid P. lactiflora (79% and 83%) and ultrasound-assisted extraction of C. officinalis L. (45% and 49%), respectively. To improve antioxidant activity of both types of examined analytes (extracts and essential oil), the pectin biopolymer film (as a carrier) was prepared in the process of enzymatically assisted catalysis. Optical microscopy and FTIR spectroscopy were used for the characterization of obtained materials. The films, with essential oil of C. officinalis L. and gallic acid, showed significantly increased percentage inhibition in DPPH• and ABTS•+ test (91% and 95%, respectively) after 10 minutes. The results, also, showed that all formulations of pectin biopolymer film, modified with gallic acid, can be successfully applied as a carrier for both types of ingredients.

Face aux échecs successifs des politiques climatiques et alors que l’objectif de rester en dessous du seuil de 1,5 °C s’éloigne de plus en plus, nous assistons également au danger d’un dévoiement complet de la prétendue « transition énergétique ». Obéissant aux intérêts d’un capital hautement concentré, en alliance avec les appareils d’État des principales puissances mondiales, l’expansion des « énergies renouvelables » devient le dispositif d’une nouvelle vague d’extractivisme. La course à l’exploitation du lithium ne contribue pas à atténuer la crise climatique, bien au contraire. Forme emblématique du néocolonialisme vert, elle relance le socio-métabolisme déjà sénile du capital. Son extraction à grande échelle menace d’extinction les systèmes hydro-communaux vivants dans les régions andines du nord-ouest de l’Argentine. Dans le bassin supérieur de l’Abaucán (à l’ouest de la province de Catamarca), l’exploitation du projet Tres Quebradas (sous le contrôle de la société internationale chinoise Zijin) entraîne de graves perturbations socio-métaboliques dans les systèmes hydriques, agricoles et alimentaires des communautés rurales du Bolsón de Fiambalá.

Cet article a pour objet d’examiner les prédations actuelles des ressources non renouvelables dans les anciennes colonies françaises de l’Afrique subsaharienne. En affrontant la question sous l’angle de la sociologie des relations internationales, il souligne la continuité entre le passé colonial et la situation contemporaine, sauf à montrer qu’aujourd’hui les firmes transnationales, appelées par les États africains eux-mêmes, sont encore plus présentes et participent d’une intensification des activités extractives dont on ne cesse pourtant de dénoncer les dégâts environnementaux. En partant du constat selon lequel l’exploitation industrielle de ces ressources est la forme la plus importante de leur prédation, cette recherche prend pour point focal le cas de l’extraction de l’or au Mali.

INTRODUCTION L’objectif général de ce travail a été de mettre au point des suppositoires contenant des microparticules à base de poudre d’écorces de Landolphia owariensis qui présentera une absorption rectale contrôlée et prolongée en vue d’améliorer l’observance thérapeutique des crises hémorroïdaires. MATERIEL ET METHODES Après extraction le décocté obtenu a été caractérisé sur le plan physico-chimique. Les microparticules formulées à base d’alginate de sodium par la technique de gélification ionique, ont été caractérisées sur le plan macroscopique, microscopique et granulométrique. Des études de libération ont été réalisées en cellule à flux continu et ont permis de déterminer le rendement d’encapsulation. RESULTATS Les microparticules obtenues étaient de forme ronde, Le taux d’encapsulation de l’extrait déterminé était de 24,01%. CONCLUSION Les résultats indiquent que la formule 3 des microparticules s’est avérée être la meilleure. Les essais de libération réalisés ont montré l’influence du système matriciel à base de l’alginate de sodium sur la cinétique de libération du PA. Ces microparticules permettront d’améliorer la thérapeutique de la crise hémorroïdaire. MOTS CLES : Microparticules, Landolphia owariensis, Hémorroïdes, Gélification ionique, Libération in vitro

Ce présent travail a porté sur l’extraction et la caractérisation physico-chimique d’un sel végétal fabriqué à base du palmier à huile. L’incinération des branches de palmier à huile donne une cendre qui, par lavage et évaporation donne du sel de palme. L’analyse de la solution obtenue après lavage de cette cendre à l’eau distillée par photométrie à flamme, spectrométrie à absorption atomique et par volumétrie révèle la présence de sodium (84,500 mg/L), potassium (1120 mg/L), calcium (44 mg/L) et magnésium (0,022 mg/L). Ce résultat indique que cette solution est très riche en potassium qu’en sodium et calcium ; le magnésium est présent sous forme de trace. En outre, l’analyse de la cendre obtenue à base de la rafle a révélé que les teneurs en potassium (3331,410 mg/L) et en sodium (497 mg/L) de la rafle sont plus élevées que celles de la branche du palmier à huile. Cependant, le dosage des anions dans une solution obtenue par dissolution de 10 grammes de sel de palme dans un litre d’eau distillée révèle la présence de chlorures (3153,460 mg/L), des hydroxydes (0,289 mg/L), des carbonates (0,180 mg/L) et des hydrogénocarbonates (12,017mg/L). Les concentrations de ces anions indiquent que cette solution est très riche en chlorure qu’aux autres anions trouvés. Par conséquent, le sel de palme est un mélange de sels riche en chlorure de potassium. La quantité de sel végétal obtenue à la préparation contrôlée rapportée à la biomasse végétale est de l’ordre de 1,24% donc assez faible.

La montée des fondamentalismes et des attaques terroristes islamistes donne en ce moment de la fièvre au monde occidental. Une hypothèse strictement psychanalytique pourrait rendre compte d’une partie de ce phénomène sociopolitique. L’auteur s’appuie sur les théories du premier Bion pour cerner le fonctionnement psychique des jeunes radicalisés qui rejoignent le Jihâd. Quelque soit leur extraction sociale, ces recrues se caractérisent peu ou prou par un trouble identitaire narcissique. W. R. Bion nomme les impressions sensorielles qui ne sont pas intégrées « éléments bêta » et « écran-bêta » l’accumulation de ces émotions brutes qui ne cherchent pas qu’à s’évacuer mais aussi à se lier. L’« écran-bêta » génère tantôt une hallucinose, tantôt une confusion mentale, toutes deux défensives d’angoisses d’annihilation. C’est surtout dans ce deuxième cas que leur évacuation par identification projective pathologique échoue même à soulager les sujets dont l’esprit sature d’éléments bêta. Une idéologie sectaire de type État Islamique peut offrir une solution attrayante à ses états confusionnels sous forme de contenant d’écrans-bêta, quitte à attiser des passions identitaires. C’est la fonction β proposée par l’auteur, une fonction de liaison rassemblant des appareils psychiques gouvernés par la déliaison. Contrairement à la fonction α, la fonction β ressortit au fonctionnement de groupe et sert la pulsion de destruction.

Le jus d’ananas présente un grand intérêt nutritionnel grâce à sa richesse en sels minéraux, en vitamines et aussi une forme intéressante de consommation du fruit. Mais ce jus constitue dès son extraction un milieu aqueux instable. Pour la conservation plus longue du jus d’ananas les producteurs utilisent généralement le congélateur ou le réfrigérateur. L’objectif de cette étude est de proposer des procédés de traitement chimique pour la conservation à temperature ambiante d’une boisson artisanale à base d’ananas. La méthodologie était basée sur l’application seul ou en combinaison de traitement thermique (chauffage), d’acidifiant (acide citrique), d’antioxydant (acide ascorbique) et d’antimicrobien (benzoate de sodium et/ou sorbate de potassium). Une étude de l’évolution des caractéres organoleptique, physicochimique (pH, acidité titrable et degré Brix) et microbiologique sur une durée de 21 jours a été réalisée Une analyse sensorielle a été réalisée afin d’évaluer leur acceptabilité. Les procédés efficaces étaient ceux utilisant un conservateur chimique antimicrobien (benzoate de sodium ou sorbate de potassium) seul ou combiné aux autres traitements. Les jus traités avec le sorbate de potassium seul à 2 g/L présentaient une meilleure stabilité pendant 21 jours et également une meilleure acceptabilité à l’analyse sensorielle. Le sorbate de potassium (2 g/L) conservateur chimique antimicrobien peut être proposé seul comme additif pour la conservation à température ambiante du jus d’ananas artisanal.

Shallow fresh groundwater and deep saline groundwater are used together with surface water in the extraction of bitumen from the Athabasca Oil Sands both in the surface mining and in situ operations. However, increasing efficiencies in processing technologies have reduced water use substantially and currently at least 75% of the water used in most operations is recycled water. Much concern has been expressed regarding contamination of surface waters by seepage from tailings ponds, but hydrogeological studies indicate that this is not happening; that seepage capture design is effective. Oil sands mining and in situ project licensing and operation regulations include Environmental Impact Assessments that mandate considerable hydrogeological measurement and monitoring work. However, little of this is independently evaluated for accuracy or synthesized and interpreted for the public. Recent changes in Alberta environmental regulation, including the establishment of the Alberta Environmental Monitoring Management Board (in October 2012) are expected to bring new transparency to environmental management of Oil Sands operations.SOMMAIREOn utilise conjointement des eaux douce de faibles profondeur, des eaux souterraines salines profondes avec des eaux de surface dans l'extraction du bitume des sables bitumineux de l'Athabasca, tant dans le procédé d’extraction in situ qu’en surface. Par ailleurs, l’accroissement de l'efficacité des technologies de traitement a considérablement réduit la consommation d'eau et, à l’heure actuelle, au moins 75% de l'eau utilisée dans la majorité des opérations est de l'eau recyclée. Beaucoup d’inquiétude a été exprimée concernant la contamination des eaux de surface par la percolation des eaux des bassins de décantation des résidus, mais des études hydrogéologiques indiquent que ce n'est pas le cas, et que le concept de capture des infiltrations est efficace. L’octroi de permis d’exploitation ainsi que les procédés d’exploitation des sables bitumineux, par extraction en surface ou in situ, comportent des évaluations d’impact sur les milieux de vie, est assorti de mandats élaborés de mesures hydrologiques et de suivi. Cela dit, peu de ces mesures sont évaluées de manière indépendante quant à leur exactitude, leur mise en forme et leur interprétation pour le grand public. Les changements récents dans la réglementation environnementale en Alberta, y compris la mise en place du Alberta Environmental Monitoring Management Board (en Octobre 2012) devraient aboutir à une nouvelle transparence de la gestion environnementale de l'exploitation des sables bitumineux.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.12789/geocanj.2013.40.016

The Internet of Things (IoT) has revolutionized the way devices interact and share data over wireless sensor networks (WSN), enabling seamless connectivity and automation. However, the proliferation of IoT devices has raised serious security and privacy risks concerns due to their inherent vulnerabilities. This paper proposes a model for security intrusion monitoring by analyzing the existing literature and providing insights into the design, implementation, and effective deployment of the proposed model to detect intrusion in IoT using sniffing tools for network traffic analysis in real-time within WSN. The model passively monitors network traffic and identifies anomalous patterns, unauthorized access attempts, and abnormal device behavior. The review findings highlight the significance of the proposed model in enhancing the security of IoT systems. By detecting anomalous behavior and potential security breaches. The model enables timely response and mitigation actions to ensure the confidentiality, integrity and availability (CIA) of IoT devices data. The model includes consideration of network architecture, deployment of intrusion detection algorithms, and establishment of response mechanisms. It identifies various types of security threats, such as unauthorized access attempts, Denial-of-service, Distributed DoS, Brute-force, Heartbleed, Botnet, Inside Infiltration and device tampering, thereby providing response mechanisms that include generating alerts, isolating compromised devices, or blocking suspicious network traffic. The model incorporates a feedback loop to continuously update the detection mechanisms and adapt to evolving security threats in real-time. Series of experiments and simulations to be conducted using various IoT devices and network scenarios to evaluate model effectiveness. The model to comprise of wireless Router, MatLab for Deep Neural Network (DNN) training, Raspberry Pi, Wireshark setup and an array of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. The researcher to use dataset by extracting intrinsic, host-based and time-based attributes from Wireshark Sniffing tool. The datasets generated shall be piped by tshark to an output text file saved as a csv. Under-sampling technique to be used to address class imbalance of datasets. The model shall then be trained using the dataset to be able to detect intrusion in IoTs. The results is expected to demonstrate the model's ability to detect a wide range of security intrusions with high accuracy and minimal false positives. In conclusion, the model offers a proactive approach to safeguard IoT deployment. By leveraging sniffing tools and advanced analysis techniques, the model enhances the detection and response capabilities, enabling efficient protection against emerging threats in IoT. However, challenges associated with the model are identified, including the complexity of network monitoring and potential privacy concerns.

Dans le contexte actuel de la transition énergétique, le besoin de développer des solutions permettant de stocker temporairement l’énergie pousse à étendre les applications de stockage souterrain en cavité saline à de nouveaux fluides (parmi eux notamment l’hydrogène ou le dioxyde de carbone). Cependant, ces derniers fluides présentent des particularités thermodynamiques qu’il est important de bien caractériser et dont il faut anticiper l’impact sur le comportement global du stockage. Dans le cas du dioxyde de carbone, pris comme exemple d’application dans cet article, ces spécificités concernent l’état physique sous lequel il peut être stocké et sa forte solubilité dans la saumure également présente au fond de la cavité. Un modèle global de stockage est établi, permettant le couplage des comportements thermodynamique des fluides contenus et thermomécanique du massif salin, ainsi qu’une adaptation à chaque fluide pouvant être stocké. Ce modèle est ici étendu pour prendre en compte les nouveaux phénomènes liés au stockage de dioxyde de carbone, et tout particulièrement afin d’observer l’impact des échanges de matière avec la saumure sur les conditions de stockage. À cette fin, on compare les résultats de deux déclinaisons du modèle de stockage (à savoir prendre en compte ou non les transferts de masse) appliquées à différents scénarii d’opération : remplissage de la cavité, injection et extraction selon que le dioxyde de carbone est stocké sous forme liquide ou gazeuse. L’étude souligne l’intérêt d’appliquer le modèle étendu à toutes les modélisations d’opération impliquant un transfert de saumure. Enfin, une étude expérimentale et numérique portant sur la cinétique de dissolution du dioxyde de carbone dans la saumure a été menée. Celle-ci, bien qu’encore sujette à développement et principalement qualitative, confirme la nécessité d’intégrer un tel phénomène au modèle.

Cette étude porte sur une technologie de densification des boues appliquée à un procédé à boues activées continue. Par la combinaison d'une sélection microbienne (zone anaérobie) et physique (extraction sélective par hydrocyclones), cette technologie permet de générer une proportion significative de biomasse sous forme granulaire, améliorant ainsi la vitesse de sédimentation de la suspension. L'objectif est ici d'évaluer numériquement le potentiel d'un procédé utilisant cette technologie pour répondre à des scénarios de conception et d'exploitation plus contraintes : augmentation de la concentration en boues dans le bassin d'aération (panne d'extraction, problème sur l'évacuation des boues), réduction du taux de recirculation, hypothèses plus agressives quant aux vitesses ascensionnelles praticables. Pour ce faire, le clarificateur objet de l'étude a été modélisé en mécanique des fluides numériques, en intégrant les paramètres de sédimentation des boues densifiées. Ces simulations permettent d'évaluer la réponse de l'ouvrage en matière d'évolution du voile de boues et d'épaississement de la suspension. Les résultats obtenus démontrent le maintien des performances de clarification à forte concentration de travail (6 gMES/L), ou en appliquant un taux de recirculation très faible (15 %), avec une boue densifiée pouvant s'épaissir jusqu'à environ 30 gMES. /L. Également, la boue densifiée normalement concentrée permet d'admettre des surcharges hydrauliques jusqu'à 1,0 m/h de manière continue, ou de 1,5 à 2,0 m/h si le taux de recirculation est fixé à 30 et 32 % respectivement. Les résultats obtenus lorsque la surcharge hydraulique avoisine les 2 m/h sont à prendre avec précaution, car la concentration en matières en suspension (MES) de sortie prédite est proche de la limite réglementaire (24 mgMES/L). Globalement, les résultats de cette étude indiquent la possibilité de reconsidérer de manière plus optimale le dimensionnement des clarificateurs secondaires et du procédé à boues activés lors de la mise en œuvre de la densification.

Raman spectroscopy and Synchrotron Radiation Fourier-Transform Infrared (SR-µFTIR): Mapping have been increasingly applied as a good tool in archaeological research. The chronology of ancient samples is an essential step in archeology, and carbon dating using atomic force microscopy is the main technique. Nevertheless, the availability of instrumentation, sample preparation, and cost are barriers that limit the wide usage. The study was aimed to develop a method utilizing Raman spectroscopy and Synchrotron Radiation Fourier-Transform Infrared (SR-µFTIR) Mapping to identify ancient teeth and sort them chronologically. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy was used to evaluate the preservation of collagen and the crystallinity of Apatite in ancient teeth. The age of fourteen ancient teeth descent from different individuals (8 from Roman period-1500BC and 4 from Byzantine period-641AD) was confirmed using carbon dating via atomic force spectrometry. The ancient teeth along with modern teeth were investigated using microRaman spectroscopy (oscillation and mapping). The typical Raman spectrum of the dentin for ancient samples was recorded and then compared to the modern teeth. The ratio of the phosphate 𝑃𝑂4 3− the band at 963 cm-1 to organic CH band at 2950 cm-1 was calculated for all samples. Raman mapping was recorded for cross-section teeth samples. The AMS data showed that the ages of the samples were 3400-3800 and 1240-1350 years for Roman and Byzantine teeth, respectively. The phosphate ν1 𝑃𝑂4 3− vibration band at (963 cm-1 ) in ancient teeth was shifted 3 cm-1 toward higher wavenumber compared to modern dentin samples (960 cm-1 ). The intensity and broadening of the carbonate apatite band at 1050 cm-1 were directly proportional to the aging. The intensity of the organic part triplet peaks at (2882, 2950, 2962) decreased with age. The ratio of phosphate band to organic C-H band was 0.346-0.388 and 0.122-0.136 for Roman and Byzantine teeth, respectively. According to the Raman mapping, the organic material in ancient teeth degraded and diffused, while in modern tooth it concentrated. Raman spectroscopy (intensity at 963 cm1 to 2950 cm-1) can be used as a qualitative tool to chronologically sort the archeological teeth samples before the use of carbon dating. The preliminary dating by Raman spectroscopy can recognize if a tooth or bone sample is archaeological or not. This step may save time and money and shall be assigned as a pre-request for AMS analysis. Raman mapping may help to explore archeological samples for best-preserved organic matter, hence identify the best candidates for further analysis (DNA extraction). In the future, the proposed method can be expanded and applied in specific cases in ancient osteology.

IntroductionDiseases addressed by surgical, obstetric, trauma and anaesthesia (SOTA) care are rising globally due to an anticipated rise in the burden of non-communicable diseases and road traffic accidents. Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) disproportionately bear the brunt. Evidence-based policies and political commitment are required to reverse this trend. The Lancet Commission of Global Surgery proposed National Surgical and Obstetric and Anaesthesia Plans (NSOAPs) to alleviate the respective SOTA burdens in LMICs. NSOAPs success leverages comprehensive stakeholder engagement and appropriate health policy analyses and recommendations. As Uganda embarks on its NSOAP development, policy prioritisation in Uganda remains unexplored. We, therefore, seek to determine the priority given to SOTA care in Uganda’s healthcare policy and systems-relevant documents.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a scoping review of SOTA health policy and system-relevant documents produced between 2000 and 2022 using the Arksey and O’Malley methodological framework and additional guidance from the Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewer’s manual. These documents will be sought from the websites of SOTA stakeholders by hand searching. We shall also search from Google Scholar and PubMed using well-defined search strategies. The Knowledge Management Portal for the Ugandan Ministry of Health, which was created to provide evidence-based decision-making data, is the primary source. The rest of the sources will include the following: other repositories like websites of relevant government institutions, international and national non-governmental organisations, professional associations and councils, and religious and medical bureaus. Data retrieved from the eligible policy and decision-making documents will include the year of publication, the global surgery specialty mentioned, the NSOAP surgical system domain, the national priority area involved and funding. The data will be collected in a preformed extraction sheet. Two independent reviewers will screen the collected data, and results will be presented as counts and their respective proportions. The findings will be reported narratively using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines for scoping reviews.Ethics and disseminationThis study will generate evidence-based information on the state of SOTA care in Uganda’s health policy, which will inform NSOAP development in this nation. The review’s findings will be presented to the Ministry of Health planning task force. The study will also be disseminated through a peer-reviewed publication; oral and poster presentations at local, regional, national and international conferences and over social media.

After the defeat of Iraqi army in Kuwait in February 1991, on April 3, the UN Security Council (UN Security Council) adopted Resolution 687, that «decides that Iraq shall unconditionally accept the destruction, removal, or rendering harmless, under international supervision, of: (a) All chemical and biological weapons and all stocks of agents and all related subsystems and components and all research, development, support and manufacturing facilities». This UN operation was not the first forced disarmament of vanquished by victors, but it gave great impetus to the completion of the work on the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, i.e. the destruction of an entire class of weapons of mass destruction. The aim of this article was to show the process of Iraqi`s chemical weapons destruction. The destruction of Iraqi chemical weapons included the formation of legal basis (United Nations Security Council Resolution 687); the establishment of the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) to inspect and oversee the destruction or elimination of Iraq’s chemical weapons directly on Iraqi territory; certain measures of political, economic (UN sanctions) and military coercion (the US and the UK military operation «Desert Fox»). In summer 1991, UNSCOM formed a Destruction Advisory Panel to develop technologies for the destruction of chemical weapons, toxic substances and their precursors. Their destruction was carried out in the period October 1992 to May 1994 on the territory of the Muthanna State Establishment. Sarin, cyclosarin, tabun and their precursors were destroyed by hydrolysis in aqueous alkaline solution using a repurposed production facility. Thus 76 tons of sarin and sarin/cyclosarin mixture, as well as 40 tons of tabun were destroyed. For the sulfur mustard, the high-temperature direct burning method was used at the special factory, established under the project of the Destruction Advisory Panel. Thus were destroyed around 400 tons of liquid sulfur mustard. Chemical munitions and containers, after the extraction of poisonous agents, were destroyed using a specially developed technique of explosive ventilation and burning. 30 chemical warheads for Al-Hussein ballistic missiles, 12,8 thousand 155-mm mustard shells, 40,5 thousand 122 mm rockets for MLRS, filled with sarin/cyclosarin, were destroyed. In general, UNSCOM managed to solve the problem of chemical disarmament of Iraq. The article describes in details the Iraq’s chemical weapons destruction technologies.

The study was conducted to compare the proximate composition of bacterial (Psuedomonas aeruginosa) treated and untreated Jatropha curcas kernel cake (JKC). Jatropha curcas L. is one of the toxic species of Jatropha similar in shape to plants in Euphorbiaceous families in plant kingdom. It kernel after oil extraction have been shown to be a promising animal feed cake with appreciable crude protein content, therefore method of detoxifying the kernel cake should be intensify in other to improve it feeding value. Dried Jatropha curcas kernel cake was obtain from University of Ilorin Jatropha plantation unit. It was treated by soaking in petroleum ether (24 hours), air dried (three days) and then autoclave for 15 minutes at 121OC before fermented with the spores of bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) for nine days. Standard procedures (AOAC) were employed to analyse the treated and untreated Jatropha curcas kernel cake samples. The results showed that the treated sample significantly (p<0.05) had higher content of dry matter, ash and nitrogen free extract while the untreated had lower values. On the other hand the untreated sample significantly (p<0.05) had higher values of crude protein, crude fibre and ether extract while the treated sample had lower. It can be concluded that inoculation of Jatropha curcas kernel cake with bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) will improve dry matter, ash and nitrogen free extract contents. L’étude a été menée pour comparer la composition immédiate des bactéries (Psuedomonas aeruginosa) traité et non traité de tourteau de noyau de Jatropha curcas (TNJ). Jatropha curcas L. est l’une des espèces toxiques de Jatropha de forme similaire aux plantes des familles Euphorbiacées du règne végétal. Il a été démontré que le noyau après extraction de l’huile est un tourteau prometteur pour l’alimentation animale avec une teneur appréciable en protéines brutes. Par conséquent, la méthode de détoxification du tourteau de noyau doit être intensifiée dans d’autres pour améliorer sa valeur alimentaire. Le gâteau de noyau de Jatropha curcas séché a été obtenu auprès de l’unité de plantation de Jatropha de l’Université d’Ilorin. Il a été traité par trempage dans de l’éther de pétrole (24 heures), séché à l’air (trois jours) puis autoclavé pendant 15 minutes à 121°C avant de fermenter avec les spores de bactéries (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) pendant neuf jours. Des procédures standard (AOAC) ont été utilisées pour analyser les échantillons de tourteaux de noyau de Jatropha curcas traités et non traités. Les résultats ont montré que l’échantillon traité de manière significative (p < 0,05) avait une teneur plus élevée en matière sèche, en cendres et en extrait sans azote tandis que l’échantillon non traité avait des valeurs plus faibles. D’autre part, l’échantillon non traité avait significativement (p < 0,05) des valeurs plus élevées de protéines brutes, de fibres brutes et d’extrait d’éther tandis que l’échantillon traité en avait des plus faibles. On peut conclure que l’inoculation du tourteau de Jatropha curcas avec des bactéries (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) améliorera les teneurs en matière sèche, en cendres et en extraits libres d’azote.

ResumoO aprendizado de Química Orgânica, geralmente, está associado à memorização de fórmulas, nomes e estruturas das moléculas. Muitos discentes apresentam dificuldade na aprendizagem das funções orgânicas, não conseguindo classifica-las a partir das suas especificidades. Consequentemente, não conseguem reconhecer situações e produtos empregados no cotidiano, cuja composição contém compostos orgânicos. Baseados nessas premissas, e buscando um ensino de Química Orgânica que contemplasse todas essas questões, elaboramos uma sequência didática desenvolvida em quatro aulas com a temática Perfume, junto ao terceiro ano do Ensino Médio de uma escola estadual de Juiz de Fora, parceira do subprojeto Química do Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação à Docência da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora. A primeira aula teve início com a explicação da origem da palavra Perfume, e como novos aromas foram descobertos a partir da queima de materiais orgânicos e de técnicas e equipamentos científicos, estabelecendo um paralelo com a produção de perfumes nos dias de hoje. Discutimos as diversas utilidades das fragrâncias produzidas pelas civilizações, como, por exemplo, servir de oferenda a deuses. Assim, ao longo dos séculos, os aromas foram incorporados aos costumes da sociedade. Na segunda aula, apresentamos trechos do filme “Perfume – a história de um assassino”, tendo como foco o desenvolvimento da Ciência em relação às técnicas de extração dos óleos essenciais em diferentes épocas da História, desde o século XVIII. E, para finalizar, disponibilizamos seis amostras: água potável, álcool hidratado, óleo de girassol, vinagre, essência de cravo e perfume de limão e patchouli para que os alunos as identificassem a partir da fragrância exalada. Todas as lembranças remetidas a elas foram registradas em uma folha. As fórmulas estruturais das moléculas de cada amostra foram escritas no quadro para que pudéssemos retomar a explicação das funções orgânicas. Finalizamos a sequência didática descrevendo como as células olfativas captam as moléculas que compõem o aroma e chegam ao cérebro para que esse seja reconhecido e forme a memória olfativa. A partir das observações registradas no diário de campo dos bolsistas de iniciação à docência, verificamos que a curiosidade dos estudantes foi instigada desde o início. O interesse foi demonstrado através dos questionamentos e do empenho para desenvolver as tarefas propostas. Houve discussão sobre questões de gênero, não previstas durante o planejamento das aulas, mas que foram importantes para o esclarecimento de algumas questões que emergiram. Portanto, acreditamos que um ensino que proporcione uma abordagem mais ampla seja um dos caminhos para obtermos a qualidade tão desejada na educação. Palavras-chave: Química Orgânica; Perfume; História da Ciência.AbstractThe learning of Organic Chemistry is usually associated with the memorization of formulas, names and structures of organic molecules. Many students have difficulty to learn organic functions; they are not able to classify them from their specificities. Consequently, they cannot recognize situations and products used in daily life, whose composition contains organic compounds. Based on these premises and looking for a teaching of Organic Chemistry that contemplated all these questions, we elaborated a didactic sequence, developed in four classes, with the theme Scent. We developed it with the third year of High School of Juiz de Fora, partner of the Chemical subproject of the Institutional Program of the Initiation to Teaching Scholarship of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora. The first class began with the explanation of the origin the word scent, and how new aromas were discovered from the burning of organic materials and scientific techniques and equipment, establishing a parallel with the production of scents currently. We discuss the various uses of fragrances produced by civilizations, such as serving as an offering to gods. Thus, over the centuries, the society incorporated the aromas into her customs. In the second class, we present excerpts from the film "Perfume - the story of a murderer", focusing on the development of science in relation to the techniques of extraction of essential oils at different times in History since century XVIII. To conclude, we offer six samples: drinking water, hydrated alcohol, sunflower oil, vinegar, clove essence and lemon scent and patchouli for students to identify from the exhaled fragrance. The students wrote all the memories sent to them on a sheet. We wrote the structural formulas of the molecules of each sample on the board and so that we could return to the explanation of organic functions. We finish the didactic sequence, describing how the olfactory cells capture the molecules that make up the aroma and reach the brain, that recognize it and forms the olfactory memory. From the observations recorded in the field diary of the scholarships, we realized that the curiosity of the students was instigated from the beginning. The questions demonstrated the students’ interest through the questions and commitment to develop the proposed tasks. There was discussion on genre issues, not foreseen during class planning but important for clarifying some of the issues that emerged. Therefore, we believe that teaching that provides a broader approach is one way of achieving the desired quality of education.Keywords: Organic Chemistry; Scent; Science History.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, spectrum of activity, clinical trials, and adverse effects of levofloxacin and sparfloxacin, two new fluoroquinolone antibiotics. DATA SOURCES: Literature was identified by a MEDLINE search from January 1985 to September 1997. Abstracts and presentations were identified by review of program abstracts from the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy from 1988 to 1996. STUDY SELECTION: Randomized, controlled clinical studies were selected for evaluation; however, uncontrolled studies were included when data were limited for indications approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In vitro data were selected from comparison trials whenever available. Only in vitro trials that provided data on the minimum inhibitory concentrations required to inhibit 90% of isolates were used. Data from North American studies were selected whenever available. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were evaluated with respect to in vitro activity, study design, clinical and microbiologic outcomes, and adverse drug reactions. DATA SYNTHESIS: Levofloxacin and sparfloxacin are active against pathogens frequently involved in community-acquired upper and lower respiratory tract infections, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and Chlamydia pneumoniae. Both compounds have enhanced activity compared with ciprofloxacin against most gram-positive bacteria, including enterococci, streptococci, and staphylococci, and retain good activity against most Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sparfloxacin has greater anaerobic activity than levofloxacin, which is more active than ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin. Although many clinical studies are available only in abstract form, the clinical data demonstrate that these new quinolones are effective for most community-acquired upper and lower respiratory tract infections, urinary tract infections, gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis, and skin and skin structure infections. FDA-approved indications are limited for both compounds to date. CONCLUSIONS: Levofloxacin and sparfloxacin have improved gram-positive activity compared with that of older fluoroquinolones, and are administered once daily. Sparfloxacin-associated photosensitivity may limit its therapeutic usefulness. Clinical trials confirm that these agents are as effective as traditional therapies for the management of community-acquired pneumonia, acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis, sinusitis, urinary tract infections, acute gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis, and skin and skin structure infections. OBJETIVO: Discutir la farmacología, farmacocinética, espectro de actividad, estudios clínicos, y efectos adversos de la levofloxacina y la sparfloxacina, dos nuevos antibióticos del grupo de las fluoroquinolonas. FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN: Se investigó la literatura desde el año 1985 hasta septiembre del año 1997 usando MEDLINE como base de datos. También se identificaron extractos y presentaciones que fueron publicadas en la Conferencia Interciencia de Agentes Antimicrobianos y Quimioterapia desde los años 1988 al 1996. SELECCIÓN DE FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN: Se seleccionaron estudios clínicos controlados donde la asignación del tratamiento de estudio se hizo al azar. También se incluyeron estudios no controlados cuando la información sobre la eficacia de estos medicamentos en infecciones para las cuales ellos están indicados era limitada. Además se evaluó información in vitro reportada en los estudios comparativos revisados. Sólo se usaron estudios in vitro que proveían información acerca de la CMI90. Por último, en lo que fue posible, se revisó información obtenida de estudios realizados en Norte América. MÉTODO DE EXTRACCIÓN DE INFORMACIÓN: La información obtenida fue evaluada usando como parámetros la actividad in vitro, diseño del estudio, resultados clínicos y microbiólogicos, y reacciones adversas a los medicamentos involucrados. SÍNTESIS: La levofloxacina y la sparfloxacina son eficaces contra patógenos frecuentemente involucrados en infecciones del tracto respiratorio superior e inferior adquiridos en la comunidad. Ellos incluyen el Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, y Chlamydia pneumoniae. Cuando ambos medicamentos fueron comparados con la ciprofloxacina, se demostró su actividad incrementada contra la mayoría de las bacterias gram-positivos, incluyendo enterococos, estreptococos, y estafilococos, reteniendo buena actividad contra la mayoría de las Enterobacteriacias y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. La sparfloxacina posee mayor actividad anaeróbica que la levofloxacina, la cual es más activa que la ciprofloxacina o la ofloxacina. Aunque muchos de los estudios clínicos realizados sólo se encuentran disponibles en forma de extractos, la información clínica demuestra que estas quinolonas nuevas son eficaces para el tratamiento de la mayoría de las infecciones del tracto respiratorio superior e inferior adquiridas en la comunidad, infecciones del tracto urinario, uretritis no gonococal o gonococal, e infecciones de la piel y estructuras de la piel. Estos dos medicamentos se encuentran actualmente indicados para el tratamiento de un número limitado de infecciones. CONCLUSIONES: La levofloxacina y la sparfloxacina han mejorado la actividad de las fluoroquinolonas tradicionales contra las bacterias gram-positivos, y se pueden administrar una vez al día. La fotosensibilidad asociada a la sparfloxacina puede limitar su utilidad terapéutica. Los estudios clínicos confirman que estos agentes son tan efectivos como las terapias tradicionales para el manejo de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad, exacerbaciones agudas de la bronquitis crónica, sinusitis, infecciones del tracto urinario, uretritis no gonococal o gonococal sobre el uso de estos medicamentos en determinadas infecciones e infecciones de la piel y estructuras de la piel. OBJECTIF: Présenter les notions pharmacologiques, pharmacocinétiques, le spectre d'activité, les études cliniques, et les réactions indésirables de deux nouvelles fluoroquinolones, la levofloxacine et la sparfloxacin. REVUE DE LITTÉRATURE: La littérature pertinente a été retrouvée par une recherche MEDLINE débutant en 1985 jusqu'au mois de septembre 1997. Les résumés et les présentations ont été extraites des programmes de l'Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy de 1988 à 1996. SÉLECTION DES ÉTUDES: Les études randomisées et contrôlées ont été sélectionnées pour évaluation. Certaines études non contrôlées ont aussi été retenues lorsqu'elles présentaient des données portant sur les indications approuvées par l'Administration des Drogues et Alimentaires (ADA). Les données in vitro ont été sélectionnées à partir des études comparatives lorsque disponibles. Seules les études in vitro présentant les CMI90 ont été utilisées. En autant que possible, des données nordaméricaines ont été utilisées. SÉLECTION DE L'INFORMATION: Les informations ont été évaluées en tenant compte de l'activité in vitro, du devis des études, de révolution clinique et microbiologique, et des réactions indésirables. RÉSUMÉ: La levofloxacine et la sparfloxacine sont actives contre les pathogènes fréquemment rencontrés dans les infections respiratoires hautes et basses acquises en communauté dont les Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, et le Chlamydia pneumoniae. Ces deux produits ont une activité accrue contre les bactéries gram-positif par rapport à la ciprofloxacine dont notamment l'enterocoque, les streptocoques, et les staphylocoques. Ils conservent une bonne activité contre les entérobactéries et le Pseudomonas aeruginosa. La sparfloxacin a une activité antianaérobie supérieure à celle de la levofloxacine, laquelle est supérieure à celle de la ciprofloxacin ou de l'ofloxacine. Bien que plusieurs études cliniques ne soient disponibles que sous forme de résumé, les données cliniques indiquent que ces nouvelles quinolones sont efficaces contre la plupart des infections respiratoires, hautes ou basses, acquises en communauté, les infections des voies urinaires, les urétrites gonococciques et non gonococciques, et les infections de la peau et des tissus mous. Cependant, les indications approuvées par l'ADA sont actuellement restreintes. CONCLUSIONS: La levofloxacine et la sparfloxacine présentent une activité améliorée contre les bactéries gram-psoitif par rapport aux fluoroquinolones plus anciennes. Elles offrent aussi la commodité d'une prise uniquotidienne. La photosensibilité associee à la sparfloxacine peut cependant limiter son utilité clinique. Les études disponibles confirment une efficacité comparable aux thérapies traditionnelles dans le traitement de la pneumonie acquise en communauté, de l'exacerbation de la bronchite chronique, de la sinusite, des infections des voies urinaires, de l'urétrite gonococcique et non gonococcique, et les infections de la peau et des tissus mous.

Les auteurs proposent un exercice d’épistémologie sculpturale, en comparant différents types de sculpture, tout en donnant une place particulière à L’Âge d’airain qui fut pour Rodin une expérimentation spécifique. En tentant un tel exercice, ils présentent L’Âge d’airain comme une extraction radicale, à la différence des reliefs et aussi de la plupart des rondes-bosses conçues dans leur rapport à un espace. La notion de forme, associée à celle de volume d’être, est sollicitée pour préciser la correspondance entre la sculpture de Rodin et un être humain. Dans une telle ronde-bosse, les « appuis » la faisant tenir sont importants. Ils aident à penser comment « tient » un être humain, comment il reste stable, malgré son mouvement.

International audience Missing values in databases have motivated many researches in the field of KDD, specially concerning prediction. However, to the best of our knowledge, few appraoches based on association rules have been proposed so far. In this paper, we show how to adapt the levelwise algorithm for the mining of association rules in order to mine frequent rules with a confidence equal to 1 from a relational table. In our approach, the consequents of extracted rules are either an interval or a set of values, according to whether the domain of the predicted attribute is continuous or discrete. La présence de valeurs manquantes ou valeurs nulles dans les bases de donnnées a suscité de nombreuses recherches dans le domaine de la découverte des connaissances, notamment en ce qui concerne la prédiction. Cependant, à notre connaissance, peu de telles approches utilisent les règles d'association pour la prédiction des valeurs manquantes. Dans cet article, il est montré comment adapter les différents concepts et algorithmes par niveau liés aux règles d'association, afin d'obtenir des règles fréquentes et de confiance 1, permettant la prédiction de valeurs manquantes dans une table relationnelle. La particularité des règles extraites dans notre approche est que leurs conséquents se présentent sous la forme d'intervalles ou d'ensembles de valeurs, selon que le domaine de l'attribut sur lequel les valeurs sont prédites est soit continu soit discret.

Gas-air mixtures that form in nitric acid leaching of sulfide raw materials possess the following peculiarities making a negative impact on trapping of nitrogen oxides: elevated temperature, different oxidation level of nitrogen oxides, slow oxidation of NO in region of low concentrations, and instability of the resulting gas-air mixture flow. Therefore, well-known methods of trapping nitrous gases shall be adapted to specific sulfide raw material. We propose a process flow diagram for trapping nitrous gases formed during nitric acid leaching of sulfide concentrates at atmospheric pressure on the example of Zhezkazgan concentrate. The paper addresses theoretical aspects of the use of water-ore pulp, concentrated sulfuric acid, process water and alkaline agents for trapping nitrous gases, and typical reactions of interaction of the proposed absorbents with nitrogen oxides. The choice of water-ore pulp as an absorber was made because of similarity between the mechanism of absorption of nitrogen oxides for neutral and alkali ore suspensions and the one for alkali solutions: nitrogen dioxide and nitrous anhydride are absorbed with formation of a solution of nitrates and nitrites. Due to availability in a liquid phase of ferrous iron along with NO2 and N2O3, acidic suspensions are also capable to absorb nitric oxide, to some extent, with formation of Fe(NO)SО4 complex. Process water absorbs only nitrogen dioxide, with formation of nitric and nitrous acids. Nitrous acid is an unstable compound in acidic environments and decomposes with formation of water and nitrogen oxide. At the stages of trapping nitrogen oxides with water-ore pulp and process water (circulating solution), it is recommended conditioning of gas-air mixtures by choosing the volume of additionally introduced air, in an amount to provide the highest rate of nitrogen oxide oxidation. At the stages of sulfuric acid and alkaline trapping of nitrogen oxides, it is recommended conditioning of gas-air mixtures by selecting the volume of additionally introduced air and the oxidation time of nitrogen oxide that provide an equimolecular mixture of NO and NO2. A distinctive feature of the use of water-ore pulp, concentrated sulfuric acid, process water and alkaline agents for trapping nitrous gases is possibility to use the products of absorption at the stage of sulfide concentrate leaching. The extended tests of trapping nitrous gases have been conducted. The plant capacity by the gas-air mixture ranged 17–21 m3/h, and by leached concentrate — 12–15 kg/h. In this case, the degree of capturing nitrous gases reached 96.8%. Return of the products of absorption of nitrous gases in the form of condensate, water-ore pulp, nitrosyl sulfuric acid, nitric acid solution, nitritenitrate lye allows to reduce the nitric acid consumption by 7–10 times relative the values obtained without using the trapping system. In this case, the degree of copper extraction into the leaching solution was 97.7%. The extraction degree of silver, rhenium, zinc was respectively 98.0%, 99.0%; 98.5%.

After the defeat of Iraqi army in Kuwait in February 1991, on April 3, the UN Security Council (UN Security Council) adopted Resolution 687, that «decides that Iraq shall unconditionally accept the destruction, removal, or rendering harmless, under international supervision, of: (a) All chemical and biological weapons and all stocks of agents and all related subsystems and components and all research, development, support and manufacturing facilities». This UN operation was not the first forced disarmament of vanquished by victors, but it gave great impetus to the completion of the work on the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction, i.e. the destruction of an entire class of weapons of mass destruction. The aim of this article was to show the process of Iraqi`s chemical weapons destruction. The destruction of Iraqi chemical weapons included the formation of legal basis (United Nations Security Council Resolution 687); the establishment of the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM) to inspect and oversee the destruction or elimination of Iraq’s chemical weapons directly on Iraqi territory; certain measures of political, economic (UN sanctions) and military coercion (the US and the UK military operation «Desert Fox»). In summer 1991, UNSCOM formed a Destruction Advisory Panel to develop technologies for the destruction of chemical weapons, toxic substances and their precursors. Their destruction was carried out in the period October 1992 to May 1994 on the territory of the Muthanna State Establishment. Sarin, cyclosarin, tabun and their precursors were destroyed by hydrolysis in aqueous alkaline solution using a repurposed production facility. Thus 76 tons of sarin and sarin/cyclosarin mixture, as well as 40 tons of tabun were destroyed. For the sulfur mustard, the high-temperature direct burning method was used at the special factory, established under the project of the Destruction Advisory Panel. Thus were destroyed around 400 tons of liquid sulfur mustard. Chemical munitions and containers, after the extraction of poisonous agents, were destroyed using a specially developed technique of explosive ventilation and burning. 30 chemical warheads for Al-Hussein ballistic missiles, 12,8 thousand 155-mm mustard shells, 40,5 thousand 122 mm rockets for MLRS, filled with sarin/cyclosarin, were destroyed. In general, UNSCOM managed to solve the problem of chemical disarmament of Iraq. The article describes in details the Iraq’s chemical weapons destruction technologies

RÉSUMÉ Contexte : L’intelligence artificielle (IA) est une avancée technologique qui consiste à amener une machine à imiter une forme d’intelligence. Objectifs : L’objectif principal est d’effectuer une revue narrative des études évaluant la faisabilité et l’impact de l’IA en pharmacie. L’objectif secondaire est de développer une carte heuristique entourant l’IA en santé. Sources des données : Nous avons consulté quatre bases de données, soit PubMed, Medline, Embase et CINAHL. Sélection des études et extraction des données : Quatre stratégies de recherche ont été élaborées. Sélection des articles sur la base du titre, de l’abrégé puis du texte par une assistante de recherche, suivie d’une révision par un pharmacien de l’équipe. Les articles pris en compte doivent décrire ou évaluer la faisabilité ou l’impact de l’IA en pharmacie. Synthèse des données : À partir de la revue documentaire, 362 articles ont été sélectionnés au départ, 18 d’entre eux ont été retenus selon les critères d’inclusion. De façon générale, on note que les études ont été surtout menées aux États-Unis (72 %, 13/18). Les études portent, par ordre d’importance décroissant, sur la prédiction de la réponse aux traitements et la prédiction d’effets indésirables (33 %, 6/18), la priorisation des patients (28 %, 5/18), l’adhésion thérapeutique (22 %, 4/18), la validation d’ordonnances et la prescription électronique (17 %, 3/18) et d’autres thèmes (p. ex. diagnostic, coûts, assurance, vérification de volumes de seringue). Conclusions : Cette revue narrative met en évidence 18 études évaluant la faisabilité et l’impact de l’IA en pharmacie. Ces études ont utilisé différentes approches méthodologiques dans divers domaines d’application, en officine comme en établissement de santé. Il est encore trop tôt pour prédire les retombées de l’IA en pharmacie, mais ces études soulignent l’importance de s’y intéresser. ABSTRACT Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) can be described as an advanced technology in which machines display a certain form of intelligence. Objectives: The primary objective was to perform a narrative review of studies evaluating the feasibility and impact of AI in pharmacy. The secondary objective was to create a mind map of AI in health care. Data Sources: Four databases were consulted: PubMed, Medline, Embase, and CINAHL. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Four search strategies were developed. Initial selection of articles was based on their titles and abstracts; the full texts were then evaluated by a research assistant, with review by a pharmacist. Articles were included if they described or evaluated the feasibility or impact of AI in pharmacy. Data Synthesis: A total of 362 articles were identified by the literature review, of which 18 met the inclusion criteria. The studies were mainly conducted in the United States (72%, 13/18). The article topics were, in decreasing order, prediction of response to treatments and adverse effects (33%, 6/18), patient prioritization (28%, 5/18), treatment adherence (22%, 4/18), validation of prescriptions and electronic prescription (17%, 3/18), and other themes (e.g., diagnosis, costs, insurance, and verification of syringe volume). Conclusions: This narrative review highlighted 18 studies evaluating the feasibility and impact of AI in pharmacy. The studies used various methodologies in different settings, both retail pharmacies and hospital pharmacies. It is still too soon to predict the implications of AI for pharmacy, but these studies emphasize the importance of attention in this area.

From elephants to ABBA fans, silicon to hormone, the following discussion uses a new research method to look at printed text, motion pictures and a teenage rebel icon. If by ‘print’ we mean a mechanically reproduced impression of a cultural symbol in a medium, then printing has been with us since before microdot security prints were painted onto cars, before voice prints, laser prints, network servers, record pressings, motion picture prints, photo prints, colour woodblock prints, before books, textile prints, and footprints. If we accept that higher mammals such as elephants have a learnt culture, then it is possible to extend a definition of printing beyond Homo sapiens. Poole reports that elephants mechanically trumpet reproductions of human car horns into the air surrounding their society. If nothing else, this cross-species, cross-cultural reproduction, this ‘ability to mimic’ is ‘another sign of their intelligence’. Observation of child development suggests that the first significant meaningful ‘impression’ made on the human mind is that of the face of the child’s nurturer – usually its mother. The baby’s mind forms an ‘impression’, a mental print, a reproducible memory data set, of the nurturer’s face, voice, smell, touch, etc. That face is itself a cultural construct: hair style, makeup, piercings, tattoos, ornaments, nutrition-influenced skin and smell, perfume, temperature and voice. A mentally reproducible pattern of a unique face is formed in the mind, and we use that pattern to distinguish ‘familiar and strange’ in our expanding social orbit. The social relations of patterned memory – of imprinting – determine the extent to which we explore our world (armed with research aids such as text print) or whether we turn to violence or self-harm (Bretherton). While our cultural artifacts (such as vellum maps or networked voice message servers) bravely extend our significant patterns into the social world and the traversed environment, it is useful to remember that such artifacts, including print, are themselves understood by our original pattern-reproduction and impression system – the human mind, developed in childhood. The ‘print’ is brought to mind differently in different discourses. For a reader, a ‘print’ is a book, a memo or a broadsheet, whether it is the Indian Buddhist Sanskrit texts ordered to be printed in 593 AD by the Chinese emperor Sui Wen-ti (Silk Road) or the US Defense Department memo authorizing lower ranks to torture the prisoners taken by the Bush administration (Sanchez, cited in ABC). Other fields see prints differently. For a musician, a ‘print’ may be the sheet music which spread classical and popular music around the world; it may be a ‘record’ (as in a ‘recording’ session), where sound is impressed to wax, vinyl, charged silicon particles, or the alloys (Smith, “Elpida”) of an mp3 file. For the fine artist, a ‘print’ may be any mechanically reproduced two-dimensional (or embossed) impression of a significant image in media from paper to metal, textile to ceramics. ‘Print’ embraces the Japanese Ukiyo-e colour prints of Utamaro, the company logos that wink from credit card holographs, the early photographs of Talbot, and the textured patterns printed into neolithic ceramics. Computer hardware engineers print computational circuits. Homicide detectives investigate both sweaty finger prints and the repeated, mechanical gaits of suspects, which are imprinted into the earthy medium of a crime scene. For film makers, the ‘print’ may refer to a photochemical polyester reproduction of a motion picture artifact (the reel of ‘celluloid’), or a DVD laser disc impression of the same film. Textualist discourse has borrowed the word ‘print’ to mean ‘text’, so ‘print’ may also refer to the text elements within the vision track of a motion picture: the film’s opening titles, or texts photographed inside the motion picture story such as the sword-cut ‘Z’ in Zorro (Niblo). Before the invention of writing, the main mechanically reproduced impression of a cultural symbol in a medium was the humble footprint in the sand. The footprints of tribes – and neighbouring animals – cut tracks in the vegetation and the soil. Printed tracks led towards food, water, shelter, enemies and friends. Having learnt to pattern certain faces into their mental world, children grew older and were educated in the footprints of family and clan, enemies and food. The continuous impression of significant foot traffic in the medium of the earth produced the lines between significant nodes of prewriting and pre-wheeled cultures. These tracks were married to audio tracks, such as the song lines of the Australian Aborigines, or the ballads of tramping culture everywhere. A typical tramping song has the line, ‘There’s a track winding back to an old-fashion shack along the road to Gundagai,’ (O’Hagan), although this colonial-style song was actually written for radio and became an international hit on the airwaves, rather than the tramping trails. The printed tracks impressed by these cultural flows are highly contested and diverse, and their foot prints are woven into our very language. The names for printed tracks have entered our shared memory from the intersection of many cultures: ‘Track’ is a Germanic word entering English usage comparatively late (1470) and now used mainly in audio visual cultural reproduction, as in ‘soundtrack’. ‘Trek’ is a Dutch word for ‘track’ now used mainly by ecotourists and science fiction fans. ‘Learn’ is a Proto-Indo-European word: the verb ‘learn’ originally meant ‘to find a track’ back in the days when ‘learn’ had a noun form which meant ‘the sole of the foot’. ‘Tract’ and ‘trace’ are Latin words entering English print usage before 1374 and now used mainly in religious, and electronic surveillance, cultural reproduction. ‘Trench’ in 1386 was a French path cut through a forest. ‘Sagacity’ in English print in 1548 was originally the ability to track or hunt, in Proto-Indo-European cultures. ‘Career’ (in English before 1534) was the print made by chariots in ancient Rome. ‘Sleuth’ (1200) was a Norse noun for a track. ‘Investigation’ (1436) was Latin for studying a footprint (Harper). The arrival of symbolic writing scratched on caves, hearth stones, and trees (the original meaning of ‘book’ is tree), brought extremely limited text education close to home. Then, with baked clay tablets, incised boards, slate, bamboo, tortoise shell, cast metal, bark cloth, textiles, vellum, and – later – paper, a portability came to text that allowed any culture to venture away from known ‘foot’ paths with a reduction in the risk of becoming lost and perishing. So began the world of maps, memos, bills of sale, philosophic treatises and epic mythologies. Some of this was printed, such as the mechanical reproduction of coins, but the fine handwriting required of long, extended, portable texts could not be printed until the invention of paper in China about 2000 years ago. Compared to lithic architecture and genes, portable text is a fragile medium, and little survives from the millennia of its innovators. The printing of large non-text designs onto bark-paper and textiles began in neolithic times, but Sui Wen-ti’s imperial memo of 593 AD gives us the earliest written date for printed books, although we can assume they had been published for many years previously. The printed book was a combination of Indian philosophic thought, wood carving, ink chemistry and Chinese paper. The earliest surviving fragment of paper-print technology is ‘Mantras of the Dharani Sutra’, a Buddhist scripture written in the Sanskrit language of the Indian subcontinent, unearthed at an early Tang Dynasty site in Xian, China – making the fragment a veteran piece of printing, in the sense that Sanskrit books had been in print for at least a century by the early Tang Dynasty (Chinese Graphic Arts Net). At first, paper books were printed with page-size carved wooden boards. Five hundred years later, Pi Sheng (c.1041) baked individual reusable ceramic characters in a fire and invented the durable moveable type of modern printing (Silk Road 2000). Abandoning carved wooden tablets, the ‘digitizing’ of Chinese moveable type sped up the production of printed texts. In turn, Pi Sheng’s flexible, rapid, sustainable printing process expanded the political-cultural impact of the literati in Asian society. Digitized block text on paper produced a bureaucratic, literate elite so powerful in Asia that Louis XVI of France copied China’s print-based Confucian system of political authority for his own empire, and so began the rise of the examined public university systems, and the civil service systems, of most European states (Watson, Visions). By reason of its durability, its rapid mechanical reproduction, its culturally agreed signs, literate readership, revered authorship, shared ideology, and distributed portability, a ‘print’ can be a powerful cultural network which builds and expands empires. But print also attacks and destroys empires. A case in point is the Spanish conquest of Aztec America: The Aztecs had immense libraries of American literature on bark-cloth scrolls, a technology which predated paper. These libraries were wiped out by the invading Spanish, who carried a different book before them (Ewins). In the industrial age, the printing press and the gun were seen as the weapons of rebellions everywhere. In 1776, American rebels staffed their ‘Homeland Security’ units with paper makers, knowing that defeating the English would be based on printed and written documents (Hahn). Mao Zedong was a book librarian; Mao said political power came out of the barrel of a gun, but Mao himself came out of a library. With the spread of wireless networked servers, political ferment comes out of the barrel of the cell phone and the internet chat room these days. Witness the cell phone displays of a plane hitting a tower that appear immediately after 9/11 in the Middle East, or witness the show trials of a few US and UK lower ranks who published prints of their torturing activities onto the internet: only lower ranks who published prints were arrested or tried. The control of secure servers and satellites is the new press. These days, we live in a global library of burning books – ‘burning’ in the sense that ‘print’ is now a charged silicon medium (Smith, “Intel”) which is usually made readable by connecting the chip to nuclear reactors and petrochemically-fired power stations. World resources burn as we read our screens. Men, women, children burn too, as we watch our infotainment news in comfort while ‘their’ flickering dead faces are printed in our broadcast hearths. The print we watch is not the living; it is the voodoo of the living in the blackout behind the camera, engaging the blood sacrifice of the tormented and the unfortunate. Internet texts are also ‘on fire’ in the third sense of their fragility and instability as a medium: data bases regularly ‘print’ fail-safe copies in an attempt to postpone the inevitable mechanical, chemical and electrical failure that awaits all electronic media in time. Print defines a moral position for everyone. In reporting conflict, in deciding to go to press or censor, any ‘print’ cannot avoid an ethical context, starting with the fact that there is a difference in power between print maker, armed perpetrators, the weak, the peaceful, the publisher, and the viewer. So many human factors attend a text, video or voice ‘print’: its very existence as an aesthetic object, even before publication and reception, speaks of unbalanced, and therefore dynamic, power relationships. For example, Graham Greene departed unscathed from all the highly dangerous battlefields he entered as a novelist: Riot-torn Germany, London Blitz, Belgian Congo, Voodoo Haiti, Vietnam, Panama, Reagan’s Washington, and mafia Europe. His texts are peopled with the injustices of the less fortunate of the twentieth century, while he himself was a member of the fortunate (if not happy) elite, as is anyone today who has the luxury of time to read Greene’s works for pleasure. Ethically a member of London and Paris’ colonizers, Greene’s best writing still electrifies, perhaps partly because he was in the same line of fire as the victims he shared bread with. In fact, Greene hoped daily that he would escape from the dreadful conflicts he fictionalized via a body bag or an urn of ashes (see Sherry). In reading an author’s biography we have one window on the ethical dimensions of authority and print. If a print’s aesthetics are sometimes enduring, its ethical relationships are always mutable. Take the stylized logo of a running athlete: four limbs bent in a rotation of action. This dynamic icon has symbolized ‘good health’ in Hindu and Buddhist culture, from Madras to Tokyo, for thousands of years. The cross of bent limbs was borrowed for the militarized health programs of 1930s Germany, and, because of what was only a brief, recent, isolated yet monstrously horrific segment of its history in print, the bent-limbed swastika is now a vilified symbol in the West. The sign remains ‘impressed’ differently on traditional Eastern culture, and without the taint of Nazism. Dramatic prints are emotionally charged because, in depicting Homo sapiens in danger, or passionately in love, they elicit a hormonal reaction from the reader, the viewer, or the audience. The type of emotions triggered by a print vary across the whole gamut of human chemistry. A recent study of three genres of motion picture prints shows a marked differences in the hormonal responses of men compared to women when viewing a romance, an actioner, and a documentary (see Schultheiss, Wirth, and Stanton). Society is biochemically diverse in its engagement with printed culture, which raises questions about equality in the arts. Motion picture prints probably comprise around one third of internet traffic, in the form of stolen digitized movie files pirated across the globe via peer-to-peer file transfer networks (p2p), and burnt as DVD laser prints (BBC). There is also a US 40 billion dollar per annum legitimate commerce in DVD laser pressings (Grassl), which would suggest an US 80 billion per annum world total in legitimate laser disc print culture. The actively screen literate, or the ‘sliterati’ as I prefer to call them, research this world of motion picture prints via their peers, their internet information channels, their television programming, and their web forums. Most of this activity occurs outside the ambit of universities and schools. One large site of sliterate (screen literate) practice outside most schooling and official research is the net of online forums at imdb.com (International Movie Data Base). Imdb.com ‘prints’ about 25,000,000 top pages per month to client browsers. Hundreds of sliterati forums are located at imdb, including a forum for the Australian movie, Muriel’s Wedding (Hogan). Ten years after the release of Muriel’s Wedding, young people who are concerned with victimization and bullying still log on to http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0110598/board/> and put their thoughts into print: I still feel so bad for Muriel in the beginning of the movie, when the girls ‘dump’ her, and how much the poor girl cried and cried! Those girls were such biartches…I love how they got their comeuppance! bunniesormaybemidgets’s comment is typical of the current discussion. Muriel’s Wedding was a very popular film in its first cinema edition in Australia and elsewhere. About 30% of the entire over-14 Australian population went to see this photochemical polyester print in the cinemas on its first release. A decade on, the distributors printed a DVD laser disc edition. The story concerns Muriel (played by Toni Collette), the unemployed daughter of a corrupt, ‘police state’ politician. Muriel is bullied by her peers and she withdraws into a fantasy world, deluding herself that a white wedding will rescue her from the torments of her blighted life. Through theft and deceit (the modus operandi of her father) Muriel escapes to the entertainment industry and finds a ‘wicked’ girlfriend mentor. From a rebellious position of stubborn independence, Muriel plays out her fantasy. She gets her white wedding, before seeing both her father and her new married life as hollow shams which have goaded her abandoned mother to suicide. Redefining her life as a ‘game’ and assuming responsibility for her independence, Muriel turns her back on the mainstream, image-conscious, female gang of her oppressed youth. Muriel leaves the story, having rekindled her friendship with her rebel mentor. My methodological approach to viewing the laser disc print was to first make a more accessible, coded record of the entire movie. I was able to code and record the print in real time, using a new metalanguage (Watson, “Eyes”). The advantage of Coding is that ‘thinks’ the same way as film making, it does not sidetrack the analyst into prose. The Code splits the movie print into Vision Action [vision graphic elements, including text] (sound) The Coding splits the vision track into normal action and graphic elements, such as text, so this Coding is an ideal method for extracting all the text elements of a film in real time. After playing the film once, I had four and a half tightly packed pages of the coded story, including all its text elements in square brackets. Being a unique, indexed hard copy, the Coded copy allowed me immediate access to any point of the Muriel’s Wedding saga without having to search the DVD laser print. How are ‘print’ elements used in Muriel’s Wedding? Firstly, a rose-coloured monoprint of Muriel Heslop’s smiling face stares enigmatically from the plastic surface of the DVD picture disc. The print is a still photo captured from her smile as she walked down the aisle of her white wedding. In this print, Toni Collette is the Mona Lisa of Australian culture, except that fans of Muriel’s Wedding know the meaning of that smile is a magical combination of the actor’s art: the smile is both the flush of dreams come true and the frightening self deception that will kill her mother. Inserting and playing the disc, the text-dominant menu appears, and the film commences with the text-dominant opening titles. Text and titles confer a legitimacy on a work, whether it is a trade mark of the laser print owners, or the household names of stars. Text titles confer status relationships on both the presenters of the cultural artifact and the viewer who has entered into a legal license agreement with the owners of the movie. A title makes us comfortable, because the mind always seeks to name the unfamiliar, and a set of text titles does that job for us so that we can navigate the ‘tracks’ and settle into our engagement with the unfamiliar. The apparent ‘truth’ and ‘stability’ of printed text calms our fears and beguiles our uncertainties. Muriel attends the white wedding of a school bully bride, wearing a leopard print dress she has stolen. Muriel’s spotted wild animal print contrasts with the pure white handmade dress of the bride. In Muriel’s leopard textile print, we have the wild, rebellious, impoverished, inappropriate intrusion into the social ritual and fantasy of her high-status tormentor. An off-duty store detective recognizes the printed dress and calls the police. The police are themselves distinguished by their blue-and-white checked prints and other mechanically reproduced impressions of cultural symbols: in steel, brass, embroidery, leather and plastics. Muriel is driven in the police car past the stenciled town sign (‘Welcome To Porpoise Spit’ heads a paragraph of small print). She is delivered to her father, a politician who presides over the policing of his town. In a state where the judiciary, police and executive are hijacked by the same tyrant, Muriel’s father, Bill, pays off the police constables with a carton of legal drugs (beer) and Muriel must face her father’s wrath, which he proceeds to transfer to his detested wife. Like his daughter, the father also wears a spotted brown print costume, but his is a batik print from neighbouring Indonesia (incidentally, in a nation that takes the political status of its batik prints very seriously). Bill demands that Muriel find the receipt for the leopard print dress she claims she has purchased. The legitimate ownership of the object is enmeshed with a printed receipt, the printed evidence of trade. The law (and the paramilitary power behind the law) are legitimized, or contested, by the presence or absence of printed text. Muriel hides in her bedroom, surround by poster prints of the pop group ABBA. Torn-out prints of other people’s weddings adorn her mirror. Her face is embossed with the clown-like primary colours of the marionette as she lifts a bouquet to her chin and stares into the real time ‘print’ of her mirror image. Bill takes the opportunity of a business meeting with Japanese investors to feed his entire family at ‘Charlie Chan’’s restaurant. Muriel’s middle sister sloppily wears her father’s state election tee shirt, printed with the text: ‘Vote 1, Bill Heslop. You can’t stop progress.’ The text sets up two ironic gags that are paid off on the dialogue track: “He lost,’ we are told. ‘Progress’ turns out to be funding the concreting of a beach. Bill berates his daughter Muriel: she has no chance of becoming a printer’s apprentice and she has failed a typing course. Her dysfunction in printed text has been covered up by Bill: he has bribed the typing teacher to issue a printed diploma to his daughter. In the gambling saloon of the club, under the arrays of mechanically repeated cultural symbols lit above the poker machines (‘A’ for ace, ‘Q’ for queen, etc.), Bill’s secret girlfriend Diedre risks giving Muriel a cosmetics job. Another text icon in lights announces the surf nightclub ‘Breakers’. Tania, the newly married queen bitch who has made Muriel’s teenage years a living hell, breaks up with her husband, deciding to cash in his negotiable text documents – his Bali honeymoon tickets – and go on an island holiday with her girlfriends instead. Text documents are the enduring site of agreements between people and also the site of mutations to those agreements. Tania dumps Muriel, who sobs and sobs. Sobs are a mechanical, percussive reproduction impressed on the sound track. Returning home, we discover that Muriel’s older brother has failed a printed test and been rejected for police recruitment. There is a high incidence of print illiteracy in the Heslop family. Mrs Heslop (Jeannie Drynan), for instance, regularly has trouble at the post office. Muriel sees a chance to escape the oppression of her family by tricking her mother into giving her a blank cheque. Here is the confluence of the legitimacy of a bank’s printed negotiable document with the risk and freedom of a blank space for rebel Muriel’s handwriting. Unable to type, her handwriting has the power to steal every cent of her father’s savings. She leaves home and spends the family’s savings at an island resort. On the island, the text print-challenged Muriel dances to a recording (sound print) of ABBA, her hand gestures emphasizing her bewigged face, which is made up in an impression of her pop idol. Her imitation of her goddesses – the ABBA women, her only hope in a real world of people who hate or avoid her – is accompanied by her goddesses’ voices singing: ‘the mystery book on the shelf is always repeating itself.’ Before jpeg and gif image downloads, we had postcard prints and snail mail. Muriel sends a postcard to her family, lying about her ‘success’ in the cosmetics business. The printed missal is clutched by her father Bill (Bill Hunter), who proclaims about his daughter, ‘you can’t type but you really impress me’. Meanwhile, on Hibiscus Island, Muriel lies under a moonlit palm tree with her newly found mentor, ‘bad girl’ Ronda (Rachel Griffiths). In this critical scene, where foolish Muriel opens her heart’s yearnings to a confidante she can finally trust, the director and DP have chosen to shoot a flat, high contrast blue filtered image. The visual result is very much like the semiabstract Japanese Ukiyo-e woodblock prints by Utamaro. This Japanese printing style informed the rise of European modern painting (Monet, Van Gogh, Picasso, etc., were all important collectors and students of Ukiyo-e prints). The above print and text elements in Muriel’s Wedding take us 27 minutes into her story, as recorded on a single page of real-time handwritten Coding. Although not discussed here, the Coding recorded the complete film – a total of 106 minutes of text elements and main graphic elements – as four pages of Code. Referring to this Coding some weeks after it was made, I looked up the final code on page four: taxi [food of the sea] bq. Translation: a shop sign whizzes past in the film’s background, as Muriel and Ronda leave Porpoise Spit in a taxi. Over their heads the text ‘Food Of The Sea’ flashes. We are reminded that Muriel and Ronda are mermaids, fantastic creatures sprung from the brow of author PJ Hogan, and illuminated even today in the pantheon of women’s coming-of-age art works. That the movie is relevant ten years on is evidenced by the current usage of the Muriel’s Wedding online forum, an intersection of wider discussions by sliterate women on imdb.com who, like Muriel, are observers (and in some cases victims) of horrific pressure from ambitious female gangs and bullies. Text is always a minor element in a motion picture (unless it is a subtitled foreign film) and text usually whizzes by subliminally while viewing a film. By Coding the work for [text], all the text nuances made by the film makers come to light. While I have viewed Muriel’s Wedding on many occasions, it has only been in Coding it specifically for text that I have noticed that Muriel is a representative of that vast class of talented youth who are discriminated against by print (as in text) educators who cannot offer her a life-affirming identity in the English classroom. Severely depressed at school, and failing to type or get a printer’s apprenticeship, Muriel finds paid work (and hence, freedom, life, identity, independence) working in her audio visual printed medium of choice: a video store in a new city. Muriel found a sliterate admirer at the video store but she later dumped him for her fantasy man, before leaving him too. One of the points of conjecture on the imdb Muriel’s Wedding site is, did Muriel (in the unwritten future) get back together with admirer Brice Nobes? That we will never know. While a print forms a track that tells us where culture has been, a print cannot be the future, a print is never animate reality. At the end of any trail of prints, one must lift one’s head from the last impression, and negotiate satisfaction in the happening world. References Australian Broadcasting Corporation. “Memo Shows US General Approved Interrogations.” 30 Mar. 2005 http://www.abc.net.au>. 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Muriel’s Wedding. Dir. PJ Hogan. Perf. Toni Collette, Rachel Griffiths, Bill Hunter, and Jeannie Drynan. Village Roadshow, 1994. O’Hagan, Jack. On The Road to Gundagai. 1922. 2 Apr. 2005 http://ingeb.org/songs/roadtogu.html>. Poole, J.H., P.L. Tyack, A.S. Stoeger-Horwath, and S. Watwood. “Animal Behaviour: Elephants Are Capable of Vocal Learning.” Nature 24 Mar. 2005. Sanchez, R. “Interrogation and Counter-Resistance Policy.” 14 Sept. 2003. 30 Mar. 2005 http://www.abc.net.au>. Schultheiss, O.C., M.M. Wirth, and S.J. Stanton. “Effects of Affiliation and Power Motivation Arousal on Salivary Progesterone and Testosterone.” Hormones and Behavior 46 (2005). Sherry, N. The Life of Graham Greene. 3 vols. London: Jonathan Cape 2004, 1994, 1989. Silk Road. Printing. 2000. 20 Feb. 2005 http://www.silk-road.com/artl/printing.shtml>. Smith, T. “Elpida Licenses ‘DVD on a Chip’ Memory Tech.” The Register 20 Feb. 2005 http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/02>. —. “Intel Boffins Build First Continuous Beam Silicon Laser.” The Register 20 Feb. 2005 http://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/02>. Watson, R. S. “Eyes And Ears: Dramatic Memory Slicing and Salable Media Content.” Innovation and Speculation, ed. Brad Haseman. Brisbane: QUT. [in press] Watson, R. S. Visions. Melbourne: Curriculum Corporation, 1994. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Watson, Robert. "E-Press and Oppress: Audio Visual Print Drama, Identity, Text and Motion Picture Rebellion." M/C Journal 8.2 (2005). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0506/08-watson.php>. APA Style Watson, R. (Jun. 2005) "E-Press and Oppress: Audio Visual Print Drama, Identity, Text and Motion Picture Rebellion," M/C Journal, 8(2). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0506/08-watson.php>.