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1
Surovell, Todd A., and Brigid S. Grund. "The Associational Critique of Quaternary Overkill and why it is Largely Irrelevant to the Extinction Debate." American Antiquity 77, no. 4 (October 2012): 672–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/0002-7316.77.4.672.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe overkill hypothesis has been criticized using a simple observation–with the exception of New Zealand, there is little evidence for human hunting of extinct Quaternary faunas. We explore the legitimacy of this argument, or what we call the “Associational Critique,” the idea that the paucity of evidence for the subsistence exploitation of extinct taxa weakens or falsifies overkill. Using quantitative and probabilistic models, based on the temporal depth of extinction events, human demography, and taphonomic bias, we ask how many associations with extinct fauna should have been found by this point in time in Australia, North America, and New Zealand. We conclude that such evidence should be rare in Australia, of intermediate abundance in North America, and common in New Zealand, a conclusion very much in accord with the current state of the archaeological record. We reach a similar conclusion using an analysis of the relative frequency of radiocarbon dates from each region dating to the time of coexistence of humans and extinct fauna. We argue that a scarcity of evidence for the exploitation of extinct fauna is not only consistent with overkill but also nearly every other extinction hypothesis that has been proposed, thus rendering the Associational Critique irrelevant.
2
Blockstein, D. E., and S. A. Temple. "Fauna in decline: Extinct pigeon's tale." Science 345, no. 6201 (September 4, 2014): 1129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.345.6201.1129-b.
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3
Baynes, A., and RF Baird. "The original mammal fauna and some information on the original bird fauna of Uluru National Park, Northern Territory." Rangeland Journal 14, no. 2 (1992): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9920092.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Investigation of mammal bones, accumulated mainly by owls, from four cave deposits, combined with observations and museum records, has revealed an original (i.e. immediately pre-European) fauna for Uluru National Park (UNP) of 34 species of native ground mammals and 12 species of bats. This fauna comprises one monotreme, 22 marsupials from eight families, 12 microchiropterans from four families, 10 murid rodents and the dingo. For six of the species the UNP records represent an extension of range over published distribution maps, though originally all the ground mammals were probably widespread in the arid zone. A recent survey found that the present fauna of UNP includes 15 native ground mammals and a minimum of seven bats, indicating a loss in about the last century of up to 19 species of ground mammals and at least one bat. The local status of three of these is uncertain, 10 appear to be locally extinct, two are extinct throughout the Australian mainland and five are probably totally extinct. As elsewhere in the arid zone, the mammals that survive are the largest and smallest species and the echidna. The cave deposit sites yielded two orders of magnitude fewer bird remains, some of which could not be identified below family or genus. The material includes at least 16 species representing 13 families. All identified species were recorded in the present fauna of UNP by the recent survey. This relatively small sample suggests that in non-pastoral areas of the arid zone, bird faunas, unlike mammals, have so far survived European colonisation of Australia without loss of diversity.
4
Budd, Ann F., Thomas A. Stemann, and Kenneth G. Johnson. "Late Cenozoic turnover in the Caribbean reef coral fauna." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200006031.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Study of the stratigraphic ranges of reef coral species in scattered sequences (Dominican Republic, Bahamas, Costa Rica, Jamaica, and Florida) suggests that a major episode of faunal turnover occurred in the Caribbean region between early Pliocene and mid Pleistocene time. In a data set composed of all reef corals except the families Mussidae and Oculinidae and the genera Cladocora and Madracis, approximately 90% of the Mio-Pliocene fauna, composed of as many as 65–70 species, became extinct during this time interval. Ten of 27 genera became extinct. Despite the high numbers of extinctions, the total number of species in the Caribbean reef coral fauna dropped only slightly over the time interval, due to similar numbers of originations and extinctions in the fauna. With one possible exception, new species arose in surviving genera, and no new genera formed.Although similar numbers of species became extinct within early Pliocene, late Pliocene, and early Pleistocene time units, shallow water communities experienced higher numbers of extinctions during the late Miocene and early Pliocene. Deeper water communities experienced higher numbers of extinctions during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene. Species surviving the turnover episode occur in deeper water communities and belong predominantly to the family Agariciidae. Nearshore grass flat communities contain the highest number of early extinctions. No difference in extinction patterns could be detected between taxa which reproduce primarily by fragmentation and those that reproduce primarily by larval recruitment. Although originations appear evenly distributed among community types, a large number occur in Florida along the northern margin of faunal distribution.The increased extinctions in shallow water communities and increased originations in the north suggest that turnover occurred primarily in response to change in abiotic factors such as temperature and siltation, and not in response to species-area effects associated with sea level change.
5
A. Cousin, Jarrad. "Urban wildlife: more than meets the eye." Pacific Conservation Biology 11, no. 3 (2005): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050225.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ever since European settlement of Australia, there have been countless species of fauna which have dramatically declined in distribution and abundance. In the past 200 years, at least 21 species of birds and 19 species of mammals have become extinct (Burgman and Lindenmayer 1998). This pattern of extinction is evident throughout the mainland and islands of Australia, although the local extinction of fauna in urban areas is often overlooked. How and Dell (2000) present alarming data on the plight of urban fauna in Perth, where over half of the native mammal species have become locally extinct.
6
Seersholm, Frederik V., Theresa L. Cole, Alicia Grealy, Nicolas J. Rawlence, Karen Greig, Michael Knapp, Michael Stat, et al. "Subsistence practices, past biodiversity, and anthropogenic impacts revealed by New Zealand-wide ancient DNA survey." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 30 (July 9, 2018): 7771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1803573115.
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New Zealand’s geographic isolation, lack of native terrestrial mammals, and Gondwanan origins make it an ideal location to study evolutionary processes. However, since the archipelago was first settled by humans 750 y ago, its unique biodiversity has been under pressure, and today an estimated 49% of the terrestrial avifauna is extinct. Current efforts to conserve the remaining fauna rely on a better understanding of the composition of past ecosystems, as well as the causes and timing of past extinctions. The exact temporal and spatial dynamics of New Zealand’s extinct fauna, however, can be difficult to interpret, as only a small proportion of animals are preserved as morphologically identifiable fossils. Here, we conduct a large-scale genetic survey of subfossil bone assemblages to elucidate the impact of humans on the environment in New Zealand. By genetically identifying more than 5,000 nondiagnostic bone fragments from archaeological and paleontological sites, we reconstruct a rich faunal record of 110 species of birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and marine mammals. We report evidence of five whale species rarely reported from New Zealand archaeological middens and characterize extinct lineages of leiopelmatid frog (Leiopelma sp.) and kākāpō (Strigops habroptilus) haplotypes lost from the gene pool. Taken together, this molecular audit of New Zealand’s subfossil record not only contributes to our understanding of past biodiversity and precontact Māori subsistence practices but also provides a more nuanced snapshot of anthropogenic impacts on native fauna after first human arrival.
7
Wilson, Kerry-Jayne. "Extinct and introduced vertebrate species in New Zealand: a loss of biodistinctiveness and gain in biodiversity." Pacific Conservation Biology 3, no. 3 (1997): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc970301.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
During the 1 000 years that people have lived in New Zealand 50 vertebrate species have become extinct. Other species are extinct on the mainland but survive on island refugia. In the 150 years since European colonization 95 vertebrate species have been introduced and habitat changes have allowed 10 additional bird species to colonize. All but one of the extinct species were endemic and 24 belonged to families or orders endemic to New Zealand. All but one of the introduced and colonizing species are common in their homelands. Although there are now more vertebrate species in New Zealand than there were at the time of human settlement, the previously highly distinctive fauna is becoming increasingly cosmopolitan. The impact faunal change has had on terrestrial ecosystems is poorly known. It is important that conservation priorities be based on an appreciation of faunal and ecological changes rather than responding to crises one species at a time.
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Lunney, D., A. Curtin, D. Ayers, H. G. Cogger, and C. R. Dickman. "An ecological approach to identifying the endangered fauna of New South Wales." Pacific Conservation Biology 2, no. 3 (1995): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc960212.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study used ecological criteria to evaluate systematically the conservation status of all mammals, birds, reptiles and frogs in New South Wales. The outcome was an official schedule of endangered fauna as defined under the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 as amended by the Endangered Fauna (Interim Protection) Act 1991. The work was modelled on the study by Millsap et al. (1990) which scored a range of biological variables and used expert opinion to determine priorities for conservation. The listing was undertaken by a statutory Scientific Committee and the results provided the first baseline status list for all species in New South Wales. Of the 883 faunal species (including 10 Lord Howe Island subspecies) identified in the state, 233 (26%) were recognized as endangered. Of these, 40 are considered to be extinct in New South Wales. Mammals constituted the worst affected group, with 77 (59%) of the 130 species recorded as endangered, of which 27 species are recorded as extinct in the state. The assessment of the New South Wales fauna also found that adequate ecological information exists for only 6% of the state's species. The outcome of this study not only provided the first official list of the endangered fauna of New South Wales and explained the methods and reasons for listing or excluding each species, but also furnished new material, ideas and directions for programmes to conserve the state's fauna.
9
Oliver, Paul M., Mozes P. K. Blom, Harold G. Cogger, Robert N. Fisher, Jonathan Q. Richmond, and John C. Z. Woinarski. "Insular biogeographic origins and high phylogenetic distinctiveness for a recently depleted lizard fauna from Christmas Island, Australia." Biology Letters 14, no. 6 (June 2018): 20170696. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0696.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Striking faunal turnover across Asia and Australasia, most famously along the eastern edge of the Sunda Shelf or ‘Wallace's Line’, has been a focus of biogeographic research for over 150 years. Here, we investigate the origins of a highly threatened endemic lizard fauna (four species) on Christmas Island. Despite occurring less 350 km south of the Sunda Shelf, this fauna mostly comprises species from clades centred on the more distant regions of Wallacea, the Pacific and Australia (more than 1000 km east). The three most divergent lineages show Miocene (approx. 23–5 Ma) divergences from sampled relatives; and have recently become extinct or extinct in the wild, likely owing to the recent introduction of a southeast Asian snake ( Lycodon capucinus ). Insular distributions, deep phylogenetic divergence and recent decline suggest that rather than dispersal ability or recent origins, environmental and biotic barriers have impeded these lineages from diversifying on the continental Sunda Shelf, and thereby, reinforced faunal differentiation across Wallace's Line. Our new phylogenetically informed perspective further highlights the rapid loss of ancient lineages that has occurred on Christmas Island, and underlines how the evolutionary divergence and vulnerability of many island-associated lineages may continue to be underestimated.
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Meiri, Shai, Amos Belmaker, Daniel Berkowic, Kesem Kazes, Erez Maza, Guy Bar-Oz, and Roi Dor. "A checklist of Israeli land vertebrates." Israel Journal of Ecology and Evolution 65, no. 1-2 (March 21, 2019): 43–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22244662-20191047.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Faunal lists are important tools in ecology, biogeography, and conservation planning. Such lists can identify gaps in our knowledge of the distribution and taxonomy of regional faunas, and highlight issues needing further study. We present an up to date list of all land vertebrates occurring in Israel. We identify 786 species, of which 551 are birds, 130 are mammals, 97 are reptiles and eight are amphibians. Of these 369 species breed in Israel (including reintroductions), 199 (mostly birds) are regular visitors and 182 are accidental. Fourteen other species are invasive, and 22 species are extinct. We identify issues with the taxonomy and status of several species, and note recent developments in our understanding the Israeli land vertebrate fauna.
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Turvey, Samuel T., Jennifer J. Crees, James Hansford, Timothy E. Jeffree, Nick Crumpton, Iwan Kurniawan, Erick Setiyabudi, et al. "Quaternary vertebrate faunas from Sumba, Indonesia: implications for Wallacean biogeography and evolution." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1861 (August 30, 2017): 20171278. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1278.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Historical patterns of diversity, biogeography and faunal turnover remain poorly understood for Wallacea, the biologically and geologically complex island region between the Asian and Australian continental shelves. A distinctive Quaternary vertebrate fauna containing the small-bodied hominin Homo floresiensis , pygmy Stegodon proboscideans, varanids and giant murids has been described from Flores, but Quaternary faunas are poorly known from most other Lesser Sunda Islands. We report the discovery of extensive new fossil vertebrate collections from Pleistocene and Holocene deposits on Sumba, a large Wallacean island situated less than 50 km south of Flores. A fossil assemblage recovered from a Pleistocene deposit at Lewapaku in the interior highlands of Sumba, which may be close to 1 million years old, contains a series of skeletal elements of a very small Stegodon referable to S. sumbaensis , a tooth attributable to Varanus komodoensis , and fragmentary remains of unidentified giant murids. Holocene cave deposits at Mahaniwa dated to approximately 2000–3500 BP yielded extensive material of two new genera of endemic large-bodied murids, as well as fossils of an extinct frugivorous varanid. This new baseline for reconstructing Wallacean faunal histories reveals that Sumba's Quaternary vertebrate fauna, although phylogenetically distinctive, was comparable in diversity and composition to the Quaternary fauna of Flores, suggesting that similar assemblages may have characterized Quaternary terrestrial ecosystems on many or all of the larger Lesser Sunda Islands.
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Potts, Richard, and Alan Deino. "Mid-Pleistocene Change in Large Mammal Faunas of East Africa." Quaternary Research 43, no. 1 (January 1995): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1995.1010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractSingle-crystal 40Ar/39Ar age estimates of 392,000 ± 4000 to 330,000 ± 6000 yr from Lainyamok, a middle Pleistocene fossil locality in the southern Kenya rift, document the oldest evidence from sub-Saharan Africa of a diverse, large mammal fauna consisting entirely of extant species. The inferred age of this fauna implies an upper limit for extinction of species that characterize well-calibrated, mid-Pleistocene fossil assemblages in East Africa. For its age and species richness, the Lainyamok fauna is surprising for its lack of extinct forms (e.g., the bovine Pelorovis) well documented in later faunal assemblages of East and South Africa. Definitive presence of the South African blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas) is also unexpected, especially as this alcelaphine bovid is the dominant large mammal in the Lainyamok fauna. These age estimates and the faunal composition at Lainyamok indicate that geographic ranges and taxonomic associations of extant largebodied mammals were susceptible to wide fluctuations in sub-Saharan Africa over the past 330,000 yr. This inference is consistent with the hypothesis of nonanalogue, or ephemeral, biotas believed to characterize late Quaternary ecosystems of northern continents.
13
Taylor, P. G. "Reproducibility of ancient DNA sequences from extinct Pleistocene fauna." Molecular Biology and Evolution 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 283–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025566.
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FINKS, ROBERT M., KURT HOLLOCHER, and KENNETH J. THIES. "A Major Eocene Sponge Fauna (Castle Hayne Formation, North Carolina)." Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science 127, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 39–175. http://dx.doi.org/10.7572/2167-5880-127.2.39.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The Castle Hayne Formation (Middle and Upper Eocene, North Carolina) contains a rich, diverse and well-preserved sponge fauna, equaled among known Tertiary faunas only by the Eocene fauna of Western Australia and the Miocene fauna of Algeria. It includes among Calcarea two genera of lithonines, (3 new species); among Demospongia one hadromerine, two genera of choristids (2 new species), one cephalorhaphiditid (new genus and species), and three genera and species of plinthosellid lithistids (2 new species); and among Hexactinellida four genera of hexactinosan hexactinellids (1 new genus, 1 new subgenus, 2 new species), two genera of lychniscosan hexactinellids (1 new genus, 2 new species), and a new genus and species of lyssacine hexactinellid. Noteworthy are whole fossil specimens of Geodia and Stelletta (Stolleya), two new genera (one of which is extremely abundant) of cup-shaped hexactinellids with radial fins, and the first fossil species of the Recent genus Verrucocoeloidea. Two faunal facies are recognized: a near-shore one dominated by demosponges and an off-shore one dominated by hexactinellids (with lithonine Calcarea), a pattern known from other published Cretaceous and Tertiary faunas. The off-shore facies is dated from associated fossils as late Claibornian (Auversian); the near-shore facies is probably of approximately the same age because of some common species. The prominence of the extinct plinthosellid lithistids and the absence of rhizomorines and megamorines is noteworthy. All the genera have close relatives in the Cretaceous; all but the plinthosellids have living relatives as well, and five genera are still extant. It is noteworthy that this Eocene fauna is richer than any known North American Cretaceous sponge fauna, even though the Cretaceous was elsewhere very sponge-rich.
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Brezinski, David K. "Permian trilobites from West Texas." Journal of Paleontology 66, no. 6 (November 1992): 924–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000021028.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Trilobites occur in two generically distinct faunas in the Permian strata of West Texas. The stratigraphically lower fauna, composed of Ditomopyge decurtata (Gheyselinck), Ditomopyge sp., Triproetus angustus n. sp., Triproetus tumidus n. sp., Triproetus altasulcus n. sp., is present in Wolfcampian and early Leonardian strata. The stratigraphically upper fauna, present in late Leonardian and Guadalupian strata, is comprised of Delaria antiqua (Girty), Delaria granti n. sp., Delaria brevis n. sp., Delaria westexensis n. sp., Delaria chinatiensis n. sp., Novoameura vitrumons n. sp., Anisopyge perannulata (Shumard), and Anisopyge cooperi n. sp.The lower fauna originated in the late Pennsylvanian, inhabited shallow-water environments, was relatively pandemic, and is interpreted to have become extinct as a result of marine regression during the early to middle Leonardian. The endemic upper fauna originated in deep waters of the Marfa and Delaware Basins during the late Leonardian, and, concurrent with sea level rise, migrated and diversified into the shelf-margin reefs of the late Leonardian and Guadalupian. Regression during the Late Permian resulted in extinction of this second Permian trilobite fauna.
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Suárez, Rafael, and Guaciara M. Santos. "Cazadores recolectores tempranos, supervivencia de fauna del pleistoceno (equus sp. y glyptodon sp.) y tecnologia lítica durante el holoceno temprano en la frontera Uruguay-Brasil." Revista de Arqueologia 23, no. 2 (December 30, 2010): 20–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24885/sab.v23i2.298.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On this paper we show records of Pleistocene fauna from the archaeological site of PayPaso 1, located near of the Quarai River. On this site we recovered two extinct species, Equus sp. (ancient horse) e Glyptodon sp. (giant armadillo), direct associated with lithic artifacts. Our results indicate that these extinct mammals lived in the beginning of the Holocene (9,600 – 9,100 years 14C BP), based on nine 14C age results obtained by AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectrometry) measurements. In this work, these results are compared with others in South America. Human adaptation, lithic technology, Pleistocene fauna extinction and climate change at the transition between Pleistocene-Holocene are also discussed.
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-, Mitariani, I. Nyoman Artayasa, and Nyoman Dewi Pebryani. "Anggaru Klawu: Metafora Fauna Endemik Indonesia Owa Jawa Dalam Penciptaan Busana Dengan Art Of Beat Style." Style : Journal of Fashion Design 1, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.26887/style.v1i1.2112.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Indonesia is a country which has a diversity of flora and fauna. One of the endemic faunas of Indonesia is the Javan Gibbon. The Javan Gibbon (Hylobates Moloch) is a species of small ape without a tail with long arms, gray hair, and a distinctive voice. The Javan gibbon is an animal that is startining become endangered animal and almost extinct so that the IUCN Redlist has categorized as an "endangered" or threatened extinct. Javan Gibbons are the source of ideas for creating ready-to-wear, ready-to-wear deluxe and haute couture clothing which are implemented with metaphorical theory based on selected keywords, namely diurnal, arboreal, monogamous, territorial, sound, long sleeves, attracting attention and art of beat. The foundation of this fashion creation is using the method of. Tjok Istri Ratna Cora Sudharsana, namely Frangipani. “FRANGIPANI, The Secret Steps of Art Fashion” which consists of ten stages in the process of crafty fashion designs. The result of this creation is expected to be able to introduce to many people that Indonesia has the Javan Gibbon as an endemic animal of Indonesia that must be preserved in order that it does not become extinct.
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Runnegar, Bruce. "Paleobiology of the Ediacara Fauna." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200008169.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Long regarded as the earliest evidence for animal life, the fossils of the Ediacara fauna have come under increasingly close scrutiny as the result of a proposal made by A. Seilacher in 1983. At that time Seilacher suggested that the Ediacara fauna represents an extinct line of animal life (the Vendozoa) which pioneered a body form and modes of nutrition not seen in the Phanerozoic. More recently, Seilacher and others have suggested that most typical members of the Ediacara fauna were not even animals but were extinct foliate creatures analogous to algae or fungi which relied on endogenous photosymbionts or chemosymbionts for food and energy.It would not be surprising if the Ediacaran organisms contained bacterial or eukaryotic endosymbionts as endosymbiosis at the organelle or unicell level is the norm rather than the exception for many protists and diploblastic metazoans. However, it is difficult to find the evidence to test this endosymbiont hypothesis because the Ediacaran fossils are merely impressions of soft bodies in sandstone or siltstone.As there are no clear modern homologs of most of the Ediacaran organisms it is necessary to resort to logic and experiment to understand them. This has proved to be a formidable task but some progress is being made with complex forms such as Dickinsonia and Phyllozoon. Although no core member of the Ediacara fauna is unequivocally an early animal, there are more similarities to animals than to algae or fungi. There is no evidence at all that the vendozoans are fourth form of eukaryotic multicellular life.
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Richards, Kelly R., Janet E. Sherwin, Timothy R. Smithson, Rebecca F. Bennion, Sarah J. Davies, John E. A. Marshall, and Jennifer A. Clack. "Diverse and durophagous: Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Scottish Borders." Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 108, no. 1 (March 2017): 67–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755691018000166.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACTChondrichthyan teeth from a new locality in the Scottish Borders supply additional evidence of Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans in the UK. The interbedded dolostones and siltstones of the Ballagan Formation exposed along Whitrope Burn are interpreted as representing a restricted lagoonal environment that received significant amounts of land-derived sediment. This site is palynologically dated to the latest Tournaisian–early Viséan. The diverse dental fauna documented here is dominated by large crushing holocephalan toothplates, with very few, small non-crushing chondrichthyan teeth. Two new taxa are named and described. Our samples are consistent with worldwide evidence that chondrichthyan crushing faunas are common following the Hangenberg extinction event. The lagoonal habitat represented by Whitrope Burn may represent a temporary refugium that was host to a near-relict fauna dominated by large holocephalan chondrichthyans with crushing dentitions. Many of these had already become scarce in other localities by the Viséan and become extinct later in the Carboniferous. This fauna provides evidence of early endemism or niche separation within European chondrichthyan faunas at this time. This evidence points to a complex picture in which the diversity of durophagous chondrichthyans is controlled by narrow spatial shifts in niche availability over time.
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Arroyo-Cabrales, Joaquin, Eileen Johnson, and J. Alberto Cruz. "San Josecito Cave and Its Paleoecological Contributions for Quaternary Studies in Mexico." Quaternary 4, no. 4 (October 26, 2021): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/quat4040034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
San Josecito Cave (2250 m elevation) is located nearby Aramberri, Nuevo León, northeastern Mexico, with excavations occurring in 1935–1941 and 1990. It is a paleontological cave and the significance of its faunal data rests in the understanding of the Quaternary ecosystems of the Mexican Plateau and the Southern Plains. This significance is underpinned by a consideration of associated stratigraphic and geochronological data. The fauna is composed of mollusks, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. More than 30 extinct vertebrate species have been identified, constituting one of the most important Quaternary localities in the Americas. Radiocarbon dates and faunal correlations indicate the excavated deposits represent an interval of time between 45,000 and 11,000 14C years BP. The current synthesis demonstrates that the previous view of the assemblage as a single local fauna is erroneous and that, instead, several successive local faunas are present within a stratigraphic framework. This finding underscores the need for detailed studies of single localities in building paleoenvironmental models. As a corollary, results point to the necessity of including all vertebrate classes represented from a locality in building those models. In addition, the field and analytical methodologies demonstrate the importance of very detailed paleontological excavations, with precise spatial and temporal controls, to assess the taphonomic history of a locality, construct a stratigraphic and geochronological framework, and infer the paleoecological conditions during the time span considered based on the number of local faunas represented. The recognition of San Josecito Cave as an important Late Pleistocene vertebrate paleontological locality is enhanced with the consideration of its faunal data for paleoenvironment reconstruction and possible contribution to Quaternary paleoclimatic modeling.
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Marean, Curtis W. "Implications of Late Quaternary Mammalian Fauna from Lukenya Hill (South-Central Kenya) for Paleoenvironmental Change and Faunal Extinctions." Quaternary Research 37, no. 2 (March 1992): 239–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(92)90085-w.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractLate Quaternary paleoenvironmental data for East Africa are derived primarily from montane sources and thus we know little about the changing composition of East African savannas. Four archaeological sites at Lukenya Hill in the savanna of the Athi-Kapiti Plains of Kenya that date to the last 40,000 yr preserve a large mammalian fauna. The prehistoric hunters concentrated on migratory ungulates and virtually ignored the resident inselberg ungulates throughout the occupation. Faunas of the last glacial maximum are dominated by an extinct small alcelaphine antelope. Arid-adapted ungulates are present that are regionally absent historically, and Pelorovis is present as well. The small alcelaphine and arid-adapted ungulates are absent in the Holocene deposits. This suggests that there was an expansion of dry savannas during the last glacial maximum. The last glacial maximum aridity, combined with a lack of pastoral-set fires, would have resulted in a vegetative mosaic distinct from the present. Dry woody growth and dry and/or tall grass, all of which are poor forage for ungulates, would have been common where seasonally moist short grasslands are presently extant. These conditions favored the large-bodied, highly hypsodont species in Africa that became extinct with the onset of wet conditions during the early Holocene.
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Pimiento, Catalina, Gerardo González-Barba, Dana J. Ehret, Austin J. W. Hendy, Bruce J. MacFadden, and Carlos Jaramillo. "Sharks and rays (Chondrichthyes, Elasmobranchii) from the late Miocene Gatun Formation of Panama." Journal of Paleontology 87, no. 5 (September 2013): 755–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/12-117.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The late Miocene Gatun Formation of northern Panama contains a highly diverse and well sampled fossil marine assemblage that occupied a shallow-water embayment close to a purported connection between the Pacific and Atlantic (Caribbean) oceans. However, the diverse chondrichthyan fauna has been poorly documented. Based on recent field discoveries and further analysis of existing collections, the chondrichthyan fauna from this unit comprises at least 26 taxa, of which four species are extinct today. The remaining portion of the total chondrichthyan biodiversity has affinities with modern taxa and is therefore comprised of long-lived species. Based on known records of the modern geographic distribution range of the Gatun chondrichthyans, the fauna has mixed biogeographic affinities suggesting that around 10 million yr ago, a connection likely occurred between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. Given the known habitat preferences for modern chondrichthyans, the Gatun fauna was primarily adapted to shallow waters within the neritic zone. Finally, comparisons of Gatun dental measurements with other faunas suggest that many of the taxa have an abundance of small individuals, in agreement with previous studies that proposed this area as a paleonursery habitat for the species Carcharocles megalodon.
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Macfadden, Bruce J., Michael X. Kirby, Aldo Rincon, Camilo Montes, Sara Moron, Nikki Strong, and Carlos Jaramillo. "Extinct peccary “Cynorca” occidentale (Tayassuidae, Tayassuinae) from the Miocene of Panama and correlations to North America." Journal of Paleontology 84, no. 2 (March 2010): 288–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/09-064r.1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recently collected specimens of the extinct tayassuine peccary “Cynorca” occidentale (and another indeterminant tayassuid) are described from new excavations along the southern reaches of the Panama Canal. Fossil peccaries were previously unknown from Panama, and these new tayassuid specimens therefore add to the extinct mammalian biodiversity in this region. “Cynorca” occidentale occurs in situ in the Centenario Fauna (new name) from both the upper part of the Culebra Formation and overlying Cucaracha Formation, thus encompassing a stratigraphic interval that includes both of these formations and the previously described and more restricted Gaillard Cut Local Fauna. “Cynorca” occidentale is a primitive member of the clade that gives rise to modern tayassuines in the New World. Diagnostic characters for “C.” occidentale include a retained primitive M1, reduced M3, and shallow mandible, and this species is small relative to most other extinct and modern tayassuine peccaries. Based on the closest biostratigraphic comparisions (Maryland, Florida, Texas, and California), the presence of “C.” occidentale indicates an interval of uncertain duration within the early Hemingfordian (He1) to early Barstovian (Ba 1) land mammal ages (early to middle Miocene) for the Centenario Fauna, between about 19 and 14.8 million years ago. Based on what is known of the modern ecology of tayassuines and previous paleoecological interpretations for Panama, “C.” occidentale likely occupied a variety of environments, ranging from forested to open country habitat mosaics and fed on the diverse array of available plants.
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Noble, James. "Fossil features of mulgaAcacia aneuralandscapes: possible imprinting by extinct Pleistocene fauna." Australian Zoologist 31, no. 2 (September 1999): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.1999.041.
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Harvey, Virginia L., Victoria M. Egerton, Andrew T. Chamberlain, Phillip L. Manning, William I. Sellers, and Michael Buckley. "Interpreting the historical terrestrial vertebrate biodiversity of Cayman Brac (Greater Antilles, Caribbean) through collagen fingerprinting." Holocene 29, no. 4 (January 29, 2019): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959683618824793.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cayman Brac (Cayman Islands) lies within the Caribbean Islands Biodiversity Hotspot, an epicenter of high biodiversity and endemism. However, all endemic terrestrial mammals on the Cayman Islands are now extinct, following post-1500 AD human colonization of the islands. Introduced rodents and domesticated mammals now exclusively represent this facet of terrestrial fauna on the Cayman Islands, and are a likely cause of endemic species loss on the islands. Cayman Brac has numerous caves and rock fissures that offer protection to a naturally accumulated ensemble of vertebrate sub-fossil bone remains, documenting modifications in island biodiversity through the Holocene. In this study, we showcase the first molecular faunal survey undertaken on sub-fossil remains from the Cayman Islands, using collagen fingerprinting for taxonomic identification of the cave skeletal deposits collected from a single cave system, Green Cave on Cayman Brac. Collagen type (I) extracts from 485 bone fragments were analyzed to determine faunal identity and assemblage composition. A total of 76% of the collagen fingerprint-yielding samples were mammalian in origin, 67% of which were identified as invasive murid rodents. Here, we present mass spectral biomarkers for the endemic terrestrial mammal fauna of Cayman Brac, including the extinct capromyid rodents, Capromys and Geocapromys (Rodentia: Capromyidae), alongside commentary on the composition of the sub-fossil bone assemblage between the five distinct depositional chambers that comprise Green Cave. Collagen (I) provides a key service in taxonomic identification and mapping of macroevolutionary trends, and these results suggest a pivotal role for murid rodents in the competition and extinction of terrestrial endemic mammals from the Cayman Islands.
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Fraser, Danielle, and Jessica M. Theodor. "The use of gross dental wear in dietary studies of extinct lagomorphs." Journal of Paleontology 84, no. 4 (July 2010): 720–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002233600005842x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Studies of paleoenvironments have commonly focused on large mammalian herbivores such as ungulates. Many localities, however, have yielded large numbers of small mammalian herbivores, including lagomorphs and rodents. These fossils represent an untapped paleoecological resource. However, the fossils are often in the form of isolated teeth, and microwear analysis cannot be used due to taphonomic alteration. As a result, we use ungulate gross dental wear as a model. The dental wear features of extant western Canadian lagomorphs are identified and used to create dietary categories that can be applied to make predictions about the diets of extinct forms. The Horse Local Fauna of the Cypress Hills Formation of Saskatchewan has yielded approximately 2,500 fossil specimens, of which nearly 300 are lagomorphs. Two leporid species (rabbits and hares) are present in the Horse Local Fauna, Palaeolagus temnodon and Megalagus brachyodon. Qualitative analysis of the gross dental wear of the lagomorphs of the Horse Local Fauna indicates that M. brachyodon was mainly folivorous and P. temnodon was primarily frugivorous, suggesting that the contemporaneous ecosystem was tree dominated. Gross dental wear analysis allows the use of small herbivores and isolated teeth in paleoecological studies. Studying the diets of small herbivorous mammals will allow more nearly complete reconstructions of past environments and will become increasingly important as more detailed reconstructions are required by paleontologists.
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Start, A. N., A. A. Burbidge, P. G. Kendrick, and N. L. McKenzie. "Terrestrial mammals of the south-western Little Sandy Desert, Western Australia." Australian Mammalogy 35, no. 1 (2013): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am12010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The mammal fauna of the south-western Little Sandy Desert was systematically surveyed during three visits to each of five sites at three locations representing the array of surfaces in the biogeomorphic landscape of the study area. A fourth, less systematic, expedition revisited one location and sampled two new ones. Nineteen extant, native species and seven exotic species were recorded. Fourteen extant species were below the Critical Weight Range (CWR), two (both large macropods) were above it and three (a monotreme, a rodent and a dasyurid) were within it. Another five CWR species may persist but were not recorded. An additional 19 species, all within the CWR, are thought to have occurred in the area but are now presumed extinct or locally extinct; we recorded evidence for the former presence of four of them. Surface type was an important determinant of habitat and spatially minor surfaces were disproportionately diverse but differed in their relevance to indigenous and exotic species respectively. Sandstone ranges had the richest indigenous faunas and six extant species were restricted to that habitat. Loam and clay surfaces had the richest exotic faunas.
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Marincovich, Louie. "Danian Mollusks from the Prince Creek Formation, Northern Alaska, and Implications for Arctic Ocean Paleogeography." Journal of Paleontology 67, S35 (September 1993): 1–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000062259.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The marine molluscan fauna of the Prince Creek Formation near Ocean Point, northern Alaska, is of Danian age. It is the only diverse and abundant Danian molluscan fauna known from the Arctic Ocean realm, and is the first evidence for an indigenous Paleocene shallow-water biota within a discrete Arctic Ocean Basin faunal province.A high percentage of endemic species, and two endemic genera, emphasize the degree to which the Arctic Ocean was geographically isolated from the world ocean during the earliest Tertiary. Many of the well-preserved Ocean Point mollusks, however, also occur in Danian faunas of the North American Western Interior, the Canadian Arctic Islands, Svalbard, and northwestern Europe, and are the basis for relating this Arctic Ocean fauna to that of the Danian world ocean.The Arctic Ocean was a Danian refugium for some genera that became extinct elsewhere during the Jurassic and Cretaceous. At the same time, this nearly landlocked ocean fostered the evolution of new taxa that later in the Paleogene migrated into the world ocean by way of the northeastern Atlantic. The first Cenozoic occurrences are reported for the bivalves Integricardium (Integricardium), Oxytoma (Hypoxytoma), Placunopsis, Tancredia (Tancredia), and Tellinimera, and the oldest Cenozoic records given for the bivalves Gari (Garum), Neilo, and Yoldia (Cnesterium). Among the 25 species in the molluscan fauna are four new gastropod species, Amauropsis fetteri, Ellipsoscapha sohli, Mathilda (Fimbriatella) amundseni, and Polinices (Euspira) repenningi, two new bivalve genera, Arcticlam and Mytilon, and 15 new bivalve species, Arcticlam nanseni, Corbula (Caryocorbula) betsyae, Crenella kannoi, Cyrtodaria katieae, Gari (Garum) brouwersae, Integricardium (Integricardium) keenae, Mytilon theresae, Neilo gryci, Nucula (Nucula) micheleae, Nuculana (Jupiteria) moriyai, Oxytoma (Hypoxytoma) hargrovei, Placunopsis rothi, Tancredia (Tancredia) slavichi, Tellinimera kauffmani, and Yoldia (Cnesterium) gladenkovi.
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Skwara, T., and E. G. Walker. "Extinct muskox and other additions to the Late Pleistocene Riddell Local Fauna, Saskatoon, Canada." Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 26, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 881–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/e89-071.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fossils recently recovered from the Riddell Member of the Floral Formation, a richly fossiliferous intertill sand and gravel deposit in the Saskatoon area, include taxa previously unknown from the Riddell Local Fauna and confirm the presence of others. Bootherium bombifrons (= Symbos cavifrons), represented by a well-preserved but incomplete skull, is new. Details of its preserved morphology support concepts of developmental variability and sexual dimorphism in the extinct species. Also new is the beaver, Castor canadensis, represented by an incomplete ulna. Additional fossils of horses indicate that at least two species, Equus niobrarensis, as well as the previously identified E. conversidens, were present. A Rancholabrean age (probably Rancholabrean II) for the fauna is confirmed by the presence of Bootherium bombifrons, a muskox known only from Illinoian and younger time in North America, but lithologic and stratigraphic relationships of tills and ecological requirements of the fauna limit the Riddell Member to the Sangamonian. Disharmonious associations of small mammals and high megafaunal diversity are consistent with the emerging picture of Pleistocene ecosystems as highly co-evolved and heterogeneous and without modern analogs.
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Hasegawa, Motohiro, Shinji Sugiura, Masamichi T. Ito, Aska Yamaki, Keiko Hamaguchi, Toshio Kishimoto, and Isamu Okochi. "Community structures of soil animals and survival of land snails on an island of the Ogasawara Archipelago." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 44, no. 8 (August 2009): 896–903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2009000800014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
On Chichijima, one of the Ogasawara (Bonin) Islands located in the Western Pacific Ocean, land snails have declined, the suggested cause being predation pressure by an invasive flatworm (Platydemus manokwari). Soil fauna were investigated in areas where the snail survives, and where it has become extinct. Much of the fauna, dominated by introduced earthworms and ants, was undiminished, however, one undescribed but endemic carabid (Badister sp.), which selectively feeds on land snails, was absent in snail-extinct areas. The invasive flatworm P. manokwari has been reported to feed also on the carcasses of earthworms, as well as on live snails, and is therefore expected to occur in most parts of Chichijima Island. Among other groups, the density of isopods (also dominated by exotic species) was very low, in comparison with the reported ones 30 years ago. Community structure is currently reflected by dominance of earthworms and ants, decline of endemic isopods, and a high frequency of introduced or alien species.
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Gilinsky, Norman L. "Survivorship in the Bivalvia: comparing living and extinct genera and families." Paleobiology 14, no. 4 (1988): 370–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0094837300012112.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
George Gaylord Simpson was one of the first paleontologists to apply survivorship analysis to the study of fossil taxa. His finding that the survivorship curve for extant bivalve genera plotted above that for extinct genera led him to conclude that bivalve genera are drawn from at least two distinct distributions of longevities, and formed the fundamental basis for his influential concepts of horotelic and bradytelic evolutionary rates. Survivorship curves presented in this paper show the same pattern of disjunct survivorship in genera from the Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology and in families from Sepkoski's compendium.Some of the observed differences between survivorship curves are artificial, occurring because long-lived genera and families are more likely to survive to the Recent than short-lived genera and families. The living fauna thus contains a disproportionate number of long-lived genera and families, and the survivorship curve for the living fauna is expected to lie above that for the extinct fauna for this reason alone—even if all longevities are drawn from the same distribution. Recognition of this bias led Raup (1975) to question the significance of the survivorship patterns presented by Van Valen (1973), and Stanley's (1984) acceptance of Raup's argument led him to dismiss the survivorship pattern discovered by Simpson. But statistical analysis using bootstrapping shows that this bias accounts for only a small proportion of the difference between survivorship curves. Other biases considered, such as “pull of the Recent,” “asymmetrical range truncation,” and erroneous concatenation of stratigraphic ranges, do not account for the pattern either. Although still other biases, as yet unknown, cannot definitively be ruled out, it appears that the longevities of extinct and living bivalve taxa are meaningfully different, and that the fundamental causes are biological.
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Nakaya, Hideo. "Faunal turnover of the Miocene mammalian faunas of Sub-Saharan Africa and the middle Miocene paleoenvironmental change." Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007784.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In evolutionary paleontology of terrestrial biotas, the Miocene is the most important age especially for evolution of hominids and mammalian faunas. The modern mammalian fauna appeared from the end of this age in Eurasia. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the assemblage of the late Miocene mammalian faunas was very poor, and these faunas were represented by only few faunas. Therefore, this incompleteness of the late Miocene East African faunas, it is very difficult to analyze faunal turnover of Sub-Saharan mammalian faunas and compare with Eurasian and Sub-Saharan faunas of this age.The paleontological contribution of the Japan and Kenya joint expedition to the Samburu Hills, northern Kenya covered this gap of mammalian evolution in Sub-Saharan Africa.In this work, the Miocene mammalian faunas in Sub-Saharan Africa is examined the half-life (Kurtén 1959, 1972, 1988) of each faunal assemblages (sets).Assemblage of the mammalian faunas from early Miocene was comparatively stable and had long half life in Sub-Saharan Africa on the basis of the results of this work.However, mammalian assemblage changed drastically at the middle Miocene (Astaracian) in Sub-Saharan Africa.A great number of early to middle Miocene mammalian taxa were extinct and the modern mammalian taxa appeared in this period. The half life of middle and late Miocene mammalian faunas is shortened compared with the early Miocene faunas in the East Africa. This geological event of faunal turnover occurred by the immigration and divergence of open land taxa.It is evident that the rise of open land taxa is related to the environmental change for the plateau phonolite and basalt volcanism in the middle Miocene East Africa (Pickford 1981) and the worldwide warm and arid event (savannitisation) of continental temperate zone in the middle to late Miocene (Liu 1988). In the middle Miocene (16 Ma) Pacific region, it has been proposed that the tropical event is recognized from shallow marine faunas of the Southwestern Japan (Tsuchi 1986). African and Eurasian land connection was also established before the middle Miocene (16 Ma±) (Bernor et al. 1987).The Astaracian faunal turnover in Sub-Saharan Africa is considered to be caused by immigration and diversity of open country mammalian taxa and that was related to the worldwide middle Miocene warm event and the plateau volcanism in middle Miocene East Africa. Furthermore, the Pleistocene and modern taxa and their direct ancestors of Sub-Saharan Africa appeared from the late Miocene faunas of East Africa. It has been made clear that the Namurungule Fauna is the forerunner of the modern Sub-Saharan mammalian fauna of savanna environments.As mentioned before, the Hominid Fossil was found from the Namurungule Formation (late Miocene) of northern Kenya. The savannitisation in the Sub-Saharan Africa began in middle Miocene. The origin of hominid bipedalism seems to be closely related to the environmental change from forest to open land (Foley 1984). Human evolution in East Africa is accelerated by the savannitisation of Sub-Saharan Africa which commenced earlier than that of Eurasia and continued throughout the Neogene.
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Jull, A. J. T., M. Iturralde-Vinent, J. M. O'Malley, R. D. E. MacPhee, H. G. McDonald, P. S. Martin, J. Moody, and A. Rincón. "Radiocarbon dating of extinct fauna in the Americas recovered from tar pits." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 223-224 (August 2004): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.04.123.
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Kammer, Thomas W., and William I. Ausich. "Demise of the middle Paleozoic crinoid fauna: gradual or mass extinction?" Paleontological Society Special Publications 6 (1992): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2475262200007164.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There are essentially three major crinoid faunas of the Paleozoic: 1) the lower Paleozoic (Ordovician) fauna dominated by disparids and diplobathrid camerates; 2) the middle Paleozoic (Silurian-middle Mississippian) fauna dominated by monobathrid camerates, cladids, and flexibles; and 3) the upper Paleozoic (middle Mississippian-Permian) fauna dominated by cladids. Change from the middle Paleozoic fauna to the late Paleozoic fauna, at or near the Osagean-Meramecian boundary, was characterized by Laudon (1948) as “one of the most remarkable faunal breaks in the entire Paleozoic era”. The monobathrids that had reached their zenith in the Osagean (Tournaisian-Visean) became a very minor component of late Paleozoic faunas. Conventional thinking has implied that a mass extinction of crinoids occurred at the Osagean-Meramecian boundary.We have biostratigraphically subdivided the late Osagean and early Meramecian into four zones (times A-D, oldest to youngest, all within the Gnathodustexanus zone) in order to study the origination and extinction of all crinoid species during the changeover from the middle to upper Paleozoic faunas. Rather than a mass extinction, a monotonic turnover of species fits a pattern of gradual extinction as extinctions outpaced originations. Data are based on 216 species (taxonomically updated) from 69 localities and are as follows:The pattern of originations and extinctions for monobathrids is very similar to the pattern for all crinoid species.The above data have maximum diversity during Time B of the late Osagean followed by declining diversity in times C and D into the early Meramecian. Late Meramecian crinoid faunas (after time D) were less diverse with a maximum of about 45 species. The gradual decline of crinoids across the Osagean-Meramecian boundary cannot be explained as sampling bias (Signor-Lipps effect), because ranges of crinoids thought to be extinct at the boundary are extended into the early Meramecian as well as disappearing at various tinles prior to the boundary.The decline in diversity and the monotonic turnover of species are hypothesized to be the result of habitat reduction as the Eastern Interior Basin of North America was gradually infilled with clastic sediments at the end of the Acadian Orogeny. Most notable in this regard was the smothering of the Keokuk Limestone carbonate bank. Changes in sea level also contributed to habitat reduction. Lowering of sea level at the end of the Osagean caused restriction of open marine environments. A transgression in the early Meramecian was followed by shoaling and restriction during deposition of the late Meramecian Salem and St. Louis limestones.
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Silcock, J. L., A. R. Field, N. G. Walsh, and R. J. Fensham. "To name those lost: assessing extinction likelihood in the Australian vascular flora." Oryx 54, no. 2 (August 29, 2019): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605318001357.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractExtinction is a profound biological event, yet despite its finality it can be difficult to verify and many frameworks have been proposed to define formally that extinction has occurred. For most taxonomic groups and regions there is no reliable list of species considered to be probably or possibly extinct. The record of plant extinctions in Australia is no exception, characterized by high turn-over within lists, low transparency of attribution and lack of consistency between jurisdictions. This makes it impossible to evaluate how many plant taxa have become extinct in Australia. We present an ecological framework for assessing the likelihood of plant extinctions, based on taxonomic soundness, degree of habitat modification, detectability and search effort, underpinned by the best available expert knowledge. We show that, in sharp contrast to both the fate of the Australian fauna and prevailing assumptions, only 12 of 71 plant taxa currently listed as or assumed to be extinct are considered probably extinct, and a further 21 possibly extinct. Twenty taxa listed as or assumed to be extinct have dubious taxonomy or occurrence in Australia, and the remaining 18 taxa are considered possibly extant and further surveys are required to ascertain their status. The list of probably and possibly extinct plants is dwarfed by the number thought extinct but rediscovered since 1980. Our method can be used for vascular floras in other regions characterized by well-documented and curated floras and high levels of expert knowledge, and provides a transparent platform for assessing changes in the status of biodiversity.
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Szyndlar, Zbigniew. "Early Oligocene to Pliocene Colubridae of Europe: a review." Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 183, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 661–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gssgfbull.183.6.661.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The paper reviews the entire fossil record of the Colubridae coming from the European Early Oligocene (MP21) to late Early Pliocene (MN15) localities. Prior to the end of the Early Miocene, European colubrids were rare and dominated by booid snakes. At the end of the Early Miocene (MN4), the archaic ophidian fauna of Europe was literally flooded by eastern immigrants, principally representatives of the colubroid families Colubridae, Elapidae, and Viperidae. Since then, the Colubridae became a dominant group in snake assemblages, both in Europe and elsewhere. The rich colubrid fauna inhabiting the European continent in the Middle Miocene (MN5 to 7+8) was composed exclusively of extinct species, representing mainly fossil genera, although members of living genera were also quite common. At the beginning of the Late Miocene (MN9), almost all fossil genera became extinct, but living genera were represented exclusively by fossil species. In the late Early Pliocene (MN15), almost all European colubrids were living species. The Late Pliocene (MN16) and Pleistocene colubrid snakes did not differ from those inhabiting Europe today.
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Budd, Ann F., Thomas A. Stemann, and Robert H. Stewart. "Eocene Caribbean reef corals: a unique fauna from the Gatuncillo Formation of Panama." Journal of Paleontology 66, no. 4 (July 1992): 570–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000024446.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Forty-three species of 25 genera are described in a collection of 170 large, massive reef corals from the upper Eocene Gatuncillo Formation near Lago Alahuela in central Panama. Comparisons with type material for other Eocene Caribbean reef corals suggest that 27 of these species are new. Twenty-four of these species are named herein. Like other Eocene Caribbean reef-coral faunas, the fauna is rich in Astrocoenia, Actinacis, and Astreopora; however, unlike other faunas, plocoid and meandroid members of the family Faviidae (e.g., Montastraea, Agathiphyllia, Goniastrea, and Colpophyllia) are abundant. Also present are the oldest known representatives of the genera Meandrina, Coscinaraea, Alveopora, Heliopora, and Pocillopora, as well as the only recorded occurrences of Coscinaraea and Cyathoseris from the Caribbean. Comparisons with Oligocene and Recent Caribbean reef-coral faunas suggest that the generic composition of Cenozoic Caribbean reefs became established during the Eocene. With exception of the family Mussidae, much of the post-Oligocene history of the Caribbean is one of extinction at the generic level (19 of the 28 Eocene genera became extinct) and proliferation of species within the surviving genera.
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Withnell, Charles B., Renaud Joannes-Boyau, and Christopher J. Bell. "A reassessment of the age of the fauna from Cumberland Bone Cave, Maryland, (middle Pleistocene) using coupled U-series and electron spin resonance dating (ESR)." Quaternary Research 97 (June 16, 2020): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/qua.2020.30.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe deposits in Cumberland Bone Cave (Allegany County, Maryland) preserved one of the most taxonomically diverse pre-radiocarbon Pleistocene faunas in the northeastern United States. The site has long been recognized as an important record of Pleistocene life in the region, but numerical age control for the fauna was never developed, and hypotheses for its age have been based upon biochronological assessments of the mammalian fauna. We used fossil teeth and preserved sediment housed in museum collections to obtain the first numerical age assessment of the fauna from Cumberland Bone Cave. Coupled U-series Electron Spin Resonance (US-ESR) was used to date fossil molars of the extinct peccary, Platygonus sp. The age estimates of two teeth gave ages of 722 ± 64 and 790 ± 53 ka. Our results are supported by previously unpublished paleomagnetic data generated by the late John Guilday, and by plotting length-width of the first molar (m1) of Ondatra (muskrats) from Cumberland Bone Cave on the chronocline of Ondatra molar evolution in North America. Our age assessments are surprisingly close to the age estimate previously proposed by Charles Repenning, who based his age on a somewhat complicated model of speciation and morphotype evolution among arvicoline rodents.
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Feranec, Robert S. "Implications of Radiocarbon Dates from Potter Creek Cave, Shasta County, California, USA." Radiocarbon 51, no. 3 (2009): 931–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200034007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
New dates obtained from the bone collagen of mammals from the deposits in Potter Creek Cave, Shasta County, California, USA, show that these fossils were emplaced over the last 30,000 yr. The dates support the assignment of the fauna in the cave to the late Pleistocene and are contemporaneous to the dates obtained from the fauna of Samwel Cave located 5 km to the north. These new dates do not support previous radiocarbon dates suggesting a Holocene extinction of the extinct bovid Euceratherium collinum, and demonstrate that this and other megafauna were not present in the vicinity after the terminal Pleistocene.
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Kehlmaier, Christian, Axel Barlow, Alexander K. Hastings, Melita Vamberger, Johanna L. A. Paijmans, David W. Steadman, Nancy A. Albury, Richard Franz, Michael Hofreiter, and Uwe Fritz. "Tropical ancient DNA reveals relationships of the extinct Bahamian giant tortoise Chelonoidis alburyorum." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1846 (January 11, 2017): 20162235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2016.2235.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ancient DNA of extinct species from the Pleistocene and Holocene has provided valuable evolutionary insights. However, these are largely restricted to mammals and high latitudes because DNA preservation in warm climates is typically poor. In the tropics and subtropics, non-avian reptiles constitute a significant part of the fauna and little is known about the genetics of the many extinct reptiles from tropical islands. We have reconstructed the near-complete mitochondrial genome of an extinct giant tortoise from the Bahamas ( Chelonoidis alburyorum ) using an approximately 1 000-year-old humerus from a water-filled sinkhole (blue hole) on Great Abaco Island. Phylogenetic and molecular clock analyses place this extinct species as closely related to Galápagos ( C. niger complex) and Chaco tortoises ( C. chilensis ), and provide evidence for repeated overseas dispersal in this tortoise group. The ancestors of extant Chelonoidis species arrived in South America from Africa only after the opening of the Atlantic Ocean and dispersed from there to the Caribbean and the Galápagos Islands. Our results also suggest that the anoxic, thermally buffered environment of blue holes may enhance DNA preservation, and thus are opening a window for better understanding evolution and population history of extinct tropical species, which would likely still exist without human impact.
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MANDA, ŠTĚPÁN, PETR ŠTORCH, LADISLAV SLAVÍK, JIŘÍ FRÝDA, JIŘÍ KŘÍŽ, and ZUZANA TASÁRYOVÁ. "The graptolite, conodont and sedimentary record through the late Ludlow Kozlowskii Event (Silurian) in the shale-dominated succession of Bohemia." Geological Magazine 149, no. 3 (October 6, 2011): 507–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756811000847.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe shale-dominated hemipelagic succession exposed in the southwestern part of the Prague Synform preserves the most complete Ludfordian graptolite record so far encountered from peri-Gondwanan Europe. Four graptolite biozones – theNeocucullograptus inexpectatus,Nc. kozlowskii,Pseudomonoclimacis latilobus–Slovinograptus balticusandPristiograptus fragmentalisbiozones – are recognized in the middle and late Ludfordian, between theBohemograptus tenuisBiozone and the base of the Pridoli Series. Conodont occurrences are restricted to scattered limestone beds, but enable tentative integration of the graptolite and conodont biozonal schemes. Particular attention was paid to faunal and sedimentary changes and the carbon isotope record across the middle Ludfordian Kozlowskii extinction Event. The Kozlowskii Event caused the almost simultaneous extinction of graptolites with ventrally curved rhabdosomes. The generaBohemograptus,PolonograptusandNeocucullograptus, along withPseudomonoclimacis dalejensis, disappeared from the fossil record. The offshore conodont fauna recorded in the section was not strongly affected and similarly the pelagic orthocerids and nektonicCeratiocarispassed unaffected through the extinction interval. The abundant and widespread pelagic myodocopid ostracodEntomis, however, became extinct. The late Ludfordian graptolite recovery gave origin to a novel fauna of Pridoli type from taxa that emerged or just reappeared above the Kozlowskii crisis. In Všeradice and elsewhere in the Prague Synform, the recovery, manifested by the appearance ofPseudomonoclimacis latilobusandSlovinograptus balticus, closely postdates the end of the isotope excursion but pre-dates the first appearance of the conodont index ‘Ozarkodina’snajdri. Here the graptolite recovery was delayed relative to the recovery of the benthic fauna. A canalized intraformational limestone conglomerate corresponds with a gap in the sedimentary record above the Kozlowskii extinction and just below the graptolite recovery. The benthic faunas from the conglomerate matrix and pebbles permit correlation with the shallower part of the basin indicating a distinct fall in sea-level. The present data demonstrate the coincidence of the graptolite crisis with benthic faunal change and eustatic fall in sea-level manifested by facies change and the carbon isotope excursion.Polonograptus chlupacisp. nov., from theNc. kozlowskiiBiozone, is described and several other graptolite taxa are redescribed.
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Van Damme, D., and A. Gautier. "Lacustrine mollusc radiations in the Malawi Basin: experiments in a natural laboratory for evolution." Biogeosciences Discussions 9, no. 12 (December 18, 2012): 18519–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-9-18519-2012.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. In Terminal Pliocene-Early Pleistocene times, part of the Malawi Basin was occupied by palaeo-lake Chiwondo. Molluscan biostratigraphy situates this freshwater lake either in the East African wet phase between 2.7–2.4 Ma or that of 2.0–1.8 Ma. In-lake divergent evolution remained restricted to a few molluscan taxa and was very modest. The lacustrine Chiwondo fauna went extinct at the beginning of the Pleistocene. The Modern Lake Malawi malacofauna is poor and descends from ubiquistic South-East African taxa and some Malawi Basin endemics that invaded the present lake after the Late Pleistocene mega-droughts. The Pleistocene aridity crises caused dramatic changes, affecting the malacofauna of all East African lakes. All lacustrine endemic faunas that had evolved in the Pliocene rift lakes, such as palaeo-lake Chiwondo, became extinct. In Lake Tanganyika, the freshwater ecosystem did not crash as in other lakes, but the environmental changes were sufficiently important to trigger a vast radiation. All African endemic lacustrine molluscan clades that are the result of in-lake divergence are hence geologically young, including the vast Lavigeria clade in Lake Tanganyika (ca. 43 species).
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Van Damme, D., and A. Gautier. "Lacustrine mollusc radiations in the Lake Malawi Basin: experiments in a natural laboratory for evolution." Biogeosciences 10, no. 9 (September 3, 2013): 5767–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-5767-2013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. In terminal Pliocene–early Pleistocene times, part of the Malawi Basin was occupied by paleo-lake Chiwondo. Molluscan biostratigraphy situates this freshwater lake either in the East African wet phase between 2.7–2.4 Ma or that of 2.0–1.8 Ma. In-lake divergent evolution remained restricted to a few molluscan taxa and was very modest. The lacustrine Chiwondo fauna went extinct at the beginning of the Pleistocene. The modern Lake Malawi malacofauna is depauperate and descends from ubiquistic southeast African taxa and some Malawi basin endemics that invaded the present lake after the Late Pleistocene mega-droughts. The Pleistocene aridity crises caused dramatic changes, affecting the malacofauna of all East African lakes. All lacustrine endemic faunas that had evolved in the Pliocene rift lakes, such as paleo-lake Chiwondo, became extinct. In Lake Tanganyika, the freshwater ecosystem did not crash as in other lakes, but the environmental changes were sufficiently important to trigger a vast radiation. All African endemic lacustrine molluscan clades that are the result of in-lake divergence are hence geologically young, including the vast Lavigeria clade in Lake Tanganyika (ca. 43 species).
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Maddison, David R., John S. Sproul, and Howard Mendel. "Origin and adaptive radiation of the exceptional and threatened bembidiine beetle fauna of St Helena (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 189, no. 4 (December 30, 2019): 1155–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz150.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The central peaks of the isolated island of St Helena (south Atlantic Ocean) are home to an extraordinary set of ground beetles of the tribe Bembidiini, which belong to three endemic genus-group taxa. These beetles are strikingly different in overall body form from the many bembidiines found elsewhere in the world. At least some of the St Helena species are likely to be extinct, and all are threatened by habitat destruction and invasive species. Through next-generation sequencing of historical museum specimens, we examine the phylogenetic relationships of the St Helena fauna. We find that, in spite of their morphological disparities, the endemic bembidiines of St Helena form a clade of genetically similar species, with their sister group being Bembidion alsium from the Indian Ocean island of La Réunion, and the sister group of this pair being the African subgenus Omotaphus. We propose that the St Helena Peaks Bembidion are an adaptive radiation that arose from a single dispersal event to St Helena from a now-extinct African lineage (sister to Omotaphus) and that this extinct lineage also served as the ancestral source of B. alsium. Given that the St Helena Peaks Bembidion are deeply nested in the genus Bembidion, we move the three taxa back in that genus as subgenera and provide a new name (Bembidion shepherdae) for the now-homonymous Bembidion wollastoni.
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Miller, G. H., J. W. Magee, M. L. Fogel, and M. K. Gagan. "Detecting human impacts on the flora, fauna, and summer monsoon of Pleistocene Australia." Climate of the Past 3, no. 3 (August 6, 2007): 463–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-3-463-2007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The moisture balance across northern and central Australia is dominated by changes in the strength of the Australian Summer Monsoon. Lake-level records that record changes in monsoon strength on orbital timescales are most consistent with a Northern Hemisphere insolation control on monsoon strength, a result consistent with recent modeling studies. A weak Holocene monsoon relative to monsoon strength 65–60 ka, despite stronger forcing, suggests a changed monsoon regime after 60 ka. Shortly after 60 ka humans colonized Australia and all of Australia's largest mammals became extinct. Between 60 and 40 ka Australian climate was similar to present and not changing rapidly. Consequently, attention has turned toward plausible human mechanisms for the extinction, with proponents for over-hunting, ecosystem change, and introduced disease. To differentiate between these options we utilize isotopic tracers of diet preserved in eggshells of two large, flightless birds to track the status of ecosystems before and after human colonization. More than 800 dated eggshells of the Australian emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), an opportunistic, dominantly herbivorous feeder, provide a 140-kyr dietary reconstruction that reveals unprecedented reduction in the bird's food resources about 50 ka, coeval in three distant regions. These data suggest a tree/shrub savannah with occasionally rich grasslands was converted abruptly to the modern desert scrub. The diet of the heavier, extinct Genyornis newtoni, derived from >550 dated eggshells, was more restricted than in co-existing Dromaius, implying a more specialized feeding strategy. We suggest that generalist feeders, such as Dromaius, were able to adapt to a changed vegetation regime, whereas more specialized feeders, such as Genyornis, became extinct. We speculate that ecosystem collapse across arid and semi-arid zones was a consequence of systematic burning by early humans. We also suggest that altered climate feedbacks linked to changes in vegetation may have weakened the penetration of monsoon moisture into the continental interior, explaining the failure of the Holocene monsoon. Climate modeling suggests a vegetation shift may reduce monsoon rain in the interior by as much as 50%.
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Miller, G. H., J. W. Magee, M. L. Fogel, and M. K. Gagan. "Detecting human impacts on the flora, fauna, and summer monsoon of Pleistocene Australia." Climate of the Past Discussions 2, no. 4 (August 18, 2006): 535–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-2-535-2006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. All of Australia's largest mammalian vertebrates became extinct 50 to 45 ka (thousand years ago), shortly after human colonization. Between 60 and 40 ka Australian climate was similar to present and not changing rapidly. Consequently, attention has turned toward plausible human mechanisms for the extinction, with proponents for over-hunting, ecosystem change, and introduced disease. To differentiate between these options we utilize isotopic tracers of diet preserved in eggshells of two large, flightless birds to track the status of ecosystems before and after human colonization. δ13C preserved in their eggshells monitor a bird's dietary intake in the weeks to months before egg-laying. More than 500 dated eggshells from central Australia of the Australian emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae), an opportunistic, dominantly herbivorous feeder, provide a continuous 140 kyr dietary δ 13C reconstruction. More than 350 dated eggshells from the same region of the heavier, extinct, giant bird Genyornis newtoni define its dietary intake from 140 ka until its extinction about 50 ka. Additional dietary records for both species were developed from two distant regions. Dromaius eggshell dietary δ13C reveals an unprecedented reduction in the bird's food resources about 50 ka, coeval in all three regions, suggesting conversion at that time of a tree/shrub savannah with occasionally rich grasslands to the modern desert scrub. We speculate that ecosystem collapse across the arid and semi-arid zones is a consequence of systematic burning by early humans. Genyornis diet everywhere is more restricted than in co-existing Dromaius, implying a more specialized feeding strategy. These data suggest that generalist feeders, such as Dromaius, were able to adapt to a changed vegetation regime, whereas more specialized feeders, such as Genyornis, became extinct. The altered vegetation may have also impacted Australian climate. Changes in the strength of climate feedbacks linked to vegetation and soil type (moisture recycling, surface roughness, albedo) may have weakened the penetration of monsoon moisture into the continental interior under the new ecosystem. Climate modeling suggests such a shift may have reduced monsoon rain in the interior by as much as 50%.
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Pakhnevich, Alexey, Andrey Kurkin, Alexander Lavrov, Konstantin Tarasenko, Ekaterina Kovalenko, Alexander Kaloyan, and Konstantin Podurets. "Synchrotron and Neutron Tomography of Paleontological Objects on the Facilities of the Kurchatov Institute." Journal of Imaging 4, no. 8 (August 15, 2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging4080103.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The most important results of tomographic studies of paleontological objects on the facilities of the National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute” are described. It is shown that the use of the synchrotron and neutron tomography makes it possible to obtain new information on the structure of fossil animals, which is of fundamental importance for taxonomy and morphological analysis of extinct fauna.
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Pinilih, Sekar Anggun Gading, Hymne Gloria P. Sitepu, Retno Saraswati, and Lita Tyesta ALW. "An Ethical Perspective of Animal Rights Protection in Indonesia." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 17, no. 4 (August 31, 2022): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijdne.170406.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An environment is a meeting place for every living creature. They have an important role in respecting each other's rights in the environment. One of the living creatures in the environment is fauna. As part of the environment, fauna also has rights that must be fulfilled in the environment to avoid fauna becoming rare and even extinct. However, nowadays, many types of fauna are becoming rare and even on the verge of extinction. Of course, this is also caused by the pace of human development with all its interests in the environment. Often, human interest underestimates the existence of rare and even endangered fauna. To overcome this, humans must have an awareness of the rights of fauna. One of the steps that can be taken is to incorporate moral awareness into the legal domain. Therefore, to build moral awareness in the conservation of endangered species, it is hoped that there will be regulations that can accommodate all of them. Simply, to build moral awareness of animal rights, a law that specifically guarantees animal rights is needed, if necessary, to guarantee its constitutionality in the state constitution.
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Delorme, L. Denis. "Burlington Bay, Lake Ontario: Its Paleolimnology Based on Fossil Ostracodes." Water Quality Research Journal 31, no. 3 (August 1, 1996): 643–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1996.036.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The history of Burlington Bay for the last 8,400 years has recorded two significant changes in its environment. The first occurred about 2,540 years ago, resulting from a change in mean annual temperature. This, in turn, changed the chemistry of the bay water. The second change occurred about 125 years ago (ca. 1865 A.D.). This time, it was the impact of agricultural practices and industrialization. Agricultural practices caused the lake to become eutrophic. This rapidly (within 40 years) changed the bottom water oxygen conditions to anaerobic. Industrialization had an impact on the fauna and the flora. Some fauna became locally extinct while some phytoplankton became deformed.
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Munro, Nicola T., Sue McIntyre, Ben Macdonald, Saul A. Cunningham, Iain J. Gordon, Ross B. Cunningham, and Adrian D. Manning. "Returning a lost process by reintroducing a locally extinct digging marsupial." PeerJ 7 (May 27, 2019): e6622. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6622.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The eastern bettong (Bettongia gaimardi), a medium-sized digging marsupial, was reintroduced to a predator-free reserve after 100 years of absence from the Australian mainland. The bettong may have the potential to restore temperate woodlands degraded by a history of livestock grazing, by creating numerous small disturbances by digging. We investigated the digging capacity of the bettong and compared this to extant fauna, to answer the first key question of whether this species could be considered an ecosystem engineer, and ultimately if it has the capacity to restore lost ecological processes. We found that eastern bettongs were frequent diggers and, at a density of 0.3–0.4 animals ha−1, accounted for over half the total foraging pits observed (55%), with echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus), birds and feral rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) accounting for the rest. We estimated that the population of bettongs present dug 985 kg of soil per ha per year in our study area. Bettongs dug more where available phosphorus was higher, where there was greater basal area of Acacia spp. and where kangaroo grazing was less. There was no effect on digging of eucalypt stem density or volume of logs on the ground. While bettong digging activity was more frequent under trees, digging also occurred in open grassland, and bettongs were the only species observed to dig in scalds (areas where topsoil has eroded to the B Horizon). These results highlight the potential for bettongs to enhance soil processes in a way not demonstrated by the existing fauna (native birds and echidna), and introduced rabbit.