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1
Reverter, Miriam, Nathalie Tapissier-Bontemps, David Lecchini, Bernard Banaigs, and Pierre Sasal. "Biological and Ecological Roles of External Fish Mucus: A Review." Fishes 3, no. 4 (October 9, 2018): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fishes3040041.
Анотація:
Fish mucus layers are the main surface of exchange between fish and the environment, and they possess important biological and ecological functions. Fish mucus research is increasing rapidly, along with the development of high-throughput techniques, which allow the simultaneous study of numerous genes and molecules, enabling a deeper understanding of the fish mucus composition and its functions. Fish mucus plays a major role against fish infections, and research has mostly focused on the study of fish mucus bioactive molecules (e.g., antimicrobial peptides and immune-related molecules) and associated microbiota due to their potential in aquaculture and human medicine. However, external fish mucus surfaces also play important roles in social relationships between conspecifics (fish shoaling, spawning synchronisation, suitable habitat finding, or alarm signals) and in interspecific interactions such as prey-predator relationships, parasite–host interactions, and symbiosis. This article reviews the biological and ecological roles of external (gills and skin) fish mucus, discussing its importance in fish protection against pathogens and in intra and interspecific interactions. We also discuss the advances that “omics” sciences are bringing into the fish mucus research and their importance in studying the fish mucus composition and functions.
2
Krivova, N. A., O. B. Zaeva, and O. A. Pavlenko. "The under-researched barrier function of the mucus layer." BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. BIOSCIENCE Series 138, no. 1 (2021): 94–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7034-2022-138-1-94-113.
Анотація:
The mucus layer covers all the internal surfaces of the body. The surfaces communicate with the external environment. The functions of the mucus layer are determined by its components, including glycoproteins that provide physical and chemical protection to the epithelium. The glycoproteins also perform the exchange function with the external environment. Even at the dawn of evolution, glycoproteins were exteriorly organized to protect the first multicellular animals from external microorganisms, pathogens, and toxins. It is interesting to note that the structure of the glycoproteins has similarities with the structure of antibodies, especially in terms of the relatively constant polypeptide chain and its glycosylated sections, containing oligosaccharide chains with different variants of monosaccharides. The review discusses modern concepts of the mucus layer evolution, the structure of glycoproteins, the peculiarities of its synthesis, degradation, and under-researched functions of the mucus layer. It is assumed that the mucus layer has virucidal and bactericidal capabilities due to circulating enzymes of the digestive tract, which can accumulate in the mucus layer and degrade any microorganisms, regardless of their variation, mutations, and recombination. Therefore, the normal production of digestive tract enzymes can provide non-specific protection from external pathogens entering through open systems of the body. Understanding these processes can significantly limit the spread of existing and new infections.
3
Widdicombe, JG. "Airway mucus." European Respiratory Journal 2, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.93.02020107.
Анотація:
Airway surface liquid (ASL), a mixture of periciliary fluid and submucosal gland secretions, was collected from the ferret isolated trachea in vitro. The trachea was closed, without possibility of evaporation. The collected ASL was hyperosmolar (310-350 mosmol.kg-1) compared with Krebs-Henseleit solution (280 mosmol.kg-1). Compared with surrounding Krebs-Henseleit solution, the ASL had higher sodium and chloride contents, and considerably higher potassium and calcium contents. The ASL was acid (pH about 7.00) compared with Krebs-Henseleit solution (pH 7.40). Applying methacholine and salbutamol to the preparation significantly changed most of the electrolyte concentrations, and reduced pH. The pH was not significantly changed by bubbling the surrounding buffer with 0-20% CO2, with corresponding buffer changes in pH of 6.95-8.05. Adding labelled albumin to the external buffer resulted in lumenal concentrations that, in the presence of salbutamol, were higher than outside. This and other evidence suggested that albumin could be actively secreted into the lumen, a process enhanced by salbutamol. Thus ASL is hyperosmolar, of different electrolyte composition from interstitial fluid, and of low pH which is homeostatically regulated. The epithelium can actively secrete albumin into the lumen.
4
Melhem, Hassan, Daniel Regan-Komito, and Jan Hendrik Niess. "Mucins Dynamics in Physiological and Pathological Conditions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 13642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms222413642.
Анотація:
Maintaining intestinal health requires clear segregation between epithelial cells and luminal microbes. The intestinal mucus layer, produced by goblet cells (GCs), is a key element in maintaining the functional protection of the epithelium. The importance of the gut mucus barrier is highlighted in mice lacking Muc2, the major form of secreted mucins. These mice show closer bacterial residence to epithelial cells, develop spontaneous colitis and became moribund when infected with the attaching and effacing pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. Furthermore, numerous observations have associated GCs and mucus layer dysfunction to the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the molecular mechanisms that regulate the physiology of GCs and the mucus layer remain obscured. In this review, we consider novel findings describing divergent functionality and expression profiles of GCs subtypes within intestinal crypts. We also discuss internal (host) and external (diets and bacteria) factors that modulate different aspects of the mucus layer as well as the contribution of an altered mucus barrier to the onset of IBD.
5
Sardelli, Lorenzo, Daniela Peneda Pacheco, Anna Ziccarelli, Marta Tunesi, Omar Caspani, Andrea Fusari, Francesco Briatico Vangosa, Carmen Giordano, and Paola Petrini. "Towards bioinspired in vitro models of intestinal mucus." RSC Advances 9, no. 28 (2019): 15887–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra02368b.
6
Teai, Taivini, Jacqui H. Drollet, Jean-Pierre Bianchini, Aimé Cambon, and Paul M. V. Martin. "Occurrence of ultraviolet radiation-absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids in coral mucus and whole corals of French Polynesia." Marine and Freshwater Research 49, no. 2 (1998): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf97051.
Анотація:
Specimens of six scleractinian species were gathered during the austral spring (October–November) 1994 on the external slope of the barrier reef of Arue, Tahiti, and in the lagoon of Arutua, a Tuamotu island. Mucus of each specimen was collected and the optical density and volume excreted were measured. After treatment, mucus was analysed for mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Nine UV-absorbing compounds were present in coral mucus at concentrations between 1 and 500 ng g-1 mucus. Palythine and mycosporine–gly were found in all mucus studied. Mycosporine–2glycine was recovered in 71% of specimens and shinorine in 28%. Porphyra-334 and palythinol were identified as minor MAAs. Three recently identified MAAs, palythine–serine, mycosporine–methylamine:serine and mycosporine–methylamine:threonine, were also found in mucus from Pocillopora. Within a genus, there was a qualitative similarity in MAAs determined by HPLC, irrespective of locality. Values for optical density of the mucus showed the ability of MAAs to protect the animal host and endosymbiotic algae from UV-solar flux and, as inferred from the recent literature, from oxidative forms of oxygen (HO2 . , O 2 - , HO.) derived from photosynthesis.
7
Li, Ning, Hao Qian, Qinghua Zhuo, Jiyun Xu, Kaihuan Yu, Rongquan Zheng, and Genqing Jin. "Composition and pharmacological analysis of loach mucus." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2353, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2353/1/012010.
Анотація:
Abstract Hydrogel plays an important role in the composition of biological tissue. Muscle, cell membrane, blood vessel wall, hair and cartilage in human body can be regarded as hydrogel. The mucus on the surface of natural living organisms such as loach, andrias davidianus and earthworm is natural hydrogel. This kind of mucus with peculiar smell is produced by living organisms due to external stimulation of body surface stress response. It is a kind of self-protection. And this mucus has certain effects of antibacterial, antifatigue and enhancing immunity. The main component of mucus is collagen with shorter molecular structure and molecular weight is relatively small, and the content of collagen can reach about 40 ∼ 60 % in mucus. It has a certain bonding effect on skin surface damage, and plays the function of quickly closing wounds and killing bacteria. Hyaluronic acid (HA), active structure in oligosaccharide peptide and collagen peptide extracted from mucus, particularly type II collagen, play important roles in skin repair. This function of this natural hydrogel may open a new approach for the development of secondary functions of such organisms.
8
Baimai, Sani, Sirinush Sricharoenvej, Passara Lanlua, and Narawadee Choompoo. "Histopathology and ultrastructural alterations in gastric mucus-secreting cells in diabetic model rats." European Journal of Anatomy 28, no. 1 (January 9, 2024): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.52083/bihz6841.
Анотація:
Diabetes mellitus (DM) can cause gastric ulcers (GU), duodenal ulcers (DU), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Mucus-secreting cells secrete mucus, which aids in the neutralization of HCl and inhibits bacteria. DM can alter mucus-secreting cells. Due to a lack of mucosal defense, external stimuli such as bacteria or ethanol can lead to the development of GU, DU, and GERD. This research study used a STZ-induced diabetic rat model to examine the short- and long-term histopathology and ultrastructural alterations in mucus-secreting cells in the cardia, body, and pyloric regions of the stomach. Quantitative analysis was also employed in this study to examine the distribution of mucin granules across all three locations. Twenty-four male adult Sprague-Dawley rats were utilized. Rats were divided into the control (n = 12) and DM (n = 12) groups. Each was separated into short-term (4 weeks) and long-term (24 weeks) rats. For DM induction, streptozotocin (STZ) can selectively destroy the beta cells of the pancreas. The DM was injected with STZ in citrate buffer at 60 mg/kg body weight. The control group was injected with citrate buffer. Histopathology was examined by Alcian blue-Periodic Acid Schiff staining under a light microscope. Image analysis was applied to quantify mucin accumulation. The ultrastructure was explored using transmission electron microscopy. In short-term and long-term DM, there was superficial erosion of the gastric epithelium and a significant decrease in the percentage of mucin granule accumulations in both surface mucous cells (SMCs) and mucous neck cells (MNCs). In short-term DM, SMCs were degenerated with vacuolation, disrupted cristae of mitochondria, and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER). MNCs were swollen with destroyed organelles. In long-term DM, degenerative nuclei and electron-lucent regions with unidentified structures of SMCs were observed. Nuclear chromatin condensation and the disappearance of mucin granules were present in MNCs. In conclusion, under both LM and TEM, STZ-induced diabetic rats demonstrated both short- and long-term damage to the gastric mucosa and gastric gland structures.
9
Turk, Valentina, Ana Fortič, Maja Kos Kramar, Magda Tušek Žnidarič, Jasna Štrus, Rok Kostanjšek, and Alenka Malej. "Observations on the Surface Structure of Aurelia solida (Scyphozoa) Polyps and Medusae." Diversity 13, no. 6 (May 31, 2021): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13060244.
Анотація:
The surface structures and mucus layers that form an interface between the epithelial layer of organisms and their external environment were studied in the bloom-forming moon jellyfish (Aurelia solida, Scyphozoa) from the northern Adriatic. The surface of the polyps revealed epithelial ciliated cells and numerous nematocysts, both non-discharged and discharged. Cilia were also the most prominent features on the surface of adult medusa, protruding from the epidermal cells and with microvilli surrounding the base. Histochemical methods and various microscopy techniques (light/epifluorescence and electron microscopy) confirmed the presence of abundant mucus around polyps and on the surfaces of adult medusa, and that the mucus contained acidic and neutral mucins. The observed mucus secretions on the exumbrella surface of the medusae were in the form of granules, flocs, and sheets. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses confirmed the presence of various microbes in the mucus samples, but not on the epithelial surfaces of the polyps or the exumbrella of the medusae.
10
Franco-Martinez, Lorena, Irene Brandts, Felipe Reyes-López, Lluís Tort, Asta Tvarijonaviciute, and Mariana Teles. "Skin Mucus as a Relevant Low-Invasive Biological Matrix for the Measurement of an Acute Stress Response in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)." Water 14, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 1754. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14111754.
Анотація:
Skin mucus is a non-lethal and low-invasive matrix appropriate to assess fish welfare as it contributes to their defence against external aggressions and reflects changes in fish health status. However, more information on the response of this matrix to specific stressors is needed. In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) specimens were subjected to an acute stress by air exposure and sampled after 1, 6, and 24 h post-stress. Blood and skin mucus were collected, and a battery of biochemical biomarkers were measured in both matrices. Cortisol and glucose values showed the expected classical stress response in plasma, increasing after the acute stress. The same pattern was observed in skin mucus, corroborating previous data in fish, and allowing us to confirm that skin mucus can be a useful complementary matrix for stress assessment in fish. The results showed sensitivity to hypoxic stress in skin mucus for cortisol, glucose, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine kinase (CK), and calcium. From the 15 parameters evaluated, 12 did not show statistically significant changes between plasma and mucus; therefore, using skin mucus cannot replace the use of plasma. Finally, the principal component analysis in skin mucus revealed a complete separation between the two experimental groups, being ALP, AST, glucose, cortisol, and CK, the biomarkers that contributed the most to this separation.
11
Syed Salman B, Shaik Baba Fakruddin, and Diwakar K. "Screening of Antimicrobial activity of bodily fluid from three different local fish species around Madanapalle." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 3 (July 3, 2020): 2772–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i3.2349.
Анотація:
The fish skin acts as a protective shield against environments that are high in infectious agents. A thin layer of mucus which acts as a defence shield against colonization by aquatic parasites, bacteria and fungi which was mediated by peptides and polypeptides, was covered on the external body surface of the fish. In the present study, we had shown the activity of epidermal mucus of tap water, mineral water and saltwater fish exhibit strong antibacterial activity. Here, we have isolated supernatant of a fish Pamphlet (Pomfret), Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and Catfish (Clariasgariepinus) mucus. This Bodily fluid (Fish mucus) activity was correlated with a strong antibacterial activity (minimal inhibitory concentration for the three fishes) against both Gram-ve and Gram +vebacteria. In this study, the mucus isolated shows an inhibiting effect on the selected microorganisms. The antibacterial activity of fish mucus may be due to the presence of antibacterial glycoproteins and able to kill bacteria by forming large pores in the target membrane. Fish mucus is believed to play an important role in the prevention of colonization by parasites, bacteria and fungi and thus acts as a chemical defence barrier. Our results suggest that fish secrete antibacterial which are able to kill bacteria in the target membrane.
12
García-Díaz, María, Maria del Mar Cendra, Raquel Alonso-Roman, María Urdániz, Eduard Torrents, and Elena Martínez. "Mimicking the Intestinal Host–Pathogen Interactions in a 3D In Vitro Model: The Role of the Mucus Layer." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 8 (July 26, 2022): 1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14081552.
Анотація:
The intestinal mucus lines the luminal surface of the intestinal epithelium. This mucus is a dynamic semipermeable barrier and one of the first-line defense mechanisms against the outside environment, protecting the body against chemical, mechanical, or biological external insults. At the same time, the intestinal mucus accommodates the resident microbiota, providing nutrients and attachment sites, and therefore playing an essential role in the host–pathogen interactions and gut homeostasis. Underneath this mucus layer, the intestinal epithelium is organized into finger-like protrusions called villi and invaginations called crypts. This characteristic 3D architecture is known to influence the epithelial cell differentiation and function. However, when modelling in vitro the intestinal host–pathogen interactions, these two essential features, the intestinal mucus and the 3D topography are often not represented, thus limiting the relevance of the models. Here we present an in vitro model that mimics the small intestinal mucosa and its interactions with intestinal pathogens in a relevant manner, containing the secreted mucus layer and the epithelial barrier in a 3D villus-like hydrogel scaffold. This 3D architecture significantly enhanced the secretion of mucus. In infection with the pathogenic adherent invasive E. coli strain LF82, characteristic of Crohn’s disease, we observed that this secreted mucus promoted the adhesion of the pathogen and at the same time had a protective effect upon its invasion. This pathogenic strain was able to survive inside the epithelial cells and trigger an inflammatory response that was milder when a thick mucus layer was present. Thus, we demonstrated that our model faithfully mimics the key features of the intestinal mucosa necessary to study the interactions with intestinal pathogens.
13
Arboleda-Baena, Clara, Claudia Belén Pareja, Isadora Pla, Ramiro Logares, Rodrigo De la Iglesia, and Sergio Andrés Navarrete. "Hidden interactions in the intertidal rocky shore: variation in pedal mucus microbiota among marine grazers that feed on epilithic biofilm communities." PeerJ 10 (September 23, 2022): e13642. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.13642.
Анотація:
In marine ecosystems, most invertebrates possess diverse microbiomes on their external surfaces, such as those found in the pedal mucus of grazing gastropods and chitons that aids displacement on different surfaces. The microbes are then transported around and placed in contact with free-living microbial communities of micro and other macro-organisms, potentially exchanging species and homogenizing microbial composition and structure among grazer hosts. Here, we characterize the microbiota of the pedal mucus of five distantly related mollusk grazers, quantify differences in microbial community structure, mucus protein and carbohydrate content, and, through a simple laboratory experiment, assess their effects on integrated measures of biofilm abundance. Over 665 Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) were found across grazers, with significant differences in abundance and composition among grazer species and epilithic biofilms. The pulmonate limpet Siphonaria lessonii and the periwinkle Echinolittorina peruviana shared similar microbiota. The microbiota of the chiton Chiton granosus, keyhole limpet Fissurella crassa, and scurrinid limpet Scurria araucana differed markedly from one another, and form those of the pulmonate limpet and periwinkle. Flavobacteriaceae (Bacteroidia) and Colwelliaceae (Gammaproteobacteria) were the most common among microbial taxa. Microbial strict specialists were found in only one grazer species. The pedal mucus pH was similar among grazers, but carbohydrate and protein concentrations differed significantly. Yet, differences in mucus composition were not reflected in microbial community structure. Only the pedal mucus of F. crassa and S. lessonii negatively affected the abundance of photosynthetic microorganisms in the biofilm, demonstrating the specificity of the pedal mucus effects on biofilm communities. Thus, the pedal mucus microbiota are distinct among grazer hosts and can affect and interact non-trophically with the epilithic biofilms on which grazers feed, potentially leading to microbial community coalescence mediated by grazer movement. Further studies are needed to unravel the myriad of non-trophic interactions and their reciprocal impacts between macro- and microbial communities.
14
Liu, Wenwen, Fengfeng Mo, Guixian Jiang, Hongyu Liang, Chaoqun Ma, Tong Li, Lulu Zhang, et al. "Stress-Induced Mucus Secretion and Its Composition by a Combination of Proteomics and Metabolomics of the Jellyfish Aurelia coerulea." Marine Drugs 16, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md16090341.
Анотація:
Background: Jellyfish respond quickly to external stress that stimulates mucus secretion as a defense. Neither the composition of secreted mucus nor the process of secretion are well understood. Methods: Aurelia coerulea jellyfish were stimulated by removing them from environmental seawater. Secreted mucus and tissue samples were then collected within 60 min, and analyzed by a combination of proteomics and metabolomics using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS), respectively. Results: Two phases of sample collection displayed a quick decrease in volume, followed by a gradual increase. A total of 2421 and 1208 proteins were identified in tissue homogenate and secreted mucus, respectively. Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that the mucus-enriched proteins are mainly located in extracellular or membrane-associated regions, while the tissue-enriched proteins are distributed throughout intracellular compartments. Tryptamine, among 16 different metabolites, increased with the largest-fold change value of 7.8 in mucus, which is consistent with its involvement in the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway ‘tryptophan metabolism’. We identified 11 metalloproteinases, four serpins, three superoxide dismutases and three complements, and their presence was speculated to be related to self-protective defense. Conclusions: Our results provide a composition profile of proteins and metabolites in stress-induced mucus and tissue homogenate of A. coerulea. This provides insight for the ongoing endeavors to discover novel bioactive compounds. The large increase of tryptamine in mucus may indicate a strong stress response when jellyfish were taken out of seawater and the active self-protective components such as enzymes, serpins and complements potentially play a key role in innate immunity of jellyfish.
15
Plys, V. M. "Симптомокопмлекс за надгострого, гострого та підгострого перебігу пастерельозно-аскаридіозної асоціації у птиці різних видів". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 19, № 77 (9 березня 2017): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet7738.
Анотація:
Results of clinical display in poultry, the mixed pasteurellosis and ascaridosis, for 2014–2015 years. Clinical symptoms depend on the physiological state of the birds, feeding and the conditions, the virulence of the pathogen pasteurellosi, the cycle of the ascarides, the intensity of lesions ascarides, temperature and humidity of the external environment, sources and pathways of disease pathogens into the body of the bird. Usually acute form mixed of the disease ran without apparent clinical signs. Externally clinically healthy birds suddenly falls and dies, but some of the bird have noted clinical manifestation. Found that the birds by acute course mixed of disease were following clinical features: chicken – feathers ruffled, depression, fever, cyanosis of the crest and earrings, and before the death of noted a convulsive phenomena; waterfowl – depression, poor motility, fever, sometimes convulsions; in young birds – slow reaction to external stimuli, depression, convulsive muscle contractions; pigeons – ruffled feathers, refusal of reception food and water fever; parrots – depression, slow response to external stimuli, laxatives phenomena, litter gray with lots of transparent mucus and red speckled inclusions. Common signs of poultry on an acute disease were: young – poor motility, depression, anorexia, rhinitis, feathers ruffled, thirst, fever, anemia, are omitted wings, profuse diarrhea, shortness of breath, conjunctivitis, swelling of the joints; an adult bird - with beak and nostrils stands out sero-mucous fluid, ruffled feathers, diarrhea, dehydration of an organism, shortness of breath, appetite is not, visible mucous membranes pale, thickened joints, hot, limping. Over the course of subacute forms of the mixed pasteurellosis and ascaridosis, clinical symptoms were the same as in the acute form, but they less pronounced as the disease ran for several days or even weeks. The bird noted profuse diarrhea, shortness of breath, cyanosis earrings and combs, depression. Ascaridia galli in with Pasteurella multocida complicates the development and progress disease.
16
Muñoz Castro, Gerard, and Ana Balañá Corberó. "Airway Clearance and Mucoactive Therapies." Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 42, no. 04 (July 14, 2021): 616–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1730922.
Анотація:
AbstractThe respiratory system is constantly exposed to external pathogens but has different and effective defense systems. The pathophysiology of bronchiectasis affects the defense system considerably in that alterations occur in the airway that reduce its effectiveness in mucociliary clearance and the greater presence of mucins leads to the accumulation of more adherent and viscous mucus. One of the pillars of treatment of this disease should be improvement of mucociliary clearance and a decrease in the adherence and viscosity of the mucus. To this end, the mobilization of secretions must be increased through effective respiratory physiotherapy techniques, which can be manual and/or instrumental. The properties of mucus can be modified to improve its mobilization through the use of a mucoactive agent. Despite the increase in the number and quality of studies, the evidence for these treatments remains scarce, although their application is recommended in all guidelines.
17
Alevronta, Eleftheria, Viktor Skokic, Gail Dunberger, Cecilia Bull, Karin Bergmark, Rebecka Jörnsten, and Gunnar Steineck. "Dose-response relationships of intestinal organs and excessive mucus discharge after gynaecological radiotherapy." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): e0250004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250004.
Анотація:
Background The study aims to determine possible dose-volume response relationships between the rectum, sigmoid colon and small intestine and the ‘excessive mucus discharge’ syndrome after pelvic radiotherapy for gynaecological cancer. Methods and materials From a larger cohort, 98 gynaecological cancer survivors were included in this study. These survivors, who were followed for 2 to 14 years, received external beam radiation therapy but not brachytherapy and not did not have stoma. Thirteen of the 98 developed excessive mucus discharge syndrome. Three self-assessed symptoms were weighted together to produce a score interpreted as ‘excessive mucus discharge’ syndrome based on the factor loadings from factor analysis. The dose-volume histograms (DVHs) for rectum, sigmoid colon, small intestine for each survivor were exported from the treatment planning systems. The dose-volume response relationships for excessive mucus discharge and each organ at risk were estimated by fitting the data to the Probit, RS, LKB and gEUD models. Results The small intestine was found to have steep dose-response curves, having estimated dose-response parameters: γ50: 1.28, 1.23, 1.32, D50: 61.6, 63.1, 60.2 for Probit, RS and LKB respectively. The sigmoid colon (AUC: 0.68) and the small intestine (AUC: 0.65) had the highest AUC values. For the small intestine, the DVHs for survivors with and without excessive mucus discharge were well separated for low to intermediate doses; this was not true for the sigmoid colon. Based on all results, we interpret the results for the small intestine to reflect a relevant link. Conclusion An association was found between the mean dose to the small intestine and the occurrence of ‘excessive mucus discharge’. When trying to reduce and even eliminate the incidence of ‘excessive mucus discharge’, it would be useful and important to separately delineate the small intestine and implement the dose-response estimations reported in the study.
18
Matsumoto, Yukio. "Effects of mucus trail following on the distance between individuals of opposite sex and its influence on the evolution of the trait in the Ezo abalone Haliotis discus hannai." PeerJ 8 (March 10, 2020): e8710. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8710.
Анотація:
Background Aggregation affects the fertilization rate of species that utilize external fertilization. However, the process of aggregation has not been studied in detail, using either theoretical models or real world observations. We used the Ezo abalone Haliotis discus hannai as a model animal species to evaluate whether mucus trail following (MTF) facilitates aggregation by reducing the distance between members of opposite sexes. We also examined whether the fertilization rate increase with mucus-trail-following is an evolutionary driving force in mucus following behavior. Methods We used a y-maze to test whether H. discus hannai follows the mucus trails of other individuals. Distances between members of the opposite sex of MTF individuals were compared to non-MTF individuals using an individual-based model (IBM) consistent with the behavior of H. discus hannai. To examine whether MTF behavior evolved to reduce distances between members of the opposite sex, we constructed simple population genetic models of a diploid population with nonoverlapping, discrete generations. Results Haliotis discus hannai chose the y-maze arm with the mucus trail more frequently than the one without, regardless of the sex of the abalone that secreted the mucus or the reproductive season. In the IBM the distance between opposite sexes was significantly reduced by MTF behavior; however, the difference in distances between opposite sex compared to same sex individuals was only several centimeters. Simple population genetic models indicated that the aggregating effect of MTF between the opposite sex members could be an evolutionary driving force. Conclusions These results suggest that observed MTF behavior might have evolved as a mechanism to increase the fertilization rates although other factors could also be involved.
19
Eyigor, H., E. A. Cetinkaya, D. T. Coban, G. Ozturk, and Ö. Erdem. "Sinonasal effects of external dacryocystorhinostomy." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 135, no. 9 (July 13, 2021): 791–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002221512100181x.
Анотація:
AbstractObjectiveExternal dacryocystorhinostomy is thought to cause mucociliary dysfunction by damaging the mucosa, in turn affecting ciliary activity and mucus quality. This study investigated the effect of external dacryocystorhinostomy on sinonasal function.MethodsPatients scheduled for unilateral external dacryocystorhinostomy who underwent endoscopic nasal examination and paranasal sinus computed tomography were included in this study. A saccharine test was performed on the planned surgical side and the mucociliary clearance time was determined. The sinonasal quality of life was measured in all patients, pre-operatively and at six months post-operatively, using the Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22. The Lund–Kennedy endoscopic score was also determined in all patients, both pre- and post-operatively.ResultsThe study comprised 28 patients (22 females and 6 males). A statistically significant difference was found between the pre- and post-operative saccharine test results (p = 0.006), but not between the pre- and post-operative Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-22 scores (p > 0.05).ConclusionThis study is one of only a few to investigate the effect of external dacryocystorhinostomy on sinonasal function. The results showed that external dacryocystorhinostomy impairs mucociliary clearance. The surgical procedure is well tolerated and does not significantly change nasal symptom scores.
20
Gryschuk, O. I., S. B. Heraschenko, O. I. Deltsova, T. I. Anniuk, and I. O. Mykhailiuk. "EFFECT OF LOW DOSES OF RADIATION ON MORPHO-FUNCTIONAL STATE OF SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLAND IN RATS." Актуальні проблеми сучасної медицини: Вісник Української медичної стоматологічної академії 19, no. 3 (November 8, 2019): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31718/2077-1096.19.3.121.
Анотація:
The paper presents the study of the morpho-functional changes in the submandibular gland under the exposure to low doses of radiation in experiment.
Material and methods. The experiments were conducted on 80 sexually mature random-bred rats, which were kept in the zone of radiation contamination (zone of permanent radiological control). The external radiation at the moment of the experiment constituted 0.40 and 0.36 mSv due to Cesium-137; internal radiation from separate irradiation sources were 0.16 and 0.11 mSv that are considered to be low doses of radiation. The material for the study (submandibular salivary gland) was taken in terms defined by the experiment from animals euthanized with the overdose of ether anaesthesia. Pieces of the gland were fixed in 10% of the neutral formalin; the sections of the gland were stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin and were studied under the luminous microscope. Microscopic sections were examined for the presence of pathohistological changes in the gland and morphometric investigation of acini and ducts were performed.
Results and discussion. During 3-6 months, we observed the progressive morphometrically confirmed degenerative changes in the secretory cells of the acini, the reduction of the diameter of the intercalatated and striated ducts in the serous particles of the gland. We also noted the gradual expansion of the ducts of calibers in the mucous particles of the glands, as the epitheliocytes of their wall acquired more mucus. By the end of the 12th months of the study, the area and height of the cells of the serous terminal divisions and the excretory ducts shrinked (due to atrophy). At the same time, the glandular mucous components (acini and ducts) became predominant. Their terminal branches and excreting ducts develop cystic extensions of the lumen. At the same time transport processes such as releasing secretion from the protein and mucous cells of the terminal secretory sections, became impaired.
Conclusion. Studying the dynamic changes in the tissues of the submandibular gland in rats demonstrated the data about pathohistological changes causing the functional insufficiency of the gland in case of prolonged exposure to low doses of radiation. Quantitative and qualitative insufficiency of the mucus formation and salivation can result in the development of sialolithiasis with its all inherent manifestations. In conditions of the exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation, adaptive mechanisms in the epitheliocytes of the duct walls were noticed to start developing, with their transformation into mucous cells and the formation of stone structures in case of mucus thickening.
21
Grau-Bartual, Sandra, Ahmed M. Al-Jumaily, Paul M. Young, Daniela Traini, and Maliheh Ghadiri. "Effect of continuous positive airway pressure treatment on permeability, inflammation and mucus production of human epithelial cells." ERJ Open Research 6, no. 2 (April 2020): 00327–2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00327-2019.
Анотація:
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is the gold standard treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea, which affects millions of people worldwide. However, this therapy normally results in symptoms such as dryness, sneezing, rhinorrhoea, post-nasal drip, nasal congestion and epistaxis in the upper airways.Using bronchial epithelial (Calu-3) and nasal epithelial (RPMI 2650) cells in an in vitro respiratory model, this study, for the first time, investigates the effect of CPAP positive pressure on the human respiratory epithelial mechanisms that regulate upper airways lubrication characteristics. To understand how the epithelium and mucus are affected by this therapy, several parameters were determined before and after positive pressure application.This work demonstrates that the positive pressure not only compresses the cells, but also reduces their permeability and mucus secretion rate, thus drying the airway surface liquid layer and altering the mucus/water ratio. It is also observed that the respiratory epithelia is equally inflamed without or with external humidification during CPAP application.These findings clearly identify the causes of the side-effects reported by patients under CPAP therapy.
22
Grein-Iankovski, Aline, Karina Andrighetti de Oliveira Braga, Daniel Formariz Legendre, Paulo Francisco Guerreiro Cardoso, and Watson Loh. "Bio-Inspired Magnetically Responsive Silicone Cilia: Fabrication Strategy and Interaction with Biological Mucus." Bioengineering 11, no. 3 (March 7, 2024): 261. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11030261.
Анотація:
Cilia are biological structures essential to drive the mobility of secretions and maintain the proper function of the respiratory airways. However, this motile self-cleaning process is significantly compromised in the presence of silicone tracheal prosthesis, leading to biofilm growth and impeding effective treatment. To address this challenge and enhance the performance of these devices, we propose the fabrication of magnetic silicone cilia, with the prospect of their integration onto silicone prostheses. The present study presents a fabrication method based on magnetic self-assembly and assesses the interaction behavior of the cilia array with biological mucus. This protocol allows for the customization of cilia dimensions across a wide range of aspect ratios (from 6 to 85) and array densities (from 10 to 80 cilia/mm2) by adjusting the fabrication parameters, offering flexibility for adjustments according to their required characteristics. Furthermore, we evaluated the suitability of different cilia arrays for biomedical applications by analyzing their interaction with bullfrog mucus, simulating the airways environment. Our findings demonstrate that the fabricated cilia are mechanically resistant to the viscous fluid and still exhibit controlled movement under the influence of an external moving magnet. A correlation between cilia dimensions and mucus wettability profile suggests a potential role in facilitating mucus depuration, paving the way for further advancements aimed at enhancing the performance of silicone prostheses in clinical settings.
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Khodjanov, Sh Kh. "RESULTS OF MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL EXAMINATION OF TYMPANOPLASTY IN THE NEAR AND LONG TERMS." Oriental Journal of Medicine and Pharmacology 03, no. 04 (July 1, 2023): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojmp-03-04-06.
Анотація:
In the period after tympanoplasty surgery, certain clinical morphological processes take place in the tympanic cavity, tympanic membrane, and external auditory canal, and the mucus layer of the tympanic cavity is restored, the permeability and barofunction of the auditory canal are restored. This process continues for a long time, and the transplants restore their optimal functional state. In our observation, morphological changes in the tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, and external auditory canal lasted from 1 to 6 months. Therefore, it is important to observe morphological changes in the tympanic membrane and study functional changes.
24
Clode, Peta L., and Alan T. Marshall. "Low temperature X-ray microanalysis of calcium in a scleractinian coral:evidence of active transport mechanisms." Journal of Experimental Biology 205, no. 22 (November 15, 2002): 3543–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.205.22.3543.
Анотація:
SUMMARY Element concentrations were measured by X-ray microanalysis in seawater(SW) compartments and mucocytes in bulk, frozen-hydrated preparations of the scleractinian coral Galaxea fascicularis. Quantitative X-ray microanalysis of polyps sampled in the daytime revealed that concentrations of the elements Na, S, K and Ca were all significantly higher in a thin (10-20μm) external SW layer adjacent to the oral ectoderm (P<0.05,<0.05, <0.0001 and <0.01, respectively) than in standard SW. In polyps sampled during night-time, concentrations of Ca and S in this external SW layer were significantly reduced (P<0.05). Ca concentration in the coelenteron and extrathecal coelenteron was significantly higher(P<0.001) than in the external SW layer, regardless of time of sampling, suggesting that Ca2+ transport across the oral epithelium occurs via an active, transcellular route. X-ray microanalyses of mucocytes revealed that the concentration of S was high and did not vary between epithelial layers, while that of Ca increased in an inward gradient toward the skeleton. We suggest that throughout the day, secreted mucus behaves as a Donnan matrix at the oral ectoderm—SW interface,facilitating intracellular Ca2+ uptake. The accumulation within internal SW compartments of high concentrations of Ca relative to standard SW levels, however, appears to be independent of mucus secretion and is likely to be a consequence of active transport processes.
25
Seidler, U., and A. Pfeiffer. "Inositol phosphate formation and [Ca2+]i in secretagogue-stimulated rabbit gastric mucous cells." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 260, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): G133—G141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1991.260.1.g133.
Анотація:
The formation of inositol phosphates and the changes in free intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in isolated rabbit gastric mucous cells during cholinergic stimulation were examined and the potential role of inositol phosphate turnover and [Ca2+]i in gastric mucus secretion evaluated. Rabbit chief and parietal cells were studied for comparison. The formation of [3H]inositol phosphates in mucous, chief, and parietal cells was stimulated in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion by acetylcholine (ACh). The ACh-induced initial [Ca2+]i peak was maximally (10(-4) M ACh) 199 +/- 8% of basal in mucous cells, 427 +/- 20% in chief, and 455 +/- 31% in parietal cells and was followed by a lower-level plateau in mucous and parietal cells but by a more rapid decline in chief cells. As in parietal and chief cells, the initial [Ca2+]i peak occurred in mucous cells in the absence of external Ca2+. ACh stimulated a mucous cell membrane Ca2(+)-entry mechanism in addition to release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. The concentration-response relationships for the production of [3H]-inositol phosphates, the initial rise in [Ca2+]i, and the stimulation of glycoprotein secretion by ACh were virtually identical. Suppression of the [Ca2+]i rise by the intracellular Ca2(+)-chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA) abolished the secretory response. As with many other secretory cells, gastric mucous cells possess cholinergic receptors that upon stimulation mediate the hydrolysis of phosphoinositides, a release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, and a stimulation of Ca2+ influx through the plasma membrane.
26
Yurochko, Fedir, and Dzwinka Kopanska. "All about otorrhoea." OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, No1-2(5) 2022 (May 11, 2022): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37219/2528-8253-2022-1-62.
Анотація:
Otorrhoea is a symptom of the presence or leakage of secretions (sulfur, blood, pus, mucus, cerebrospinal fluid or even saliva) from the ear. Otorrhea is an important symptom of ear disease, or may be a manifestation of the spread of diseases in the external auditory canal from the ear. The cause of otorrhoea can be determined in most cases after the history and examination of the patient. The most common causes of purulent otorrhoea are acute otitis externa or acute otitis media. Chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma should be remembered as a lifethreatening condition. Patients with otorrhoea are mostly outpatient and do not require inpatient treatment. Understanding the cause of otorrhoea will help establish the correct diagnosis and prescribe the right effective treatment.
27
Komala Ulfa, Hendra Saputra, Tazul Arifin, Cut Nila Thasmi, Hafizuddin, Etriwati, and Abdullah Hamzah. "Cervical opening during estrus in Aceh Local Cows based on camera-equipped artificial insemination endoscope." Ovozoa: Journal of Animal Reproduction 12, no. 1 (March 30, 2023): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ovz.v12i1.2023.11-16.
Анотація:
Twelve healthy and not pregnant local cows, aged 3-6 years, 1-3 parity. The cows were synchronized using the PGF2α of 5 ml/cow intramuscularly, twice at 11 days intervals. The Estrus detection based on the scoring of van Eerdenburg was conducted 24 hours after the second prostaglandin injection three times daily for three days. The changes in cervical dilatation were observed at 0, 6, and 12 hours from the onset of estrus. The result showed that 8 of 12 cows were estrus after twice PGF2α injection. All the estrus cows showed mild cervical dilatation with liquid and transparent mucus (opening cervix score 1) at 0-hour observation. Six hours later, 62.50% of cows remained at opening cervix score 1, and 37.50% changed to opening cervix score 2 (optimum cervical dilatation with thick and transparent mucus). At 12 hours after the onset of estrus, 25% of estrus cows had cervical closure (opening cervix score 0, closed cervical with thick and turbid mucus), and 75% changed to opening cervix score 2. In this study, 75% of the cows experienced an optimum open cervix at 12 hours from the onset of estrus. It could be concluded that opening the external cervical canal of local Aceh cows reaches optimum at 12 hours from the onset of estrus.
28
Tsunoda, Akira, Tomoko Takahashi, Yuma Yagi, and Hiroshi Kusanagi. "Rectal intussusception and external rectal prolapse are common at proctography in patients with mucus discharge." Journal of the Anus, Rectum and Colon 2, no. 4 (October 25, 2018): 139–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23922/jarc.2018-003.
29
Cipriano, Rocco C., Larisa A. Ford, and Thomas E. Jones. "Relationship Between Resistance of Salmonids to Furunculosis and Recovery of Aeromonas salmonicida From External Mucus." Journal of Wildlife Diseases 30, no. 4 (October 1994): 577–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-30.4.577.
30
Jo, Sang Hee, Ikhyeon Bae, Myeong Seong Sim, Hye Jeong Kim, Chun Kim, and Il Yup Chung. "Butyrate silences MUC5ACexpression in airway epithelial cells by mediating histone deacetylation at its transcription start site." Journal of Immunology 210, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2023): 150.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.210.supp.150.17.
Анотація:
Abstract Secreted airway mucins form a mucous gel consisting of MUC5AC and MUC5B and maintain airway homeostasis for appropriate mucociliary clearance and airway defense. There is conceivably a global mechanism to counteract excessive mucin production in response to incessant exposure to external and internal stimuli, which otherwise leads to goblet metaplasia and mucus hyperproduction. Here, we report that butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA), strongly suppresses MUC5AC production at as low as sub-to micromolar concentrations in NCI-H292, airway epithelial cells. Butyrate transcriptionally inhibits MUC5AC mRNA and protein that are induced by a variety of stimuli including EGF and LPS. In line, butyrate upregulates FOXA2, which is known to block goblet cell metaplasia. The mode of the inhibition by butyrate appears to be independent of the known receptors of butyrate. In addition, butyrate does not alter the EGFR signaling pathway. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis demonstrates that histone H3K27 acetylation level is increased upon stimulation with EGF and returns to baseline in the presence of butyrate. We propose that butyrate, a metabolic product of gut microbiota, plays a central role in maintaining homeostasis of airway mucous gel by counteracting mucin production resulting from repeated provocation of airway epithelium. National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Korean government (MSIT), NRF-2022R1A2B5B01002127.
31
Fair, S., K. G. Meade, K. Reynaud, X. Druart, and S. P. de Graaf. "The biological mechanisms regulating sperm selection by the ovine cervix." Reproduction 158, no. 1 (July 2019): R1—R13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-18-0595.
Анотація:
In species where semen is deposited in the vagina, the cervix has the unique function of facilitating progress of spermatozoa towards the site of fertilisation while also preventing the ascending influx of pathogens from the vagina. For the majority of species, advances in assisted reproduction techniques facilitate the bypassing of the cervix and therefore its effect on the transit of processed spermatozoa has been largely overlooked. The exception is in sheep, as it is currently not possible to traverse the ovine cervix with an inseminating catheter due to its complex anatomy, and semen must be deposited at the external cervical os. This results in unacceptably low pregnancy rates when frozen-thawed or liquid stored (>24 h) semen is inseminated. The objective of this review is to discuss the biological mechanisms which regulate cervical sperm selection. We assess the effects of endogenous and exogenous hormones on cervical mucus composition and discuss how increased mucus production and flow during oestrus stimulates sperm rheotaxis along the crypts and folds of the cervix. Emerging results shedding light on the sperm-cervical mucus interaction as well as the dialogue between spermatozoa and the innate immune system are outlined. Finally, ewe breed differences in cervical function and the impact of semen processing on the success of fertilisation, as well as the most fruitful avenues of further investigation in this area are proposed.
32
Tan, Marsha, Felisa Reyes-Ortega, and Elena K. Schneider-Futschik. "Magnetic Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Approaches for Preventing and Treating Biofilms in Cystic Fibrosis." Magnetochemistry 6, no. 4 (December 16, 2020): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry6040072.
Анотація:
Biofilm-associated infections pose a huge burden on healthcare systems worldwide, with recurrent lung infections occurring due to the persistence of biofilm bacteria populations. In cystic fibrosis (CF), thick viscous mucus acts not only as a physical barrier, but also serves as a nidus for infection. Increased antibiotic resistance in the recent years indicates that current therapeutic strategies aimed at biofilm-associated infections are “failing”, emphasizing the need to develop new and improved drug delivery systems with higher efficacy and efficiency. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have unique and favourable properties encompassing biocompatibility, biodegradability, magnetic and heat-mediated characteristics, making them suitable drug carriers. Additionally, an external magnetic force can be applied to enhance drug delivery to target sites, acting as “nano-knives”, cutting through the bacterial biofilm layer and characteristically thick mucus in CF. In this review, we explore the multidisciplinary approach of using current and novel MNPs as vehicles of drug delivery. Although many of these offer exciting prospects for future biofilm therapeutics, there are also major challenges of this emerging field that need to be addressed.
33
Baeg, Moon Seung, Hyeok Ro Kwon, and Jin Soon Chang. "A Giant Maxillary Mucocele Presenting Left Cheek Swelling." Journal of Rhinology 29, no. 3 (November 30, 2022): 172–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18787/jr.2022.00413.
Анотація:
A paranasal sinus mucocele is an epithelial-lined, mucus-containing sac that completely fills the sinus and forms an expandable cystic structure. It most commonly affects the frontal and ethmoidal sinuses, and rarely the maxillary and sphenoid sinuses. Orbital displacement or external disfigurement resulting from the expansion of the frontal or ethmoid sinuses is common; however, facial asymmetry caused by maxillary bone remodeling is rare. We describe a case of large maxillary sinus mucocele that destroyed the maxillary sinus bony wall, resulting in notable left cheek swelling and disfigurement, and review the relevant literature.
34
Shukla, Anirudh, and Vivek Dudeja. "Large Frontal Sinus Mucopyocele." An International Journal Clinical Rhinology 6, no. 3 (2013): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10013-1173.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT A mucocele is an epithelial-lined, mucus-containing sac completely filling the sinus and capable of expansion. This is in contradistinction to a blocked sinus cavity which simply contains mucus within the sinus. The frontal sinus is most commonly involved, whereas sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary mucoceles are rare. Frontal sinus is present just above the orbital cavity so any mass causing the expansion of floor of the frontal sinus leads to outwards (proptosis), downward and lateral displacement of orbit. If the cyst continues to expand within the orbital cavity, the mass may mimic an orbital growth or lesion pushing orbit laterally. A mucocele results from the obstruction of a sinus ostium, leading to the accumulation of secretions and the gradual, smooth expansion of the sinus. The mucocele contents often become increasingly desiccated and have an increasing protein content over time; therefore, they may show an increased density on CT scanning and variable degrees of hyperintensity on T1-weighted MRI sequences and hypointensity on T2-weighted MRI. Here we came across a patient who had right sided frontal mass causing proptosis and lateral displacement of right eye with vision limited only to perception of light. CT showed an expansile frontal mass with orbital displacement. We did external frontoethmoidectomy and a diagnosis of mucopyocele was made. The case, the experience and the outcome of external frontoethmiodectomy is being discussed. How to cite this article Shukla A, Dudeja V. Large Frontal Sinus Mucopyocele. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2013;6(3):131-135.
35
Goli, M., E. Ayen, S. Hassanzadeh та M. H. Khadem Anssari. "Relationship between plasma concentrations of estradiol-17β and progesterone and the distribution of epithelial and inflammatory cells in the external opening of the river buffaloes’ uterine cervix during the gestational period". BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 24, № 3 (2021): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2019-0081.
Анотація:
Changes in the distribution of the epithelial and inflammatory cells in the external opening of the uterine cervix in river buffaloes at three different occasions during the gestation period were investigated by light microscopic evaluation of mucus smears prepared by wet swab sampling and Giemsa-stained. Forty five pregnant river buffaloes that were in the first (n=15), second (n=15) and third (n=15) approximately equal parts of their gestation period were sampled twice concurrently by individual wet swabs from the external opening of the uterine cervix. Five smears were prepared from each sample. Immediately after mucus sampling, blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein of each animal, centrifuged immediately and stored at -20 oC to assay the plasma levels of estradiol-17β and progesterone. The results showed that changes in the percentage of the vacuolated and non-vacuolated epithelial cells, lymphocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were not statistically significant between the groups, which suggests that as the pregnancy progressed, changes in the blood levels of estradiol-17β and progesterone had little or no effect on the distribution of these cells in the region, but changes in the percentage of neutrophils were statistically significant between the groups. It was also found that changes in the percentage of macrophages between the second and third trimesters of the gestation period were not significant, but the difference between the first and the other trimesters was statistically significant. It was concluded that the percentages of neutrophils and macrophages increase significantly as the plasma concentrations of progesterone decrease during the gestation.
36
Lebedeva, Nina Yevgen'evna, Milda Zita Vosylienė, and Tamara Vasil'evna Golovkina. "The Study of Effects of Toxicants and Heliophysical Factors on Biochemical Parameters of External Mucus in Carp." Acta Zoologica Lituanica 12, no. 2 (January 2002): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13921657.2002.10512495.
37
Sidebotham, Ramon L., Mulugeta L. Worku, Q. Najma Karim, Nirmal K. Dhir, and J. Hugh Baron. "How Helicobacter pylori urease may affect external pH and influence growth and motility in the mucus environment." European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology 15, no. 4 (April 2003): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042737-200304000-00010.
38
Trushkin, V. A. "Results of a clinical study of the blood of service dogs with acute enterocolitis." Issues of Legal Regulation in Veterinary Medicine, no. 2 (July 7, 2022): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.52419/issn2782-6252.2022.2.61.
Анотація:
The paper presents the results of a morphological study of the blood of healthy dogs and dogs with acute enterocolitis. Also, a physical examination was carried out on sick animals. On external examination, it was noted that the dogs with enterocolitis were mostly apathetic, some took a forced lying position. Of the studied 10 sick dogs, 7 had satisfactory fatness, 3 dogs had unsatisfactory fatness. In a significant part of dogs with enterocolitis, the coat is matte, the coat is ruffled and poorly retained in the hair follicles, the skin turgor is reduced. The color of the visible mucous membranes in dogs with enterocolitis varies from pale pink to grayish with an icteric tinge. The main revealed pathological changes in the study of the digestive system of dogs with enterocolitis were: increased defecation, diarrhea, feces of a mushy consistency with mucus admixtures, sometimes with blood, oligophagia or anorexia, abdominal wall tension, intestinal soreness with penetrating palpation, increased peristalsis with mediocre auscultation. In animals with signs of enterocolitis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis and hyperchromemia were noted. At the same time, the hematocrit index was 20.9% higher in sick dogs, compared with this indicator in healthy animals. When analyzing the leukogram of animals of both groups, no significant changes were found.
39
Tully, Oliver. "The Succession of Generations and Growth of the Caligid Copepods Caligus Elongatus and Lepeophtheirus Salmonis Parasitising Farmed Atlantic Salmon Smolts (Salmo Salar L.)." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 69, no. 2 (May 1989): 279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315400029404.
Анотація:
Infestation of cage cultured Atlantic salmon by the external parasitic copepods Caligus elongatus (Nordmann) and Lepeophtheirus salmonis (Kröyer) is a serious cause of loss of production in the commercial sea water culture of this species. The copepods feed on the mucus, skin and blood of their hosts (Kabata, 1974; Brandal et al., 1976) causing irritation and lesions. Loss in production due to infestation by lice occurs directly by the mortality of fish from osmotic shock and indirectly from a probable reduction in growth, from secondary infections such as vibriosis (Wootten et al., 1982) or by increasing vulnerability to ultraviolet radiation damage (McArdle & Bullock, 1987).
40
Porfiryeva, N. N., I. I. Semina, R. I. Moustafine, and V. V. Khutoryanskiy. "Intranasal Administration as a Route to Deliver Drugs to the Brain (Review)." Drug development & registration 10, no. 4 (November 25, 2021): 117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.33380/2305-2066-2021-10-4-117-127.
Анотація:
Introduction. Intranasal drug delivery from nose-to-brain is one of the promising approaches for the treatment of brain diseases including neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, brain tumors, etc.Text. Delivery of drugs through the nose has a number of advantages, including the rapid onset of a pharmacological effect, the ability to bypass the blood-brain barrier, avoidance of some side effects and fast and non-invasive route of administration. However, the significant disadvantages of this route are rapid elimination of the drug from the surface of the mucosal membrane, poor penetration of the drug through the nasal mucosa, mucociliary clearance and effects of proteolytic enzymes. Currently, to overcome the above limitations, various approaches are used, including the development of delivery systems from nose-to-brain, which are mucoadhesive, mucus-penetrating and gel-forming systems that facilitate the retention or penetration of drugs through the mucosal membranes. At the same time, high-molecular weight compounds play a significant role in the design of these systems. In particular, mucoadhesive systems can be prepared from cationic and anionic polymers. Recent studies have also shown that interpolyelectrolyte complexes also exhibit mucoadhesive properties. An improvement in mucoadhesive properties of polymers can also be achieved by conjugating various functional groups such as thiols, maleimides, acrylates, methacrylates, catechols, etc. Mucus-penetrating systems can be prepared by PEGylation of nanoparticles, as well as functionalization with some poly(2-oxazolines), polyvinyl alcohol, etc. The mucus-penetrating ability of these polymers has been shown in other mucosal membranes in the body. Finally, increased penetration can be achieved by using mucolytic agents in combination with non-ionic surfactants. Another approach to increase the efficiency of drug delivery from nose-to-brain is the use of in situ gelling systems. Initially, this type of formulation exists as a solution; then a phase transition to gel is observed in response to chemical and physical effects. Depending on the external stimulation of the phase transition, thermo-, pH-, ion-reversible and other systems are known. These systems have shown effectiveness for delivery to the brain by intranasal administration.Conclusion. Effective intranasal delivery of drugs and therapeutic agents to the brain can be achieved by using mucoadhesive, mucus-penetrating, gelling systems and/or their combinations.
41
Tung, Chih-Kuan, and Susan S. Suarez. "Co-Adaptation of Physical Attributes of the Mammalian Female Reproductive Tract and Sperm to Facilitate Fertilization." Cells 10, no. 6 (May 24, 2021): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10061297.
Анотація:
The functions of the female reproductive tract not only encompass sperm migration, storage, and fertilization, but also support the transport and development of the fertilized egg through to the birth of offspring. Further, because the tract is open to the external environment, it must also provide protection against invasive pathogens. In biophysics, sperm are considered “pusher microswimmers”, because they are propelled by pushing fluid behind them. This type of swimming by motile microorganisms promotes the tendency to swim along walls and upstream in gentle fluid flows. Thus, the architecture of the walls of the female tract, and the gentle flows created by cilia, can guide sperm migration. The viscoelasticity of the fluids in the tract, such as mucus secretions, also promotes the cooperative swimming of sperm that can improve fertilization success; at the same time, the mucus can also impede the invasion of pathogens. This review is focused on how the mammalian female reproductive tract and sperm interact physically to facilitate the movement of sperm to the site of fertilization. Knowledge of female/sperm interactions can not only explain how the female tract can physically guide sperm to the fertilization site, but can also be applied for the improvement of in vitro fertilization devices.
42
SILVA, DAYANE M., JOSÉ L. R. MARTINS, IZIARA F. FLORENTINO, DANILLO R. OLIVEIRA, JAMES O. FAJEMIROYE, LEONICE M. F. TRESNVENZOL, JOSÉ R. PAULA, and ELSON A. COSTA. "The gastroprotective effect of Memora nodosa roots against experimental gastric ulcer in mice." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 88, no. 3 suppl (July 11, 2016): 1819–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620150716.
Анотація:
ABSTRACT Memora nodosa is popularly known as "caroba" and widely found in the Cerrado regions of Brazil. In traditional medicine, the leaves and stems are used for the healing of external ulcer and the roots for abdominal pain. This study investigated the effect of ethanolic roots extract of Memora nodosa (EMN) on the gastric mucosa of mice. In the indomethacin induced gastric ulcer model, the treatments of the animals with EMN at doses of 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg, p.o., markedly reduced the index of lesions. In the gastric ulcer models induced by ethanol and cold restraint-stress the previous treatment with EMN at dose of 300 mg/kg showed 69% and 43% of protection, respectively. Seven days after food-restriction, the animals treated with EMN (300 mg/kg p.o.) showed reduction in the index of lesion by 65% as compared to control group. The intraduodenal administration of EMN (300 mg/kg) did not alter the gastric acid secretion parameters. The treatment with EMN (300 mg/kg p.o.) did not alter glutathione levels (GSH), but showed an increase of adhered gastric mucus as compared to the control group with lesion. These results showed that EMN has gastroprotective activity probably due with an increase of adhered gastric mucus.
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Gleitz, Markus, Sönnke Grossmann, Renate Scharekm, and Victor Smetacek. "Ecology of diatom and bacterial assemblages in water associated with melting summer sea ice in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 8, no. 2 (June 1996): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095410209600020x.
Анотація:
The fate of ice biota released via meltwater into pools of seawater trapped between melting ice floes (crack pools) was followed in late January in the southern Weddell Sea. Low salinity crack pools shared the following features: nitrate exhaustion, high pH and POC/PON ratios, high bacterial biomass composed of large cells, and a dense algal assemblage dominated to over 90% by only two diatom species. It is suggested that this “climax stage” evolved from a nutrient rich, moderate biomass situation prevailing in high salinity crack pools, and is representative of summer succession of sea ice biota. “Overflow” production following nitrate exhaustion by the algae resulted in internal (lipid) and external (presumably mucus) carbon pools. The latter must fuel bacterial biomass build-up, as algal mortality appeared to be low. The large algal and bacterial stocks point to low grazing pressure exerted by phagotrophic protists, presumably due to poor food quality (e.g. high C/N ratios) and/or excessive mucus production. It is concluded that environmental selection of the abundant ice algal species occurs under conditions prevailing in the disintegrating ice cover during summer, which differ drastically from those generally referred to as characteristic of the sea ice habitat at large (a combination of low temperature, low light and high salinity).
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Yu, Nannan, and Renting Li. "Professor Renting Li’s Combination of Internal and External Treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Radiation Enteritis." Proceedings of Anticancer Research 5, no. 6 (November 30, 2021): 24–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/par.v5i6.2785.
Анотація:
Radiotherapy is a common treatment for abdominal and pelvic malignancies with bone metastases. However, some patients develop radiation enteritis (RE) during the treatment or 2 months or more after the treatment, which seriously affects their quality of life. At present, the curative effect of western medicine is poor. Professor Renting Li believes that radiation kills tumor cells but at the same time, it damages the healthy Qi of the human body. Radiation causes heat and poison to accumulate in the intestinal tract, consumes and hurts Yin fluid, burns the vein, leads to deficiency of healthy Qi and poor detoxification, as well as cause blood stasis after a period of time. All these result in the combination of heat, blood stasis, and poison, manifesting as abdominal pain, diarrhea, mucus in stools, purulent and bloody stools, etc. Therefore, Professor Renting Li proposed the use of traditional Chinese medicine retention enema combined with oral traditional Chinese medicine to reduce symptoms, remove toxins, and improve the quality of life of patients.
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Sack, Jon T., and Richard W. Aldrich. "Binding of a Gating Modifier Toxin Induces Intersubunit Cooperativity Early in the Shaker K Channel's Activation Pathway." Journal of General Physiology 128, no. 1 (June 26, 2006): 119–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.200609492.
Анотація:
Potassium currents from voltage-gated Shaker K channels activate with a sigmoid rise. The degree of sigmoidicity in channel opening kinetics confirms that each subunit of the homotetrameric Shaker channel undergoes more than one conformational change before the channel opens. We have examined effects of two externally applied gating modifiers that reduce the sigmoidicity of channel opening. A toxin from gastropod mucus, 6-bromo-2-mercaptotryptamine (BrMT), and divalent zinc are both found to slow the same conformational changes early in Shaker's activation pathway. Sigmoidicity measurements suggest that zinc slows a conformational change independently in each channel subunit. Analysis of activation in BrMT reveals cooperativity among subunits during these same early steps. A lack of competition with either agitoxin or tetraethylammonium indicates that BrMT binds channel subunits outside of the external pore region in an allosterically cooperative fashion. Simulations including negatively cooperative BrMT binding account for its ability to induce gating cooperativity during activation. We conclude that cooperativity among K channel subunits can be greatly altered by experimental conditions.
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Sunny, Steffi, George Cheng, Daniel Daniel, Peter Lo, Sebastian Ochoa, Caitlin Howell, Nicolas Vogel, Adnan Majid, and Joanna Aizenberg. "Transparent antifouling material for improved operative field visibility in endoscopy." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 42 (September 29, 2016): 11676–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1605272113.
Анотація:
Camera-guided instruments, such as endoscopes, have become an essential component of contemporary medicine. The 15–20 million endoscopies performed every year in the United States alone demonstrate the tremendous impact of this technology. However, doctors heavily rely on the visual feedback provided by the endoscope camera, which is routinely compromised when body fluids and fogging occlude the lens, requiring lengthy cleaning procedures that include irrigation, tissue rubbing, suction, and even temporary removal of the endoscope for external cleaning. Bronchoscopies are especially affected because they are performed on delicate tissue, in high-humidity environments with exposure to extremely adhesive biological fluids such as mucus and blood. Here, we present a repellent, liquid-infused coating on an endoscope lens capable of preventing vision loss after repeated submersions in blood and mucus. The material properties of the coating, including conformability, mechanical adhesion, transparency, oil type, and biocompatibility, were optimized in comprehensive in vitro and ex vivo studies. Extensive bronchoscopy procedures performed in vivo on porcine lungs showed significantly reduced fouling, resulting in either unnecessary or ∼10–15 times shorter and less intensive lens clearing procedures compared with an untreated endoscope. We believe that the material developed in this study opens up opportunities in the design of next-generation endoscopes that will improve visual field, display unprecedented antibacterial and antifouling properties, reduce the duration of the procedure, and enable visualization of currently unreachable parts of the body, thus offering enormous potential for disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Luo, Jie, Long-Jing Wang, Yang-Song Li, Jin Zhang, Gui-Rong Zhang, Fei Long, Teng Peng, Jie Yan, and Bao-Jie Zhu. "Study on the Resolving Phlegm Effect of D-Limonene in Mice with Spleen Deficiency and Phlegm-Dampness Syndrome." World Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine 9, no. 4 (2023): 430–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/2311-8571.391114.
Анотація:
Objective: According to Traditional Chinese Medicine theory, spleen deficiency and phlegm-dampness syndrome (SDPDS) are caused by abnormal water metabolism in the body because of spleen dysfunction. The purpose of this article was to evaluate the efficacy of D-limonene (DL) in resolving phlegm in mice with SDPDS from the perspective of regulating the level of aquaporin 3 (AQP3). Methods: The model of SDPDS was induced in mice using the multifactor modeling method, which combines internal and external dampness. An artificial climate box was used to create a humid environment, whereas the irregular diet was caused by different feeding methods on odd-even days. The mice were divided into blank control, model group, DL low-dose, DL high-dose, and positive groups. The mice were modeled and treated for 7 day. Levels of gastrin and amylase (AMS) in the serum, mucus secretion in the trachea, and AQP3 in the tissue near the gastric cardia. Results: DL significantly reduced mucus secretion in the trachea (P < 0.001). It also increased the level of AMS in the serum (P < 0.01) and decreased the level of AQP3 in the gastric tissue (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Mice with SDPDS exhibited disturbed water metabolism and significantly increased AQP3 levels. DL can restore the levels of AQP3 and plays an important role in resolving phlegm. This study may also help expand the efficacy of natural drugs containing DL and improve the utilization of natural drug resources.
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Lu, W., J. Zabuli, T. Kuroiwa, T. Tanaka, and H. Kamomae. "Effect of Intrauterine Infusion with Liquid Paraffin on Phagocytes Migrating to Mucus of External os of the Cervix in Cows." Reproduction in Domestic Animals 46, no. 4 (December 30, 2010): 602–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01709.x.
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Putra, Rachmad Almi, Hamdani Umar, Samsul Rizal, Maimun Syukri, and Salamul Fajar. "Experimental Design for the Observation of Saliva Droplets Using a High-Speed Camera." Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA 9, no. 11 (November 25, 2023): 10101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v9i11.5589.
Анотація:
Disease transmission is often caused by viruses or bacteria contained in salivary droplets. Salivary droplets are produced from breathing, coughing, and sneezing activities. The extent of droplet dispersal can determine the safe distance between individuals when interacting, many studies have taken a simulation and modeling approach, arguing that the risk of exposure to pathogens. In this study, we attempted to set up an instrument to experimentally observe the flow of saliva droplets emitted during sneezing using a High-Speed Camera (HSC) model Phantom T-1340 without using a light sheet. Additionally, this study did not use lasers for the comfort and safety of individuals during recording of sneezing phenomena. The observation results explain that the sneezing phenomenon occurs within a time frame of 300 ms. The number of droplets observed was 246 with an observation probability of only 66%. The saliva fluid emitted is considered as large particles (bulk droplets) that undergo refraction due to two main factors, namely external and internal factors. External factors are influenced by environmental air flow rate, humidity, and temperature. Internal factors refer to the contents present in saliva such as water, protein, enzymes, and mucus or mucin.
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Westra, Jurjen W., Walter K. Schlage, Arnd Hengstermann, Stephan Gebel, Carole Mathis, Ty Thomson, Ben Wong, et al. "A Modular Cell-Type Focused Inflammatory Process Network Model for Non-Diseased Pulmonary Tissue." Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 7 (January 2013): BBI.S11509. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/bbi.s11509.
Анотація:
Exposure to environmental stressors such as cigarette smoke (CS) elicits a variety of biological responses in humans, including the induction of inflammatory responses. These responses are especially pronounced in the lung, where pulmonary cells sit at the interface between the body's internal and external environments. We combined a literature survey with a computational analysis of multiple transcriptomic data sets to construct a computable causal network model (the Inflammatory Process Network (IPN)) of the main pulmonary inflammatory processes. The IPN model predicted decreased epithelial cell barrier defenses and increased mucus hypersecretion in human bronchial epithelial cells, and an attenuated pro-inflammatory (M1) profile in alveolar macrophages following exposure to CS, consistent with prior results. The IPN provides a comprehensive framework of experimentally supported pathways related to CS-induced pulmonary inflammation. The IPN is freely available to the scientific community as a resource with broad applicability to study the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease.