Статті в журналах: "External drainage"

1

Cummings, Ruth. "Understanding External Ventricular Drainage." Journal of Neuroscience Nursing 24, no. 2 (April 1992): 84–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01376517-199204000-00006.

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2

Hanscom, Thomas. "External Needle Drainage Device." Archives of Ophthalmology 130, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archophthalmol.2011.369.

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3

Ucgul, Ahmet Yucel, Sengul Ozdek, Mestan Ertop, and Hatice Tuba Atalay. "External Drainage Alone Versus External Drainage With Vitrectomy in Advanced Coats Disease." American Journal of Ophthalmology 222 (February 2021): 6–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2020.09.006.

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4

Morita, S., S. Matsumoto, T. Soejima, R. Odani, and T. Yokota. "Biliary drainage: conversion of external to internal drainage." Radiology 167, no. 1 (April 1988): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiology.167.1.3347730.

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5

Martínez Martínez, Lida, and Alba Aveiro. "External ventricular drainage-related ventriculitis." Revista Virtual de la Sociedad Paraguaya de Medicina Interna 4, no. 1 (March 30, 2017): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/rvspmi/2312-3893/2017.04(01)46-056.

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6

Chan, K. H., and K. S. Mann. "Prolonged therapeutic external ventricular drainage." Neurosurgery 23, no. 4 (October 1988): 436???8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-198810000-00005.

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7

Okhotnikov, Oleg I., M. V. Yakovleva, S. N. Grigoriev, and V. I. Pakhomov. "SOME FEATURES OF CHOLESTASIS IN CANCER PATIENTS DURING THE REDUCTION OF LIVER FUNCTIONAL RESERVES." Russian Journal of Oncology 23, no. 1 (February 15, 2018): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1028-9984-2018-23-1-14-19.

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Purpose. To determine the indications for the supra - and transpapillary externally-internal drainaging of the biliary tree in case of jaundice syndrome. Material and methods. The results of minimally invasive treatment of 246 patients with external-internal drainage of the biliary tree were analyzed. Among patients with proximal tumor block the external-internal drainage is made in 92 cases, in 42 (45,7%) out of them in suprapapillary embodiment and in 50 (54,3%) - via transpapillary approach. In 154 cases with distal tumor (obstruction peripapillary cancer) transpapillary drainage was performed. Results. The technical success of the external-internal drainaging was achieved in 242 patients (98,4%). It was failed to pass the duodenum in 4 patients with the cancer of common bile duct (3) and cancer of papilla of Vater (1). There was no complications related to the technique of external-internal drainage. In 18 patients (8,8%) out of 204 with transpapillary location of the drainage, we were forced to temporarily return to full outer bile outflow because of acute cholangitis. The syndrome of an acute blockade of the papilla of Vater arising after transpapillary external-internal drainaging required endoscopic papillosphincterotomy in 42 (84%) out of 50 patients with proximal tumor block bile outflow and in 7 (4.5%) out of 154 patients with peripapillary cancer. Conclusion. Suprapapillary and transpapillary embodiment of the drainage are equivalent in terms of the efficacy of cholestasis elimination. Syndrome of an acute blockade of papilla of Vater is the most often complication of the transpapillary external-internal drainage requiring the carrying out of endoscopic papillotomy «on drainage». This syndrome arises very frequently in a case of transpapillary external-internal drainage due to the proximal tumor obstruction of the biliary tree. The risk of acute cholangitis due to regurgitation after manipulation is absent in the suprapapillary location of the external-internal drainage, and with its transpapillary position is realized only with a concomitant violation of the outflow of bile.

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8

Avanesyan, R. G., M. P. Korolev, M. Yu Pletnev, S. N. Sabri, and T. V. Amirkhanyan. "Original method for restoring the continuity of the lobar duct of the liver in case of iatrogenic damage." Grekov's Bulletin of Surgery 181, no. 1 (September 22, 2022): 60–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/0042-4625-2022-181-1-60-65.

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The OBJECTIVE was to demonstrate an original minimally invasive way to restore the continuity of the lobar duct after its complete intersection.METHODS AND MATERIALS. The study included 3 patients aged 38, 56 and 69 years who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis, cholecystolithiasis in various medical institutions of the city. In all patients, the intersection of the right lobar duct with the formation of an external biliary fistula in the postoperative period was revealed. RESULTS. All patients underwent recanalization of the crossed duct on the first attempt. After the fistula was formed on the frame drainage, the flow of bile through the external biliary fistula gradually regressed: in one patient, bile leakage from the abdominal cavity stopped after two days, in two patients after a week. Drainages from the subhepatic space were removed in all patients on the 9th day after restoration of the continuity of the intersect duct. Kehr's drainage was removed after 12 days in one patient, after 21 days in another. Retrograde external drainage was removed from the third patient on the 5th day after restoration of the patency of the duct on the frame drainage. After control X-ray images, the external-internal frame drainages were blocked for patients on the 5-10th day after the operation. There were no leaks of contrast agent through the restored section of the duct.CONCLUSION. The developed method of minimally invasive restoration of continuity and patency of the intersected and excised hepatic duct is an alternative to the traditional reconstructive biliodigestive bypass surgery. Long-term frame drainage of the bile duct in the area of damage allows forming sufficient diameter for an unobstructed passage of bile.

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9

Kumar, V. A. Kiran, N. A. Sai Kiran, V. Anil Kumar, Luis Rafael Moscote-Salazar, Amrita Ghosh, Ranabir Pal, Venkata Ramya Bola, and Amit Agrawal. "External ventricular drainage for intraventricular hemorrhage." Romanian Neurosurgery 32, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 347–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/romneu-2018-0043.

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Abstract Background: Intervention to reduce intracranial pressure using External Ventricular Drain (EVD) is a common life saving measure in a neurosurgery intensive care unit(ICU). Objective: The present study was undertaken to assess the outcome of patients who underwent external ventricular drainage for intraventricular hemorrhage(IVH). Methods: The available data of the patients who underwent placement of external ventricular drain from February 2012 to May 2016 for intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) at Narayana Medical College and Hospital, Nellore, was retrieved from the hospital case records and analyzed. Results: Total of 69 patients were included in this study. Mean age was 53.7 ±11.6 years. Clinical presentation included altered sensorium in 66 patients (96%), hemiparesis in 62 patients (90%) , vomiting in 40 patients (58%) and seizures in 9 patients (13%). Fifty two patients (75%) were known hypertensives and 10 patients (15%) were diabetic. Past history of smoking was recorded in 16(23%) patients and alcohol intake in 17 patients (25%). GCS at the time of admission was 3-8 (low) in 39 patients (57%), 9-12 in 23 patients(33%) and 13-15 in 7 patients (10%). At the time of admission, 60 patients ( 87%) had diastolic blood pressure more than 90 mmHg, 63 patients (91%) had systolic blood pressure more than 140 mmHg. Major site of hemorrhage was basal ganglia in 24 (35%), thalamus in 13 (19%), cerebellum in 5 (7%), brain stem in 3, frontal/temporal in 2 patients. SAH with IVH was noted in 12 patients (17%) and only IVH was noted in 10 patients (14%). Mean duration of external ventricular drainage was 4.6+1.7 days (Range 1-9 days). Mean hospital stay was 11.3±7.5 days and mean ICU stay was 8+5.4 days. Thirty eight patients (55%) died during hospital stay. At the time of discharge, poor out come (Glagow out come score 1-3) was noted in 52 patients (75%) and good out come (Glagow out come score-4,5) was noted in 17 patients. Among various parameters analyzed , poor GCS (3-8) at admission, history of smoking and alcohol intake were found to correlate significantly with poor outcome. None of the other factors like old age, site of bleed, pupillary asymmetry at admission, high blood pressure at admission, past history of hypertension and diabetes were found to correlate with poor outcome. Conclusions: Majority of the patients with intracranial hematomas with intraventricular extension presented in poor neurological condition (GCS= 3-8). Poor neurological condition at the time of admission, past history of smoking and alcohol intake were associated with poor outcome.

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10

Snyder, Laura L., John W. Kitchens, and Shriji N. Patel. "External Choroidal Drainage Using Direct Visualization." Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina 50, no. 8 (August 1, 2019): 529–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/23258160-20190806-11.

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11

Srinivasan, Visish M., Brent R. O'Neill, Diana Jho, Donald M. Whiting, and Michael Y. Oh. "The history of external ventricular drainage." Journal of Neurosurgery 120, no. 1 (January 2014): 228–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2013.6.jns121577.

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External ventricular drainage (EVD) is one of the most commonly performed neurosurgical procedures. It was first performed as early as 1744 by Claude-Nicholas Le Cat. Since then, there have been numerous changes in technique, materials used, indications for the procedure, and safety. The history of EVD is best appreciated in 4 eras of progress: development of the technique (1850–1908), technological advancements (1927–1950), expansion of indications (1960–1995), and accuracy, training, and infection control (1995–present). While EVD was first attempted in the 18th century, it was not until 1890 that the first thorough report of EVD technique and outcomes was published by William Williams Keen. He was followed by H. Tillmanns, who described the technique that would be used for many years. Following this, many improvements were made to the EVD apparatus itself, including the addition of manometry by Adson and Lillie in 1927, and continued experimentation in cannulation/drainage materials. Technological advancements allowed a great expansion of indications for EVD, sparked by Nils Lundberg, who published a thorough analysis of the use of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring in patients with brain tumors in 1960. This led to the application of EVD and ICP monitoring in subarachnoid hemorrhage, Reye syndrome, and traumatic brain injury. Recent research in EVD has focused on improving the overall safety of the procedure, which has included the development of guidance-based systems, virtual reality simulators for trainees, and antibiotic-impregnated catheters.

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12

Maniker, Allen H., Artem Y. Vaynman, Reza J. Karimi, Aria O. Sabit, and Bart Holland. "Hemorrhagic Complications Of External Ventricular Drainage." Operative Neurosurgery 59, suppl_4 (January 2006): ONS—419—ONS—425. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000222817.99752.e6.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE: Despite the widespread use of external ventricular drainage (EVD), the frequency of associated hemorrhagic complications remains unclear. This retrospective study examined the frequency of hemorrhagic complications of EVD and attempted to discern associated risk factors. METHODS: Treatment records from 160 patients admitted during a 2.5-year period who required EVD placement were reviewed. Indications for placement of EVD included acute complications of cerebrovascular disease (n = 94), traumatic brain injury (n = 36), primary hydrocephalus (n = 16), and tumor (n = 14). Patients received either a 3.0 or 2.5-mm outer diameter ventricular catheter (n = 82 and 78, respectively). Postinsertion computed tomographic scans were obtained within 24 hours on all patients and were analyzed for any new hemorrhage related to the ventricular catheter. Patient age, sex, catheter type, and dimensions of hemorrhage were also analyzed. RESULTS: The incidence of EVD-related hemorrhage was 33 ± 0.04%. However, the incidence of detectable change in the clinical neurological examination was 2.5%. A significant proportion of EVD-related hemorrhages were small (<4 cm3), punctate, intraparenchymal hematomas. Patients with cerebrovascular disease exhibited an increased incidence (39%) of hemorrhage. The mean volume of intraparenchymal hemorrhage was larger in patients who received the 2.5-mm ventricular catheter, as well as those admitted for cerebrovascular disease. CONCLUSION: Hemorrhagic complications of EVD placement are more common than previously suspected. Admitting diagnosis seems to have an effect on the development of an associated hemorrhage and its size. Catheter gauge has an effect on hematoma volume. Most of the hemorrhages seen on postinsertion computed tomographic scans do not cause detectable changes in the clinical examination.

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13

CHOWDHURY, S. D., and J. KENOGBON. "Rigid Ureteroscopic Endopyelotomy without External Drainage." Journal of Endourology 6, no. 5 (October 1992): 357–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/end.1992.6.357.

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14

Masoom Abbas, Mirza, Ravi Gopal Varma, Nirmala Sankar, and Raghavendra Pai. "Hemichorea-Hemiballism after External Ventricular Drainage." Journal of Movement Disorders 12, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 195–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.14802/jmd.19033.

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15

FRANK, MICHAEL W., JAY PRYSTOWSKY, and WILLIAM SOPER. "Laparoscopic Pericardiotomy, Biopsy, and External Drainage." Journal of Laparoendoscopic Surgery 5, no. 2 (April 1995): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/lps.1995.5.113.

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16

Dey, Mahua, Jennifer Jaffe, Agnieszka Stadnik, and Issam A. Awad. "External Ventricular Drainage for Intraventricular Hemorrhage." Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports 12, no. 1 (October 15, 2011): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11910-011-0231-x.

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17

Pan, Wei-Ren, Cara Michelle le Roux, Sidney M. Levy, and Christopher A. Briggs. "Lymphatic drainage of the external ear." Head & Neck 33, no. 1 (January 2011): 60–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hed.21395.

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18

Arts, Sebastian, Martine van Bilsen, Erik J. van Lindert, Ronald HMA Bartels, Rene Aquarius, and Hieronymus D. Boogaarts. "Implementation of an Automated Cerebrospinal Fluid Drainage System for Early Mobilization in Neurosurgical Patients." Brain Sciences 11, no. 6 (May 22, 2021): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11060683.

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Background: Automated cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) drainage systems allow for the mobilization of patients with an external CSF drain. The aim of this study is to describe the implementation of an automated CSF drainage system in neurosurgical patients with external CSF drains. Methods: A feasibility study was performed using an automated CSF drainage system (LiquoGuard®7, Möller Medical GmbH, Fulda, Germany) in adult neurosurgical patients treated with external lumbar or external ventricular drains between December 2017 and June 2020. Limited mobilization was allowed—patients were allowed to adjust their inclined beds, sit in chairs and walk under the supervision of a nurse or physical therapist. The primary outcome was the number of prematurely terminated drainage sessions. Results: Twenty-three patients were included. Drainage was terminated prematurely in eight (35%) patients. In three (13%) of these patients, drainage was terminated due to signs of hydrocephalus. Pressure-controlled drainage in patients with external lumbar drains (ELD) showed inaccurate pressure curves, which was solved by using volume-controlled drainage in ELD patients. Conclusion: The implementation of an automated CSF drainage system (LiquoGuard®7) for CSF drainage allows for early mobilization in a subset of patients with external CSF drains. External lumbar drains require volume-based drainage rather than differential pressure-dependent drainage.

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19

Gunya, Zinaida A., Anton A. Rebrov, Dmitrii Yu Semenov, Vasilii V. Mel’nikov, and Aleksei A. Vaganov. "PREVENTION OF PURULENT CHOLANGITIS AFTER PERCUTANEOUS ENDOBILIARY TRANSPAPILLARY DRAINAGE IN PATIENTS WITH OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE." Scientific Notes of the Pavlov University 26, no. 1 (August 23, 2019): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.24884/1607-4181-2019-26-1-35-41.

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Introduction. The incidence of cholangitis varied from 9 % to 33 % after the insertion of transpapillary external-internal endobiliary drainage. In case of proximal bile obstruction, the method of suprapapillary insertion of external-internal drainage were widely used for prevention of purulent complications. But it was impossible to use this method in case of distal bile obstruction. The choice of initial decompression method for distal bile duct obstruction (external only or transpapillary external-internal drainage) was unclear.The objective was to improve results of primary percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage in patients with jaundice and distal bile duct obstruction.Material and methods. As a primary decompression method, percutaneous transhepatic endobiliary interventions under ultrasound and X-ray control were performed in 81 patients with distal bile duct obstruction. External-internal transpapillary drainage were performed in 30 patients, only external drainage – in 21 patients and in 31 patients we used original combined technique (compilation of external and external-internal transpapillary drainage).Results. Intraoperative and early postoperative complications were noticed in 23 patient (28 %). Complications in the group of external endobiliary drainage were observed in 4 (19 %) patients. In the group of external-internal drainage, complication rate was 53.3 % (16 patients). At the same time, purulent complications were noted in 30 % of cases (9 people). In case of using combined external-internal drainage, no purulent complications was diagnosed. In the treatment of all complications, minimally invasive methods were successfully used.Conclusion. Our results showed advantages of the original combined technique due to the absence of the risk of purulent complications, and ensuring transpapillary access at the same time.

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20

Kulezneva, Yu V., O. V. Melekhina, L. I. Kurmanseitova, M. G. Efanov, V. V. Tsvirkun, A. Yu Ogneva, A. B. Musatov, and I. V. Patrushev. "Antegrade cholangiostomy: analysis and prevention of complications." Annaly khirurgicheskoy gepatologii = Annals of HPB surgery 23, no. 3 (October 21, 2018): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.16931/1995-5464.2018337-46.

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Aim. To analyze complications of percutaneous transhepatic cholangiostomy depending on biliary obstruction level and drainage type.Material and methods. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage was carried out in 974 patients with mechanical jaundice of different genesis. External drainage was predominantly performed for distal obstruction, external-internal suprapapillary – for proximal obstruction. Strictures of biliodigestive anastomosis were managed using percutaneous balloon dilatation and long-term external-internal drainage.Results. Overall morbility was 19.1%. Significant relationship between morbidity and obstruction level, drainage type and tubes quantity was detected. Drainage tube dislocation was the most common drainage-related complication both in proximal and distal obstruction. External-internal transpapillary drainage was followed by suppurative cholangitis and acute pancreatitis in 81.5% of cases. External-internal suprapapillary drainage was accompanied by acute cholangitis in 17.1% of patients and was determined by disconnection of subsegmental ducts that required additional drainage tubes placement. In most cases, complications were corrected by minimally invasive surgery and nonsurgical treatment. Overall mortality was 1.3% (0.3% in cases of distal obstruction and 1.8% in cases of proximal obstruction).Conclusion. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage is a routine non-traumatic method of biliary decompression that may be successfully used irrespective to obstruction level and cause of jaundice. External-internal suprapapillary drainage is preferable for proximal biliary obstruction while external-internal transpapillary drainage should be avoided.

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21

Okhotnikov, O. I., M. V. Yakovleva, S. N. Grigoriev, V. I. Pakhomov, N. N. Grigoriev, and O. O. Okhotnikov. "Infectious Complications after Different Percutaneous External-Internal Biliary Drainage Techniques for Malignant Jaundice." Journal of oncology: diagnostic radiology and radiotherapy 4, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37174/2587-7593-2021-4-2-51-59.

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Purpose: Analysis of infectious complications incidence in different types of percutaneous externalinternal biliary drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice of tumor genesis.Material and methods: The results of using antegrade external-internal drainage of the biliary tree in transpapillary and suprapapillary variants in 110 patients were analyzed. External-internal biliary drainage was performed in stages, after percutaneous transhepatic cholangiostomy or involuntarily primary with proximal obstruction of the biliary tree with bile duct segregation if it is impossible to form a fixing element of drainage proximal to the obstruction zone.Results: In the first group, transpapillary external-internal drainage was performed in 30 patients with peripapillary tumor obstruction. Of the 26 patients with proximal obstruction, suprapapillary external-internal drainage was performed in 8 patients, transpapillary — in 18 patients. Postmanipulation cholangitis in the first group occurred in 16 cases (28.6 %), liver abscesses developed 4 cases (7.1 %). In the second group, among 30 patients with transpapillary drainage on the background of peripapillary tumor obstruction, signs of acute cholangitis developed in 4 cases. Cholangitis was stopped by timely transfer of external-internal drainage to external. Among 24 patients with proximal obstruction of the biliary tree, suprapapillary external-internal drainage without complications was performed in 18 cases, transpapillary in 6 patients with the proximal block without disconnecting of the biliary tree. Acute cholangitis developed in 2 cases. Patients of the second group had no liver cholangigenic abscesses. There were no cases of hospital mortality in both groups.Conclusion: Factors in the development of postmanipulation cholangitis and liver abscesses during external-internal drainage of the biliary tree against the background of its tumor obstruction are the transpapillary position of endobiliary drainage with duodeno-biliary reflux in persistent biliary hypertension. In the case of suprapapillary location of the working end of external-internal drainage during antegrade drainage of the proximal tumor obstruction of the biliary tree with dissociation, the risk of postmanipulation cholangitis in non-drained liver segments is minimal. In the event of post-manipulation cholangitis in the case of transpapillary drainage of the biliary tree, a temporary transformation of external-internal drainage into external cholangiostomy is necessary.

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22

Vallianatos, Filippos, and Maria Kouli. "Evidence of Hierarchy in the Drainage Basins Size Distribution of Greece Derived from ASTER GDEM-v2 Data." Applied Sciences 10, no. 1 (December 28, 2019): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10010248.

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The drainage basins of Greece are analyzed in terms of hierarchy and discussed in view of Tsallis Entropy. This concept has been successfully used in a variety of complex systems, where fractality, memory and long-range interactions are dominant. The analysis indicates that the statistical distribution of drainage basins’ area in Greece, presents a hierarchical pattern that can be viewed within the frame of non-extensive statistical physics. Our work was based on the analysis of the ASTER GDEM v2 Digital Elevation Model of Greece, which offers a 30 m resolution, creating an accurate drainage basins’ database. Analyzing the drainage size (e.g., drainage basin area)-frequency distribution we discuss the connection of the observed power law exponents with the Tsallis entropic parameters, demonstrating the hierarchy observed in drainage areas for the set created for all over Greece and the subsets of drainages in the internal and external Hellenides that are the main tectonic structures in Greece. Furthermore, we discuss in terms of Tsallis entropy, the hierarchical patterns observed when the drainages are classified according to their relief or the Topographic Position Index (TPI). The deviation of distribution from power law for large drainages area is discussed.

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23

Chan, Kwan-Hon, and Kirpal S. Mann. "Prolonged Therapeutic External Ventricular Drainage: A Prospective Study." Neurosurgery 23, no. 4 (October 1, 1988): 436–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198810000-00005.

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Abstract Over a 2½-year period, 34 patients underwent therapeutic external ventricular drainage with a valve-regulated system. The mean duration of drainage was 16 days. There was no incidence of ventricular infection, nor was there blockage of the ventricular catheter requiring revision. Eventually, 13 patients required ventriculoperitoneal shunts. All survivors remained free from complications after more than 6 months of follow-up. The system proved safe and reliable in patients requiring prolonged ventricular drainage.

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24

Çevik, Serdar, Celaleddin Soyalp, Enes Akkaya, Serkan Kitis, and Hakan Hanımoğlu. "External Ventricular Drainage Infections Rates: Clinic Experiences." International Journal of Clinical Medicine 07, no. 01 (2016): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ijcm.2016.71007.

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25

Nazhmudinov, Zapala Zulbegovich, and Abdulkamal Huseynovich Huseynov. "External-internal transgastric drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts." Hirurg (Surgeon), no. 01 (February 14, 2022): 18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-15-2201-02.

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The article presents an analysis of the results of puncture drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts. The medical records of patients who were hospitalized in the past four years to the surgical departments were analyzed. In all the cases, the cause of the formation of pancreatic pseudocysts was biliary destructive pancreatitis. There were 86 such patients in total; all were female, their age ranged from 42 to 78 years. The procedure for draining pancreas cysts was performed under ultrasound guidance, using a GE Logik P 5 ultrasound scanner with attachments for color Doppler mapping with convex sensor 3.5–5 MHz. With formed postnecrotic cysts, patients underwent cystogastroanastomosis (CGA) under the control of ultrasound and EGD. The duration of the stay of patients in the hospital was 7–14 days. In 14 cases, patients were discharged from the hospital with drains under the supervision of a surgeon at the place of residence. Such complications of drainage of pancreas pseudocysts as bleeding, peritonitis and suppuration, were not observed. Cyst recurrence was registered in 2 cases after primary external drainage of the cyst cavity.

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26

Gigante, Paul, Brian Y. Hwang, Geoffrey Appelboom, Christopher P. Kellner, Michael A. Kellner, and E. Sander Connolly. "External ventricular drainage following aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage." British Journal of Neurosurgery 24, no. 6 (September 20, 2010): 625–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/02688697.2010.505989.

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27

Dey, Mahua, Agnieszka Stadnik, Fady Riad, Lingjiao Zhang, Nichol McBee, Carlos Kase, J. Ricardo Carhuapoma, et al. "Bleeding and Infection With External Ventricular Drainage." Neurosurgery 76, no. 3 (March 2015): 291–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000000624.

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28

S. R. Evett, B. B. Ruthardt, and K. S. Copeland. "External Full-Time Vacuum Lysimeter Drainage System." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 22, no. 6 (2006): 875–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22259.

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29

Kaye, Mitchell C., Stevan B. Streem, and Phillip M. Hall. "Enteric Hyperoxaluria Associated with External Biliary Drainage." Journal of Urology 151, no. 2 (February 1994): 396–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)34959-5.

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30

Suzuki, Yasuyuki, Yasuhiro Fujino, Takuro Yoshikawa, Yasuki Tanioka, Tetsuya Sakai, Moriatsu Takada, Yonson Ku, and Yoshikazu Kuroda. "Intraoperative Continuous External Bile Drainage During Pancreaticoduodenectomy." Surgery Today 34, no. 11 (November 2004): 920–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00595-004-2854-x.

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31

Andersen, C., St Midholm, and T. Rosendal. "External ventricular drainage in the new-born." Acta Neurochirurgica 109, no. 1-2 (March 1991): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01405703.

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32

Chhablani, Jay, and Divya Balakrishnan. "CHANDELIER-ASSISTED EXTERNAL DRAINAGE OF SUBRETINAL FLUID." Retinal Cases & Brief Reports 9, no. 3 (2015): 223–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/icb.0000000000000144.

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33

Woodward, Sue, Clare Addison, Sarah Shah, Frank Brennan, Ann MacLeod, and Mark Clements. "Benchmarking best practice for external ventricular drainage." British Journal of Nursing 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2002): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjon.2002.11.1.12217.

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34

Jayachandran, S., Unni M. M. Mooppan, and Hong Kim. "Complications from external (condom) urinary drainage devices." Urology 25, no. 1 (January 1985): 31–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0090-4295(85)90558-8.

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35

Heese, O., J. Regelsberger, U. Kehler, and M. Westphal. "Hollow mandrin facilitates external ventricular drainage placement." Acta Neurochirurgica 147, no. 7 (March 10, 2005): 759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00701-005-0500-z.

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36

Abdoh, Mohammad Ghazi, Olivier Bekaert, Jérôme Hodel, Salia Mamadou Diarra, Caroline Le Guerinel, Rémi Nseir, Sylvie Bastuji-Garin, and Philippe Decq. "Accuracy of external ventricular drainage catheter placement." Acta Neurochirurgica 154, no. 1 (September 3, 2011): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00701-011-1136-9.

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37

Andenæs, Erlend, Vegard A. Skagseth, Nora S. Bunkholt, Tore Kvande, and Jardar Lohne. "Experiences with external drainage systems from compact roofs in Norwegian climates." E3S Web of Conferences 172 (2020): 21010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017221010.

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To reduce loads on urban drainage systems and facilitate local infiltration of stormwater, it is desired to lead runoff water from roofs through external drains and into the local soil. However, in cold climates, situations often arise where water freezes in external drainpipes, damaging the pipes and preventing drainage. This article investigates the perceived feasibility of external drainage when compared against the risk of freezing damage. A literature study investigates mechanics of ice formation in drains and gutters, and under which conditions ice formation poses a risk to the building. Actors in the Norwegian building sector are interviewed about the challenges related to external drainage from compact roofs in several locations in Norway. Findings suggest that external drainage is considered feasible, but many challenges exist. Suggested solutions may conflict with building regulations, either due to risk of damages or through an unreasonably high energy consumption. Passive solutions without heating elements may, however, be feasible in certain climates in Norway. It is suggested that further research follows up the feasibility of using external drainage in relation to local climate and building concepts.

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38

Nordback, I., O. Auvinen, I. Airo, J. Isolauri, and O. Teerenhovi. "ERCP in Evaluating The Mode of Therapy in Pancreatic Pseudocyst." HPB Surgery 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 35–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1988/47060.

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Twenty patients with ultrasonographic or computed tomographic diagnosis of pancreatic pseudocyst were referred for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). Two of these were found at laparotomy not to have pseudocysts and were excluded. Pancreatography was successful in 15 out of 18 cases (83%) and cholangiography in 12 out of 18 cases (67%). Three types of pseudocysts were noticed according to the communication of the pseudocyst to the main pancreatic duct and the presence of pancreatic duct stensosis. Successful treatment included two spontaneous resolutions, two internal drainages and three left pancreatic resections. In the eight percutaneous external drainages four recurrences (50%) occurred, one after closure of temporary pancreatocutaneous fistula. All the recurrences occurred in Type III pseudocysts with communication of the pseudocysts to stenotic main pancreatic duct. In these cases internal drainage would have been the preferable treatment method. We believe that by ERCP one can identify pseudocysts not suitable for external drainage.

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39

L, Yassine. "Biliary Sodium Depletion: A Rare Cause of Hyponatremia and Renal Failure." Gastroenterology & Hepatology International Journal 6, no. 2 (July 1, 2021): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ghij-16000185.

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External biliary drainage is a necessary procedure in some situations, particularly in tumor obstructions of the bile ducts. We report the case of a 51-year-old man with hyponatremia and functional renal failure after high-volume biliary excretion following external percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage for an obstructive Klatskin tumor. Our case shows that internal drainage should be preferred to external drainage which is a source of hydroelectrolyte and circulatory complications that can be life-threatening.

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40

Khanna, Rohit K., Mark L. Rosenblum, Jack P. Rock, and Ghaus M. Malik. "Prolonged external ventricular drainage with percutaneous long-tunnel ventriculostomies." Journal of Neurosurgery 83, no. 5 (November 1995): 791–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1995.83.5.0791.

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✓ External ventricular drainage has been used extensively for management of several neurosurgical disorders. The main limitation of this procedure has been the high risk of infection, especially with prolonged drainage. In an effort to minimize the risk of infection, the authors have used a new ventriculostomy technique that involves tunneling the ventricular catheter subcutaneously to an exit site in the lower chest or upper abdomen. This report describes the results of this procedure on 100 consecutive cases. Patients requiring emergency ventriculostomies had short-tunnel ventriculostomies placed at the bedside that were converted to long-tunnel ventriculostomies in the operating room within 5 days. The average duration of drainage was 18.3 days (range 5–40 days). Cerebrospinal fluid was routinely sent for Gram staining and culture to monitor for infection. Prophylactic antibiotic medications were administered only perioperatively. No infection was observed during the first 16 days of drainage in any patient. The overall incidence of infection was 4% and blockage occurred in 6% of the cases. In this series the incidence of ventricular infection was 2.37 per 1000 ventricular drainage days, one of the lowest reported incidences of infection in the literature. This procedure provides a simple and effective method of maintaining long-term ventricular drainage with a very low risk of infection or blockage.

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41

Karstrup, S., T. Mygind, and V. Hennild. "Percutaneous Transhepatic External Biliary Drainage Utilizing a Pig Tail Balloon Catheter." Acta Radiologica 35, no. 5 (September 1994): 509–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028418519403500523.

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A 2.3-mm soft pig tail balloon catheter was developed to be used for percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. A small balloon (OD 10 mm) secures an optimal internal fixation and side holes behind the balloon secure drainage of the cannulated bile duct peripheral to the balloon. Successful transhepatic biliary drainage with the pig tail balloon catheter was achieved in 11 of 12 patients for a period of 3 to 67 days (median 6 days). In one patient the catheter clogged after 55 days of drainage. No case of catheter dislodgement or other complications related to the external drainage was seen.

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42

Wang, Jian Xiu, Bo Feng, Pei Wang, Yi Qun Tang, and Ping Yang. "Numerical Simulation of Grout Curtain in a DEWPR Tunnel." Advanced Materials Research 250-253 (May 2011): 1873–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.250-253.1873.

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Grouting is often adopted in a tunnel to resist high external water pressure; the tunnel is defined as External Water Pressure-Resistant Tunnel (EWPR Tunnel). When the grouting reinforcement does not seal the high pressure groundwater completely and the leakage groundwater is drained by drainage system, the tunnel can be called a Drained External Water Pressure -Resistant Tunnel with limited Drainage (DEWPR Tunnel), the grouting reinforcement and waterproof/drainage system of which are great important and should be considered specially. Take the traffic tunnels of Jinping Second Cascade Hydropower Station as an example, a numerical method is adopted to simulate the influence of grouting reinforcement thickness on the distribution of external water pressure. The results indicate that the discharge rate per unit length is 7.82m2/d with single tunnel drainage and 5.28m2/d with double-tunnel drainage, and the external water pressure can be reduced less than 0.6MPa when the thickness of grouting reinforcement is 12m based on the control factor of volume of water discharge.

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43

Roebuck, D. J., and P. Stanley. "External and internal-external biliary drainage in children with malignant obstructive jaundice." Pediatric Radiology 30, no. 10 (September 26, 2000): 659–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002470000267.

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44

Das, Taraprasad P., and Subhadra Jalali. "Laser-Aided External Drainage of Subretinal Fluid: Prospective Randomized Comparison With Needle Drainage." Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina 25, no. 4 (April 1994): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/1542-8877-19940401-08.

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45

Shah, Mubashir Ahmad, Aakib Hamid Charag, Suhail Farooq Mir, Khursheed Alam Wani, Sameer Hassan Naqash, and Munir Ahmad Wani. "External Tube Drainage Versus no Drainage in Hepatic Hydatid Cysts with Cystobiliary Communications." International Journal of Contemporary Surgery 1, no. 2 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/j.2321-1024.1.2.018.

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46

Wang, Bifei, Yuewei Li, Wenqiang Qi, and Qihang Wang. "Study on calculation method of stability for embedded penstocks with stiffener ring under external pressure." E3S Web of Conferences 272 (2021): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127202010.

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A three-dimensional FEM(finite element model)is established, including penstocks with initial defect (ovality), backfill concrete, drainage cushion and surrounding rock. The nonlinear static calculation of the model is carried out. The stability of penstocks with backfill concrete, drainage cushion and surrounding rock under external pressure is studied. The sensibility of the embedded penstocks to initial defect, initial gap and elastic modulus of drainage cushion is analyzed. The results of finite element method, Jacobsen method and strength formula in SL281 are compared and analyzed. The results indicate that the FEM of penstocks, backfill concrete and surrounding rock with initial defects is easy to converge by nonlinear calculation; the ovality and gap have little influence on the critical external pressure of the embedded penstocks with stiffener ring, while the drainage cushion has a certain influence on the critical external pressure; the critical external pressure calculated by SL281 is low and safe; compared with Jacobsen method, the critical external pressure of the finite element method is increased by about 14%; for the embedded penstocks with drainage cushion, the finite element method can be used to calculate the influence of the drainage cushion on the critical external pressure, and the appropriate reduction factor can be obtained, and then the Jacobsen result can be modified by the reduction factor.

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47

Moon, Hong Joo, Sang Dae Kim, Jang Bo Lee, Dong Jun Lim, and Jung Yul Park. "Clinical Analysis of External Ventricular Drainage Related Ventriculitis." Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society 41, no. 4 (2007): 236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3340/jkns.2007.41.4.236.

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48

Konovalov, Anton, Dmitry Okishev, Oleg Shekhtman, Yuri Pilipenko, and Shalva Eliava. "Neuronavigation device for stereotaxic external ventricular drainage insertion." Surgical Neurology International 12 (June 7, 2021): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/sni_180_2021.

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Background: The insertion of an external ventricular drainage (EVD) is one of the most frequently used neurosurgical procedures. It is performed to adjust intracranial hypertension in cases of severe craniocerebral injury, acute posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus, meningitis, and oncological diseases related to impaired circulation of cerebrospinal fluid circulation (CSF). Methods: In 2020, three patients with subarachnoid aneurysmal hemorrhage underwent insertion of an EVD navigation percutaneous stereotaxic device. Three cases introduced. Results: In all cases, satisfactory EVD functioning was noted during the surgery and during the early postoperative period. The EVD insertion procedure took an average of 10 min. The EVD insertion route calculations using the software took about 5–15 min. No cases showed any infection, hemorrhagic complications, or EVD dysfunction. According to the control brain computed tomography data, the catheter position was satisfactory and corresponded to the target coordinates in all cases. Conclusion: The use of the device, with its high accuracy and efficiency, can reduce the incidence of unsatisfactory EVD implantation cases in patients with neurosurgical pathology.

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49

Boulard, G., P. Ravussin, and J. Guérin. "A New Way To Monitor External Ventricular Drainage." Neurosurgery 30, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 636–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006123-199204000-00030.

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50

Leung, G. K. K., K. B. Ng, B. B. T. Taw, and Y. W. Fan. "Extended subcutaneous tunnelling technique for external ventricular drainage." British Journal of Neurosurgery 21, no. 4 (January 2007): 359–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02688690701392881.

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