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Статті в журналах з теми "Extended exposure"
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Hessel, Charles. "Extended Exposure Fusion." Image Processing On Line 9 (December 29, 2019): 453–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5201/ipol.2019.278.
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Youssef, A. Samy, and Andrew E. Sloan. "Extended Transoral Approaches." Neurosurgery 66, suppl_3 (March 1, 2010): A126—A134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000366117.04095.ec.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract BACKGROUND The transoral approach provides the most direct exposure to extradural lesions of the ventral craniovertebral junction. Lesions that extend beyond the exposure provided by the standard transoral approach require an extended transoral modification. The exposure can be expanded in the sagittal and axial planes by adding mandibulotomy, mandibuloglossotomy, palatotomy, and transmaxillary approaches to the standard transoral approach. Extended transoral approaches increase the surgical complexity and the risk of cosmetic and functional complications. Until recently, selection of an extended approach has been arbitrary and dependent on the surgeon's familiarity with the surgical approach. OBJECTIVE We review the literature of extended transoral approaches and analyze the different modifications in terms of the technical aspects, added exposure, and complications. METHODS Classic approaches and recently published morphometric studies that objectively document the gain in exposure provided by several modifications were analyzed and tabulated to outline the limits of exposure and risk of complications associated with the various modifications. RESULTS Transmaxillary approaches expand the exposure to include the sphenoid sinus and upper lateral clivus. To expand the exposure more inferiorly to C4–C5, mandibulotomy or mandibuloglossotomy can be applied. Mandibuloglossotomy increases the rostral exposure as well to the upper third of the clivus. Palatotomy increases rostral exposure without requiring a facial incision or perioperative tracheostomy, but is associated with a significant risk of velopharyngeal insufficiency. CONCLUSION Surgical decisions can be based on comprehensive preoperative evaluation of anatomy, pathology, and radiographic studies to maximize exposure while minimizing complications.
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Kurbanov, Almaz, Chris Sanders-Taylor, Jeffrey T. Keller, Norberto Andaluz, and Mario Zuccarello. "The Extended Transorbital Craniotomy: An Anatomic Study." Operative Neurosurgery 11, no. 2 (April 9, 2015): 338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1227/neu.0000000000000762.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract BACKGROUND Supra-/transorbital approaches are mostly limited to suprasellar and anterior fossa pathologies, whereas lateral supraorbital approaches provide less retrosellar exposure and less overall operative volume, especially in the temporal region. OBJECTIVE Our cadaveric study proposes removal of the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone to increase both the lateral angle typically achieved with pterional approaches and exposure to the temporal lobe and perisellar region. METHODS In 5 cadaveric specimens, our 3 steps to expand transorbital exposures included the following: step 1, standard transorbital craniotomy via a 3-cm supra-eyebrow incision; step 2, removal of the lesser sphenoid wing completed extradurally; and step 3, partial removal of the greater sphenoid wing. Operative extension in sylvian, parasellar, and anterolateral temporal exposures were quantified for each step (t test). RESULTS Step 2 provided the greatest increased exposure in the sylvian and parasellar regions compared with step 3, whereas step 3 provided a significant proportion of the exposure in the lateral temporal region. Finally, the lateral view progressively increased with each subsequent step. CONCLUSION Our 3-step removal of the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone quantified increased sylvian, anterior temporal, and parasellar exposures for this minimally invasive approach with excellent cosmesis. Its increases the anterolateral view (similar to a subfrontal pterional approach) and offers potential applications to vascular and neoplastic (ie, sphenoid meningiomas) pathologies classically treated via a pterional or frontotemporal orbitozygomatic approach.
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Lyon-Caen, Sarah, Valérie Siroux, Johanna Lepeule, Philippe Lorimier, Pierre Hainaut, Pascal Mossuz, Joane Quentin, et al. "Deciphering the Impact of Early-Life Exposures to Highly Variable Environmental Factors on Foetal and Child Health: Design of SEPAGES Couple-Child Cohort." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20 (October 14, 2019): 3888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203888.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In humans, studies based on Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept and targeting short half-lived chemicals, including many endocrine disruptors, generally assessed exposures from spot biospecimens. Effects of early-life exposure to atmospheric pollutants were reported, based on outdoor air pollution levels. For both exposure families, exposure misclassification is expected from these designs: for non-persistent chemicals, because a spot biospecimen is unlikely to capture exposure over windows longer than a few days; for air pollutants, because indoor levels are ignored. We developed a couple-child cohort relying on deep phenotyping and extended personal exposure assessment aiming to better characterize the effects of components of the exposome, including air pollutants and non-persistent endocrine disruptors, on child health and development. Pregnant women were included in SEPAGES couple-child cohort (Grenoble area) from 2014 to 2017. Maternal and children exposure to air pollutants was repeatedly assessed by personal monitors. DNA, RNA, serum, plasma, placenta, cord blood, meconium, child and mother stools, living cells, milk, hair and repeated urine samples were collected. A total of 484 pregnant women were recruited, with excellent compliance to the repeated urine sampling protocol (median, 43 urine samples per woman during pregnancy). The main health outcomes are child respiratory health using early objective measures, growth and neurodevelopment. Compared to former studies, the accuracy of assessment of non-persistent exposures is expected to be strongly improved in this new type of birth cohort tailored for the exposome concept, with deep phenotyping and extended exposure characterization. By targeting weaknesses in exposure assessment of the current approaches of cohorts on effects of early life environmental exposures with strong temporal variations, and relying on a rich biobank to provide insight on the underlying biological pathways whereby exposures affect health, this design is expected to provide deeper understanding of the interplay between the Exposome and child development and health.
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Behar, Alberto. "Noise Exposure Levels from Extended Workshifts." International Journal of Speech & Language Pathology and Audiology 9, no. 1 (August 1, 2021): 01–04. http://dx.doi.org/10.12970/2311-1917.2021.09.01.
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Schneider, Darren B., Rajabrata Sarkar, Louis M. Messina, and Ronald J. Stoney. "Extended Iliac Exposure from the Groin." Vascular Surgery 35, no. 2 (March 2001): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153857440103500208.
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Lund, Brian J., and Karl Schulmeister. "On the exposure limits for extended source multiple pulse laser exposures." Journal of Laser Applications 25, no. 4 (August 2013): 042004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.4802761.
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Appadurai, Emily, Bryony Thomas-Noy, and Marina Arulanandam. "Undergraduate exposure to GPs with Extended Roles." British Journal of General Practice 69, no. 688 (October 31, 2019): 543.4–544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp19x706217.
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Swartz, William J., and Roy L. Schutzmann. "Liver weight response to extended chlordecone exposure." Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39, no. 4 (October 1987): 615–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01698453.
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Herman, Barry K., Judith C. Kando, Thomas King, and Antonio Pardo. "178 Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Amphetamine Extended-Release Tablet Compared with Amphetamine Extended-Release Oral Suspension." CNS Spectrums 25, no. 2 (April 2020): 312–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852920000930.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract:Objectives:Evaluate comparative bioavailability of single-dose amphetamine extended-release tablet (AMPH ER TAB, Tris Pharma, Inc., Monmouth Junction, NJ) 20 mg, swallowed whole or chewed and amphetamine extended-release oral suspension (AMPH EROS) 2.5 mg/mL; and evaluate whether a PK food effect exists on AMPH ER TAB (contains a 3.2:1 ratio of d- to l-amphetamine).METHODS:Healthy volunteers (18-55 yr) were randomized to 1 dose of AMPH ER TAB 20 mg swallowed (fasted), chewed (fed/fasted), or 20 mg AMPH EROS (fasted).A crossover design was used. Samples were collected each period pre-dose and at time points to 60 h post-dose. D-and l-amphetamine were measured, and PK was calculated (90% CIs of the ratios of the geometric mean plasma levels) for Cmax, AUCt, and AUC0∞. Comparative bioavailability was determined when ratios were within 80 and 125%. Safety was also assessed.RESULTS:32 subjects completed the study. Based on the calculated bioavailability ratios, for AMPH ER TAB swallowed vs. AMPH EROS fasted: d-amphetamine total and peak exposures were found to be similar: AUC0-t: 100.68-108.08%, AUC0-∞:101.47-109.52%, Cmax: 98.10-103.17%. For l-amphetamine, the total and peak exposures were similar: AUC0-t: 100.31-108.57%, AUC0-∞:101.27-111.09%, Cmax: 98.2-103.37%.AMPH ER TAB chewed vs. AMPH EROS fasted: For d-amphetamine, the total and peak exposures were similar: AUC0-t: 99.23-106.62%, AUC0-∞: 99.58-107.59%, Cmax: 99.91-105.14%. For l-amphetamine, the total and peak exposure was similar: AUC0-t: 98.16-106.35%, AUC0-∞: 98.44-108.11%, Cmax: 99.53-104.75%.Food effect: AMPH ER TAB, chewed, fasted vs. fed: For d-amphetamine, the total and peak exposure was similar: AUC0-t: 92.57-99.49%, AUC0-∞: 91.12-98.48%, Cmax: 94.22-99.17%.For l-amphetamine, the total and peak exposure was similar: AUC0-t: 91.27-98.91%, AUC0-∞: 88.44-97.17%, Cmax: 94.52-99.50%).No serious AEs were reported during the conduct of this study, and the AE profiles were observed to be similar in frequency of events and severity to other amphetamine formulations used in ADHD.CONCLUSIONS:Bioavailability of single dose of AMPH ER TAB for both d- and l-amphetamine was comparable, swallowed whole or chewed, to an equivalent 20 mg dose of the reference product AMPH EROS, 2.5 mg/mL fasted, and showed equivalent peak and overall exposure.No food effect was observed for AMPH ER TAB administered chewed. All AEs were mild in severity and AE profiles were similar to other amphetamine formulations used for treatment of ADHD.Funding Acknowledgements:Tris Pharma, Inc.
Дисертації з теми "Extended exposure"
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Colwell, Frederic S. "Changes in respiration rates and biomass attributes of epilithon due to extended exposure to zinc." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53618.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this research was to determine the influence of extended dosing of zinc on the carbon cycling and biomass characteristics of freshwater epilithon. Experiments were conducted in artificial streams continuously dosed with 0.00, 0.05, or 1.00 mg Zn liter⁻¹ for 20 to 30 days during summer and fall, 1984 and 1985. Repeated measurement of epilithon structure and function included estimates of ¹⁴C-glucose respiration, ¹⁴C-glutamate respiration, O₂ and CO₂ flux rates, ash-free dry weight (AFDW), protein, carbohydrate, and algal pigment concentrations, and total and zinc-tolerant colony forming units. An increase in epilithic glucose respiration per unit biomass consistently occurred 5 to 10 days after dosing with 1.0 mg Zn liter⁻¹ was started. At the same time significantly lower epilithon biomass occurred in the high dosed streams relative to controls in 3 out of 4 studies. Although algal pigment concentrations were lowest in the high dose streams at the midpoint of the studies, the chlorophyll a-to-pheophytin a ratio remained high, indicating that the minimal algal population was not senescing in situ. After 30 days, the epilithon dosed with 1.0 mg Zn liter⁻¹ had higher AFDW, protein, and carbohydrate concentrations than the other treatments. By 20 days, the high zinc treatment showed evidence of more total and zinc-tolerant colony forming units and lower rates of O₂ and CO₂ flux than epilithon from control streams. The high rates of glucose respiration were characteristic of epilithic communities stressed by 1.0 mg Zn liter⁻¹, and this response was not apparently due to in situ senescence of zinc-sensitive cells; the results suggested that epilithic biomass was washed out of the systems, not being degraded in situ. The development of unique epilithon communities that are acclimated to prolonged zinc exposure is evident in the eventual recolonization of the artificial surfaces, glucose respiration rates that are comparable to controls, and presence of zinc-tolerant heterotrophs.Ph. D.
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Bruce, Gillian. "Extended exposure paradigms and alcohol-related attentional bias in light and heavy social drinkers and in problem drinkers." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2218/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It is well-established that the attention of alcoholics (as compared to non-alcoholics, or social drinkers) is captured more by alcohol-related than by neutral stimuli. This phenomenon is called an alcohol-related attentional bias (AAB). The traditional paradigms for measuring AAB have been the modified Stroop and visual dot-probe paradigms. I have adapted the flicker paradigm for induced change blindness paradigm (flicker ICB paradigm) from visual cognition. In the traditional use of the flicker ICB paradigm a singe change is implemented in a visual scene and then removed. If the change process is masked and the implementation/removal of the change is cycled, the change takes a surprisingly long time to spot. The theoretical underpinning of this phenomenon implies that the change is not detected unless attention is directed to the object carrying the change. In my own modification of this paradigm, two (not one) changes are simultaneously made and instructions to detect “the change” are given. In this way an alcohol-related and a neutral change are made to compete for attention. Using this paradigm the AAB hypothesis is that those detecting the alcohol-related change will have higher usual consumption that those detecting the neutral change. In a series of 12 studies, I have shown that social drinkers detecting the alcohol-related change have consumption levels above those detecting the neutral change: a differential AAB within social drinkers. Further, when the object carrying the alcohol-related change is embedded in the neutral group and the neutral object carrying the change is embedded in the alcohol group, the direction of the AAB is reversed. This suggests that the group of objects in which the changing object is embedded drives the change detection rather than the changing object, itself. A similar conclusion is reached when both changing objects are identically-alcohol or identically-neutral. Finally, the role of the context or group in driving change detection was confirmed by embedding the alcohol-changing and neutral-changing objects in groups that did not provide differential alcohol-related and neutral information. Under these latter conditions of test, the AAB disappeared. In the penultimate experiment reported in this thesis continuous eye-movement monitoring over 30 seconds to the same stimuli as described above (but not incorporating changes or masks) was used to measure attention towards alcohol-related objects even more directly. Using this method a differential AAB within social drinkers was shown. In a final experiment the more traditional version of the flicker ICB paradigm (containing a single change) was used to explore AAB in drinkers in treatment in which for the first time it was shown that AAB increased with alcohol problem severity.
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Wang, Man-ping, and 王文炳. "Impact of the extended smokefree legislation in 2007 on secondhand smoke exposure among primary students in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B43085714.
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Ezani, Nor Eliani Binti. "Development of novel methods for extended exposure assessment of combustion-related air pollutants in indoor and outdoor locations." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2017. http://digitool.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=28809.
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Background & Aims: There is on-going and growing concern regarding acute and chronic human health effects associated with exposure to combustion-related air pollutants. This thesis describes the development and evaluation of novel methods for assessing exposure to combustion-related air pollutants [particulate matter (PM),black carbon (BC) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂)] in indoor and outdoor environments. Methods: The methods that were developed and evaluated included: mass and darkness/colour analysis of airborne particle samples; passive samplers; portable real time monitors; and GC-MS analysis of particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pPAHs). These methods were used to measure PM, BC and NO₂ in indoor offices and outdoor streets in Glasgow city centre, and an industrial hydraulic fracturing test site in Poland. Results: Detailed evaluation and calibration of novel methods for darkness measurement of low mass particulate material specimens collected on filters were completed to allow subsequent application in BC exposure estimation. Similarly,detailed evaluation allowed the refinement of procedures for field calibration of portable real-time monitors for BC, NO₂ and O₃. Indoor concentrations of PM, BC and NO₂ measured using the calibrated monitoring instruments were influenced by outdoor sources through natural ventilation and the proximity of buildings to urban roadsides. Outdoor measurements at 2 heights indicated that children are likely to experience higher exposures to combustion-related air pollutants from vehicle emissions. Marked elevations of BC and NO₂ concentrations were observed in downwind proximity to industrial fracking equipment sources, where average BC and NO₂ concentrations (11.2 & 111.3 μg/m³) were 2 to 3 times higher than average BC and NO₂ exposures experienced while walking in Glasgow city centre (3.7 & 42.3 μg/m³).Conclusions: Novel exposure science and environmental engineering approaches were developed to allow improved characterisation of short-term to medium-term personal and environmental exposures to combustion-related air pollutants in a wide range of occupational and environmental settings.
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Wang, Man-ping. "Impact of the extended smokefree legislation in 2007 on secondhand smoke exposure among primary students in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43085714.
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Ross, Ian William. "An in vivo study of the effect of an extended single exposure of Helium-Neon (632.8 nm) laser on collagen concentration in healing incisional wounds /." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59641.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The effect of a single exposure of He-Ne laser on collagen content was studied in vivo using laboratory animals. A standardized 1.5 cm full thickness skin incision was made on the dorsum of 24 Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were divided into six equal size groups, three groups functioning as controls and three groups functioning as experimental. The experimental animals were irradiated with He-Ne laser four days post-incision for 16 minutes to deliver a total dose of 5.99 J/cm$ sp2$. On days 6, 10 and 14 post-incision, control and experimental animals had the healing wounds excised for analysis of collagen content by assaying spectrophotometrically the hydroxyproline content within the tissue samples.The results of the hydroxyproline content were analyzed using independent-groups t-test and analysis of variance. It was demonstrated that even though the mean values of hydroxyproline within the experimental groups were higher than the respective control groups, no statistical significance could be attributed to this observation.
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Pal, Terek. "Unapređenje kvaliteta alata za livenje pod pritiskom primenom tehnologija inženjerstva površina." Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Fakultet tehničkih nauka u Novom Sadu, 2016. http://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=101472&source=NDLTD&language=en.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Proučavane su koroziona postojanost i tendencija lepljenja različitihmaterijala u kontaktu sa tečnom Al–Si–Cu legurom. Ispitivanjem suobuhvaćeni čelik za rad na toplo, plazma nitrirani čelik i dupleksslojevi sa CrN, TiAlN, TiAlSiN i CrAlN prevlakama, različitog nivoapovršinske hrapavosti. Za ispitivanja pomenutih fenomenaprimenjena je metoda izvlačenja, koja je unapređena kako bi se povećalenjena tačnost i verodostojnost simulacije procesa livenja. Korozioniefekti su pojačani tako što su uzorci osim kratkog kontakta sa odlivkomzadržavani i u dužim periodima u kontaktu sa tečnom legurom (5 i 20min). Uprkos opštim stavovima, za ispitivane materijale jeustanovljeno da su sile izvlačenja uzoraka iz Al–Si–Cu odlivakanezavisne od njihovog hemijskog sastava. Uticaj hrapavosti je izraženkod uzoraka sa prevlakama kod kojih pri smanjenju hrapavosti dolazi dopovećanja sile izvlačenja. Sve ispitane prevlake su sklone mehaničkomlepljenju Al–Si–Cu legure za svoje površine, ali sa aspekta korozije utečnom metalu značajno prevazilaze performanse čelika i plazmanitriranog sloja. Duži kontakt livene legure sa površinama prevlakauzrokovao je niže vrednosti sila izvlačenja, što je posledicaoksidacije površina prevlaka. Ustanovljeno je da su ispitivaneprevlake inertne ka tečnoj leguri aluminijuma. Međutim, dolazi dooksidacije i korozije materijala podloge kroz greške rasta koje suprisutne u prevlakama. Stečena znanja o identifikovanimmehanizmima habanja i propadanja zaštitnih slojeva prevlakaposlužiće daljem razvoju dupleks slojeva namenjenih za zaštitu alataza livenje pod pritiskom.Corrosion resistance and soldering tendency of different materials in moltenAl–Si–Cu alloy were studied. Hot-working tool steel, plasma nitrided steel andduplex layers with CrN, TiAlN, TiAlSiN and CrAlN top coatings, which wereproduced to various degree of surface roughness, were covered by the study.An ejection test was employed for investigation of the concerned phenomena.The ejection test was improved in order to increase its accuracy and thereliability of process simulation. Samples were examined in both short andextended periods of contact (5 and 20 min) with liquid casting. Castingsolidification was extended in order to intensify the corrosion effects. Contraryto common findings, it was found that the ejection force of the investigatedmaterials does not depend on their chemical composition. For the coatedsamples, a pronounced dependence of the ejection force on the surfaceroughness was found. The ejection force increases with decrease in surfaceroughness. All investigated coatings are prone to mechanical soldering by Al–Si–Cu alloy. Still, their corrosion resistance substantially exceeds the corrosionresistance of steel and plasma nitrided layer. Longer exposure of coatedsamples to cast alloy induced lower ejection forces, which is a consequenceof coatings oxidation. It was found that the investigated coatings are inert toliquid aluminium. However, the underlying material undergoes oxidation andcorrosion through coating growth defects. The findings concerning the wearmechanisms of protective layers support further development of duplex layersintended for die casting tools protection.
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"Novel Colorimetric Sensors with Extended Lifetime for Personal Exposure Monitoring." Doctoral diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2286/R.I.55643.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
abstract: Air pollution has been linked to various health problems but how different air pollutants and exposure levels contribute to those diseases remain largely unknown. Researchers have mainly relied on data from government air monitoring stations to study the health effects of air pollution exposure. The limited information provided by sparse stations has low spatial and temporal resolution, which is not able to represent the actual exposure of individuals. A tool that can accurately monitor personal exposure provides valuable data for epidemiologists to understand the relationship between air pollution and certain diseases. It also allows individuals to be aware of any ambient air quality issues and prevent air pollution exposure. To build such a tool, sensors with features of fast response, small size, long lifetime, high sensitivity, high selectivity, and multi-analyte sensing are of great importance.
In order to meet these requirements, three generations of novel colorimetric sensors have been developed. The first generation is mosaic colorimetric sensors based on tiny sensor blocks and by detecting absorbance change after each air sample injection, the target analyte concentration can be measured. The second generation is a gradient-based colorimetric sensor. Lateral transport of analytes across the colorimetric sensor surface creates a color gradient that shifts along the transport direction over time, and the sensor tracks the gradient shift and converts it into analyte concentration in real-time. The third generation is gradient-based colorimetric arrays fabricated by inkjet-printing method that integrates multiple sensors on a miniaturized sensor chip. Unlike traditional colorimetric sensors, such as detection tubes and optoelectronic nose, that are typically for one-time use, the presented three generations of colorimetric sensors aim to continuously monitor multiple air pollutants and the sensor lifetime and fabrication methods have been improved over each generation. Ozone, nitrogen dioxide, formaldehyde and carbon monoxide are chosen as analytes of interest. The performance of sensors has been validated in the lab and field tests, proving the capability of the sensors to be used for personal exposure monitoring.Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Chemistry 2019
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Yeh, Chin-lung, and 葉金龍. "Adaptive high dynamic range image fusion algorithm based on Extended Linear Exposure Characteristics." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/16758828875115586702.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
碩士國立中央大學
通訊工程研究所碩士在職專班
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The photo captured by the camera is often different from what we see due to the limited dynamic range of the camera sensors. To produce an image with true luminance, the high dynamic range (HDR) image capturing technique is a good solution. It provides a wider dynamic range than the traditional techniques, and is able to re-produce the luminance with high fidelity. This work proposes an adaptive high dynamic range image fusion algorithm. By utilizing the exposure curve characteristics of image sensors and the exposure parameters of each image, it can convert the actual luminous intensity into image data with high accuracy. This method can extend the linear range of the luminous intensity by effectively fusing images with different exposures. The luminance processing is based on the principle of preserving the image information so as to re-produce the true luminous distribution of the image. In addition, the edge information is also kept with the propose method. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is able to reach wide system dynamic range. Both objective and subjective measures show superior performance compared with existing methods. With different capturing environments, it generally produces high dynamic range images with better performance of details and contrast in both bright and dark areas.
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Carmo, Luís Pedro Gomes do. "Exposure Assessment of Extended-spectrum Beta-Lactamases/AMPC Beta-Lactamases-Producing Escherichia Coli in Meat in Denmark." Master's thesis, 2013. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/69030.
Повний текст джерелаКниги з теми "Extended exposure"
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Banjara, Manoj, and Damir Janigro. Effects of the Ketogenic Diet on the Blood-Brain Barrier. Edited by Detlev Boison. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190497996.003.0030.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ketone bodies (KBs) are always present in the blood, and their levels increase after high-fat diet intake, prolonged exercise, or extended fasting. Thus, one can predict effects on the brain capillary endothelium from high levels of ketones in the blood. Prolonged exposure of blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells to KBs induces expression of monocarboxylate transporters and enhances brain uptake of KBs. In addition, cell migration and expression of gap junction proteins are up-regulated by KBs. Thus, beneficial effects of the ketogenic diet may depend on increased brain uptake of KBs to match metabolic demand and repair of a disrupted BBB. As the effects of KBs on the BBB and their transport mechanisms across the BBB are better understood, it will be possible to develop alternative strategies to optimize the therapeutic benefits of KBs for brain disorders where the BBB is compromised.
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Din, Roshidi, Siti Sakira Kamaruddin, Angela Amphawan, and Mohd Nizam Omar. Basic discrete structures. UUM Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32890/9789670876177.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Digital technology has pervaded almost all spheres of life.Due to the importance of discrete information in our increasingly digital world, familiarity with the underlying principles, concepts and operations on discrete information is inevitable.This book is intended as a basic course for introducing students to abstract mathematical structures to represent discrete information and relationships between them.These discrete structures include sets, sequences, permutations, combinations, functions, trees and finite-state machines which are predominantly used in computer science and data networking, and extended to fields which involve the organization, computation or optimization of objects from a large data set such as to botany, geography, chemistry, genetics, zoology, finance and linguistics. While the book is light, a good balance is struck between the teaching of basic concepts and the exposure to practical applications to demonstrate the relevance and practicality of discrete structures in modeling and solving real-world problems.
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Meaney, Michael J., and Rachel Yehuda. Epigenetic Mechanisms and the Risk for PTSD. Edited by Charles B. Nemeroff and Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter discusses the epigenetic mechanisms involved in individual variation in and persistence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Such mechanisms make it possible to trace vulnerability for PTSD to effects that predate development of PTSD. While some may be genetic in origin, others may involve parental stress occurring pre-conception, in utero changes in the maternal environment contributing to developmental programming, and childhood adversity, resulting in modifications of genes’ contribution to PTSD risk. The chapter discusses epigenetic alterations implicated in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) function in PTSD that mark increased risk. Unlike the transient alterations in neural, endocrine, or immunological signals that follow exposure to trauma, certain epigenetic markers can be chemically stable over extended periods and can serve as a basis for understanding the persistence of PTSD symptoms. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how epigenetic modification may offer insights into future treatments for PTSD.
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Forstein, Marshall, Farah Ahmad-Stout, and Gaddy Noy. Young Adulthood and Serodiscordant Couples. Edited by Mary Ann Cohen, Jack M. Gorman, Jeffrey M. Jacobson, Paul Volberding, and Scott Letendre. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199392742.003.0034.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Advances in HIV medical care and antiretroviral therapy transformed AIDS from a rapidly devastating fatal illness into a chronic illness for persons with access to care, leading to vast changes in the health of individuals, couples, their children, extended families, and social networks. In addition, adherence to antiretroviral therapy and viral suppression have reduced the likelihood of transmission of HIV, and the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in an HIV-negative partner offers an additional option to prevent seroconversion. Significant biopsychosocial challenges remain, however, for couples who are dissimilar (serodiscordant) in HIV serological status and young adults with HIV. Many young adults and serodiscordant couples who are engaged in care and virally suppressed need support as they plan to have children or re-enter careers and social networks. There are few studies of couples with similar (seroconcordant) or serodiscordant HIV serological status. This chapter focuses on the impact of HIV on serodiscordant couples in which only one member is infected. After reviewing some of the literature, clinical issues that emerge in evaluating and treating couples are presented.
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Gutiérrez-Maldonado, José, Marta Ferrer-García, Antonios Dakanalis, and Giuseppe Riva. Virtual Reality. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.26.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the last twenty years researchers have embraced virtual reality (VR) in order to integrate and extend the assessment tools and treatments currently in use for eating disorders (EDs). Specifically the VR protocols for EDs try to exploit clinically the sense of “presence,” that is, the feeling of “being there” inside the virtual environment. The sense of presence offered by VR can be a powerful tool in therapy because it provides the individual with a world in which he/she can be placed and live a particular experience. This triggers emotional reactions in patients and allows a higher level of self-reflectiveness than that provided by memory and imagination, and greater control than that offered by direct “real” experience. In particular, VR protocols for EDs use technology to alter the experience of the body (embodiment) in real time and as a cue exposure tool for reducing food craving.
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Lippmann, Morton, and Richard B. Schlesinger. Introduction and Historical Perspective. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190688622.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Literature relevant to chemical contamination, especially to the adverse effects of occupational exposures, extends back to ancient Greece, Middle Age Europe and Japan, and the dawn of the industrial age. For air pollution, the adverse effects of coal burning effluents were recognized in London in the thirteenth century and became acute over 150 years ago. The feasibility of control of drinking water pollution due to communicable diseases agents was not adequately demonstrated until early in the twentieth century. By the middle of the twentieth century, it became apparent that chemical contamination of community air, drinking water, and foods was having serious adverse effects on the health of infants, the elderly, and more susceptible members of the general population, as well as effects on environmental quality and public safety, and this recognition led to legislation that addressed the need to control the emissions of hazardous chemicals.
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Shulman, Ryan, Adrian Wilson, and Delia Peppercorn. Magnetic resonance imaging of the knee. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.008003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
♦ ACL tear: abnormal fibres, tibial translation, PCL/patella tendon buckling, bone bruising♦ Meniscal tear: signal change to free edge♦ Bone bruising:• Reticular—not continuous subarticular bone• Geographic—extends to subarticular bone♦ Posterolateral corner:• Oblique slices through fibular head• Consists of lateral collateral ligament, popliteus, popliteofibular ligament, and arcuate complex.Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has revolutionized the investigation and treatment of the painful knee. It is non-invasive and avoids patient exposure to ionizing radiation. MRI has the advantage of establishing diagnoses in a painful knee without the morbidity of surgical intervention. It is now widely available and has moved from a simple diagnostic adjunct into a key planning tool. It offers improved management of theatre resources and it allows for more accurate planning of postoperative rehabilitation.The role of MRI in management of the injured knee is determined by its cost-effectiveness and its ability to augment the diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination. Accuracy of clinical examination by specialist orthopaedic surgeons is comparable to MRI when interpreted by specialist radiologists (Table 8.3.1). Increasingly, MRI has been shown to be cost neutral. Whilst costs are high, diagnostic information reduces the need for unnecessary surgery.
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Westermann, Edward B. Drunk on Genocide. Cornell University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501754197.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book reveals how, over the course of the Third Reich, scenes involving alcohol consumption and revelry among the SS and police became a routine part of rituals of humiliation in the camps, ghettos, and killing fields of Eastern Europe. The book draws on a vast range of newly unearthed material to explore how alcohol consumption served as a literal and metaphorical lubricant for mass murder. It facilitated “performative masculinity,” expressly linked to physical or sexual violence. Such inebriated exhibitions extended from meetings of top Nazi officials to the rank and file, celebrating at the grave sites of their victims. The book argues that, contrary to the common misconception of the SS and police as stone-cold killers, they were, in fact, intoxicated with the act of murder itself. The book highlights the intersections of masculinity, drinking ritual, sexual violence, and mass murder to expose the role of alcohol and celebratory ritual in the Nazi genocide of European Jews. Its surprising and disturbing findings offer a new perspective on the mindset, motivation, and mentality of killers as they prepared for, and participated in, mass extermination.
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Broderick, Céire. Colonial Legacies and Contemporary Identities in Chile. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800348479.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book explores traditional and contemporary concerns surrounding gender and ethnicity in Chile through a textual analysis of historical novels depicting seventeenth-century figure, Catalina de los Ríos y Lisperguer. Drawing on theories from the Global North and South, it incorporates postcolonial perspectives and decolonial feminist approaches to expose patriarchal, Eurocentric hierarchies constructed during the colonial era, which remain in Chilean society today. Through close readings, the book demonstrates that it is in the inconsistent and fluid depictions of characters that identities are deconstructed and reconstructed in ways that defy and transform social norms. This is the first extended English-language study of this infamous historical figure, who is more widely known as la Quintrala. It is also the first to compare the literary portrayals by Mercedes Valdivieso and Gustavo Frías. Looking beyond the infamy which usually shapes interpretations of la Quintrala, the author presents these novels as an embodiment of the anxieties surrounding hybridity in Chile, where European heritage has traditionally overshadowed indigenous concerns, and patriarchal norms dominate the construction of gender. Written during a period of social and political upheaval in Chile, it makes a timely contribution to existing works in social and political science, popular culture and the ongoing discussions of this iconic figure.
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Menn, Stephen, and Justin E. H. Smith. Anton Wilhelm Amo's Philosophical Dissertations on Mind and Body. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197501627.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Anton Wilhelm Amo (c. 1703–after 1752) is the first modern African philosopher to study and teach in a European university and write in the European philosophical tradition. This book provides an extensive historical and philosophical introduction to Amo’s life and work, and provides Latin texts, with facing translations and explanatory notes, of Amo’s two philosophical dissertations, On the Impassivity of the Human Mind and the Philosophical Disputation containing a Distinct Idea of those Things that Pertain either to the Mind or to our Living and Organic Body, both published in 1734. The Impassivity is an extended argument that the mind cannot be acted on, that sensation is a being-acted-on by the sensed object, and therefore that sensation does not belong to the mind, and must belong instead to the body. The Distinct Idea works out the implications for the mind’s actions, and tries to show how the mind understands, wills, and effects things through the body by ‘intentions’ which direct motions in our body intentionally toward external things. Both dissertations try to show how far each type of human act belongs to the mind, how far to the body, and expose and resolve earlier philosophers’ self-contradictions on these questions.
Частини книг з теми "Extended exposure"
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Prasad, Aarathi, Bryan McQuade, and Casey Schofield. "AR-Based Mobile Applications for Exposure Therapy." In HCI International 2018 – Posters' Extended Abstracts, 319–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92279-9_43.
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Gonzalez-Martinez, Sergio, María Fernanda Cabrera-Umpiérrez, Manuel Ottaviano, Vladimir Urošević, Nikola Vojičić, Stefan Spasojević, and Ognjen Milićević. "Novel Interactive BRAINTEASER Tools for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Management." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 302–10. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09593-1_26.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe presented demonstrated working tools in the initial version constitute the foundation of the novel ALS and MS management and monitoring, leveraging extended IoT sensing and emerging instruments infrastructure, and a basis for integration of more advanced and effective AI models (in development) for disease progression prediction, patient stratification and ambiental exposure assessment.
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Sakumura, Takenori, and Toshinari Kamakura. "Proposal of a Modulated Extended Cumulative Exposure Model for the Step-Up Voltage Test." In Transactions on Engineering Technologies, 349–63. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2717-8_25.
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Sperling, Alison. "Radiating Exposures." In Cultural Inquiry, 41–62. Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-17_03.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The brief explorations of radiation exposures presented within this essay draw primarily from nuclear art and culture and contribute to the field of nuclear aesthetics, which has long been fixated on the problem of visibility and the representation of nuclear residues. The examples draw primarily from photographic technologies and other aesthetic registers that capture visual residues of radiation. The challenges of nuclear aesthetics are also political and social. This constellation of objects and inquiries is meant to explore the fraught political, environmental, and social relations between radiation, visibility, toxicity, through the concept of exposure. They offer feminist glimpses into other ways of thinking exposure, as it develops in relation to (often imperceptible) toxicity that is not inscribed into a logic that partitions the passive victim of suffering from some pure or unaffected subject. They are examples that are both forms of exposure specific to the nuclear while also, perhaps, helping to expose more nuanced and complex ways of understanding forms of exposure that extend beyond nuclearity.
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Rufty, Thomas W., and Richard J. Volk. "Alterations in enrichment of NO 3 − and reduced-N in xylem exudate during and after extended plant exposure to 15NO 3 −." In Fundamental, Ecological and Agricultural Aspects of Nitrogen Metabolism in Higher Plants, 107–10. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4356-8_13.
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Molina, J. Ernesto. "Extended Incision to Expose the Innominate Vein." In Cardiothoracic Surgical Procedures and Techniques, 127–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75892-3_25.
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Salzberger, Thomas. "Addressing Traceability in Social Measurement Establishing a Common Metric for Dependence." In Springer Series in Measurement Science and Technology, 227–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07465-3_9.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractMeasurement in the social sciences is typically characterized by a multitude of instruments that are assumed to measure the same concept but lack comparability. Underdeveloped conceptual theories that fail to expose a measurement mechanism are one reason for the incommensurable measurements. Without such a mechanism measurements cannot be linked to a fundamental reference as required by metrological traceability. However, traditional metrological concepts can be extended by allowing for direct links between different instruments, so-called crosswalks. In this regard, Rasch Measurement Theory proves particularly useful as it facilitates a co-calibration of different instruments onto a common metric. The example of the measurement of nicotine dependence through self-report instruments serves as a showcase of the problems in social measurement and how they can be overcome contributing to metrological traceability in the social sciences.
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Gehrke, Mai, Tomáš Jakl, and Luca Reggio. "A Duality Theoretic View on Limits of Finite Structures." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 299–318. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45231-5_16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractA systematic theory of structural limits for finite models has been developed by Nešetřil and Ossona de Mendez. It is based on the insight that the collection of finite structures can be embedded, via a map they call the Stone pairing, in a space of measures, where the desired limits can be computed. We show that a closely related but finer grained space of measures arises — via Stone-Priestley duality and the notion of types from model theory — by enriching the expressive power of first-order logic with certain “probabilistic operators”. We provide a sound and complete calculus for this extended logic and expose the functorial nature of this construction.The consequences are two-fold. On the one hand, we identify the logical gist of the theory of structural limits. On the other hand, our construction shows that the duality-theoretic variant of the Stone pairing captures the adding of a layer of quantifiers, thus making a strong link to recent work on semiring quantifiers in logic on words. In the process, we identify the model theoretic notion of types as the unifying concept behind this link. These results contribute to bridging the strands of logic in computer science which focus on semantics and on more algorithmic and complexity related areas, respectively.
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Bird, Cate E. "The Extended Massacre of Migrants." In Massacres, 154–67. University Press of Florida, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9781683400691.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter examines the large scale death of migrants in southern Arizona and the reasons why this should be viewed as an extended massacre. This mass violence against migrants is perpetrated by the state through U.S. government policies and the militarization of the U.S.-Mexico border. These policies affect the routes used by migrants, often funnelling them through some of the harshest areas of the Sonoran Desert and resulting in many exposure-related deaths. The funnelling of migrants into dangerous terrain is intentional and aimed at deterring unauthorized migration. In this case, the desert itself is the weapon that is used against the victims.
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Holmgren, E. B., and T. A. Wills. "Regulation of glutamate signaling in the extended amygdala by adolescent alcohol exposure." In International Review of Neurobiology, 223–50. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/bs.irn.2021.08.004.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Extended exposure"
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Schuemie, Martijn. "Design of virtual reality exposure therapy systems." In CHI '00 extended abstracts. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/633292.633499.
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Schuemie, Martijn. "Effect of an external viewpoint on therapist performance in virtual reality exposure therapy." In CHI '02 extended abstracts. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/506443.506622.
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Kifle G Gebremedhin, Chin N Lee, Peter E Hillman, and Robert J Collier. "Physiological Responses of Dairy Cows during Extended Solar Exposure." In 2010 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 20 - June 23, 2010. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.29927.
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Platcow, P. "213. Establishing Chemical Exposure Limits for Extended Work Shifts, a Review." In AIHce 1997 - Taking Responsibility...Building Tomorrow's Profession Papers. AIHA, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3320/1.2765340.
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Sliney, David H., and Rodney L. Wood. "Possible changes in laser exposure limits for extended source pulsed lasers." In ILSC® 2003: Proceedings of the International Laser Safety Conference. Laser Institute of America, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.5056566.
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Hessel, Charles, and Jean-Michel Morel. "An Extended Exposure Fusion and its Application to Single Image Contrast Enhancement." In 2020 IEEE Winter Conference on Applications of Computer Vision (WACV). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wacv45572.2020.9093643.
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Eisner, Savannah R., Hannah S. Alpert, Caitlin A. Chapin, Ananth Saran Yalamarthy, Peter F. Satterthwaite, Ardalan Nasiri, Sara Port, Simon Ang, and Debbie G. Senesky. "Extended Exposure of Gallium Nitride Heterostructure Devices to a Simulated Venus Environment." In 2021 IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aero50100.2021.9438131.
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Spiessberger, A., F. Baumann, A. Stauffer, and B. Moriggl. "Extended Exposure of the Petroclival Junction: The Combined Anterior Transpetrosal and Subtemporal/Transcavernous Approach." In Joint Annual Meeting 2018: Swiss Society of Neurosurgery, Swiss Society of Neuroradiology. Georg Thieme Verlag KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1660719.
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Vasile, Flavian, and Stephen Bonner. "Causal Embeddings for Recommendation: An Extended Abstract." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/870.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recommendations are commonly used to modify user’s natural behavior, for example, increasing product sales or the time spent on a website. This results in a gap between the ultimate business ob- jective and the classical setup where recommenda- tions are optimized to be coherent with past user be- havior. To bridge this gap, we propose a new learn- ing setup for recommendation that optimizes for the Incremental Treatment Effect (ITE) of the policy. We show this is equivalent to learning to predict recommendation outcomes under a fully random recommendation policy and propose a new domain adaptation algorithm that learns from logged data containing outcomes from a biased recommenda- tion policy and predicts recommendation outcomes according to random exposure. We compare our method against state-of-the-art factorization meth- ods, in addition to new approaches of causal rec- ommendation and show significant improvements.
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Haruna, Tetsuya, Masaaki Hirano, and Takashi Sasaki. "Phosphorus and Aluminum Co-doped EDF Insensitive to Hydrogen Exposure for Extended L-band Amplification." In Optical Fiber Communication Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ofc.2009.otuh8.
Повний текст джерелаЗвіти організацій з теми "Extended exposure"
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Garganta, Santiago, María Florencia Pinto, and Joaquín Zentner. Extended School Day and Teenage Fertility in Dominican Republic. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004496.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper investigates the potential impact of extended school days in reducing teenage fertility. We study the Jornada Escolar Extendida program, which doubled the school-day length from 4 to 8 hours in the Dominican Republic, and exploit the geographic and time variation induced by its gradual implementation. We find evidence that a higher exposure to JEE in the municipality, measured as the percentage of secondary students covered by the program, reduces the incidence of teenage pregnancies, and that the effect is stronger after the program has reached at least half of secondary students in the municipality. The estimates are robust to various specifications and alternative checks. These results suggest that extended school-day policies can have spillover effects regarding teenagers fertility choices.
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Orebaugh, E. G. Task technical and QA plan: Thermal effects study: To evaluate saltstone properties associated with performance criteria as a function of extended exposure to temperatures typical of adiabatic curing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10156996.
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Orebaugh, E. G. Task technical and QA plan: Thermal effects study: To evaluate saltstone properties associated with performance criteria as a function of extended exposure to temperatures typical of adiabatic curing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5092537.
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Dahl, Geoffrey E., Sameer Mabjeesh, Thomas B. McFadden, and Avi Shamay. Environmental manipulation during the dry period of ruminants: strategies to enhance subsequent lactation. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7586544.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The project resulted from earlier observations that environmental factors, especially photoperiod and temperature, had profound effects on milk yield in dairy cattle during lactation. More recently we had determined that photoperiod manipulation during the dry period altered milk yield in the next lactation, and this was associated with shifts in circulating concentrations of prolactin; specifically exposure to short days during the dry period decreases prolactin but increases milk yield. Because prolactin is also affected by temperature, with heat stress causing an increase in prolactin similar to that of long day exposure, we focused our efforts on determining prolactin signaling provides a common pathway for generation of environmental effects on mammary growth, development and subsequent function during the dry period of dairy ruminants. Over the project period we made significant progress toward testing our hypotheses that (I): In cows, there is a discrete duration of time during the dry period in which exposure to short days will result in optimal enhancement of mammary development and milk yield in the following lactation, and that this effect is mediated through demonstrable changes in mammary gland development, prolactin signaling, and mammary gene expression; and (II): Modulation of photoperiod and temperature during the dry period will affect milk yield in goats in the subsequent lactation via shifts in nutrient and endocrine partitioning, and mammary gene expression, during the dry period and into lactation. Cows exposed to short days for only the final 21 days of the dry period did not produce more milk that those on long day or natural photoperiod when dry. However, cows on short days for the entire 60 days dry did produce more milk than the other 3 groups. This indicates that there is a duration effect of short day exposure on subsequent milk yield. Results of the second study in cows indicate that mammary growth increases differentially during the dry period under long vs. short days, and that short days drive more extensive growth which is associated with altered prolactin signaling via decreases in an suppressors of cytokine signaling that represent an inhibitory pathway to mammary growth. Evidence from the studies in Israel confirms that goats respond to short days during the dry period in a similar manner to cows. In addition, heat stress effects on during the dry period can be limited by exposure to short days. Here again, shifts in prolactin signaling, along with changes in IGF-I secretion, are associated with the observed changes in mammary function in goats. These results have a number of biological and practical implications. For dairy producers, it is clear that we can recommend that cows and goats should be on reduced light exposure during the dry period, and further, cows and goats should be cooled to avoid heat stress during that time. Environmental influences on mammary growth are apparent during the dry period, and those effects have persistent impact in the subsequent lactation. Prolactin signaling is a consistent mechanism whereby extended light exposure and heat stress may depress mammary growth and development during the dry period. Thus, the prolactin signaling system offers an opportunity for further manipulation to improve production efficiency in dairy ruminants.
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Jung, Paul H., Jean-Claude Thill, and Luis Armando Galvis-Aponte. State Failure, Violence, and Trade: Dangerous Trade Routes in Colombia. Banco de la República, December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/dtseru.303.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We investigate the effect of domestic armed violence brought about by political instability on the geography of distance frictions in freight mobility and the resulting differential access of regions to global markets. The Colombian transportation system has been found to be impeded by deficiencies in landside transport infrastructure and institutions, and by fragmented political environments. The micro-level analysis of U.S.-bounded export shipping records corroborates that export freight shipping from inland regions is re-routed to avoid exposures to domestic armed violence despite greatly extended landside and maritime shipping distances. We exploit the trajectories of freight shipping from Colombian regions and spatial patterns of violent armed conflicts to see how unstable geopolitical environments are detrimental to freight shipping mobility and market openness. The discrete choice model shows that the shipping flow is greatly curbed by the extended re-routing due to domestic armed violence and that inland regions have restricted access to the global market. The perception of risk and re-routing behavior is found heterogeneous across shipments and conditional to shipment characteristics, such as commodity type, freight value and shipper sizes. The results highlight that political stability must be accommodated for improved freight mobility and export-oriented economic development in the global South.
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Bazer, Fuller W., Arieh Gertler, and Elisha Gootwine. Role of Placental Lactogen in Sheep. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7574339.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Central problems in sheep and dairy cattle production are reproductive failure due to embryonic/fetal mortality and low birth weights, especially in prolific breeds, and reduced milk yields which adversely affect neonatal survival and economy of production. The sheep placenta expresses lactogenic (ovine placental lactogen, oPL) and somatogenic (ovine placental growth hormone, oGH) hormones. Our research has focused on the biological roles of oPL and oGH in function of the uterine endometrium during gestation and the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation. Major conclusions were that: ( 1 ) immunization of prepubertal ewes against oPL resulted in increased birth weights of their lambs and their milk production during lactation; (2) neither oPL nor oGH had an antiluteolytic effect on uterine endometrium to affect lifespan of the corpus luteum; (3) only sequential exposure of the progesterone stimulated uterus to oIFNt and oPL or oGH increased endometrial gland proliferation and secretory protein gene expression; (4) oPL signals through a homodimer of ovine prolactin receptor (PRL-R) and heterodimer of oPRL-R and growth hormone receptor (GH-R); (5) exogenous recombinant oPL and oGH stimulated mammogenesis and milk yield during lactation; and (6) mutation of oPL and oGH was used to define specific biological effects and a rational basis for design of a specific receptor agonists or antagonists. This project was very productive in elucidating basic biological effects of oPL and oGH on intracellular signal transduction pathways, uterine development and secretory function, as well as mammogenesis and lactogenesis. We determined that immunization of prepubertal ewes against roPL increased birth weights of their lambs, especially those born as twins and triplets, as well as enhanced lactational performance. These studies significantly extended our knowledge of uterine and fetal-placental physiology and provided a foundation for new strategies to enhance reproductive and lactation efficiency. Based on these results, the major achievements were: 1) creation of a practical and cost effective management tool for producers to increase reproductive performance, neonatal survival, and milk yield of ewes in commercial flocks; and 2) define, for the first time, biological effects of oPL on endometrial functions and gene expression by uterine gland epithelium.
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Samach, Alon, Douglas Cook, and Jaime Kigel. Molecular mechanisms of plant reproductive adaptation to aridity gradients. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2008.7696513.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Annual plants have developed a range of different mechanisms to avoid flowering (exposure of reproductive organs to the environment) under adverse environmental conditions. Seasonal environmental events such as gradual changes in day length and temperature affect the timing of transition to flowering in many annual and perennial plants. Research in Arabidopsis and additional species suggest that some environmental signals converge on transcriptional regulation of common floral integrators such as FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT). Here we studied environmental induction of flowering in the model legume Medicago truncatula. Similarly to Arabidopsis, the transition to flowering in M. truncatula is hastened by long photoperiods and long periods of vernalization (4°C for 2-3 weeks). Ecotypes collected in Israel retain a vernalization response even though winter temperatures are way above 4°C. Here we show that this species is also highly responsive (flowers earlier) to mild ambient temperatures up to 19°C simulating winter conditions in its natural habitat. Physiological experiments allowed us to time the transition to flowering due to low temperatures, and to compare it to vernalization. We have made use of natural variation, and induced mutants to identify key genes involved in this process, and we provide here data suggesting that an FT gene in M.truncatula is transcriptionally regulated by different environmental cues. Flowering time was found to be correlated with MtFTA and MtFTB expression levels. Mutation in the MtFTA gene showed a late flowering phenotype, while over-expressing MtFTA in Arabidopsis complemented the ft- phenotype. We found that combination of 4°C and 12°C resulted in a synergistic increase in MtFTB expression, while combining 4°C and long photoperiods caused a synergistic increase in MtFTA expression. These results suggest that the two vernalization temperatures work through distinct mechanisms. The early flowering kalil mutant expressed higher levels of MtFTA and not MtFTB suggesting that the KALIL protein represses MtFTA specifically. The desert ecotype Sde Boker flowers earlier in response to short treatments of 8-12oc vernalization and expresses higher levels of MtFTA. This suggests a possible mechanism this desert ecotype developed to flower as fast as possible and finish its growth cycle before the dry period. MtFTA and FT expression are induced by common environmental cues in each species, and expression is repressed under short days. Replacing FT with the MtFTA gene (including regulatory elements) caused high MtFTA expression and early flowering under short days suggesting that the mechanism used to repress flowering under short days has diversified between the two species.The circadian regulated gene, GIGANTEA (GI) encodes a unique protein in Arabidopsis that is involved in flowering mechanism. In this research we characterized how the expression of the M.truncatula GI ortholog is regulated by light and temperature in comparison to its regulation in Arabidopsis. In Arabidopsis GI was found to be involved in temperature compensation to the clock. In addition, GI was found to be involved in mediating the effect of temperature on flowering time. We tested the influence of cold temperature on the MtGI gene in M.truncatula and found correlation between MtGI levels and extended periods of 12°C treatment. MtGI elevation that was found mostly after plants were removed from the cold influence preceded the induction of MtFT expression. This data suggests that MtGI might be involved in 12°C cold perception with respect to flowering in M.truncatula. GI seems to integrate diverse environmental inputs and translates them to the proper physiological and developmental outputs, acting through several different pathways. These research enabled to correlate between temperature and circadian clock in M.truncatula and achieved a better understanding of the flowering mechanism of this species.
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Wolfenson, David, William W. Thatcher, and James E. Kinder. Regulation of LH Secretion in the Periovulatory Period as a Strategy to Enhance Ovarian Function and Fertility in Dairy and Beef Cows. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2003.7586458.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The general research objective was to increase herd pregnancy rates by enhancing corpus luteum (CL) function and optimizing follicle development, in order to increase conception rate and embryo survival. The specific objectives were: to determine the effect of the duration of the preovulatory LH surge on CL function; to determine the function of LH during the postovulatory period on CL development; to optimize CL differentiation and follicle development by means of a biodegradable GnRH implant; to test whether optimization of CL development and follicle dynamics in timed- insemination protocols would improve fertility in high-yielding dairy cows. Low fertility in cattle results in losses of hundreds of millions of dollars in the USA and Israel. Two major causes of low fertility are formation of a functionally impaired CL, and subsequent enhanced ovarian follicle development. A functionally impaired CL may result from suboptimal LH secretion. The two major causes of low fertility in dairy cattle in US and Israel are negative energy status and summer heat stress; in both situations, low fertility is associated with reductions in LH secretion and impaired development of the ovulatory follicle and of the CL. In Florida, the use of 450-mg deslorelin (GnRH analogue) implants to induce ovulation, under the Ovsynch protocol resulted in a higher pregnancy rates than use of 750-mg implants, and pregnancy losses tended to decrease compared to controls, due probably to decrease in follicular development and estradiol secretion at the time of conceptus signaling to maintain the CL. An alternative strategy to enhance progesterone concentrations involved induction of an accessory CL by injection of hCG on day 5 after the cows were inseminated. Treatment with hCG resulted in 86% of the cows having two CLs, compared with 23% of the control cows. Conception rates were higher among the hCG-treated cows than among the controls. Another approach was to replace the second injection of GnRH analogue, in a timed-insemination protocol, with estradiol cypionate (ECP) injected 24 h after the injection of PGF₂ₐ Pregnancy rates were comparable with those obtained under the regular Ovsynch (timed- AI) program. Use of ECP induced estrus, and cows inseminated at detected estrus are indeed more fertile than those not in estrus at the time of insemination. Collectively, the BARD-supported programs at the University of Florida have improved timed insemination programs. In Ohio, the importance of the frequency of LH episodes during the early stages of the estrous cycle of cattle, when the corpus luteum is developing, was studied in an in vivo experiment in which cows were subjected to various episodic exposures to exogenous bovine LH. Results indicate that the frequent LH episodes immediately following the time of ovulation are important in development of the corpus luteum, from the points of view of both size and functionality. In another study, rates of cell proliferation and numbers of endothelial cells were examined in vitro in CLs collected from cows that received post-ovulation pulsatile LH treatment at various frequencies. The results indicate that the corpora lutea growth that results from luteal cell proliferation is enhanced by the episodes of LH release that occur immediately after the time of ovulation in cattle. The results also show that luteal endothelial cell numbers did not differ among cows treated with different LH doses. In Israel. a longer duration of the preovulatory LH surge stimulated the steroidogenic capacity of granulosa-derived luteal cells, and might, thereby, contribute to a higher progesterone output from the bovine corpus luteum. In an in vivo study, a subgroup of high-yielding dairy cows with extended estrus to ovulation interval was identified. Associated with this extended interval were: low plasma progesterone and estradiol concentrations and a low preovulatory LH surge prior to ovulation, as well as low post- ovulation progesterone concentration. In experiments based on the above results, we found that injection of GnRH at the onset of estrus increased the LHpeak, prevented late ovulation, decreased the variability between cows and elicited high and uniform progesterone levels after ovulation. GnRH at estrus onset increased conception rates, especially in the summer, and among primiparous cows and those with low body condition. Another study compared ovarian functions in multiparous lactating cows with those in nulliparous non-lactating heifers. The results revealed differences in ovarian follicular dynamics, and in plasma concentrations of steroids and gonadotropins that may account for the differences in fertility between heifers and cows.
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Hedrick, Ronald, and Herve Bercovier. Characterization and Control of KHV, A New Herpes Viral Pathogen of Koi and Common Carp. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695871.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this project we proposed to characterize the virus genome and the structural virion polypeptides to allow development of improved diagnostic approaches and potential vaccination strategies. These goals have been mostly achieved and the corresponding data were published in three papers (see below) and three more manuscripts are in preparation. The virion polypeptides of KHV strains isolated from USA (KHV-U) and Israel (KHV-I) were found to be identical. Purified viral DNA analyzed with a total of 5 restriction enzymes demonstrated no fragment length polymorphism between KHV-I and KHV-U but both KHV isolates differed significantly from the cyprinid herpesvirus (CHV) and the ictalurid herpesvirus (channel catfish virus or CCV). Using newly obtained viral DNA sequences two different PCR assays were developed that need to be now further tested in the field. We determined by pulse field analysis that the size of KHV genome is around 280 kbp (1-1. Bercovier, unpublished results). Sequencing of the viral genome of KHV has reached the stage where 180 kbp are sequenced (twice and both strands). Four hypothetical genes were detected when DNA sequences were translated into amino acid sequences. The finding of a gene of real importance, the thymidine kinase (TK) led us to extend the study of this specific gene. Four other genes related to DNA synthesis were found. PCR assays based on defined sequences were developed. The PCR assay based on TK gene sequence has shown improved sensitivity in the detection of KHV DNA compared to regular PCR assays. </P> <P><SPAN>With the ability to induce experimental infections in koi with KHV under controlled laboratory conditions we have studied the progress and distribution of virus in host tissues, the development of immunity and the establishment of latent infections. Also, we have investigated the important role of water temperature on severity of infections and mortality of koi following infections with KHV. These initial studies need to be followed by an increased focus on long-term fate of the virus in survivors. This is essential in light of the current "controlled exposure program" used by farmers to produce KHV "naturally resistant fish" that may result in virus or DNA carriers. </SPAN></P> <P><SPAN>The information gained from the research of this project was designed to allow implementation of control measures to prevent the spread of the virus both by improved diagnostic approaches and preventive measures. We have accomplished most of these goals but further studies are needed to establish even more reliable methods of prevention with increased emphases on improved diagnosis and a better understanding of the ecology of KHV. </SPAN>
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Gattenhof, Sandra, Donna Hancox, Sasha Mackay, Kathryn Kelly, Te Oti Rakena, and Gabriela Baron. Valuing the Arts in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand. Queensland University of Technology, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.227800.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The arts do not exist in vacuum and cannot be valued in abstract ways; their value is how they make people feel, what they can empower people to do and how they interact with place to create legacy. This research presents insights across Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand about the value of arts and culture that may be factored into whole of government decision making to enable creative, vibrant, liveable and inclusive communities and nations. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed a great deal about our societies, our collective wellbeing, and how urgent the choices we make now are for our futures. There has been a great deal of discussion – formally and informally – about the value of the arts in our lives at this time. Rightly, it has been pointed out that during this profound disruption entertainment has been a lifeline for many, and this argument serves to re-enforce what the public (and governments) already know about audience behaviours and the economic value of the arts and entertainment sectors. Wesley Enoch stated in The Saturday Paper, “[m]etrics for success are already skewing from qualitative to quantitative. In coming years, this will continue unabated, with impact measured by numbers of eyeballs engaged in transitory exposure or mass distraction rather than deep connection, community development and risk” (2020, 7). This disconnect between the impact of arts and culture on individuals and communities, and what is measured, will continue without leadership from the sector that involves more diverse voices and perspectives. In undertaking this research for Australia Council for the Arts and Manatū Taonga Ministry for Culture & Heritage, New Zealand, the agreed aims of this research are expressed as: 1. Significantly advance the understanding and approaches to design, development and implementation of assessment frameworks to gauge the value and impact of arts engagement with a focus on redefining evaluative practices to determine wellbeing, public value and social inclusion resulting from arts engagement in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand. 2. Develop comprehensive, contemporary, rigorous new language frameworks to account for a multiplicity of understandings related to the value and impact of arts and culture across diverse communities. 3. Conduct sector analysis around understandings of markers of impact and value of arts engagement to identify success factors for broad government, policy, professional practitioner and community engagement. This research develops innovative conceptual understandings that can be used to assess the value and impact of arts and cultural engagement. The discussion shows how interaction with arts and culture creates, supports and extends factors such as public value, wellbeing, and social inclusion. The intersection of previously published research, and interviews with key informants including artists, peak arts organisations, gallery or museum staff, community cultural development organisations, funders and researchers, illuminates the differing perceptions about public value. The report proffers opportunities to develop a new discourse about what the arts contribute, how the contribution can be described, and what opportunities exist to assist the arts sector to communicate outcomes of arts engagement in Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand.