Дисертації з теми "Expertise of labor protection"
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1
Райко, Валентина Федорівна, та Ольга Ігорівна Ільїнська. "Використання методу проектів при проведенні практичних занять з дисципліни "Експертиза з охорони праці"". Thesis, ГО "СФБЖДЛ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/41696.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Обґрунтовано доцільність використання методу проектів при проведенні практичних занять з дисципліни "Експертиза з охорони праці".Expediency of use of a method of projects during the practical training on the subject "Expertise of labor protection" was substantiated.
2
Monteiro, Pedro do Nascimento. "Heavier than air : the enabling role of bureaucracy in cross-expertise collaboration." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/98220/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis explores the enabling role of bureaucracy in cross-expertise collaboration. Based on 13 months of ethnographic fieldwork in the engineering unit of an aeronautical company, and focusing on a myriad of different specialists involved in the company’s product development, I show that bureaucracy (i.e., understood as the rationalization of work) provides the infrastructure for the collaborative work of various experts. More specifically, through eight embedded cases, I examine how bureaucracy shapes cross-domain meetings, knowledge exchanges, and the work of intermediaries, making these dynamics more unambiguous, calculable, reliable, and precise. By reducing uncertainty, bureaucracy enables specialists to engage in focused and productive exchanges and interactions. I identify three conditions that underpin the positive impact of bureaucracy in this context and present four of its enabling roles in cross-expertise collaboration. Namely, these are: clarifying responsibilities, interconnections, and complex processes; promoting impartial relations and reducing tensions; ensuring participation in systemic matters; and streamlining integration. Overall, the thesis takes bureaucracy out of the shadows in our understanding of collaboration processes. It also contributes to studies on expertise coordination by highlighting that in highly-interdependent work situations formal organizational elements co-exist — and complement — emergent integration/coordination mechanisms. The thesis also contributes to the general organizational scholarship by putting forward a more appropriate understanding of bureaucracy in contemporary organizations which underscores its multifaceted nature. The work also has implications for the practitioner-oriented literature on collaboration, emphasizing the value of functional structures and formalization when most authors sing the praises of team-based arrangements and ‘organic’ structures.
3
Whittaker, Andrew. "Professional judgment, practitioner expertise and organisational culture in child protection : an ethnographic study." Thesis, University of East London, 2014. http://roar.uel.ac.uk/4616/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Child protection social workers must make difficult decisions in real life circumstances that often involve limited knowledge, uncertainty, conflicting values, time pressures and powerful emotions. These circumstances can pose a significant challenge to reasoning skills, especially when the cost of errors and poor judgment can be unacceptably high. This study explores the psychological processes that underpin how child protection practitioners form judgments and how these are influenced by the organisational settings that they work within. The study has an ethnographic design with two sites; a local authority children's intake service and a NHS multi-disciplinary court assessment service. The sites were chosen as contrasting organisational settings within which to study practitioner decision making. Forty days of observation and twenty-four interviews with practitioners were completed across the two sites over a two-and-a-half year period. The study found that practitioners' reasoning processes were a dynamic interplay of intuitive and analytic processes with emotionally-informed intuitive processes as the primary driver. As practitioners became more experienced, they engaged in progressively more sophisticated pattern recognition and story building processes to analyse and evaluate complex information. However, practitioners of all experience levels were vulnerable to the same predictable errors arising from cognitive vulnerabilities that affect the whole population. Comparison of the two sites identified the following themes concerning the influence of organisational context; the timescales that practitioners worked within, the opportunities for case discussion, and the cultures of accountability within the organisation. In response to considerable time pressures and increased demand, local authority social workers at times engaged in a range of operational defences and speed practices. This was combined with a pervasive accountability culture that inadvertently led to local authority social workers being more likely to manage anxiety through practices that acted as a form of pre-emptive exoneration. The study contributes towards the existing literature by examining everyday child protection practice using a theoretical approach that combines insights from psychological and psychoanalytic approaches. The study identifies new insights into practitioner decision making, suggests new ways of understanding accountability, and has implications for how organisations can help both reduce errors and support expert practice.
4
Topchy, V. V. "Criminal protection of labour relations." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2020. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/41707.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The criminal legal protection of human labour rights from socially dangerous attacks is a necessary component of the mechanism for their implementation and State protection, and must be ensured through a unified and
harmonized system of criminal law. The criminalization of certain acts often arises from the impact of the adoption of relevant international legal instruments in a particular area.The criminal legal protection of human labour rights from socially dangerous attacks is a necessary component of the mechanism for their implementation and State protection, and must be ensured through a unified and harmonized system of criminal law. The criminalization of certain acts often arises from the impact of the adoption of relevant international legal instruments in a particular area.
5
Motzkau, Johanna F. "Cross-examining suggestibility : memory, childhood, expertise." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2006. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16106.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Initially a central topic for psychology, suggestibility has been forgotten, rediscovered, evaded definition, sabotaged experimentation and persistently triggers epistemological short-circuits when interconnecting psychological questions of memory, childhood and scientificity, with concrete legal issues of child witnesses' credibility, the disclosure of sexual abuse and psychological expertise in courts of law. The aim of this study is to trace suggestibility through history, theory, research and practice, and to explore its efficacy at the intersection of psychology and law, by examining and comparing the. concrete case of child witness practice in England and Germany. Taking a transdisciplinary approach the study draws on two interrelated sources of 'data' combining historical, theoretical and research literature with the analysis of empirical data. A genealogy if theory and research is combined with the results of reflexive interviews, conducted in England and Germany with practitioners from all those professions involved in creating, applying or dealing with knowledge about child witnesses and suggestibility: judges, prosecutors, lawyers, police officers, psychologists (researchers, experts) and social workers. Drawing on the work of G. Deleuze and 1. Stengers this study shows how practical tensions around reliable witnesses, evidence and expertise merge pragmatically with theoretical movements employed to adjust the discipline, thereby causing frictions and voids. In this sense suggestibility provides a liminal resource: It transgresses disciplinary boundaries and pervades pragmatic and theoretical, global and personal, historical and actual considerations, creating voids that allow us to reconsider the pragmatics of change and to redefine the issue of critical impact, as well as to reformulate the problem of child witness practice and children's suggestibility. The study hopes to make a concrete contribution to facilitating the just prosecution of sexual abuse by adding transparency to the complex and at times unhelpfully polarised field of child witness practice. By exploring the 'pragmatics of change' the study furthermore hopes to give an unsettling and productive impetus to theoretical debates within critical approaches to psychology.
6
Tse, Sau-kuen. "Labour policy and the protection of the legal entitlements of private sector employees." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1992. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B13236416.
Повний текст джерела
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Gillespie, Neil. "The legal protection of temporary employees." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1019793.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper is divided into two distinct sections. The first being an analysis of the legal protection of temporary employees as things currently stand. It deals with the various labour laws that currently regulate temporary employment as well as the temporary employment contract and the common-law. The second section summarises and analyses the provisions of the Labour Relations Amendment Bill and the Basic Conditions of Employment Bill as they apply to fixed-term employees. Temporary employees are protected by the general protection extended to all employees in terms of section 23(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, guaranteeing all employees the “right to fair labour practice”. The Labour Relations Act has as one of its main objectives to give effect to and regulate the fundamental rights contained in the Constitution. Thus the Labour Relations Act must not only give effect to constitutional rights but it must also ensure that it in no way unreasonably or unjustly denies or limits constitutional rights. Temporary employees have a number of labour laws protecting their interests. Where the provisions of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act, a Bargaining Council Agreement or a Sectoral Determination do not apply the employee will rely on the terms of the fixed-term employment contract and thereafter the common law for protection. The only protection offered to temporary employees contained in the Labour Relations Act is in section 186(1)(b), where a dismissal is defined to include the non-renewal of temporary contracts of employment where there is a reasonable expectation of renewal on the same or similar terms. This provision has proved to be highly controversial in that it does not expressly cater for temporary employees who harbour reasonable expectations of indefinite employment. An analysis is made of the most important cases relating to section 186(1)(b). The second section unpacks and critically analyses the Labour Relations Amendment Bill and the Basic Conditions of Employment Bill which have been long in the offing and when they are finally enacted, will bring with them sweeping changes for atypical employment . The amendments will drastically change the way employers make use of fixed-term employees as well as the way in which Temporary Employment Services may conduct business if they are in fact able to keep working at all. There is very little literature of substance written about the Labour Relations Amendment Bill as it applies to atypical employment. The fact that the proposed amendments have changed so many times over such a long period of time might have deterred many writers from investing time and effort in attempts to analyse and summarise the amendments. Articles posted on the internet are in the main short and have very little content. No books were found with any discussion that pertains to the amendments. The amendments divide employees involved in atypical employment into two different categories. These categories consist of employees earning above the threshold in terms of section 6(3) of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act and those earning below this threshold. All fixed-term employees may rely on the provisions of section 186 of the Labour Relations Act. Employees earning below the threshold are considered to be the most vulnerable and have been afforded additional protections in terms of sections 198(A), (B) and (C). Issues surrounding Temporary Employment Services and fixed-term employees have been very divisive and have been the topics of heated debate at all levels of Industrial Relations for a long time. Discussions regarding the use of the services of Temporary Employment Services can be highly emotive, with Temporary Employment Services being accused of committing wideThis paper is divided into two distinct sections. The first being an analysis of the legal protection of temporary employees as things currently stand. It deals with the various labour laws that currently regulate temporary employment as well as the temporary employment contract and the common-law. The second section summarises and analyses the provisions of the Labour Relations Amendment Bill and the Basic Conditions of Employment Bill as they apply to fixed-term employees. Temporary employees are protected by the general protection extended to all employees in terms of section 23(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996, guaranteeing all employees the “right to fair labour practice”. The Labour Relations Act has as one of its main objectives to give effect to and regulate the fundamental rights contained in the Constitution. Thus the Labour Relations Act must not only give effect to constitutional rights but it must also ensure that it in no way unreasonably or unjustly denies or limits constitutional rights. Temporary employees have a number of labour laws protecting their interests. Where the provisions of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act, a Bargaining Council Agreement or a Sectoral Determination do not apply the employee will rely on the terms of the fixed-term employment contract and thereafter the common law for protection. The only protection offered to temporary employees contained in the Labour Relations Act is in section 186(1)(b), where a dismissal is defined to include the non-renewal of temporary contracts of employment where there is a reasonable expectation of renewal on the same or similar terms. This provision has proved to be highly controversial in that it does not expressly cater for temporary employees who harbour reasonable expectations of indefinite employment. An analysis is made of the most important cases relating to section 186(1)(b). The second section unpacks and critically analyses the Labour Relations Amendment Bill and the Basic Conditions of Employment Bill which have been long in the offing and when they are finally enacted, will bring with them sweeping changes for atypical employment . The amendments will drastically change the way employers make use of fixed-term employees as well as the way in which Temporary Employment Services may conduct business if they are in fact able to keep working at all. There is very little literature of substance written about the Labour Relations Amendment Bill as it applies to atypical employment. The fact that the proposed amendments have changed so many times over such a long period of time might have deterred many writers from investing time and effort in attempts to analyse and summarise the amendments. Articles posted on the internet are in the main short and have very little content. No books were found with any discussion that pertains to the amendments. The amendments divide employees involved in atypical employment into two different categories. These categories consist of employees earning above the threshold in terms of section 6(3) of the Basic Conditions of Employment Act and those earning below this threshold. All fixed-term employees may rely on the provisions of section 186 of the Labour Relations Act. Employees earning below the threshold are considered to be the most vulnerable and have been afforded additional protections in terms of sections 198(A), (B) and (C).
8
Steiner, Robin Thomas, and Robin Thomas Steiner. "Between Oil Pasts and Utopian Dreams: Making State and Economy in Oman’s Citizen Labor Industry." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626703.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With oil reserves dwindling, efforts to create a diversified, post-oil economy in Oman have focused on building the human capital of citizens and promoting a new entrepreneurial ‘work culture’ among Omani employees and entrepreneurs. In a context in which state-provided jobs represent both an exchange of labor for a salary and a means of securing a citizen’s rightful share of the nation’s oil revenues, issues of productivity and workforce development are most often framed in terms of the ‘mindset’ of individual citizens. Drawing on 16 months of ethnographic fieldwork with experts and professionals in Oman’s thriving citizen labor industry—the industry of human resource specialists, consultants, career coaches, entrepreneurship trainers, and the organizations which support and sponsor them—this dissertation explores how utopian investments in Omani human capital have shaped the distributive governance of the Omani state, the production of persons, and the making of ‘an economy.’ In an environment in which economic ‘growth’ is driven by state-guided subsidy rather than market mechanisms, this dissertation describes how economic and managerial expertise is employed to create 'an economy’ in ways that are largely unaccompanied by the production of markets. By doing so, this dissertation highlights how seemingly neoliberal interventions aimed at ‘rolling back’ the state and cultivating entrepreneurial ‘mindsets’ have counterintuitively produced subjects who understand their personal and social ‘development’ as pieces of a larger system of distributive rights and obligations that is as much social and political as it is economic. Ultimately, by demonstrating how subsidy-driven investments in Oman’s citizen workforce reproduce distributive arrangements, this dissertation complicates the assumption that ‘development’ is an antidote to Oman’s natural resource dependence.
9
Tse, Sau-kuen, and 謝秀娟. "Labour policy and the protection of the legal entitlements of private sector employees." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1992. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31964163.
Повний текст джерела
10
Franklin, Pamela Mary. "Is all research created equal? institutional credibility and technical expertise in environmental policymaking at the US EPA /." Full text available online (restricted access), 2002. http://images.lib.monash.edu.au/ts/theses/Franklin.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
11
Bastgen, Andreas [Verfasser], and Christian [Akademischer Betreuer] Holzner. "Employment protection, innovation and the labor market / Andreas Bastgen ; Betreuer: Christian Holzner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1125883804/34.
Повний текст джерела
12
Li, Jianmei, and Jianmei Li. "Judged Creative: A Study of A Paradox." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624107.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Inspired by Michael Foucault’s "technologies of the self" and Jacques Rancière's idea of the politics of aesthetics, specifically, his concept of "the distribution of the sensible", this thesis examines two groups of people who actively pursue creativity in China today: first, a group of Chinese youth who seek their identity as creative writers through their participation in the Xin Gainian Zuowen Dasai, or the New Concept Writing Competition, held by Mengya magazine since 1998; second, a group of men and women who are grouped together under the name of "Dafen painters", who pursue their creative identities as oil painters either for their own artistic dreams or for better lives. Through these two cases, this thesis explores the relationship between creative practices and individuals’ identity formation, and attempts to achieve a better understanding of how the formation of these identities relate to broader desires for creative identity in China’s society today.
This paper argues that an individual's own desire for creative expression and recognition in fact acts to diminish their ability to engage in truly creative expression, and that the attempts at recognition reconfigure groups to block individuals from finding opportunities to express their creative identities.
13
King, William Jude. "The implications of canon 1286 for the canonical protection of employee rights in Pennsylvania." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1989. http://www.tren.com.
Повний текст джерела
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Cholewinski, Ryszard. "Migrant workers in international human rights law : their protection in countries of employment /." Oxford : Clarendon Press, 1997. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/279985177.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
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Al, Zaidi Mazin M. "Cyber security behavioural intentions for trade secret protection." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2017. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/108526/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Trade secrets have become an important aspect of competitive advantage for new and established businesses in the new digital economy. This is particularly true in corporate venturing, where most corporates rely on new entrepreneurial ventures with creative ideas to drive innovation and fuel growth. In this manner, these corporates run corporate venturing units such as corporate accelerators to support entrepreneurs creating new ventures. During the accelerated pace of venturing, trade secrets become the core intangible asset that requires protection for any new venture. Yet, people remain the weakest link in the cyber security chain and that requires more understanding to enhance cyber security protection. A new approach was suggested in this study to explore the protection of trade secrets through the confidentiality of information, the ownership of intellectual property and the secrecy of commercial secrets. This study developed a conceptual model to explore cyber security behaviour for trade secret protection within corporate accelerators. Well-established theories were adopted to develop the research conceptual model for trade secret protection, integrating the protection motivation theory (PMT), social bond theory (SBT) and the concept of psychological ownership. This study began with a comprehensive up-to-date systematic literature review in the field of cyber security behavioural intentions over the past decade. The top 10 journals in the field of cyber security behaviour were reviewed and 46 publications that used 35 behaviour theories were identified. A concept matrix based on a concept-centric approach was applied to present the behavioural theories used in the relevant literature. By analysing the relevant literature results, the key cyber security behaviour elements were identified and illustrated via a concept map and matrix. Based on the output of the literature review analysis, valuable findings and insights were presented. This study investigates entrepreneurs’ cyber security behavioural intentions to protect trade secrets in agile dynamic corporate environments. The research design adopted a hypothetico-deductive approach using a quantitative survey for empirical data collection. To evaluate the conceptual model, a partial least squares method of structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis was used. This involved validity and reliability assessments, in addition to hypotheses testing. The research results found statistically significant relationships for severity, vulnerability, response efficacy, response cost, involvement and personal norms in relation to cyber security behavioural intentions to protect trade secrets.
16
Косьменко, М. В. "Психологія охорони праці". Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/21073.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Одним з найбільш пріоритетних напрямків зменшення травматизму є підвищення рівня знань працівників з цих питань, яке має забезпечуватися закладами освіти і безпосередньо шляхом навчання працівників у процесі їх трудової діяльності.
При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/21073
17
Gómez-Lugo, Fanny. "The protection of fundamental rights at work : a study of Venezuela and the Andean Community." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99138.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The adoption of a new constitution, the changes in legislation, and the well-known shift in policies and State practices introduced by the Chavez administration, are some of the factors that persuaded me to examine not only the legal protection but the actual exercise of internationally recognized core labour standards in Venezuela, notably freedom of association and the right to collective bargaining, the elimination of forced labour, the abolition of child labour and the elimination of discrimination at work.Given the structure and nature of the ILO, its mechanisms of enforcement are limited. Despite the successful ILO objective of promoting compliance with workers' rights, certain Member States like the Government of Venezuela, continue to violate labour rights. This situation requires the search for alternatives.
The idea that inspired this paper was an attempt to look for alternatives in regionalism. The hypothesis is that a sub-regional approach through the Andean Community, comprising Andean countries, offers a more effective means to protect labour rights in Venezuela than an international approach through the ILO. However, the solution points more to a joint international-regional approach to better ensure workers' rights in Venezuela and the Andean region.
18
Lowery, Christina. "Protection or Equality? : A Feminist Analysis of Protective Labor Legislation in UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1998. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279082/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study provides a feminist analysis of protective labor legislation in the Supreme Court case of UAW v. Johnson Controls, Inc. History of protection rhetoric and precedented cases leading up to UAW are provided. Using a feminist analysis, this study argues that the victory for women's labor rights in UAW is short lived, and the cycle of protection rhetoric continues with new pro-business agendas replacing traditional justifications for "protecting" women in the work place. The implications of this and other findings are discussed.
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Gaspar, Danilo Gonçalves. "A crise da subordinação jurídica clássica enquanto elemento definidor da relação de emprego e a proposta da subordinação potencial." Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2011. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/12378.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
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O Direito do Trabalho foi pensado e se concretizou como um instrumento de proteção dos trabalhadores hipossuficientes, assim entendidos como aqueles que, sem a propriedade dos meios de produção, vendem suas forças de trabalho por uma contraprestação pecuniária. A hipossuficiência, no âmbito do modelo de produção fordista/taylorista, se confundia com a submissão do trabalhador às ordens diretas do tomador de serviços, fato este que ensejou a elaboração de um conceito de subordinação jurídica atrelado ao exercício efetivo, pelo tomador dos serviços, do seu poder diretivo, sendo este o seu conceito clássico. Com o desenvolvimento tecnológico e o surgimento dos modelos de produção pós-fordistas, dentre os quais se destaca o toyotismo, instalou-se, em paralelo ao fordismo, uma nova mentalidade produtiva. O novo modelo de produção propõe novas formas de relações de trabalho, pautadas em uma maior liberdade na prestação dos serviços. São criados, por exemplo, o trabalho parassubordinado, o trabalho autônomo economicamente dependente e o teletrabalho. Esta reestruturação produtiva deixa transparecer a insuficiência do conceito clássico de subordinação jurídica, na medida em que os novos trabalhadores guardam, em sua essência, a mesma característica que distingue o trabalhador autônomo dos demais, revelada na ausência de propriedade dos meios de produção e do resultado do trabalho prestado. O que há de novo, portanto, é somente uma maior liberdade na execução dos serviços, o que impõe, desta maneira, uma revisão e ampliação do conceito de subordinação jurídica, de modo a conceber como subordinado tanto o trabalhador que receba ordens diretas do tomador de serviços, quanto aquele que, inserido em uma organização produtiva, possui liberdade na execução dos serviços. O conceito de subordinação potencial surge, então, como uma proposta teórica destinada a contextualizar o Direito do Trabalho no âmbito socioeconômico e tecnológico contemporâneo, resgatando, consequentemente, o ideal protetivo e socializante deste ramo específico da ciência jurídica.
Salvador
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Райко, Валентина Федорівна, та Євгеній Олександрович Семенов. "Про скасований перелік заборонених професій для жінок в Україні". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2018. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/36252.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Розглянуто наслідки скасування в 2018 році наказу МОЗ України № 256 "Про затвердження Переліку важких робіт та робіт із шкідливими і небезпечними умовами праці, на яких забороняється застосування праці жінок".The consequences of the abolition in 2018 of the Order of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine No. 256 "On approval of the List of heavy work and work on hazardous and hazardous working conditions which prohibit the use of women's labor" was considered.
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Thoene, Ulf V. "Social protection and labour law : regulatory approaches to the informal employment sector in Latin America." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2013. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/57756/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The phenomena of high and persistent levels of informal employment and informal entrepreneurial activity have been among the most pressing features undermining the development of participatory socio-economic and political institutions in Latin America over the past decades. The informal sector does not exist separately from the formal economy. Although some individuals profit from shirking regulation such as tax payments, others are denied their basic rights as citizens. Many policy initiatives that set out to enable an increasing share of the region’s population to enjoy protected workplace conditions, access the social protective systems and nurture productive firms have had negligible or even detrimental effects. This research thesis argues that in order to understand the complex mechanics of informal labour in Latin America, a wide analytical perspective must be adopted, so that various interconnected developmental policy issues such as citizenship, state capacity, the political economy of the region, the design structure and the coverage of the contributory social protection regime, the quality of political participation, access to the legal system, and education must be examined with respect to their impact on social and labour rights. Employing the analytical lens of institutionalist regulatory theory and adopting central insights from Sen’s Capability Approach allow for the identification of path-dependent patterns in Latin American labour law and social polices, a reassessment of the role of the state as a regulatory actor, and the crucial importance of lifting the quality of employment and social services delivery. That approach allows this research dissertation to move beyond the traditional discourses that advocate either state regulation in the areas of social and labour legislation coupled with enforcement mechanisms, or alternatively deregulatory policies that place their faith in market forces as the ultimate formula to approach a societal issue that must actually be tackled from several vantage points. Fieldwork was carried out in Colombia in order to enrich this research with data obtained from interviews, participant observation and library visits.
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Mulhern, Margaret. "Social Work Student Perceptions of Labor Trafficking." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2014. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1632.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Human Trafficking in Florida is a growing issue that affects individuals and communities on a micro, mezzo, and macro level. Although legislative efforts and changes in agency policies have raised awareness about this problem, limited awareness and research examines awareness of labor trafficking as one form of human trafficking. This exploratory-descriptive study used a convenience sampling technique to explore the perceptions of 45 Bachelors (BSW) and Masters (MSW) level social work students on the prevalence and nature of labor trafficking. The findings from the research show students have a general idea of labor trafficking and believe in equal access to human rights for victims. However, majority of students were unaware of current legislation to aid victims in Florida, and the prevalence of men as victims. Implications from this study show a need for further education within social work policies that aid labor trafficking victims, and a need for additional research to identify specific ways students can learn about human trafficking.B.S.W.
Bachelors
Social Work
Health and Public Affairs
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HUANG, YUXIN. "Impact of Labor Protection Laws on the Operating and Financial Risks of Firms: The Case of China." ScholarWorks@UNO, 2018. https://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2546.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A debate exists regarding the effect of labor protection laws on labor costs. Whether labor protection laws increase or decrease labor costs has implications for risk exposure of affected firms. If the labor costs go up, all else the same, the firm’s breakeven point goes up. Facing increased business risk, the firm must resort to strategies that inhibit the risk exposure, especially if the higher labor costs cannot be transferred, without adverse consequences, to consumers. The strategies include reigning in, if at all possible, operating leverage and financial leverage. Conversely, if the labor costs decrease, a firm’s business risk declines, and the firm has options to increase its operating leverage and/or financial leverage, lower the product price, or do nothing. By examining the Chinese firms’ reactions to the 2007 labor protection laws, we draw conclusions about laws’ directional impact on labor costs. We find that Chinese firms attempt to reduce business risk by lessening labor intensity, and labor-intensive firms are able to reduce the labor intensity at a significantly higher rate than capital-intensive firms. Neither group is able to significantly reduce asset tangibility. We also find that all firms significantly reduce their financial leverages. Consequently, firms’ investments, as measured by sales growth, decline in the post-reform period. These results are consistent with the cost of labor increasing as a result of the stricter labor protection laws.
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Zou, Chen. "Guarding the territory of labor rights protection : a "socialized" approach by the Yiwu Federations of Trade Unions." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1384.
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Dubin, Laurence. "La protection des normes sociales dans les échanges internationaux /." Aix-en-Provence : Presses Univ. d'Aix-Marseille, 2003. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/470253444.pdf.
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Herpin, Eve. "L' itinéraire juridique de l'objet africain : Ambivalence et inadéquation des dispositifs législatifs et conventionnels." Paris 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA010329.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'objectif de cette thèse est de fournir une grille de lecture retraçant l'itinéraire juridique des créations matérielles subsahariennes, depuis leur production en milieu endogène jusqu'à leur diffusion sur le marché international. Véritable kaléïdoscope, l'objet africain traditionnel change de dénomination et de valeur selon le contexte dans lequel il se situe. La singularité de sa trajectoire, dans le temps et l'espace, en fait un artefact atypique. Objet strictement fonctionnel à l'origine, il se métamorphose souvent en œuvre d'art lorsqu'il est exporté au Nord. N'ayant traditionnellement aucune valeur pécuniaire et ne faisant pas l'objet d'un véritable titre de propriété, les objets de la statuaire animiste doivent être - conformément à la définition doctrinale - qualifiés de "choses" tant qu'ils demeurent dans leur milieu originel. En revanche, dès qu'ils en sont exclus, ils acquièrent une autre fonction (ethnologique, artistique, patrimoniale. . . ) et peuvent faire l'objet de transferts marchands. Ces nouveaux critères les intègrent de jure dans la catégorie des "biens". Le changement de leur statut social implique nécessairement une mutation du régime juridique auquel ils sont soumis. Pour comprendre cette métamorphose, la pluralité des modes de diffusion des œuvres matérielles d'Afrique noire devait être précisément analysée à la lumière du droit. Qu'il soit licite ou illicite, à destination d'une personne privée ou publique, onéreux ou gratuit, leur transfert répond à des logiques particulières, distinctes de celles issues de la pensée juridique classique. Il convenait donc de démontrer l'impérieuse nécessité du juriste de prendre en compte ces spécificités inhérentes aux biens culturels africains afin de leur offrir une protection sui-generis adaptée à leur originalité.
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El, Shinnawy Azza. "Understanding the impact of protection on manufacturing efficiency levels and relative pharmaceutical prices evidence from Egypt's generics pharmaceutical industry (1993-2008)." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2012. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/542/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis aims at contributing to the literature on industrial policy by investigating patterns of 'association' between trade and industrial policies, the country’s national pharmaceutical policy (including pricing), the pre-January 2005 intellectual property rights regime, productivity and productivity growth in the Egyptian generics pharmaceutical sector. This thesis presented evidence that positive total factor productivity (TFP) growth can be observed under the auspices of a protectionist regime, however, there is a need to revisit pharmaceutical regulatory protectionism, as it impacts negatively on export growth and on fair pharmaceutical prices. Under the auspices of what can be categorised as a protectionist regulatory regime, this thesis examined trends in TFP growth in 13 of Egypt's pharmaceutical generics firms, which account for 50 percent of the generics market by value. Empirical results indicated that the best-practice firm in terms of TFP change belonged to the private sector, while the laggard firm belonged to the state-owned public business sector. Empirical results indicated that mean TFP change for the sample firms throughout the study period 1993-2005 (1.01) exceeded the mean TFP change for all Egyptian industries (0.75), and that there was evident disassociation or weak correlation -at best- between productivity growth and the degree of export orientation. In light of both the absence of significant generics import competition in Egypt, it has been found that prices of generics were atypical in terms of exceeding standard worldwide generic-to-originator price ratios. Generic diffusion did not significantly bring down average prices, while an evident wedge was observed between the market shares of the most sold generics versus the least-priced generics to the advantage of the former. As a result of enforcing pharmaceutical product patent protection as of January 2005, the price-related impact of the TRIPS Agreement in the domain of Egypt’s top 42 therapeutic classes by market value (50 percent of the market), has been put in the range of LE 479 million.
28
Mohamed, Assad. "Les nanomatériaux manufacturés, un enjeu pour la protection de la société. : Le cas de la protection juridique des travailleurs." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM3074/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche proposé par l'Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), cette thèse aborde les nanomatériaux manufacturés (NMM) sous l'angle philosophique à la recherche des conditions de possibilité d'une protection juridique efficace et évolutive, des travailleurs en industrie de production et d'utilisation de ces objets. Les NMM sont des objets fondamentalement nouveaux, polémiques et polymorphes avec des propriétés souvent inédites.La première partie de la thèse rend compte des problèmes spécifiques à la production de normes dans l'expérience humaine, plus précisément des normes juridiques sur le travail, puisque ces problèmes impactent les possibilités d'une qualification juridique des NMM et par voie de conséquence la protection des travailleurs. La deuxième partie fait un état des connaissances sur les NMM afin d'identifier les difficultés propres à l'objet, dans la mesure où une connaissance stabilisée est nécessaire à une qualification juridique. La troisième partie propose d'analyser l'activité de travail comme enchâssement de débats de normes qui construisent en amont un monde qualifié par rapport à des choix de vie qui se manifestent sous forme de normes antécédentes, et a fortiori sous la forme de normes juridiques dans l'activité. La thèse considère les NMM à la fois comme des objets d'études pour les sciences de la matière, dont ils sont issus, et comme des objets des sciences humaines et sociales, entendues comme sciences de l'Homme en activité. Ainsi notre apport se retrouve dans l'analyse de l'activité comme outil de maïeutique, source d'une communication entre les différents acteurs de ce domaineIn the frame of a research project proposed by the French National Institute of Research and Security (INRS), this thesis approaches manufactured nanomaterials (MNM) from the point of view of a philosophical inquiry into the conditions of possiblity of an efficacious and progressive juridical protection of workers in the industry of manufacturing and of the usage of these materials. The MNM are fundamentally new, controversial and often polymorphic objects, with unique properties.The first part of the thesis reports on specific problems in the production of standards in human experience, specifically legal labor standards, since these issues impact the possibilities of a legal characterization of MNM and consequently the protection of workers. The second part proposes an assessment of the state of knowledge concerning the MNM in order to identify the difficulties proper to the material, considering consolidated knowledge is necessary for any qualification in terms of Law.The third part attempts to analyze the activity of work as a grounding of the debate on standards which, from the outset, constructs a world qualified in relation to life choices that become manifest in the shape of already existing standards and a fortiori in the shape of legal standards within the activity of work.This thesis considers MNM as both the object of study for the science of Matter, from which they have sprung, and the object of the social and human sciences, understood as the science of Man in activity. Thus our contribution is to be found within the analysis of the activity as a maieutic implement, and therefore a source of communication between the different actors in this domain
29
Райко, Валентина Федорівна, Євгеній Олександрович Семенов та Олександр Григорович Янчик. "Культура безпеки праці та менеджмент". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/33464.
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30
Lepont, Ulrike. "Façonner les politiques aux marges de l'Etat : le rôle des experts dans les réformes de la protection maladie aux Etats-Unis (1970-2010)." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON10066.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Aux Etats-Unis, le nombre de think tanks, cabinets de conseil et autres centres d’expertise publique rattachés à des universités ou des fondations n’a cessé d’augmenter depuis les années 1970. A partir du cas des politiques de protection maladie, cette thèse montre le développement, à travers cette nébuleuse d’institutions, d’experts spécialisés dans un domaine d’action publique qui, sur plusieurs décennies, ont accumulé compétences, savoirs et influence et qui jouent un rôle clé dans l’élaboration des programmes et des instruments de réforme dans ce secteur. Associant une analyse microsociologique de ces acteurs et des interactions qu’ils nouent avec leur environnement à une réflexion macrosociologique sur leur position dans le système politique américain, nous montrons que s’est institué un espace de l’expertise en dehors de l’Etat, contrôlant la production et la diffusion des savoirs disponibles dans le processus d’élaboration des politiques. En contribuant à la compréhension des conditions de production des connaissances impliquées dans l’action publique, la prise en compte de cet espace de l’expertise, des forces qui le traversent, et de sa configuration, permet de comprendre l’évolution des programmes de réforme jusqu’à l’adoption de l’« Obamacare », très éloignée dans son contenu du projet historique d’assurance publique universelle des démocrates. Cette structuration d’une infrastructure d’expertise publique hors des frontières administratives – que nous qualifions de « para-administration » –, aide également à comprendre la capacité à agir de l’Etat fédéral en 2010 et l’adoption de l’Affordable Care Act. Cette thèse encourage ainsi une reconceptualisation de l’Etat américain intégrant des acteurs situés aux périphéries de l’appareil bureaucratique central. Elle montre enfin que l’extériorité par rapport à l’Etat ne rend pas les structures d’expertise plus indépendantes de la demande et des contraintes politiques exercées par les décideurs ou les institutions étatiquesThe number of think tanks, policy institutes, and other centers of public expertise attached to universities or foundations in the United States has continuously grown since the 1970s. Focusing on the field of health insurance policy, this dissertation shows the development of an institutional web of experts specialized in a policy sector who, over the decades, accumulated competencies, knowledge, and influence that played a key role in the elaboration of programs and instruments of reform in this sector. By joining a micro-sociological analysis of these actors and their environment with a macro-sociological consideration of their position in the American political system, we show that an area of expertise has been established outside of the state, which nevertheless controls the production and diffusion of available knowledge used in the elaboration of policy. The examination of this expert space, its influence, and its configuration help us to understand the evolution of the reform programs that led to “Obamacare”, whose contents were ultimately very distant from the universal public insurance system long envisaged by Democrats. The rise of a public policy infrastructure outside of normal administrative parameters – what we term “para-administration” – also explains the federal government’s ability to act in 2010 and the adoption of the Affordable Care Act. This dissertation thus encourages a rethinking of the American state, which takes into account actors situated on the periphery of the bureaucratic system. It demonstrates that being outside the state does not guarantee that non-governmental expert structures can remain independent of the political constraints imposed by policymakers and state institutions
31
Liu, Yafei. "La protection des travailleurs en Chine." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1099/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'économie chinoise a connu une croissance économique importante depuis 30 ans, mais celle-ci n'a pas bénéficié aux travailleurs chinois, qui supportent toujours des conditions de travail très éprouvantes, avec un niveau de protection très insuffisant. Pourquoi les travailleurs chinois ne profitent-ils pas de ce développement économique ? Les causes sont multiples : outre le facteur démographique, la recherche prioritaire des intérêts économiques constitue la raison principale. Pourquoi faut-il améliorer la protection des travailleurs en Chine ? Et par quels moyens cette amélioration peut-elle se produire ? La thèse montre, d'une part, l'évolution et les mouvements de la classe ouvrière dans l'histoire chinoise, en comparant sa situation avant et après 1949, et les raisons, historiques et politiques, qui ont conduit le gouvernement chinois à négliger la protection des travailleurs, bien que ces derniers aient bénéficié d'une place privilégiée dans le système communiste. D'autre part, sont envisagés les moyens, politiques et législatifs, pour initier l'amélioration de cette protection. Pour cela, une réforme politique serait la solution radicale, impliquant une démocratisation à long terme et mettant l'accent sur la protection des droits de l'homme, et sur les droits des travailleurs en particulier Ce qui suppose notamment que soit garantie l'indépendance des syndicats. La protection des travailleurs est donc indissociable de la construction de l'Etat de DroitChinese economy has made significant progress for more than thirty years, but the Chinese laborers still benefit very little from the economic growth, who have to endure difficult working conditions with insufficient working protection. Why can the Chinese laborers not profit from the economic development? The pursuit for the economic interests as the highest priority is the main cause in addition to a large population. Why must the laborers' working protection be improved? By what means can this working protection be improved? This paper describes the history of the development of Chinese working class and workers' movement, especially the difference between before and after 1949 and analyzes the reasons why the Chinese government ignored the workers' protection from the point of history and politics, even the working class has preferential position in the Communist system. On the other, it analyzes the ways to improving the laborers' protection from the political and judicial points of view. In the long term, the political reform is the fundamental approach, which means the democracy and the protection of human rights, especially protecting the legitimate rights and interests of workers, which requires guaranteeing the independence of trade unions. The protection of workers' rights cannot be separated from the realization of a state under the rule of law as well
32
Bachelier, Elsa. "Les modalités d’appropriation des expertises CE et Chsct par les représentants du personnel." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3037.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La thèse est menée dans le cadre d’une convention industrielle de formation par la recherche (Cifre) avec un cabinet d’études et de conseil spécialisé dans les relations sociales, l’analyse des enjeux contemporains du travail (organisation, conditions de travail, évolution des métiers, etc.) et de la stratégie des entreprises. Il réalise dans ce cadre des expertises demandées par les Institutions représentatives du personnel (Comités d’entreprise ou d’établissement, Chsct) dont l’appropriation par les représentants du personnel est marquée par une forte disparité. Cette recherche s’inscrit dans la suite d’une étude réalisée pour la Dares sur les savoirs des représentants du personnel qui a été réalisée en 2009 conjointement par le cabinet et le Ceperc où il est apparu que l’expertise tenait une place ambigüe dans le discours des représentants du personnel. Ceux-ci, bien que pensant l’expertise utile, ne l’identifient pas toujours comme une source de savoirs. A partir d’une réflexion sur la notion d’expertise, il s’agit dans ce travail de comprendre comment elle opère en connecteur entre le monde des militants du travail et le monde des experts auprès des IRP. La première partie de cette thèse cherche à circonscrire respectivement ces deux mondes tandis que la seconde partie se propose de les mettre en pratique à travers l’activité du cabinet et une enquête menée auprès des représentants du personnel. Les résultats ainsi obtenus, nous permettent de dégager des trajectoires d’appropriation en fonction du profil des militants, des catégories d’expertises et des savoirsThe thesis is carried out as part of an industrial convention of a research training program (Cifre) with a consultancy firm specialized in social relationships, in the study of contemporary issues of work (organisation, working conditions, working evolution etc…) and in the companies’strategy. This firm carries expert assessments requested by the Institutions representing the staff (works council or joint consultative committee, Chsct) – an appropriation which is marked by a strong disparity. This investigation fits into a study line made by the Dares on the staff representatives acknowledgements which was made in 2009 by both the firm and the Ceperc. During this investigation, it appeared that the assessment had an ambiguous place in the speech of the staff representatives. Though they thought the investigation useful, they don’t always relate it to a source of knowledge. Beginning with a reflection on the notion of expertise, this work seeks to understand how expertise operates as a link between the world of militant workers and that of the experts working with representative bodies. The first part of my thesis tends to confine these two worlds distinctly, while the second offers to put them into practice through the activity of the practice and a survey conducted with the staff representatives. The results thus obtained allow us to bring out paths of appropriation depending on militants profile, categories of expertise and knowledge
33
Economou, Nicholas. "Greening the Commonwealth : the Australian Labor Party government's management of national environmental politics, 1983-1996 /." Connect to thesis, 1998. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000333.
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34
Денисенко, Анатолій Федорович, Анатолий Федорович Денисенко, Anatolii Fedorovych Denysenko та Г. М. Ткаченко. "Сучасні тенденції фінансування охорони праці в Україні". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31556.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
У сучасних умовах розвитку економіки діяльність держави має бути спрямована на забезпечення нормального функціонування населення держави і здоров’я людей. Вирішальну роль у цьому відіграє охорона праці. Так, у епіцентpі диcкуcій і дoнині залишаєтьcя питання безпеки, здopoв’я й дoбpoбуту людей, щo мoже бути дocягнутo лише за наявнocті виcoкoгo pівня фінанcування захoдів з oхopoни пpаці.
При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31556
35
Feallock, Lynn O'Neill 1964. ""Justified on a scientific basis": Fetal protection policies, sex discrimination, and the selective use of evidence in labor law." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291413.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As women have increasingly entered what have been traditionally male-dominated industries, there has been a corresponding increase in "fetal protection policies" implemented by those same industries, based on the premise that toxins in the workplace can be harmful to the "potential fetus." The assumption is that these toxins are transported to the fetus exclusively through the mother and that only by removing the mother from the hazardous environment can the fetus be protected. Some of these companies have been taken to court as women have challenged these policies as infringements of their constitutional rights. This paper analyzes court cases in which this issue has been argued and demonstrates how the courts maintain the patriarchal ideologies of both law and industry through the use of legal precedent and unsubstantiated "science," to uphold policies that prohibit women from working in high-paying "male" industries and maintain women's subordinate position in capitalist society.
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Salazar, Salame Héctor. "Worker rights protection in Mexico's Silicon Valley : confronting low-road labor practices in high-tech manufacturing through antagonistic collaboration." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69456.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2011.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 101-109).
Front and center against a backdrop of globalization and the ensuing outsourcing of manufacturing activities to low-income countries, has been a growing interest from scholars regarding the protection of labor rights and the means for improving labor conditions in the developing world. In the past half-decade, scholars have paid greater attention to these issues in the electronics manufacturing industry, particularly in response to recent publications highlighting its onerous working conditions around the globe. Yet, research regarding how specific actors contribute to improving working conditions in this sector remains largely absent. This thesis contributes to these scholarly discussions by analyzing the work of a local NGO, the Centro de Refleccidn y Accidn Laboral (CEREAL-GDL), which has been working to improve working conditions in the electronics manufacturing cluster known as Mexico's Silicon Valley located in Guadalajara for over a decade. Specifically, this thesis analyzes how the organization has evolved its activities over time and the local and international relationships it has developed to protect worker labor rights and promote working condition improvements in this sector. This thesis argues that the organization does not fold neatly into the molds within which scholars typically place and analyze the efforts of developing-country labor rights NGOs. These molds include participation in transnational advocacy and the monitoring of private codes of conduct (COC). While notably CEREAL-GDL was an indirect, yet central, actor in the birth of transnational advocacy related to the global electronics industry, which consequently led to global electronics industry firms establishing the first industry-wide COC, its efforts are not limited to participating in transnational advocacy or related to direct monitoring of firm adherence to the COC. Moreover, in addition to confrontational strategies such as organizing workers, CEREAL-GDL participates in an institutionalized direct dialogue and labor violations remediation process developed through antagonistic collaboration with electronics firms in Guadalajara. Ultimately, by analyzing the organization's activities and the interrelated web of actors and the context in which it operates, this thesis explores how and why there have been some working condition improvements, and whether the forged relationships among actors in Mexico's Silicon Valley may lead to future improvements, and, if so, how.
by Héctor Salazar Salame.
M.C.P.
37
Bonleu, Antoine. "Housing market regulation and labor market regulation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM2009/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le premier chapitre montre l'interdépendance sur le marché locatif entre le formalisme procédural (FP) et les réseaux sociaux locaux. Tandis que le FP augmente le coût de résolution des conflits juridiques entre propriétaires et locataires, les réseaux sociaux présentent l'avantage de pouvoir régler un conflit sans la justice. Le FP permet de rendre plus intéressant aux yeux du propriétaire les individus appartenant à un réseau social. Le deuxième chapitre explique l'importance du soleil sur la demande de régulation du marché locatif. Les pays d'Europe du sud très ensoleillés sont attractifs de par leur douceur de vie. Cette immigration potentielle augmente la tension sur le marché locatif. Pour la réduire, les individus d'Europe du sud développent une complémentarité entre capital social local et régulation. Cette stratégie explique un équilibre méditerranéen où le capital social local et le FP sont élevés. A contrario, l'absence d'attractivité des pays faiblement ensoleillés explique un équilibre anglo-saxon et scandinave aux caractéristiques opposées. Le troisième chapitre explique le soutien pour la régulation du marché du travail par la présence de régulations sur le marché locatif. Lorsque ce dernier est très régulé, les propriétaires sélectionnent les locataires selon leur capacité à payer le loyer. Protéger les contrats à durée indéterminée oblige les entreprises à sélectionner les travailleurs et permet alors aux propriétaires de mieux estimer le risque individuel de licenciement. Nous construisons un modèle où les individus sans emploi demandent plus de régulations et de protections en dépit de l’augmentation du chômage et de la part des contrats temporairesThe first contribution studies the complementarities between the strength of social networks and the stringency of procedural formalism. While procedural formalism increases the cost of legal dispute resolution between landlords and tenants, social networks allow conflicts to be solved without recourse to justice. Procedural formalism is thus a way to provide a market advantage to local individuals embedded in dense local social networks at the expense of nonlocal agents without access to such networks.The second contribution deals with the importance of the sun on the demand for regulation in the rental market. Southern European countries with good climate amenities are attractive by their mildness of life. This potential immigration increases the pressure on the rental market. To reduce it, individuals in Southern Europe develop complementarities between social capital and local regulations. This strategy explains a Mediterranean equilibrium characterized by high levels of local social capital and procedural formalism. Conversely, the lack of attractiveness of countries with low climate amenities leads to an Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian equilibrium with opposite features.The third contribution explains the support for labor market regulation by the presence of regulations on the rental market. When the rental market is very regulated, landlords screen applicants with regard to their ability to pay the rent. Protecting regular jobs offers a second-best technology to sort workers, thereby increasing the rental market size. We provide a model where non-employed workers demand protected jobs despite unemployment and the share of short-term jobs increase
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Morales, La Mura Quidora. "Contre-pouvoir, Technicité et action associative : fonctionnements et engagements associatifs au sein d'organisations de défense des consommateurs en France et au Chili." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0351/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cette recherche interroge les fonctionnements et les formes d'engagement associatif au sein d'organisations de défense des consommateurs situées à Valparaíso (Chili) et en Moselle. Il s'agit ici de comprendre comment, dans des associations institutionnalisées ou en plein processus d'institutionnalisation, l'articulation complexe entre la volonté de former un contre-pouvoir et la nécessité, pour ce faire, de techniciser l'action allant jusqu'à la professionnaliser, agit sur les manières de s'engager dans ces associations. Cette étude s'inscrit à la croisée des chemins de la sociologie des associations, du travail et des organisations ainsi que de la sociologie des mouvements sociauxThis research questions the mechanisms and the form of associative commitment in consumer organisations in Valparaíso (Chile) and in Moselle (France). The point is to understand how the complex connexion between the will to form forces of opposition and the need to technicize their action so much that it pushes to professionalization acts on the commitment in institutionalized organisations. Thus, this study is at the meeting point of organizational studies, industrial sociology and the sociological studies of social movements
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Rancinan, Fabienne. "Prise en charge médico-juridique des mauvais traitements à enfants." Bordeaux 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR2M174.
Повний текст джерела
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Forsén, Sven Johan Richard. "Investigating Swedish Trade Unions’ Labor Market Preferences: the role of union member labor market risk exposure and the white-collar/blue-collar union divide." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-380569.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the literature on the emergence of the welfare state, the strength of trade unions and the organized working class is often touted as the primary driving force behind the welfare state project. Furthermore, much of the previous literature has tended to assume union homogeneity across countries, federations, industries and professions. What is conspicuously lacking from the current political science literature is a systematic analysis of real-world trade unions’ choice of labor market advocacy focus. Using a qualitative approach and studying both published union material as well as conducting a number of elite interviews with high-level union officials, this thesis studies the degree to which Swedish trade unions’ labor market policy preferences are defined by the union members’ labor market risk exposure and whether the union adheres to white-collar or blue-collar unionism. While the conclusions indeed suggest that labor market risk and blue-collar/white-collar unionism do have a systematic impact on cartain aspects of trade unions’ labor market advocacy, future “large N” studies utilizing alternative methodological approaches will be required to draw more easily generalizable conclusions.
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Райко, Валентина Федорівна, та Євгеній Олександрович Семенов. "Використання ризик-орієнтованого підходу при написанні диплому зі спеціалізації охорона праці". Thesis, ГО "СФБЖДЛ", 2016. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/29767.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Обґрунтовано доцільність використання ризик-орієнтованого підходу до написання диплому зі спеціалізації охорона праці.The expediency of the use of a risk-oriented approach to writing the diploma on specialization of labor protection.
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Райко, Валентина Федорівна, та Євгеній Олександрович Семенов. "Соціально-економічні аспекти охорони праці". Thesis, НТУ "ХПІ", 2017. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/29921.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
В роботі розглянуто вплив соціально-економічних аспектів в трудових колективах на охорону праці та збільшення продуктивності праці і прибутку підприємства.The influence of socio-economic aspects of the workplace health and safety and increasing productivity and profits.
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Gondwe, Mimmy. "The Protection of Privacy in the Workplace: A Comparative Study." Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/17849.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (LLD )--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The importance of privacy lies in the fact that it represents the very idea of human dignity or the preservation of the ‘inner sanctum’. Not surprisingly, however, operational concerns of employers and technological developments combine continuously to challenge the preservation of privacy in the workplace. Employees the world over are exposed to numerous privacy invasive measures, including drug testing, psychological testing, polygraph testing, genetic testing, psychological testing, electronic monitoring and background checks. Hence, the issue at the heart of this dissertation is to determine to what extent privacy is protected in the South African workplace given advancements in technology and the implications (if any) for the right to privacy as such. A secondary aim of the dissertation is to attempt to provide a realistic balance between the privacy concerns of employees and the operational needs of employers in this technological age. As such the main focus of dissertation falls within the sphere of employment law. In order to provide an answer to the research issue discussed above, the dissertation addresses five ancillary or interrelated issues. First, the broad historical development of the legal protection of privacy is traced and examined. Second, a workable definition of privacy is identified with reference to academic debate and comparative legislative and judicial developments. Third, those policies and practices, which would typically threaten privacy in the employment sphere are identified and briefly discussed. Fourth, a detailed evaluation of the tension between privacy and a number of selected policies and practices in selected countries is provided. More specifically, the dissertation considers how these policies and practices challenge privacy, the rationale for their existence and, if applicable, how these policies and practices – if necessary through appropriate regulation – may be accommodated while simultaneously accommodating both privacy and the legitimate concerns of employers. The selection of these practices and policies is guided by two considerations. At the first level the emphasis is on those challenges to privacy, which can be traced back to technological developments and which, as such, foster new and unique demands to the accommodation of privacy in the workplace. The secondary emphasis is on those policies, which are representative of the fundamental challenges created by new technologies to privacy. To effectively address the above issues the dissertation uses the traditional legal methodology associated with comparative legal research, which includes a literature review of applicable law and legal frame work and a review of relevant case law and a comparative study of selected foreign jurisdictions.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Geen opsomming
Fulbright Foundation
Stellenbosch University
Mellon Foundation
NFR
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Dakoury, Kouka Joseph. "La protection de l'emploi en Côte d'Ivoire." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0421.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
S’interroger sur la protection de l’emploi en Côte d’Ivoire renvoie, du point de vue juridique, à l’analyse des mécanismes garantissant l’emploi ou permettant d’éviter ou de limiter, au moins pour un temps, la rupture de la relation d’emploi, y compris en assurant le bénéfice d’une protection sociale en cas de réalisation de certains risques sociaux. Il s’agit donc de saisir l’état et les variations d’intensité du droit de l’emploi des travailleurs relevant tant du droit de la Fonction publique que du droit du travail salarié, en tentant de mettre en exergue les tendances et enjeux contemporains. L’emploi public est organisé par le Statut général de la Fonction publique et les statuts autonomes. La titularisation dans le grade donne droit à une carrière jusqu’à la retraite. Ainsi, les agents publics titulaires peuvent s’engager au service de l’État en toute sécurité. Par contre, les non titulaires jouissent d’une sécurité relative. Quant à l’emploi privé, il est organisé par le droit du travail encadrant la conclusion, le déroulement et les hypothèses de fin des relations de travail subordonné, à durée déterminée ou indéterminée. Les clés de voûte de la protection de l’emploi sont incontestablement, dans la Fonction publique, la titularisation dans le grade, et dans l’emploi privé ou contractualisé, l’obligation de justification de la rupture. Ceci vaut pour l’emploi public et l’emploi privé « formalisé ». Toutefois, en Côte d’Ivoire comme dans tous les pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest, l’immense majorité des personnes employées le sont de façon « informelle ». Cet « emploi informel » ou cet « emploi sans droit » témoigne de l’état d’ineffectivité du droit du travail. Son développement est lié historiquement aux plans d’ajustements structurels, à la libéralisation économique et aux crises socio-politiques. Il est synonyme d’entretien de la vulnérabilité et de la précarité. La transition d’une économique majoritairement informelle à une économie majoritairement formelle est un enjeu central pour voir progresser la protection de l’emploi et se développer la Côte d’Ivoire. Pour ce faire, le recours au concept de « travail décent », proposé par l’OIT, paraît d’un apport limité. Il semble en revanche pertinent de réfléchir à l’élaboration d’un droit du travail plus adapté aux réalités socio-culturelles et économiques de la Côte d’Ivoire, de ce fait plus effectif, et sans doute plus efficace pour l’attraction de « l’emploi sans droit » dans le champ du droit de l’emploiQuestioning the protection of employment in the Ivory-Coast amounts, from a juridical point of view, to the analysis of the diverse mechanisms that guarantee employment or that help avoid or reduce, at least for a period of time, termination of the employment relationship. This also includes the benefit of social protection guarantees in the event of the occurrence of certain social risks. The idea is therefore to capture the state and variations in the intensity of the law of employment from which workers may benefit both as civil servants and employees from the private sector. This will allow shedding light on the contemporary implications and tendencies of such an evolution. Civil service is organized through the General Status of Civil Service and Autonomous Statuses. Tenure opens to the right to a career until retirement occurs. This means that Civil Servants can serve the State with a sense of security. In contrast, non-tenured civil servants only enjoy partial security. As for private employment, it is organized by private labor law that structures the signature, the course and the cases of termination of subordinate labor relationships both fixed-term and open-ended. The cornerstone of employment protection is, without contest, tenure in the law of Civil service, and the duty to justify termination in private or contractual labor settings. This is true for formal work settings. That being said, in the Ivory Coast, as is true in most Western African countries, the vast majority of employed persons work within “informal” settings. This “informal work” or “work without rights” shows just how ineffective labor law can be. Its development is historically linked to the structural adjustment plans, economic liberalization and to the socio-economic crises. It is synonymous with vulnerability and precariousness. Transitioning from a mainly informal economy to a mainly formal economy is a critical issue in order to allow protecting employment and help the Ivory Coast on the road to development. In this perspective, the notion of “decent work” put forward by the ILO seems of questionable support. In contrast, it appears more promising to contemplate a labor law system that is better adapted to the socio-cultural and economic realities of the Ivory Coast making it therefore more effective and efficacious in the process of integrating the many forms of “work without rights” in the field of employment law
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Priesack, Kai. "Essays on employment and wages in the German labor market." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/19360.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Diese Dissertation besteht aus drei Aufsätzen, die zur empirischen Literatur über Beschäftigung und Löhne auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt beitragen. Der erste Aufsatz untersucht die Auswirkungen eines großen und unerwarteten Zustroms von Migranten auf den westdeutschen Arbeitsmarkt zwischen 1988 und 1993 auf die Löhne und Beschäftigung der einheimischen Arbeitnehmer. Die Analyse zeigt, dass ein Anstieg der lokalen Beschäftigung von Migranten die durchschnittlichen Löhne und Beschäftigung kurzfristig reduziert, der Effekt langfristig jedoch verschwindet. Der zweite Aufsatz analysiert den kausalen Effekt einer Lockerung des deutschen Kündigungsschutzgesetzes (KSchG) im Jahr 2004 auf unterschiedliche Arbeitsmarktergebnisse auf Firmenebene. Dazu nutzt der Aufsatz eine Änderung des Schwellenwerts der Mindestbetriebsgröße zur Anwendbarkeit des KSchG von fünf auf zehn Beschäftigte als ein Quasi-Experiment. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Analyse liefern keine robuste Evidenz für einen Effekt auf die Einstellungs-, Abgangs-, Nettobeschäftigungs- und Churning-Raten sowie auf Löhne und temporäre Beschäftigung. Dagegen gibt es Evidenz, dass die Einstellungs- und Nettobeschäftigungsraten von Frauen zugenommen haben. Der dritte Aufsatz untersucht die Entwicklung der MINT-Beschäftigung und -Löhne in Westdeutschland zwischen 1980 und 2010. Die Analyse deutet auf einen Anstieg der MINT-Beschäftigung und -Löhne, der zeitlich mit dem Anstieg der Lohnungleichheit zusammenfällt. Darüber hinaus zeigt der Aufsatz, dass die Zunahme des Lohnunterschieds zwischen MINT und nicht-MINT Arbeitern durch Angebots- und Nachfragefaktoren im Rahmen eines MINT-verzerrten technologischen Wandels auf Basis einer CES-Produktionsfunktion erklärbar ist. Zuletzt deutet eine alternative Analyse der MINT-Prämie unter Nutzung von Schätzwerten aus einem Modell mit additiven Arbeiter- und Firmeneffekten darauf hin, dass der durch Firmeneffekte erklärte Anteil der MINT-Prämie mit der Zeit bedeutend zugenommen hat.This thesis consists of three essays that contribute to the empirical literature on employment and wages in the German labor market. The first essay investigates the impact of a large and unexpected inflow of immigrants into the West German labor market between 1988 and 1993 on native wages and employment. The analysis indicates that an increase in local immigrant employment reduces average native wages and employment in the short run; however, the effect tends to vanish in the longer term. The second essay analyzes the causal effect of a relaxation of the German Protection Against Dismissal Act (PADA) in 2004 on different labor market outcomes at the firm level. Specifically, the essay exploits a change of the minimum establishment size threshold determining coverage by the PADA from five to ten employees as a quasi-experiment. The results from the empirical analysis do not provide robust evidence for an effect on overall hiring, separation, job flow, and churning rates as well as wages and temporary employment. However, there is some evidence of increases in the hiring and job flow rates of women. The third essay studies trends in STEM employment and wages in West Germany between 1980 and 2010. The analysis indicates an increase in STEM employment and wages that coincides with the rise in wage inequality during the same period. Moreover, the essay shows that the increase in the wage differential between STEM and non-STEM workers can be explained by supply and demand factors under a STEM-biased technological change within a CES production framework. Finally, an alternative assessment of the STEM premium exploits estimates from a model with additive worker and firm fixed effects and suggests that the fraction of the STEM premium that is explained by firm effects has increased considerably over time.
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Kronenberg, Tobias. "Reconciling environmental conservation with economic prosperity : the feasibility of double dividends in the short and long run /." Jülich : Forschungszentrum, Zentralbibliothek, 2007. http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/fy1001/2008384309.html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Dissertation--Maastricht, University, 2007.At head of title: Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institut für Energieforschung (IEF), Systemforschung und Technologische Entwicklung (IEF-STE). Includes bibliographical references (p. 259-267).
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Будякова, Олена Юріївна. "Напрями державної політики регулювання ринку праці для соціального захисту населення". Thesis, Київський національний університет імені Тараса Шевченка, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/19415.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Місія держави як суб'єкта ринку праці полягає у створенні умов для встановлення партнерських відносин між працедавцями та працівниками та соціального захисту населення. Вона реалізується за допомогою двох напрямків діяльності. Перший включає різноманітні заходи агітаційно-інформаційного змісту, призначені для масової аудиторії. Другий напрям об'єднує методи персоніфікованої роботи, коли йдеться про працевлаштування громадян.
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Lafitte, Jérôme. "Les temporalités environnementales et la dialogique du savoir : un enjeu pour une expertise citoyenne des acteurs-habitants de territoires en projets de développement durable." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20057.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Cette recherche étudie la dialogique du savoir environnemental qui intervient lors de démarches participatives de type agenda 21 local (A21L), pour lesquelles les acteurs-habitants se trouvent de plus en plus sollicités. À cette occasion, un rapprochement s’opère entre acteurs issus d’une communauté d'expertise scientifique de type académique ou professionnel et des acteurs issus d’une communauté d'habitants afin d’appréhender la complexité des questions socioécologiques au sein de « territoires en projets ». Or, les projets territoriaux ne recoupent pas toujours les projets d’habiter plus personnels, faisant jouer une diversité de rapports au savoir et de temporalités environnementales dans la dialogique qui en résulte. En effet, la prise en compte des temporalités environnementales et les savoirs qui s’y trouvent associés semblent être un levier pour mieux appréhender les réalités territoriales et concevoir des plans appropriés. À partir d’une étude de cas menée sur le piémont des Pyrénées centrales, dans le cadre d’une cotutelle de thèse entre géographie (UT2J) et éducation des adultes (UQAM), la recherche vise à décrire et à mieux comprendre le processus de construction, de mobilisation et de croisement de savoirs environnementaux au sein d’une dynamique dialogique, et de cerner les enjeux qui trament savoirs et pouvoirs, au cœur desquels les temporalités environnementales occupent un rôle décisif qu’il s’avère utile de considérer, aussi bien au regard de l’habitabilité des territoires de vie aux prises avec les changements environnementaux, qu’en ce qui concerne le développement et la prise en compte d’une expertise citoyenneThis research studies the dialogue of environmental knowledge that takes place during participatory approaches such as local Agenda 21 (A21L), for which the inhabitants are more and more solicited. On this occasion, a bridge-building occurs between actors from a community academic or professional experts and actors from a community of inhabitants, in order to grasp the complexity of socio-ecological issues within "project territories". However, territorial projects do not always intersect with the more personal projects of dwelling, making a variety of relationships to knowledge and environmental temporalities. Indeed, taking into account environmental temporalities and the associated knowledge seems to be a lever to better understand the territorial realities and to design appropriate actions plans. Based on a case study conducted on the foothills of the central Pyrenees, this interdisciplinary “cotutelle” dissertation brings together adult education (UQAM) and geography (UT2J) to describe and better understand the process of construction, mobilization and cross-fertilization of environmental knowledge within a "dialogic dynamic", and to identify the challenges woven between knowledges and powers, at the heart of which environmental temporalities can occupy a decisive role that must be considered, from the point of view of the habitability of the territories in the grips of environmental changes, as well as from the point of view of citizen expertise
Esta investigación estudia el diálogo de saberes que tiene lugar durante procesos participativos como la Agenda 21 local (A21L), para la cual se solicita cada vez más la participación de los actores y habitantes de les territorios. En este caso particular, se produce un acercamiento entre actores de una comunidad de expertos científicos de carácter académico o profesional y actores de una comunidad de habitantes de un territorio con el fin de comprender la complejidad de las cuestiones socioecológicas dentro de los "territorios en proyecto". Sin embargo, los proyectos territoriales no siempre se solapan con proyectos personales de vivienda, haciendo emerger una diversidad de relaciones con el conocimiento y de temporalidades ambientales en la dialógica resultante. De hecho, tener en cuenta las temporalidades ambientales y el conocimiento asociado a ellas parece ser un instrumento para comprender mejor las realidades territoriales y diseñar planes apropiados. Basado en un estudio de caso realizado en las estribaciones de los Pirineos centrales, como parte de una tesis conjunta entre la geografía (UT2J) y la educación de adultos (UQAM), el objetivo de la investigación es describir y comprender mejor el proceso de construcción, movilización y cruce del conocimiento ambiental dentro de una dinámica dialógica, e identificar los retos que tejen la relación entre conocimiento y poder, en cuyo centro, las temporalidades ambientales juegan un papel decisivo que es conveniente considerar, tanto en lo que se refiere a la habitabilidad de los territorios que luchan contra los cambios ambientales, como en lo que se refiere al desarrollo y la consideración de la experticia ciudadana
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Skalli, Housseini Yasmine. "Trois essais sur la composition des conseils d'administration." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED027/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ce manuscrit présente trois chapitres distincts couvrant des sujets liés au fonctionnement et au rôle des conseils d’administration. Le premier chapitre étudie l’effet de la reconnaissance de l’expertise des administrateurs sur les opportunités de croissance de l’entreprise, en utilisant des prix de prestige obtenus par les administrateurs. Les résultats indiquent que la présence d’administrateurs primés dans les conseils d’administration entraîne de meilleures opportunités d’investissement. Le deuxième chapitre analyse l’impact du quota de femmes dans les conseils d’administration en France sur la valeur boursière des entreprises. Avant le quota, les investisseurs réagissent positivement aux annonces de nominations d’administratrices, en particulier pour les conseils d’administration majoritairement masculins. L’annonce de la promulgation de la loi le 27 janvier 2011 est considérée comme une bonne nouvelle sur le marché boursier, ce qui conduit les investisseurs à anticiper les recrutements de femmes résultant du quota. Le troisième chapitre traite de l’impact du quota sur le marché du travail des administrateurs. Les résultats indiquent que le quota a changé les pratiques de recrutement dans les conseils d’administration et que, de ce fait, il a amélioré la stabilité des correspondances entreprise-administrateurThis dissertation presents three distinct chapters covering topics related to the functioning and the role of corporate boards. The first chapter studies the effect of the recognition of directors’ expertise on growth opportunities through directors’ receipt of prestigious awards. The results show that the presence of award-winners on boards leads to better investment opportunities. The second chapter analyzes the impact of a board gender quota in France on market valuation. Before the quota, investors respond positively to female director nominations, especially on male-dominated boards. The announcement of the enactment of the law on January 27, 2011, was viewed as positive news in the stock market, which leads to the anticipation of post-quota female appointments. The third chapter focuses on the impact of the quota on the labor market for corporate directors. The evidence suggests that, by changing the director search technology used by firms, the French quota has improved the stability of director-firm matches
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Boyer-Mulon, Sophie. "L'équitation au regard de la responsabilité civile : de la protection à la réparation." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN1G004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L’augmentation croissante de nombre de cavaliers a entraîné une judiciarisation de l’activité équestre dont les solutions gravitent autour de la notion de responsabilité civile. Dans ce contexte, la fédération française d’équitation, forte de son pouvoir décisionnaire, œuvre pour la sécurité et encourage des mesures pour sa promotion. Face à la demande des victimes, la réparation devient un droit. Or, la spécificité du secteur réside dans l’implication, à tous les stades, d’un animal, chose vivante et sensible, doué d’un dynamisme propre. L’éthologie, science du comportement de l’animal, permet alors d’appréhender le cheval domestique, en particulier, comme un être sensible dont les comportements sont directement influencés par les actions de l’homme. Cette particularité entraîne des conséquences tant en matière de responsabilité délictuelle que contractuelle et conduit à opter pour l’application de dispositions autonomes impliquant une meilleure connaissance du comportement de l’animal. Devant le particularisme de l’animal dont le statut doit être amélioré, il convient dès lors, en matière de responsabilité délictuelle d’appliquer l’article 1385 du code civil et en matière de responsabilité contractuelle de distinguer formellement les obligations de sécurité de moyens des obligations de sécurité de résultat incombant aux professionnelsThe increasing number of horse riders has as a legal implication and consequence on the equestrian activity whose solutions gravitate around the notion of civil liability. In this context, the French federation of horse riding, well known for their decision making abilities, works for security and incite measures for promotion. Facing the demand of victims, compensation becomes a right. But, the specificity of this area is in the implication, in every step, of an animal, a living and sensitive thing, gifted of its proper dynamism. The ethology, science of the animal behaviour, helps us to understand the domestic horse, in particular, as a sensitive being whose behaviours are directly influenced by human actions. This particularity has consequences from tort liability to contractual liability and leads to choose for the application of autonomous tendencies with a better acknowledgement of animal behaviour. In front of the animal particularism whose status has to be improved, it's suitable from then on, in the case of tort liability, to apply article n°1385 of the civil code and in the case of contractual liability to make a formal difference between security obligations of means and security obligations of results falling to the professionals