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Статті в журналах з теми "Experimental Surface Physics"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 вересня 2023

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1

Block, J. H., A. M. Bradshaw, P. C. Gravelle, J. Haber, R. S. Hansen, M. W. Roberts, N. Sheppard, and K. Tamaru. "A survey of experimental techniques in surface chemical physics." Pure and Applied Chemistry 62, no. 12 (January 1, 1990): 2297–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199062122297.

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2

Boehler, R. "Experimental techniques in mineral and rock physics." Tectonophysics 241, no. 3-4 (January 1995): 344–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1951(95)90003-9.

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3

CONRAD, EDWARD H. "THE STABILITY OF LOW INDEX METAL SURFACES TO TOPOLOGICAL DEFECTS." International Journal of Modern Physics B 05, no. 03 (February 10, 1991): 427–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979291000274.

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Анотація:

The study of defect formation at metal surfaces is a fundamental problem in surface physics. An understanding of defect formation is pertinent to growth and diffusion mechanisms. In addition, surface roughening, faceting, and surface melting are all defect mediated phase transitions involving the formation of different topological defects. While the importance of defects at surfaces is well recognized, the study of surface defects has been hampered by the lack of sufficiently accurate experimental techniques. In fact, it is only in the past 6 years that experiments on the thermal generation of defects on metal surfaces have been performed. This review attempts to outline both the theoretical and experimental work on surface defect formation on metal systems.

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4

Menzel, D. "Methods of experimental physics, vol. 22, solid state physics: Surfaces." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 112, no. 2 (August 1986): 603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(86)90133-5.

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5

Ramalingam, Chitra. "Dust Plate, Retina, Photograph: Imaging on Experimental Surfaces in Early Nineteenth-Century Physics." Science in Context 28, no. 3 (August 10, 2015): 317–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889715000125.

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ArgumentThis article explores the entangled histories of three imaging techniques in early nineteenth-century British physical science, techniques in which a dynamic event (such as a sound vibration or an electric spark) was made to leave behind a fixed trace on a sensitive surface. Three categories of “sensitive surface” are examined in turn: first, a metal plate covered in fine dust; second, the retina of the human eye; and finally, a surface covered with a light-sensitive chemical emulsion (a photographic plate). For physicists Michael Faraday and Charles Wheatstone, and photographic pioneer William Henry Fox Talbot, transient phenomena could be studied through careful observation and manipulation of the patterns wrought on these different surfaces, and through an understanding of how the imaging process unfolded through time. This exposes the often-ignored materiality and temporality of epistemic practices around nineteenth-century scientific images said to be “drawn by nature.”

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6

Luntz, A. C. "Experimental Progress in Molecule-Surface Dynamics." Physica Scripta 35, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/35/2/018.

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7

Smolyaninov, Igor I., David L. Mazzoni, Joseph Mait, and Christopher C. Davis. "Experimental study of surface-plasmon scattering by individual surface defects." Physical Review B 56, no. 3 (July 15, 1997): 1601–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.56.1601.

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8

Shen, Yuanyuan, Shengguo Guan, and Chunyin Qiu. "Topological valley transport of spoof surface acoustic waves." Journal of Applied Physics 133, no. 11 (March 21, 2023): 114305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0137591.

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Анотація:

In recent years, topological physics has attracted broad attention in condensed matter systems. Here, we report an experimental study on topological valley transport of spoof surface acoustic waves (SAWs). Specifically, we realize valley pseudospins and a valley Hall phase transition by tuning the structural size of adjacent grooves. In addition to a direct visualization of the vortex chirality-locked beam splitting for the bulk valley states, valley-projected edge states are observed in straight and bent interface channels formed by two topologically distinct valley Hall insulating phases. The experimental data agree well with our numerical predictions. The topological transport of spoof SAWs, encoded with valley information, provides more possibilities in design novel acoustic devices based on the valley-contrasting physics.

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9

Lyu, Xujian, Honglu Yun, and Zhaoyu Wei. "Experimental Study of a Sphere Bouncing on the Water." Journal of Marine Science and Application 20, no. 4 (December 2021): 714–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11804-021-00236-9.

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Abstract In this paper, the flow physics and impact dynamics of a sphere bouncing on a water surface are studied experimentally. During the experiments, high-speed camera photography techniques are used to capture the cavity and free surface evolution when the sphere impacts and skips on the water surface. The influences of the impact velocity (v1) and impact angle (θ1) of the sphere on the bouncing flow physics are also investigated, including the cavitation evolution, motion characteristics, and bounding law. Regulations for the relationship between v1 and θ1 to judge whether the sphere can bounce on the water surface are presented and analyzed by summarizing a large amount of experimental data. In addition, the effect of θ1 on the energy loss of the sphere is also analyzed and discussed. The experiment results show that there is a fitted curve of $${v}_{1}=17.5{\theta }_{1}-45.5$$ v 1 = 17.5 θ 1 - 45.5 determining the relationship between the critical initial velocity and angle whether the sphere bounces on the water surface.

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10

Elkins, Bryan S., Majid Keyhani, and Jay I. Frankel. "Surface Heat Flux Prediction Through Physics-Based Calibration, Part 2: Experimental Validation." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 27, no. 2 (April 2013): 206–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.t3918.

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11

Hong, Sung Ju, Byeonghoon Im, Jeongwoo Park, Heekyong Kim, and Hye-Gyoung Yoon. "Experimental investigation of the educational uses of thermal cameras." Physics Education 58, no. 1 (November 14, 2022): 015016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6552/ac9ef9.

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Abstract We study the use of a thermal camera as an educational tool for physical phenomena. In particular, we check three factors: surface temperature, emissivity, and external thermal source for more physically accurate use. First, the surface temperature measured using the thermal camera is confirmed by direct comparison with the temperature obtained using a reference thermometer. Second, we demonstrate that using an appropriate emissivity of the target object is significant for accurately measuring the temperature. Finally, the exclusion of an external thermal source is essential for using a thermal camera as an accurate tool in thermal physics. We expect that this study will demonstrate the suitability of thermal cameras as convenient thermometers and the factors required to deliberately consider them in physics classes.

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12

FROHNAPFEL, B., J. JOVANOVIĆ, and A. DELGADO. "Experimental investigations of turbulent drag reduction by surface-embedded grooves." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 590 (October 15, 2007): 107–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007008221.

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Анотація:

Consideration of near-wall turbulence in the functional space that emphasizes the level of anisotropy of the velocity fluctuations not only provides an understanding of th causative physics behind remarkable effects of turbulent drag reduction, but also lead to the logical design of a surface topology which is shown experimentally to be capable o producing a significant reduction of viscous drag which far exceeds what has been achieved so far.

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13

Goyal, Nitin, and Tor A. Fjeldly. "Impact of Gate Metal on Surface States Distribution and Effective Surface Barrier Height in AlGaN/GaN Heterostructures." MRS Proceedings 1538 (2013): 335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.573.

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ABSTRACTA physics based model is presented to describe the surface donor density distribution for metal/AlGaN/GaN structures. This model partly relies on experimental observations to describe the reduction that takes place in surface donor density when the metal gate is deposited. This new model is based on our previous work on the bare surface barrier height for both unrelaxed and partially relaxed barrier layers. The model predictions are consistent with reported experimental data.

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14

Datta, Sawani, Ram Prakash Pandeya, Arka Bikash Dey, Christoph Schlueter, Andrei Gloskovskii, Thiago Peixoto, Arumugam Thamizhavel, and Kalobaran Maiti. "Electronic structure of a Kondo lattice system CeCuAs₂." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2164, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2164/1/012044.

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Abstract We study the electronic properties of a Ce-based Kondo material, CeCuAs2 employing high-resolution hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy. The measurements were done with different photon energies to probe the surface-bulk differences of the electronic structure. Experimental results show significant difference in the hybridization physics for the surface and bulk electronic structures indicating different Ce valency at the surface compared to the bulk. Surface termination appears to play an important role in the correlation physics of this system. In addition, the experimental spectra show loss features due to plasmon excitations. These results bring out complexity of this novel Kondo lattice system that does not show magnetic order down to the lowest temperature studied and have significantly different surface-bulk properties.

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15

Verma, Girish C., Pulak M. Pandey, and Uday S. Dixit. "An experimental study on surface roughness and frictional property of ultrasonic-vibration-assisted milled surface." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 233, no. 12 (March 6, 2019): 4187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406219834587.

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Ultrasonic-vibration-assisted milling is a variant of conventional milling process. In this study, experimental investigations were carried out to evaluate the effect of process parameters on the average surface roughness of machined surface (of Al6063 alloy). The results were evaluated to understand the effect of process parameters and are explained using the physics of the process. The effect of ultrasonic amplitude on frictional and wettability property of machined bottom surface was also evaluated. With the increase in power of ultrasonic vibration, the surface roughness increased; however, the friction of lubricated machined surface decreased while sliding on a mild steel surface. With the increase in ultrasonic power, the wettability of the surface increased resulting in a better lubrication and consequent reduction of friction.

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16

BURSILL, L. A., PENG JU LIN, and DAVID J. SMITH. "SURFACE POLARITY OF ALUMINA." Modern Physics Letters B 01, no. 03 (June 1987): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984987000168.

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Анотація:

Atomic-resolution electron microscopic surface profile images of sapphire are reported for the first time. Comparison of experimental images with computer simulations, leads to the realization that aluminium and oxygen atom surface terminations may be distinguished, for both neutral and charged surfaces. Hence surface polarity, as well as details of surface step structure and mobility may be determined. Positive surface polarity is preferred.

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17

Polyakov, Maxim V., and Peter Schweitzer. "Forces inside hadrons: Pressure, surface tension, mechanical radius, and all that." International Journal of Modern Physics A 33, no. 26 (September 18, 2018): 1830025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x18300259.

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The physics related to the form factors of the energy–momentum tensor spans a wide spectrum of problems, and includes gravitational physics, hard-exclusive reactions, hadronic decays of heavy quarkonia, and the physics of exotic hadrons described as hadroquarkonia. It also provides access to the “last global unknown property:” the D-term. We review the physics associated with the form factors of the energy–momentum tensor and the D-term, their interpretations in terms of mechanical properties, their applications, and the current experimental status.

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18

Baibakov, V. I., V. N. Datsko, and Yu V. Kistovich. "Experimental discovery of Zenneck's surface electromagnetic waves." Uspekhi Fizicheskih Nauk 157, no. 4 (1989): 722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3367/ufnr.0157.198904h.0722.

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19

Levchenko, A. A., and L. P. Mezhov-Deglin. "Experimental investigation of charged liquid hydrogen surface." Czechoslovak Journal of Physics 46, S1 (January 1996): 325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02569578.

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20

Fu, Yongling, Zeqi Wang, and Wanguo Li. "Fractal Dimension Fitting of Virtual Material and Experimental Verification." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2338, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2338/1/012026.

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Abstract Virtual material is a dynamic model of mechanical contact surface, which is suitable for finite element simulation. This method can characterize the stiffness and damping of the contact surface well by using fractal geometry theory to describe the contour of the contact surface. Based on standard W-M function, we verify the accuracy of the fractal dimension calculated by wavelet transform, and then fit the fractal dimension of machined surfaces with different roughness. Using the fractal dimension, we calculate the virtual material parameters to establish the finite element model of the unit specimen. Finally, we carry out the experimental modal analysis to examine reproduce the virtual material method.

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21

Chng, B. X. K., T. van Dijk, R. Bhargava, and P. S. Carney. "Enhancement and extinction effects in surface-enhanced stimulated Raman spectroscopy." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 17, no. 33 (2015): 21348–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp05089d.

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We address the optical physics of surface-enhanced stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SESRS) from the microscopic to macroscopic scales to provide experimental design criteria in colloidal-suspension SESRS.

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22

Zhang, Juchen, Shasha Song, Junsheng Zhang, Weijie Chang, Haidong Yang, Huohong Tang, and Shunhua Chen. "Multi-Physics Coupling Modeling and Experimental Investigation of Vibration-Assisted Blisk Channel ECM." Micromachines 13, no. 1 (December 29, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13010050.

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Анотація:

Due to its advantages of good surface quality and not being affected by material hardness, electrochemical machining (ECM) is suitable for the machining of blisk, which is known for its hard-to-machine materials and complex shapes. However, because of the unstable processing and low machining quality, conventional linear feeding blisk ECM has difficulty in obtaining a complex structure. To settle this problem, the vibration-assisted ECM method is introduced to machine blisk channels in this paper. To analyze the influence of vibration on the process of ECM, a two-phase flow field model is established based on the RANS k-ε turbulence model, which is suitable for narrow flow field and high flow velocity. The model is coupled with the electric field, the flow field, and the temperature field to form a multi-physics field coupling model. In addition, dynamic simulation is carried out on account of the multi-physics field coupling model and comparative experiments are conducted using the self-developed ECM machine tool. While a shortcut appeared in the contrast experiment, machining with vibration-assisted channel ECM achieved fine machining stability and surface quality. The workpiece obtained by vibration-assisted channel ECM has three narrow and straight channels, with a width of less than 3 mm, an aspect ratio of more than 8, and an average surface roughness Ra in the hub of 0.327 μm. Compared with experimental data, the maximum relative errors of simulation are only 1.05% in channel width and 8.11% in machining current, which indicates that the multi-physics field coupling model is close to machining reality.

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23

Gergely, G., M. Menyhard, S. Gurban, A. Sulyok, J. Toth, D. Varga, and S. Tougaard. "Experimental estimation of surface excitation parameter for surface analysis." Surface and Interface Analysis 33, no. 5 (2002): 410–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sia.1224.

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24

Coleman, Paul G. "Experimental Studies of Positron-Surface Branching Ratios." Solid State Phenomena 28-29 (January 1992): 179–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.28-29.179.

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25

Xiao, Meng, Liping Ye, Chunyin Qiu, Hailong He, Zhengyou Liu, and Shanhui Fan. "Experimental demonstration of acoustic semimetal with topologically charged nodal surface." Science Advances 6, no. 8 (February 2020): eaav2360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav2360.

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Анотація:

Weyl points are zero-dimensional band degeneracy in three-dimensional momentum space that has nonzero topological charges. The presence of the topological charges protects the degeneracy points against perturbations and enables a variety of fascinating phenomena. It is so far unclear whether such charged objects can occur in higher dimensions. Here, we introduce the concept of charged nodal surface, a two-dimensional band degeneracy surface in momentum space that is topologically charged. We provide an effective Hamiltonian for this charged nodal surface and show that such a Hamiltonian can be implemented in a tight-binding model. This is followed by an experimental realization in a phononic crystal. The measured topologically protected surface arc state of such an acoustic semimetal reproduces excellently the full-wave simulations. Creating high-dimensional charged geometric objects in momentum space promises a broad range of unexplored topological physics.

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26

Hartman, Nile F., and Thomas K. Gaylord. "Antireflection gold surface-relief gratings: experimental characteristics." Applied Optics 27, no. 17 (September 1, 1988): 3738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.27.003738.

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27

Stein, T. S., W. E. Kauppila, E. G. Miller, and E. Surdutovich. "Experimental investigation of ortho-positronium–surface interactions." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 221 (July 2004): 134–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2004.03.044.

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28

Grinter, David C., and Geoff Thornton. "Structure and reactivity of model CeO₂ surfaces." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 34, no. 25 (April 20, 2022): 253001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-648x/ac5d89.

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Abstract As a key component in many industrial heterogeneous catalysts, the surface structure and reactivity of ceria, CeO2, has attracted a lot of attention. In this topical review we discuss some of the approaches taken to form a deeper understanding of the surface physics and chemistry of this important and interesting material. In particular, we focus on the preparation of ultrathin ceria films, nanostructures and supported metal nanoparticles. Cutting-edge microscopic and spectroscopic experimental techniques are highlighted which can probe the behaviour of oxygen species and atomic defects on these model surfaces.

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29

NG, KIM CHOON, CHRISTOPHER R. YAP, and MARK AARON CHAN. "EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF POOL BOILING HEAT TRANSFER ON EXTENDED SURFACES AT NEAR VACUUM PRESSURES." Modern Physics Letters B 24, no. 13 (May 30, 2010): 1377–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984910023669.

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This research paper presents a study of boiling heat transfer from longitudinal rectangular and square pin finned surfaces immersed in saturated water at low vapor pressures of 2 and 9 kPa. Conventional boiling analysis, which is based on the nominal surface area of the heater, was compared with a boiling analysis that considers the total "wetted" surface area.

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30

Sofinskaya, O. A., and R. M. Usmanov. "Epigenetic Formation of Clay Surface Properties: Experimental Modeling." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1838, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1838/1/012028.

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31

Medina, F., J. A. Ruiz-Cruz, F. Mesa, J. M. Rebollar, J. R. Montejo-Garai, and R. Marqués. "Experimental verification of extraordinary transmission without surface plasmons." Applied Physics Letters 95, no. 7 (August 17, 2009): 071102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3206738.

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32

Valenti, B., M. Grillo, G. Barbero, and P. Taverna Valabrega. "Surface Anchoring Energy and Ions Adsorption: Experimental Analysis." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 12, no. 5 (July 1, 1990): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/12/5/005.

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33

Barron-Jimenez, R., and G. P. Peterson. "Experimental Evaluation of Triangular Microgrooved on a Condensing Surface." Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer 15, no. 4 (October 2001): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/2.6642.

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34

Li-ru, Shen, Tong Hong-hui, Wang Ke, Tie Jun, and Sun Ai-ping. "Experimental Study on Material Surface Modification of Tool Steel." Plasma Science and Technology 4, no. 1 (February 2002): 1141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1009-0630/4/1/008.

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35

Ramić, D., D. Hodžić, and A. Hodžić. "Modelling of influential machining parameters to the surface quality of wood." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2212, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2212/1/012006.

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Анотація:

Abstract The micro-roughness represents the basic structure of the roughness of the treated surfaces and they are mainly a consequence of the machining during the production. The microgeometry of treated surfaces has a significant impact on the contact conditions of surfaces, which is reflected in the quality of gluing, pressing, and surface treatment and assembly, ie the interchangeability of structural details of the product, and thus the product quality. The roughness of treated wood surfaces is almost impossible to reliably determine theoretically using analytical models, and the application of experimental analysis of the investigated influential parameters is essential to improve the treatment regime, while maintaining the cost and quality of treatment at a satisfactory level. The aim of this paper is to examine the significance of the influential parameters of roughness of the treated surface, ie wood density, feed rate and cutting depth when turning solid wood elements, and analysis of experimental data for achieving lower roughness of the treated surface, without compromising the quality and total production costs. The purpose of the experimental plan is to generate a mathematical model that describes the process.

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36

Crassous, J., E. Charlaix, and J. L. Loubet. "Capillary Condensation between High-Energy Surfaces. An Experimental Study with a Surface Force Apparatus." Europhysics Letters (EPL) 28, no. 1 (October 1, 1994): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/28/1/007.

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37

Yonemoto, Yukihiro, Kanta Tashiro, Minori Yamashita, and Tomoaki Kunugi. "Experimental Correlation for Splashing Condition of Droplets on Solid Substrates." Fluids 7, no. 1 (January 16, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fluids7010038.

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Анотація:

Droplet splashing behaviors of water-ethanol binary mixture liquids on roughened solid surfaces were experimentally observed in order to investigate the effects of surface tension, viscosity, and wettability/surface roughness on the splashing occurrence. The range of the droplet volumes was from 1.7 μL to 32.6 μL. The ranges of the surface tension and the viscosity were from 21.1 mN/m to 71.9 mN/m, and from 1 mPas to 2.91 mPas, respectively. The surface roughness range was from 0.03 μm to 1.25 μm for Ra. The present experimental data were evaluated on the basis of the existing models. Resulting from these experiments, a simple model using the Ohnesorge number evaluated by the capillary length was proposed and the accuracy of the predicted critical values such as the critical Weber and Reynolds numbers were discussed. The result indicated that the liquid properties and the quantification of the surface condition such as surface roughness are important factors for the prediction of the splashing behavior.

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38

McCarter, Andrew A., Xinwen Xiao, and Budugur Lakshminarayana. "Tip Clearance Effects in a Turbine Rotor: Part II—Velocity Field and Flow Physics." Journal of Turbomachinery 123, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1368880.

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A comprehensive experimental investigation was undertaken to explore the flow field in the tip clearance region of a turbine rotor to understand the physics of tip leakage flow. Specifically the paper looks at its origin, nature, development, interaction with the secondary flow, and its effects on performance. The experimental study was based on data obtained using a rotating five-hole probe, Laser Doppler Velocimeter, high-response pressure probes on the casing, and static pressure taps on the rotor blade surfaces. The first part of the paper deals with the pressure field and losses. Part II presents and interprets the vorticity, velocity, and turbulence fields at several axial locations. The data provided here indicates that the tip leakage vortex originates in the last half chord. The leakage vortex is confined close to the suction surface corner near the blade tip by the relative motion of the blade and the casing, and by the secondary flow in the tip region. The tip leakage flow clings to the blade suction surface until midchord then lifts off of the suction surface to form a vortex in the last 20 percent of the blade chord. The relative motion between blades and casing leads to the development of a scraping vortex that, along with the secondary flow, reduces the propagation of the tip leakage flow into the mainflow. The rotational effects and coriolis forces modify the turbulence structure in the tip leakage flow and secondary flow as compared to cascades.

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39

Bunyard, P., M. Hodnett, G. Poveda, J. D. Burgos Salcedo, and C. Peña. "Experimental evidence of condensation-driven airflow." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 12, no. 10 (October 27, 2015): 10921–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-12-10921-2015.

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Abstract. The dominant "convection" model of atmospheric circulation is based on the premise that hot air expands and rises, to be replaced by colder air, thereby creating horizontal surface winds. A recent theory put forward by Makarieva and Gorshkov (2007, 2013) maintains that the primary motive force of atmospheric circulation derives from the intense condensation and sharp pressure reduction that is associated with regions where a high rate of evapotranspiration from natural closed-canopy forests provides the "fuel" for cloud formation. The net result of the "biotic pump" theory is that moist air flows from ocean to land, drawn in by the pressure changes associated with a high rate of condensation. To test the physics underpinning the biotic pump theory, namely that condensation of water vapour, at a sufficiently high rate, results in an uni-directional airflow, a 5 m tall experimental apparatus was designed and built, in which a 20 m3 body of atmospheric air is enclosed inside an annular 14 m long space (a "square donut") around which it can circulate freely, allowing for rotary air flows. One vertical side of the apparatus contains some 17 m of copper refrigeration coils, which cause condensation. The apparatus contains a series of sensors measuring temperature, humidity and barometric pressure every five seconds, and air flow every second. The laws of Newtonian physics are used in calculating the rate of condensation inside the apparatus. The results of more than one hundred experiments show a highly significant correlation, with r2 > 0.9, of airflow and the rate of condensation. The rotary air flows created appear to be consistent both in direction and velocity with the biotic pump hypothesis, the critical factor being the rate change in the partial pressure of water vapour in the enclosed body of atmospheric air. Air density changes, in terms of kinetic energy, are found to be orders of magnitude smaller than the kinetic energy of partial pressure change. The consistency of the laboratory experiments, in confirming the physics of the biotic pump, has profound implications for current mathematical climate models, not just in terms of predicting the consequences of widespread deforestation, but also for better understanding the atmospheric processes which lead to air mass convection.

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40

Bao, Di, Khalid Z. Rajab, Wei Xiang Jiang, Qiang Cheng, Zhen Liao, and Tie Jun Cui. "Experimental demonstration of compact spoof localized surface plasmons." Optics Letters 41, no. 23 (November 16, 2016): 5418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.41.005418.

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41

Ellyin, Fernand. "An Anisotropic Hardening Rule for Elastoplastic Solids Based on Experimental Observations." Journal of Applied Mechanics 56, no. 3 (September 1, 1989): 499–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3176118.

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A hardening rule is described based on yield and memory surfaces. A memory surface indicates the extent of loading, and a yield surface is the locus of the elastic region. We define a hardening modulus curve which relates the change in size of the yield and memory surfaces to the tangent modulus of the material at the maximum load. The evolution of the yield surface is described for both the proportional and nonproportional loading paths. Both quasi-static and stable cyclic loading is considered. An attractive feature of this nonlinear hardening law is that the material constants associated with it are limited—three in all—and they can be easily determined from a simple test. The predictions of the proposed hardening law are compared with the experimental data for proportional and nonproportional loading paths, and are found to be in good agreement.

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42

Xu, Su-Yang, Ilya Belopolski, Daniel S. Sanchez, Chenglong Zhang, Guoqing Chang, Cheng Guo, Guang Bian, et al. "Experimental discovery of a topological Weyl semimetal state in TaP." Science Advances 1, no. 10 (November 2015): e1501092. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501092.

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Weyl semimetals are expected to open up new horizons in physics and materials science because they provide the first realization of Weyl fermions and exhibit protected Fermi arc surface states. However, they had been found to be extremely rare in nature. Recently, a family of compounds, consisting of tantalum arsenide, tantalum phosphide (TaP), niobium arsenide, and niobium phosphide, was predicted as a Weyl semimetal candidates. We experimentally realize a Weyl semimetal state in TaP. Using photoemission spectroscopy, we directly observe the Weyl fermion cones and nodes in the bulk, and the Fermi arcs on the surface. Moreover, we find that the surface states show an unexpectedly rich structure, including both topological Fermi arcs and several topologically trivial closed contours in the vicinity of the Weyl points, which provides a promising platform to study the interplay between topological and trivial surface states on a Weyl semimetal’s surface. We directly demonstrate the bulk-boundary correspondence and establish the topologically nontrivial nature of the Weyl semimetal state in TaP, by resolving the net number of chiral edge modes on a closed path that encloses the Weyl node. This also provides, for the first time, an experimentally practical approach to demonstrating a bulk Weyl fermion from a surface state dispersion measured in photoemission.

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43

Tomas, Josef, Andreas Öchsner, and Markus Merkel. "Experimental Study on Thermal Properties of Hollow Sphere Structures." Defect and Diffusion Forum 407 (March 2021): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.407.185.

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Experimental analyses are performed to determine thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and volumetric specific heat with transient plane source method on hollow sphere structures. Single-sided testing is used on different samples and different surfaces. Results dependency on the surface is observed.

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44

SONG, FENGQI, ZHENLIN LI, XUEFEI LI, LU ZHANG, MIN HAN, and GUANGHOU WANG. "ION SPUTTERING NANOSTRUCTURING CRYSTALLINE MgF2 SURFACE AND ITS ENERGY-DEPENDENT SURFACE ROUGHNESS." Modern Physics Letters B 19, no. 04 (February 28, 2005): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984905008207.

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The topography of crystalline MgF 2 surfaces eroded by low energy Ar + beam has been investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Applying the optimal experimental parameters, regular nanoripples of 83 nm wavelength have been fabricated on the surface and the ripples direction is parallel to the ion beam. It is also found that both the surface roughness and the ripple direction are of obvious energy dependence, which we attribute to competing balance between kinetic roughening and ion-induced surface diffusion. We also explain why the roughness value of produced ripples reaches maximum at a rather medium energy point, instead of increasing with the ion energy.

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45

Xin, Zhang, Liu Meng-Xin, Gao Yong, Wang Cai-Lin, Wang Zhi-Wei, and Zhang Xian. "Experimental study of surface crystallization on integrated circuit chips." Chinese Physics 15, no. 11 (October 24, 2006): 2746–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1009-1963/15/11/048.

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46

Zhang A-Man, Wang Chao, Wang Shi-Ping, and Cheng Xiao-Da. "Experimental study of interaction between bubble and free surface." Acta Physica Sinica 61, no. 8 (2012): 084701. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.61.084701.

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47

Sulaev, Azat, Peng Ren, Bin Xia, Qing Hua Lin, Ting Yu, Caiyu Qiu, Shuang-Yuan Zhang та ін. "Experimental evidences of topological surface states of β-Ag2Te". AIP Advances 3, № 3 (березень 2013): 032123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4795735.

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48

Maurice, Mark, Curtis Allen, Dylan Green, Andrew Farr, Timothy Burke, Russell Hilleke, and Robert Clark. "Experimental demonstration of a surface-electrode multipole ion trap." Journal of Applied Physics 118, no. 7 (August 21, 2015): 074903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4928871.

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49

Zhang, Xuan, Taocheng Zhao, Suchen Wu, and Feng Yao. "Experimental Study on Liquid Flow and Heat Transfer in Rough Microchannels." Advances in Condensed Matter Physics 2019 (November 23, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1974952.

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Although roughness is negligible for laminar flow through tubes in classic fluid mechanics, the surface roughness may play an important role in microscale fluid flow due to the large ratio of surface area to volume. To further verify the influence of rough surfaces on microscale liquid flow and heat transfer, a performance test system of heat transfer and liquid flow was designed and built, and a series of experimental examinations are conducted, in which the microchannel material is stainless steel and the working medium is methanol. The results indicate that the surface roughness plays a significant role in the process of laminar flow and heat transfer in microchannels. In microchannels with roughness characteristics, the Poiseuille number of liquid laminar flow relies not only on the cross section shape of the rough microchannels but also on the Reynolds number of liquid flow. The Poiseuille number of liquid laminar flow in rough microchannels increases with increasing Reynolds number. In addition, the Nusselt number of liquid laminar heat transfer is related not only to the cross section shape of a rough microchannel but also to the Reynolds number of liquid flow, and the Nusselt number increases with increasing Reynolds number.

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50

Sun, Zhijun, Yunsong Gu, and Hang Zhao. "Experimental investigation on the streamwise vortex–surface interaction." Journal of Visualization 22, no. 3 (January 30, 2019): 477–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12650-018-00544-3.

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