Дисертації з теми "Experience of EU member states"
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1
Pitoňáková, Lívia. "Think-tanks and Their Role in the New EU Member States: Czech and Slovak Experience." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-1094.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
V práci jsou analyzovány kořeny, vývoj, současné postavení, hrozby a výzvy think-tanků v České a Slovenské republice. Srovnání s jejich tradicí ve Spojených státech zkoumá přenositelnost amerického "modelu" think-tanků do střední a východní Evropy. Tento přenos je značně omezený a krátkodobě nerealizovatelný vzhledem k rozdílným legislativním podmínkám a nerozvinuté filantropii. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována motivům k vytváření regionálních i mezinárodních sítí think-tanků. Práce vychází jednak z dosavadní literatury na toto téma, jednak z dotazníkového šetření.
2
Pitoňáková, Lívia. "Think-tanks-and Their Role in the New EU Member States:Czech and Slovak Experience." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-14353.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
V práci jsou analyzovány kořeny, vývoj, současné postavení, hrozby a výzvy think-tanků v České a Slovenské republice. Srovnání s jejich tradicí ve Spojených státech zkoumá přenositelnost amerického "modelu" think-tanků do střední a východní Evropy. Tento přenos je značně omezený a krátkodobě nerealizovatelný vzhledem k rozdílným legislativním podmínkám a nerozvinuté filantropii. Zvláštní pozornost je věnována motivům k vytváření regionálních i mezinárodních sítí think-tanků. Práce vychází jednak z dosavadní literatury na toto téma, jednak z dotazníkového šetření.
3
Сливка, В. В. "Примирення сторін в адміністративному судочинстві в умовах євроінтеграції України". Thesis, ДВНЗ "Ужгородський національний університет", 2021. https://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/18627.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Дисертація присвячена формулюванню теоретико-методологічних засад примирення сторін в адміністративному судочинстві та наданню пропозицій щодо вдосконалення адміністративного законодавства України в цій сфері в умовах євроінтеграції. В роботі визначено поняття та особливі ознаки примирення сторін в адміністративному судочинстві. Встановлено мету, завдання, функції, принципи досліджуваного примирення. Визначено суб’єктний склад процедури примирення, встановлено умови та підстави, порядок примирення сторін в адміністративному судочинстві. Враховано досвід окремих держав-членів ЄС (Іспанія, Нідерланди, Німеччина, Франція), а також положення ряду актів ЄС. Узагальнено основні актуальні проблеми в досліджуваній сферіта сформульовано комплекс конкретних пропозицій щодо вдосконалення адміністративно-правового регулювання примирення сторін в адміністративному судочинстві в умовах євроінтеграції України, враховуючи відсутність в ЄС універсальної моделі примирення сторін публічно-правового спору та фрагментарність регулювання примирення сторін в державах-членах ЄС. The dissertation is devoted to the formulation of theoretical and methodological principles of reconciliation of the parties in administrative proceedings and to provide proposals for improving the administrative legislation of Ukraine in this area in the context of European integration. The paper defines the concept and special features of conciliation of the parties in administrative proceedings. It is established that the purpose of conciliation of the parties, as a process, is manifested in the gradual achievement by the parties of a public law dispute of a real consensus on dispute resolution, and, as a result, in the effective resolution of substantive dispute by conciliation. In this sense, conciliation of the parties performs a set of tasks (creating conditions for dialogue between the parties to the dispute; formation in the negotiations of the parties a specific model of mutual concessions that they realize, want to perform such , stimulating, analytical, information and communication, control and supervision, educational and preventive). The system of principles of conciliation of the parties in administrative proceedings are: 1) common law principles; 2) special principles of resolving the case by conciliation (for example, transparency and informativeness of resolving the case by conciliation; dispositiveness, constructive adversarial nature of the parties to the dispute; mandatory entry into force of conciliation conditions after their approval by the court; reasonable terms of resolving the case, etc.); 3) special principles concerning: a) quality, features of dispute resolution through conciliation; principles of accessibility and efficiency; b) voluntary participation in dispute resolution; good faith of all participants in the dispute resolution procedure); characteristics of the qualities of the conciliator (in particular, the principles of competence; independence, impartiality of the conciliator; compliance with the requirements of confidentiality). It is established that the subjective composition of conciliation of the parties is manifested in three models: "simple" (parties to the dispute; the judge who supervises the conciliation, approves the terms of conciliation); "Relatively complicated" (parties to the dispute; a judge who persuades the parties to conciliation and / or fully performs the role of conciliator); 3) "complicated" (parties to the dispute; judge; conciliator). In modern Ukraine there is a "simple" model of the subjective composition of the reconciliation of the parties, which: is characterized by certain features of the "relatively complicated" model; but at the same time it has the potential to transform into a "complicated" model of the subjective composition of the parties. A set of grounds and conditions for resolving a dispute by conciliation in administrative proceedings has been determined. The system of such conditions consists of: 1) positive conditions (the existence of a public law dispute and filing a lawsuit to resolve it; the integrity of the voluntary intentions of the parties to the attempt to reconcile, the implementation of a specific model of conciliation during negotiations and at the time of conciliation; ; reality and rationality of the agreed conditions of conciliation; the presence of the subjects who apply for reconciliation, the appropriate degree of legal personality); 2) negative conditions (inconsistency with the tasks of administrative proceedings in the form of violation of the interests of third parties; the law). The system of grounds covers: normative (norms of the legislation on conciliation of the parties and on the status of the subjects who are parties to the dispute), factual (implementation by the parties of the public-legal dispute of actions on acquisition and realization of the right to conciliation) and procedural-procedural conciliation, court rulings that determine the emergence and exercise of the right to reconciliation). The stages of implementation of the conciliation procedure of the parties in administrative proceedings are: 1) informal and formal initiation and commencement of the conciliation procedure; 2) negotiations in which the parties make a joint statement of conciliation of the parties; 3) submission for approval and approval of the application for conciliation of the parties, in which the court: explains to the parties the consequences of the court decision in connection with the conciliation of the parties; checks the existence of all conditions and grounds for resolving the dispute by, approves the terms of conciliation closes the proceedings or refuses to approve the terms of conciliation and continues the trial. The main current problems in the research area are summarized and a set of specific proposals for improving the administrative and legal regulation of conciliation of the parties in administrative proceeding.
4
Brazzini, Giovanna. "Compliance with EU Law: Why Do Some Member States Infringe EU Law More Than Others?" ScholarWorks@UNO, 2005. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/216.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Why do some member states infringe EU law more than others? Based on the quantitative and qualitative analysis reported here, is not because of administrative capacity limitations, but because of political context, policy changes and deliberate opposition by member governments in order to maintain their independence. States in turn, are motivated by domestic politics to seek to avoid implementing EU law. Additionally, I find that richer countries violate the law more often than poorer countries. Further, member states infringe more than others because of a high number of institutional and coalitional veto players. These results suggest that member states are in the EU because the EU serves their national interest over collective ones. Finally, these results suggest new hypothesis. Member states that have a high level of public discontent with the EU are unlikely to tolerate the political costs of implementing EU legislation.
5
Elsuwege, Peter van. "From Soviet republics to EU member states : a legal and political assessment of the Baltic states' accession to the EU /." Leiden : M. Nijhoff, 2008. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9789004169456.
Повний текст джерела
6
Pedersen, Karin Hilmer, and Lars Johannsen. "The real challenge for change : public administration in new EU member states." Universität Potsdam, 2004. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/texte_eingeschraenkt_welttrends/2010/4671/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Executive responsibility for EU policies is by tradition delegated to the member states and their internal administrative bodies. It is therefore of outmost importance that the new Central and East European members have the capacity to administer the acquis communitaire once they are full members of the EU. Based on a survey among current and former top-level decision-makers (ministers), this article argues that although there are significant implementation problems, efficiency gains can be made through administrative reform and not the least education aimed at changing the worldview and knowledge of the individual civil servant. However, there seem to be significant differences in how these countries tackle implementation problems and administrative reform.
7
CALDERONI, FRANCESCO. "ASSESSING HARMONIZATION AND APPROXIMATION OF ORGANIZED CRIME LEGISLATION AMONG EU MEMBER STATES." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/487.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La ricerca fornisce una valutazione del livello di armonizzazione e di ravvicinamento della legislazione in materia di criminalità organizzata tra gli stati membri dell'Unione Europea. La valutazione è realizzata mediante due set di indicatori e si basa su diverse fonti di dati.
La valutazione dell'armonizzazione individua somiglianze e differenze tra la norme nazionali degli stati membri su specifici aspetti della legislazione penale in materia di criminalità organizzata.
La valutazione del ravvicinamento individua il livello di conformità con i requisiti prescritti dalla Decisione quadro 2008/841/GAI relativa alla lotta alla criminalità organizzataThe research provides an assessment of the level of harmonization and approximation of organized crime legislation among EU MS.The assessment is made through two sets of indicators and is based on multiple sources of data. The assessment of harmonization identifies similarities and differences among Member States national norms on specific issues of criminal legislation in the sector of organized crime. The assesssment of approximation identifies the level of compliance with the requirements set by the Framework Decision 2008/841/GAI on the Fight against Organized Crime
8
Tocco, Barbara. "Agricultural employment and inter-sectoral labour mobility in selected EU Member States." Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/56649/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the last century, and especially with the development of European market integration, economies in Europe experienced a deep restructuring of their agricultural sector. The structural shift away from the primary sector activities, with the reallocation of labour across sectors, is an important engine of economic development. Nonetheless, the patterns and drivers of structural change in the New Member States (NMS) have differed in nature, speed and intensity from those of the EU-15. More importantly, the high incidence of farm employment and family workers in some of the NMS, despite low levels of agricultural training and labour productivity, suggests that farming, particularly in the least developed regions, might be the only viable solution for obtaining a minimum standard of living, especially for those who lack the human capital for 'better' employment opportunities. Against this background, the aim of this research is to investigate the driving forces behind agricultural labour adjustments and, thus, shed light on the facilitators of, and barriers to, labour mobility. The analysis focuses on the linkages between farm and non-farm sectors and explores the determinants of agricultural employment and inter-sectoral labour mobility in six selected Member States (MS): France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. Using national and European micro-level data from labour force and agricultural business surveys, the econometric analysis employs various discrete choice modelling techniques on cross-section and panel data. The key message from this research is that skills mismatch, due to inadequate levels of education and vocational training, and labour market characteristics appear to be the most important impediments to the inter-sectoral and spatial mobility of labour. The mixed evidence in the results across MS reflects the heterogeneous organisational and production structures, implying different constraints or prospects for farm survival and hence different capacities to release and absorb labour. Hence, in order to ensure an efficient allocation of labour and a smooth transition across sectors, investments in human capital and the diversification of rural areas constitute crucial rural development policies. Nonetheless, a one-size-fits-all policy is not appropriate for the wide diversity of rural areas and labour markets across MS. Instead, more targeted and diverse measures should be implemented in order to meet particular needs.
9
Mittermayer, Leona. "The Organization of the Judiciary in EU Member States – an Internal Affair?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-418808.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recent events in the Member States of the EU have shown that the common values of the Union, inter alia the rule of law, might not be guaranteed across the Union as once hoped for. Scholars speak of a “rule of law crisis” while the Parliament and the Commission have activated Article 7 TEU, the so called “nuclear option”, regarding the situation in two of the Union’s 27 Member States, namely Poland and Hungary. When defending the recent reforms of its judiciary, in which the primary target has been the judicial independence of the national courts, Poland uses the Member States’ procedural autonomy as an argument regarding the CJEU’s, alleged, lack of jurisdiction. However, the CJEU does not agree, and recent case law shows how it has established jurisdiction over the Member States’ organization of the judiciary. This thesis examines the content of the principle of procedural autonomy as well as its limitations. It finds that the principle of the procedural autonomy entails that the Member States have the power to organise their judiciary as they wish, but only in the absence of EU rules, which have increased in numbers in recent years. It also finds that the principle is limited by several EU regulations and principles. With these findings as a base, recent case law of the CJEU, regarding judicial independence, is presented and analysed in order to examine what it can tell about the CJEU’s view on the Member States procedural autonomy, especially regarding judicial independence. This thesis finds the CJEU’s view to be that the procedural autonomy of the Member States is limited regarding the organization of the national judiciary since Member States have to ensure that judicial independence is guaranteed regarding courts that reside “within the fields covered by EU law”. The CJEU limits the procedural autonomy further by requiring that Member States have sufficient rules to guarantee this independence. Since the CJEU argues that a national court resides “within in the fields covered by EU law” as soon as the national court might have to judge in a case regarding the application or interpretation of EU law and since the national law of the Member States nowadays consist to a vast amount of EU law this thesis argues that the obligation for Member States to ensure judicial independence, practically, covers all its national courts.
10
Novotný, Martin. "Behavior of certain EU member states in debt crisis (application of game theory)." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-142251.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis uses game theory to explain behavior of certain states in the European sovereign-debt crisis. The goal is to find out, if those states use strategies leading to equilibrium i.e. if they maximize their expected utility. Theoretical part is based mainly on repeated games and Bayesian game. Thesis summarizes development of European sovereign-debt crisis and key economic indicators. It constructs a game model of the crisis and further analyses situation of Germany, France, Italy, Spain and Greece as players in the game. The game model is then tested on key conflict situations such as relations of France and Germany, first Greek bailout negotiations or Spanish bank bailout negotiations. The results show that chosen states do maximize their expected utility in one election period. However maximization of utility in two or more election periods is limited by the parameters of democratic election system - length of election periods and information asymmetry between voters and politicians. The costs of elimination of information asymmetry would be higher than the costs of debt crisis. So even considering the costs of debt crisis the states are in long term equilibrium.
11
Sun, Cai Xuan. "The effectiveness of EU in coordinating pension reforms of member states through the OMC." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2595808.
Повний текст джерела
12
Badinger, Harald. "Growth effects of economic integration. The case of the EU Member States (1950-2000)." Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2001. http://epub.wu.ac.at/170/1/document.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Has economic integration improved the postwar growth performance of the actual fifteen member states of the European Union (EU)? To answer this question, we first construct an index of integration for each member state that explicitly accounts for global integration (GATT) as well as regional (European) integration. Using this variable, we test for permanent and temporary growth effects in a dynamic growth accounting framework, both in a time series setting for the (aggregate) EU and a panel approach for the EU member states. Although the hypothesis of permanent growth effects as postulated by endogenous growth models with scale effects is clearly rejected, we find significant levels effects: GDP per capita of the EU would be approximately one fifth lower today, if no integration had taken place since 1950. Interestingly, two third of this effect are due to GATT-liberalization. (author's abstract)Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
13
Fredriksson, Lena. "Determinants of and barriers to commercialisation of subsistence farmers in selected EU member states." Thesis, University of Kent, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.594099.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The agricultural landscape of the EU has changed dramatically following the last two waves of enlargements in 2004 and 2007. In stark contrast to the farm structure of the EU-15, an important characteristic of the New Member States (NMS) is the predominance of small-scale farming. As of 2007, 5.3 million or 66% of farms in the NMS produced mainly for their own consumption. Commercialisation of this group of farmers is hence important Jor rural economic growth and is included as one of the goals of EU Rural Development Pollcy (RDP) which aims at increasing the competitiveness of agriculture and improving the quality of life of people in rural areas. Against this background, the objective of this research has been to investigate determinants of, and barriers to, commercialisation of small, predominantly subsistence oriented fanners in the EU NMS. This research uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative research methods. The quantitative part is based on a utility maximisation framework where the decision making unit considered is that of the agricultural household. This work consists of a two-step econometric analysis of determinants of market participation and the degree of market integration. This analysis builds upon a unique dataset collected through the EU FP6 programme SCARLED covering rural households in five selected EU NMS: t ~'d Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Slovenia. The qualitative part consists of in- ..;.~~.... aeptb interviews with rural Bulgarian households drawn from the SCARLED survey F" ~,.-:.- \..;. . ..., ,r. -~-- :I: •.•. _. : ! l • sample. The combination of the two approaches was applied with the view to allow a more comprehensive picture of the research topic to be painted compared to what could have been achieved by applying either of the two methods in isolation. A surprising result from this research is that the binary decision of whether or not to sell agricultural output does not appear to be limited by binding constraints such as transactions costs, which in agricultural household models are widely considered as impeding market participation. Similarly, the results suggest that if subsistence .farming, as has been bypothesised, constitutes a potential poverty trap, there does not ~ppear to be any inevitability about that strategy. However, the subsequent analysis of the degree of market integration, measured as the share of output sold, puts this flrst result under a different light. This analysis indicates that transactions costs as well as the endowment of productive assets, specialisation, and risk attitude are important determinants of commercialisation of rural households in the five NMS studied. In addition, the qualitative analysis identifies important welfare aspects of subsistence fanning which are also likely to constrain market integration and hence impact on the persistence of subsistence farming in the EU NMS. With regard to policy measures that could favour commercialisation and improve life in rural areas, this research has identified some possible issues policy makers may need to consider for the successful implementation of RDPs in the NMS.
14
De, Francesco Fabrizio. "A comprehensive analysis of policy diffusion : regulatory impact analysis in EU and OECD member states." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/3022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Among the tools available to enhance the rationality of policy formulation, Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA) has captured the attention of many scholars for its potential to enhance the accountability and transparency of regulatory governance. Although almost all EU and OECD member states have adopted RIA, only a sub- set of small-n case comparative studies on institutional, political and administrative impact have been conducted. By filling this gap in the literature and proposing the rigorous operationalisation of concepts such as adoption, extent of implementation, and learning, this thesis ascertains the extent of interdependency among governments in their choices concerning an innovation of regulatory governance. Methodologically, the dissertation draws on a multi-method approach, consisting of qualitative analysis to track the process of institutionalisation, as well as event history analysis, based on a dataset covering thirty-eight countries from 1968 to 2006. The empirical findings show that diffusion is a multifaceted process. In the decision to adopt RIA, the role of the OECD in translating, packaging, and promoting such administrative innovation coexists with previous innovations and other administrative variables. Yet the impact of interdependency is marginal in the successive phases of implementation and evaluation. Earliness of adoption is the major predictor of the extent of implementation. There is little evidence of interaction and communication among adopters on the subject of their learning experience. On balance, this regulatory governance innovation is a domain of symbolic and rhetorical meanings that is not adequately supported by administrative capacity.
15
Nanou, Kyriaki. "European integration and electoral democracy : How the EU constains party competition in its member states." Thesis, University of Essex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499805.
Повний текст джерела
16
Duman, Anil. "Flux or Fixed. Tax Reforms, Informal Economy and Foreign Investment in New EU Member States." SFB International Tax Coordination, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2010. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1284/1/document.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper tries to analyze the tax reforms in new EU member states, and to understand how these developments came into existence. Despite several commonalities we argue that across country variation is very much present, especially in the areas of degree of dependence on indirect taxes as well as the share of each component in total tax revenue. Our preliminary evidence indicates that there are three identifiable groupings; Hungary, Slovenia and Czech Republic as the first, Poland and Slovakia as the second, and the rest of the countries as the third. From the clusters we claim that these differences reflect the underlying the structural characteristics of the economies, particularly the scope of the informal economy and the intensity of competition to attract foreign capital. The paper contributes to the literature in a number of ways. First, it gives a comprehensive overview of reforms and possible explanatory factors. Second, it attempts to categorize the transition countries according to the features of the tax systems adopted. Finally, it establishes a linkage between the informal sector, capital from external sources and why particular modifications were implemented. (author's abstract)Series: Discussion Papers SFB International Tax Coordination
17
Lang, Michael. "Limitation of Temporal Effects of CJEU Judgments - Mission Impossible for Governments of EU Member States." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, Universität Wien, 2013. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4045/1/SSRN%2Did2357946.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
CJEU judgments usually have automatic retroactive effect. However, the CJEU seems to be aware that this approach may have far-reaching consequences in some situations and may sometimes lead to negative effects. As early as 1976, the CJEU decided for the first time to limit the temporal effects of one of its judgments. As there is no explicit legal basis at all in the EC Treaty for the CJEU to limit the temporal effects of one of its judgments under the rule which is today Art. 267 TFEU, the Court itself had to develop the criteria under which it is willing do so. The Court made it clear right from the beginning of this case law in 1976 that it was only willing to limit the effects of a judgment in exceptional cases.
The general approach of the CJEU in respect of the temporal effects of its judgments is understandable from a policy point of view: The Court wants to make sure that its judgments have retroactive effect as a matter of principle. However, at the same time it is understandable that the CJEU wants to leave the door open in order to limit these effects, if necessary. The CJEU sees a need for an "emergency brake". But, it is questionable whether the criteria developed by the Court in order to maintain this possibility really fit. The case Meilicke has further complicated the rules of the game for the Member States. Governments have to request this limitation in the appropriate case. Appropriateness depends on the level of abstraction and it is impossible for the governments to foresee which case the CJEU will retrospectively consider to be the relevant one. A government will only be successful with its request for a limitation of the temporal effects in a case stemming from another Member State if it can convince the Court that its own tax system infringes Union law and that a judgment will lead to serious economic repercussions for its country. If the CJEU in Meilicke has really developed its case law further in the direction that temporal effects of judgment can be limited only for all or for no Member State, requesting a limitation of these effects becomes even more challenging for governments and the consequences arbitrary.
For all these reasons the Court would be well advised, on the one hand, to maintain its case law according to which only in exceptional cases judgments do not have retroactive effect and, on the other hand, to develop more transparent and operational criteria under which it is willing to distinguish between the rule and the exception. (author's abstract)Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series
18
Vasileiou, Ioannis. "The EU regional policy and its impact on two Mediterranean member states (Italy and Spain)." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2011. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/1763/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of EU Regional Policy is to intervene effectively in regions that “lag behind” in economic terms and to finance development programmes through the allocation of Structural Funds which operate in accordance with the principles of subsidiarity, additionality and partnership. This policy should allow regions to converge with EU averages in terms of income and employment. Italy and Spain provide very good examples within the EU as a whole, of significant economic disparities between regions that still appear to be present. We argue and provide substantial evidence of the fact that the persistence of such disparities is mainly due to inefficient administrative and institutional capacity at the regional level. Although some regions have brought themselves towards the average, in Italy and Spain, there is evidence that certain administrative, institutional and implementation problems have tended to appear, hampering the opportunities of regions to converge in the required way. Because of this, regional economic convergence and thereby socio-economic cohesion are still beyond reach. Two decades after the 1988 Reform of the Structural Funds, EU Regional Policy has only partially succeeded in reducing regional economic divergence within Italy and Spain, where regional economic inequalities still exist. Although we demonstrate that some regions have been able to move forward in the requisite way, it is questionable whether all of the support for these regions can actually be eliminated completely in the near future with the challenges that the EU faces, particularly in relation to the latest round of Enlargement.
19
Saraiva, Leao Astrid. "Corporate Criminal Liability for Human Trafficking in the EU : a Legal Obligation for Member States?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-273951.
Повний текст джерела
20
Schmidt-Felzmann, Anke Uta. "With or without the EU? : understanding EU member states' motivations for dealing with Russia at the European or the national level." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2011. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2571/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis seeks to explain why European Union (EU) member states choose to pursue their foreign policy objectives regarding Russia at the EU level or bilaterally. It explores the idea in the literature that national governments engage in ‘venue shopping’ to achieve national foreign policy objectives. The thesis examines the question of how EU member states engage with Russia by examining different policy case studies (energy relations, democracy and human rights promotion, bilateral disputes). It analyses member governments’ choice of policy route from two contrasting, but complementary perspectives, exploring both rational choice arguments from a 'logic of expected consequences' perspective (focusing on the anticipated costs and benefits of national governments' choice of policy route) and social constructivist arguments from a 'logic of appropriateness' perspective (focusing on the effects of EU membership and the socialisation of national representatives into the rules and norms of behaviour in the EU on the political elites' choice of policy route). With a systematic analysis of national governments’ choices across different policy issues it helps clarify the motivations underpinning the decision to pursue national foreign policy objectives at the European or the national level. It thereby contributes to filling a lacuna in the existing literature on EU-Russia relations and the extant research on member states’ foreign policies in the EU context. The contributions to existing scholarship that the thesis makes are: first, it demonstrates that the decision to cooperate, or act at the bilateral level, is not as clear cut as it is often depicted. I show that in most cases it is not a question of either-or. Member states frequently pursue cooperation at the EU level to achieve foreign policy objectives that they also pursue at the bilateral level. Second, I show that member states’ choices are predominantly influenced by their assessment of the utility of the European and the national route. There is considerably less evidence to suggest that the European level is being privileged as a result of a socialisation in the EU, so the length of membership, and thus the duration of national decision-makers' exposure to EU policy-making processes does not determine a member government’s choice and influences it only to a limited extent. Third, I show that the size/capacity of the member state they represent is but one factor influencing national governments in their choice of foreign policy route. Whether a state is large or small gives indications of a national government's likely choice, but it does not offer definitive insights into which policy route will be chosen on a particular issue. Fourth, I concur with existing research that argues that a distinction between policy issues in terms of their hierarchy (‘first order’ or ‘second order’) provides insights into member states’ likely choice, but I argue that it is necessary to not just focus on the policy domain, but also to differentiate within a policy domain between the pursuit of broader framework objectives that deliver benefits to all member states and those objectives on which individual states accrue gains in the absence of a common EU agreement with Russia. Fifth, this thesis highlights the importance of how member states perceive Russia - as a threat or as an opportunity – and the importance they attribute to maintaining ‘friendly’, ‘pragmatic’ relations for whether they cooperate at the EU level or opt for the pursuit of their individual relations with Russia at the bilateral level. Finally, on the basis of the findings from the three analytically and empirically significant cases I argue that member states’ choices are highly contingent and can only be explained by considering the interplay between the different factors that enter into national governments’ calculus regarding the utility of the EU route versus the bilateral pursuit of national foreign policy objectives.
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Perarnaud, Clément. "Why do negotiation processes matter?: informal capabilities as determinants of EU member states bargaining success in the Council of the EU." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672412.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
How do differences in the informal capabilities of Member States impact their bargaining success at the EU level? Based on new datasets collected via 145 semi-structured interviews with national negotiators and EU officials in Brussels, this research shows how MS informal capabilities impact legislative outcomes in the EU. This research provides evidence that informal capacities, such as the effectiveness of MS permanent representations and their capacity to coordinate with other actors in the legislative decision-making, matter for bargaining success. Using a mixed-method design, this dissertation explores the conditions and mechanisms granting more explanatory power to informal capabilities as determinants of EU Member States bargaining success in the Council of the EU.¿Cómo influyen las diferencias en las capacidades informales de los Estados miembros en el éxito de sus negociaciones a nivel de la UE? A partir de nuevos datos recogidos mediante 145 entrevistas semiestructuradas con negociadores nacionales y funcionarios de la UE en Bruselas, esta investigación muestra cómo las capacidades informales de los EM influyen en los resultados legislativos en la UE. Esta investigación aporta pruebas de que las capacidades informales, como la eficacia de las representaciones permanentes de los EM y su capacidad de coordinación con otros actores en la toma de decisiones legislativas, son importantes para el éxito de la negociación. Utilizando un diseño de métodos mixtos, esta disertación explora las condiciones y los mecanismos que otorgan más poder explicativo a las capacidades informales como determinantes del éxito de la negociación de los Estados miembros de la UE en el Consejo de la UE.
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Quaglia, Lucia. "Italy and economic and monetary union : domestic politics and European union policy-making." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390828.
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Fox, James. "The fragile state of the European Union (EU) its battle for survival with the Member States /." Thesis, Electronic version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/3553.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Masters)--Macquarie University, Division of Humanitites, Dept. of Politics, 2006.Bibliography: p. 215-231.
The fragile state of the European Union (EU), its battle for survival with the Member States. -- The growth of the EU and the gradual transfer of powers from the Member States. -- The impact of the European Court of Justice. -- The formation of policy communities and multi-level governance. -- The Commission's sole right to initiate legislation and its reference to subsidiarity. -- The all-powerful Competition Directorate, which has an influential section of economic purists. -- The increased powers of the European Parliament and its shortcomings. -- The reluctance of national governments to adopt progressive attitudes and to let the Commission change its policies and procedures. -- The national contributions to the EU budget. -- The taxation differences between the various Member States. -- The EU constitution. -- The demographic development. -- Regional development and the structural funds. -- Competition policy. -- The Common Agricultural Policy. -- The Common Environment Policy. -- Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), the Euro, the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP) and the European Central Bank. -- Transport. -- The Common Energy Policy. -- The Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ).
The European Union (EU) is partly supranational and partly inter-governmental. It is dependent on the concurrance of all its Member States for the important decisions required for the running of the EU. This causes an inherent instability in the EU.
Electronic reproduction.
231 leaves
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Badinger, Harald, Fritz Breuss, and Bernhard Mahlberg. "Welfare implications of the EU's common organization of the market in bananas for EU Member States." Forschungsinstitut für Europafragen, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2001. http://epub.wu.ac.at/682/1/document.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this paper is to analyze the welfare effects of the European Banana Market Policy. Until 1993, EU countries had a wide variety of separate national policies, ranging from free trade (e.g. Germany) to heavily regulated markets (e.g. Spain, France). On 1 July 1993, the EU's common organization of the market in bananas came into force and established a combined quota-tariff regime with preferential access for ACP and EU suppliers. We estimate the resulting changes in the welfare of consumers, traders and the national governments for all member states of the European Union to identify the winners and losers of this change in the external trade policy. Over the period 1993 to 1998, the cumulated aggregate welfare loss of the consumers amounted to ECU 1408 mill, whereas the international banana traders gained ECU 558 mill. on the EU market. The welfare effect on the national budgets of the EU member states was also positive (ECU 783 mill.) due to higher tariff income. The resulting total deadweight loss of the European Union amounted to ECU 68 mill. As regards the distribution of the welfare effects, the former free trade countries lost welfare, whereas the formerly severely regulated countries gained. In absolute terms the biggest loser of the regime shift is Germany, the biggest winner is France. (authors' abstract)Series: EI Working Papers / Europainstitut
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Roženský, Vojtěch. "Determinanty sociálních výdajů v zemích EU." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-165061.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of the thesis is to identify the determiants of social expenditure levels in EU member states and estimate the sensitivities. The analysis is based on the fixed effects model with robust standard errors. Seven out of the 24 variables, that have been tested, are statistically significant. Social expenditure levels are positively dependent on population ageing, unemployment rate and economic level, and negatively on economic growth. The openness of economy and public debt ratio are also robust. The presence of a christian party in government is also statistically significant, however, the coefficient is not theoretically consistent. The sensitivity of social expenditure level to the share of population aged 65 years and over on the total population, is about 0,30. It means, that on average, the rise in the share of the old by 1 percentage point, is followed by the rise of social expenditure level by 0,3% of the GDP. In case of unemployment rate, economic growth and the openness of economy, the sensitivity estimates are 0,3, -0,1 and -0,03. The sensitivities to the other three robust variables cannot be quantified due to a strong dependence on the exact model specification or a bias, caused by extreme values. The expenditure on pensions are relatively more dependent on population ageing, whereas other social expenditure are more sensitive to current position in economic cycle. The determinants in the old and the new EU member states are similar, with only one exception, as the expenditure levels in the new member states are less dependent on demographic structure. The model explains international differences and the changes during the period between 1990 and 2010.
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Maltby, Tomas. "European energy security policy-making in the context of EU enlargement : the role of newer member states as agenda-setters, 2004-2013." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/european-energy-security-policymaking-in-the-context-of-eu-enlargement-the-role-of-newer-member-states-as-agendasetters-20042013(e1619bcf-7150-4af7-a740-914dfb457acc).html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research analyses the extent to which three newer (European Union) EU member states, Poland, Bulgaria and Latvia have attempted and succeeded in shaping the development of the EU's energy security policy, focusing on natural gas. This explores the argument that EU membership affects the formation of national foreign and energy policy as well as procedures of policy-making, and that newer member states have also been able to shape EU level policy-making through the ‘uploading’ of national preferences. The research engages with relevant conceptual issues to develop and utilise a framework which is a synthesis of literature on EU agenda-setting, policy framing, Europeanisation and the social construction of energy ‘crises’ and (in)security. This conceptual frame is then used to explore and evaluate the influence of newer member states on EU energy policy agenda-setting, policy-making and policy implementation. Evaluating the obstacles and opportunities for influence, an empirically rich data set is analysed to test the extent to which five theoretically derived hypotheses account for member state influence. Five mechanisms are identified as potentially key factors in explaining the degree of influence which member states have. The thesis suggests that one is the impact of supply disruptions and price rises on perceptions and constructions of national and EU energy security. This can contribute towards a context that is conducive to the arguments about policy change and projection being made, a policy window, and is a reflection of the social construction of energy insecurity and energy crises. Diplomatic skill and learning to ‘play the EU game’, being active in Council summits and technocratic level(s), and engaging in consensual policy-making that adheres to EU norms and interests is seen as important. Another key factor is the role of Russia as a major and sometimes monopoly gas supplier, in constraining, enabling, and influencing the strength of national interests - the extent of political will and EU energy policy activism. A fourth factor is considered to be the extent to which institutionalised sub-EU regional and strategic alliances exist and are prioritised as an arena to develop coordinated policies and preferences. The final conceptually derived factor is related to the strength of administrative capacity, in terms of well-coordinated institutions at the national and EU level, and sufficient personnel and resources. The thesis also provides a study of the development of EU energy policy since the 1950s in chapter two, and chapters three to five focus on the three country case studies; Poland, Bulgaria and Latvia. These empirical chapters include in each case a history of their energy policy and relations with both the EU and Russia. The thesis concludes with an analysis of the empirical findings using comparative country case manner approach, along with conceptual (and methodological) observations based on the testing of the hypotheses.
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Aune, Bjorn Robertstad. "The maritime trade in illicit drugs : the experience of the coastal member states of O.E.C.D." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1990. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2084/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The trafficking of illicit drugs by sea has become an industry comprised of many individual enterprises of variform size and organization. Seizure statistics for the 1980s indicate that 70% of the total quantity of drugs intercepted in the trafficking stage were interdicted in the maritime sector or attributed to having been transported by sea. More significantly, it appears that only between 8 - 12% of the total volume of drugs trafficked are intercepted. The use of the seaborne modes of transport is the result of planetary geography which made the maritime medium one of only two ways by which drugs may enter several states. In response, varying sophisticated counter-trafficking offensives, policies and strategies have been implemented and contemplated in select geographical regions - examples being the Caribbean and Pacific Basins. However, the importation of illicit substances to the primary consuming states has not been curbed and indications are that the overall flow of drugs remains unimpeded. This thesis focuses on the maritime trade in illicit drugs during the 1980s by providing both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the activity. Specifically, the theme addressed is the question of why there is so little success in combating the maritime drug trade. Embraced by the study are the various geographical, physical, technical and socio-political elements supportive of the trade. Among the pertinent topics revealed are the flow structure to the trade, the categories of drugs transported, the classes of vessels utilized, the methods of concealment and deception employed, the involvement of organized crime, the contributing geographical elements and the unique variations to specific routes as determined by destination and region. Additionally, the international law suppressing the maritime trade in illicit drugs is examined. To lend completeness to the study a brief review of the historical dimension to the smuggling of drugs by sea is included along with analysis of drug production and consumption. Because the threat of drugs is perceived to be greatest, albeit wrongly, among the developed states this thesis tackles the subject from the perspective of the coastal member states of O.E.C.D. Lastly, recommendations and innovations to old strategies are proffered specifically as they apply to the maritime component of the illicit drug trade.
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Lerer, Iotam Andrea. "Providing Arms and Weapons to Parties Involved in Civil Wars: The Legal Framework for EU Member States." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trento, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11572/273793.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
At a time when the majority of conflicts are non-international, providing arms to the legitimate government or to the opposition forces may influence and even determine the outcome of a civil war. It is, therefore, not surprising that such a provision is subject to a web of rules. This dissertation focuses on those applicable to the EU Member States, which arise from international, European, and domestic law. Sanctions regimes are an integral part of this legal framework. Of primary importance are, naturally, sanctions adopted by the Security Council under Chapter VII, but also the more controversial EU restrictive measures are accounted for.
The dissertation aims to clarify to whom EU Member States can legally provide arms and weapons during a civil war. This investigation is justified also in light of the positions adopted by individual EU Member States vis-a-vis the conflicts in Libya, Syria, and Yemen, three conflicts particularly relevant in political and economic terms for the EU and its Member States. By analysing these three case studies and putting the whole legal framework to the test the dissertation sheds light on how EU Member States justify their intervention. The adoption of these specific case studies allows for the assessment of their positions both when they provide arms to parties that intervene on request of the legitimate government and when they provide support to opposition forces. Despite being EU Member States subject to common European rules on arms exports and being all party to the Arms Trade Treaty, their practice is far from uniform. The result of these differences is far-reaching and has an impact not only on the civil war where the arms are provided but also on the EU.
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Bergsten, Hanna. "A matter of equality, religion or politics? : The proliferation of same-sex marriage legislationamong the member states in the European Union." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för lärande, humaniora och samhälle, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-37391.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis has investigated the effect of political influence, religious denomination, and level of equality regarding same-sex marriage legislation among the 28 member states of the European Union (EU). Furthermore, prior research has been related to the topics: same-sex marriage cases within the EU court, religious influence on approval of homosexuality, Conservative, Liberal, and Social democratic ideas regarding same-sex marriage and research about Feminism and equality. It has used a quantitative, comparative, and causal analysis to test the six hypotheses by using Cox Regression. The thesis has concluded that religious influence had a negativeeffect on the same-sex marriage legislation, disregarding denomination, and the level of social cohesion and equality had a positive effect on the legislation. Additionally, the result has shown that among the member states of the EU, the phenomenon of same-sex marriage was not a politically polarised, but that there were rather possible other variables not included in the analysis that could explain why half of the member states have legislated same-sex marriage. However, the predicted hazard rate of no legislation has increased and if the trend would continue there could possibly be a consensus among the members of the EU in the future.
30
Ekiz, Seyma [Verfasser]. "The Role of the EU and Member States in the Arab Spring : Assessment of Interests and EU Strategy in Tunisia and Libya / Seyma Ekiz." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1163024562/34.
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Bhatia, Martina. "Planning for the future EU Cohesion Policy in the Nordic Member States : The role of the national governments." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Kulturgeografiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-92293.
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Gerhards, Jürgen, Holger Lengfeld, Zsófia S. Ignácz, Florian K. Kley, and Maximilian Priem. "How strong is European solidarity?: preliminary results from a survey conducted in 13 member states of the EU." Universität Leipzig, 2018. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A17264.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper describes the preliminary findings of a recent research project conducted on Euro-pean solidarity. We surveyed citizens of 13 Members States of the EU about their disposition toward (European) solidarity. An upcoming book will offer an elaborate theoretical framework about the existence of European solidarity. Additionally, this book will also presents detailed results from the project and in-depth discussion of the findings. However, we decided to publish some of the descriptive results beforehand in the form of this report as the major findings of our study have high public and political relevance. The development of recent crises has been rather fast-paced, and is in contrast with the long wait that comes with the publication of aca-demic texts. So, the latter process hinders the most important information to reach the public and policy makers as soon as possible and this report wishes to remedy it slightly.
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Antonakakis, Nikolaos, Harald Badinger, and Wolf Heinrich Reuter. "From Rome to Lisbon and Beyond: Member States' Power, Efficiency, and Proportionality in the EU Council of Ministers." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2014. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4164/1/wp175.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper provides a comprehensive assessment of the evolution of EU member states' power, the EU's capability to act (efficiency), and the proportionality of the voting system in the Council of Ministers from the treaties of Rome in 1958 till the Treaty of Lisbon in 2009 and beyond, using a wide range of alternative power indices. Moreover, it considers explicitly the relevance of additional legal provisions (such as the 'Luxembourg Compromise',
the 'Demographic Clause', and the 'Ioannina Compromise') and the implications of novel, more recently introduced voting rules such as reverse qualified majority voting. (authors' abstract)Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
34
Chaloupka, Jiří. "Integrace finančních trhů nových členských zemí EU." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264702.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The subject of the thesis is the integration of financial markets of the new member states of the European Union (hereinafter referred to as the NMS). According to the standard economic theory, the process of financial integration should be associated with several positive effects, among others a) the enforcement of the law of one price in the form of the interest rate parity, b) the smoothening and the synchronisation of the consumption growth among countries, c) the increased diversification of investors portfolios, and d) the decreased dependence of domestic investments on national savings. These envisaged effects serve in the thesis as the indicators of the integration of NMS financial markets with the global financial market. These indicators show that the degree of the financial integration differs among the NMS, despite the fact that they all went through the process of integration with the EU. However, the order of the NMS based on the degree of their financial markets integration could not have been determined as each test indicated a different order. However, most tests indicated that there is a trend towards more integration of the NMS financial markets as the dependence of the domestic consumption growth on the global consumption growth has been increasing and the dependence of domestic investments on national savings has been decreasing. Surprisingly, the indicators did not prove the hypothesis that NMS financial markets are more integrated with the financial market of the EU, despite the fact that these countries had to open their markets to investors from the EU and had to harmonize their legislative requirements. Contrary to the results of previous articles, indicators used in the thesis show that majority of the analysed puzzles in international economics disappeared for large developed markets like the USA. On the other hand, these puzzles persisted for the NMS. Given that majority of the NMS adopted euro during the period under investigation, results presented above indicate that the financial markets of the NMS were not fully integrated with the financial market of the EU and therefore one of the conditions for the existence of the optimum currency area has not been met. Such result also contradicts the hypothesis of the endogeneity of the optimum currency area as the adoption of the common currency did not improve the degree of financial market integration.
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Joosten, Matthieu. "Restructuring telecommunication tariffs in Europe : an historical analysis of the political-economics of tariffs in four EC member states." Thesis, City University London, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357936.
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Steingass, Sebastian Dionysius. "Federating EU development cooperation? : Europe's contributions to international development effectiveness." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/283603.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The European Union (EU) has long strived to act collectively in the face of international challenges such as poverty, hunger and state fragility beyond its borders. While the EU member states and institutions seek coherent responses to these challenges, they also have partly competing agendas. Yet there has been increasing agreement on collective action. To understand this agreement, this thesis asks how policy professionals contribute to the advocacy of policy norms for collective action between the EU institutions and the member states. The research analyses policy processes in EU development cooperation since the early 2000s. In development cooperation the EU's effectiveness has been particularly contested because of the combination of competing ideas about the EU's role and about how to achieve effective and sustainable development. The research finds that, while formal decisions about collective action remain in the hands of member states, transnational networks of policy professionals in the EU institutions, member state bureaucracies and civil society contribute to shaping the terms of debate regarding the EU's role in effective development cooperation. These network interactions, which form around institutional decision-making centres, transcend the organisational boundaries of member state bureaucracies, EU institutions and civil society organisations. These findings fill a gap in our understanding of how EU norms governing collective external action are advocated as existing research has tended to focus on how institutional structure facilitate state coordination. By concentrating on the cases of Germany and the United Kingdom and their engagement with the EU institutions, the research revises existing, dominant views on norm advocacy in EU external action: It links the previously little related concepts of norm advocacy and discursive networks to analyse the agency and scope of policy professionals in the advocacy of EU policy norms; and it provides new empirical insights into the role of these policy professionals for collective action between the EU institutions and the member states in development cooperation.
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Bordalo, Faustino Paula. "Public procurement award criteria in the EU member states : a comparative study of the discretionary powers of contracting authorities." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/43554/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
When choosing and applying the award criteria in the context of public procurement procedures, contracting authorities exercise their discretionary powers with a view to selecting the most economically advantageous tender. The importance of the use that contracting authorities make of their margin of discretion is directly related to the result of any public procurement procedure: the level of satisfaction of the contracting authorities’ needs provided by the works/supply/service contract concluded with the winning tenderer. Despite the tendency for public procurement regulation to focus on procedural rules (‘how to buy’), rather than the actual outcome of the procurement activity itself (‘what to buy’), there are substantive requirements derived from legislative sources, as well as soft law and jurisprudence, that somehow structure the contracting authorities’ decision making freedom. Although there is no standard unit that allows for the measurement of contracting authorities’ margin of discretion and its variation, this thesis aims to identify factors which contribute either to increase or to reduce the said margin. In other words, it is proposed to highlight the elements which determine the expansion or the limitation of the referred discretionary powers. The thesis concludes that despite the different national regulatory approaches to this topic under the common EU legal framework, the practice in the Member States covered by this thesis seems to indicate that contracting authorities exercise their discretionary powers in a (unknowingly) similar way.
38
Hellmeyer, Monika. "The impact of the Central and Eastern European EU member states on the EU's foreign policy, 2004 to 2013." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2014. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3144/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Prior to the EU’s Eastern enlargement in 2004 there was much academic speculation about its repercussions for EU foreign policy. Although scholars agreed that the eight newcomers from Central and Eastern Europe would have an impact on the EU’s foreign policy, it remained unclear how and to what extent they would do so. This thesis identifies and evaluates the impact of the CEECs on the substance of EU foreign policy in three areas including development cooperation, neighbourhood policy and energy security. It analyses why the CEECs have sometimes succeeded in having an impact and at other times not. It differentiates between three categories of the CEECs' impact (defensive, divisive and innovative) as well as three aspects of policy substance (regional coverage, policy objectives and principles and policy instruments). The CEECs' impact varies along the three areas and the different stages of the policymaking process. In long-standing traditional areas such as development cooperation, it has been largely defensive and limited to soft law instruments while in regional or emerging areas such as neighbourhood policy and energy security the CEECs’ impact has been higher as well as innovative and/or divisive. To analyse why the CEECs' impact varies from case to case, the thesis draws on insights from the literature on EU (foreign) policy-making and on small states in EU foreign policy. Three sources of impact (material, institutional and ideational) are systematically applied to selected in-depth case studies in each of the three EU foreign policy areas. The thesis concludes that ideational and/or institutional factors are crucial for member states’ impact at the agenda setting stage whereas at the decision-making stage material sources of impact prevail. In order to have impact at the decision-making stage the CEECs need the support of at least two large 'old' EU member states.
39
Ades, Moraes Felipe. "Evaluation of the disparities in trastuzumab approval, reimbursement and uptake across the 27 European Union Member States (EU-27)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209132.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction: The European Union (EU) is a political and economic confederation composed by 27 member states (EU-27). The EU implemented several standardizations in laws,
justice and home affairs and shares the consensus that health care should be regulated by the
state. A high level of human protection should be ensured in all its member states. European
health systems are funded and managed by each national government and for historical
reasons health policy and health expenditure are not homogeneous.
Whereas cancer incidence is dependent on factors such as population age, life-style and
genetic predisposition, cancer mortality in general is dependent on the efficacy of health
systems in providing cancer prevention, efficient screening methods and treatments.
Around 20% of the breast cancers show amplification/overexpression of HER2 that is
associated with a more aggressive disease and worse clinical outcome. By targeting the HER2
receptor trastuzumab has significantly improved overall survival and changed the natural
course of this disease.
Objectives: This study aims to evaluate (1) the association of health expenditure with
breast cancer outcome, (2) to explore to which degree the differences in breast cancer survival
are related to the speed of uptake of trastuzumab and its determinants and (3) to evaluate the
real usage of trastuzumab and its relation to breast cancer survival in the EU.
Results: Breast cancer survival was found strongly correlated with health expenditure. A
clear cutoff divides Western and Eastern Europe in that regard, with western countries showing
higher health expenditure and higher breast cancer survival than Eastern Europe. Trastuzumab
reimbursement was faster in Western European countries, a factor associated with higher
health expenditure and better health policy performance. Trastuzumab uptake is increasing all
over Europe in the last 12 years, however it is still being under used in Eastern countries while
in Western Europe the uptake is sufficient to treat virtually all patients in need of the drug.
Conclusion: Important discrepancies in breast cancer survival exist in the EU. Western
Europe has higher breast cancer survival and higher health expenditure than Eastern Europe.
This can be partially explained by the faster approval and increased uptake of trastuzumab in
Western countries. Higher health expenditure and better health policy performance were
factors linked to faster reimbursement and uptake of trastuzumab.
Doctorat en sciences médicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Nevoralová, Lenka. "Konvergence nových členských zemí EU." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-74597.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis concentrates on the new member states of the European Union and their convergent processes. It is particularly focused on five Central European countries -- the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia, which became the members of the European Union on 1st May 2004. The first chapter deals with the countries during their preparation process for the membership in the EU, the meeting the Copenhagen Criteria and their economic development. The second chapter is focused on the development of Central European countries in the EU. There is featured the development in the first years of their membership and during the economic crisis and the recovery. The third chapter concentrates on the processes of the real and nominal convergence in the Central Europe. Besides monitoring various stages of convergence over time there is documented the course of the convergence by the calculation of beta convergence in the European Union. At the end of the thesis there is outlined the relationship between the degree of nominal and real convergence in the concerned countries.
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Normann, Christine [Verfasser]. "The Influence of EU Member States on European Neighbourhood Policy : A Comparative Analysis of Germany, France and Poland / Christine Normann." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1107607027/34.
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Beyer, Daniela [Verfasser]. "The Policy Consequences of the European Project : From Politics to Policies in the EU and the Member States / Daniela Beyer." Konstanz : KOPS Universität Konstanz, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1192665112/34.
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43
Bendel, Jana. "Small EU Member States at the Helm of the Council Presidency - Opportunities and Challenges of the Estonian Presidency in 2018." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23579.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
How do small EU member states approach the Council Presidency: is the Presidency a silencer or an amplifier of national interests? Moreover, what challenges and opportunities do a small state face in the Presidency? In this comparative case study, I analysed the approach, challenges and opportunities of three member states in relation to the chairmanship: Denmark, an old and experienced member state and its Presidency in 2012; Latvia, a relatively new member state and first time Presidency in 2015; and finally Estonia, another new member, and its upcoming first time Presidency in 2018.My main findings indicate that the Presidency functions as a silencer for first time holders of the Presidency; and as an amplifier for Denmark, which efficiently used cognitive power resources to tilt the Presidency agenda in its favour, while remaining an honest broker. The Presidency offers many opportunities, among which the most important is the transformation of the public administration. Moreover, to showcase the EU to the incumbent state, and vice versa, is important for the integration process. It is also essential for the identity formation of small states to prove their capacity within the union. Finally, I established that a close relationship with the Commission is an important leadership quality and power resource for small states. For small states, the Presidency represents a challenge for the public administration, while unforeseeable events can entirely change the course of the Presidency. Furthermore, the domestic as well as the European political landscape can negatively influence the decision-making.
44
Ganza, Jelena. "Obstructionist national protectionism in the EU : qualitative analysis of member states' compliance with the CJEU's judgments in 'Golden Share' cases." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2016. http://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/obstructionist-national-protectionism-in-the-eu(570b9e58-1842-4adb-932e-0235b0fc0974).html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The European Union (EU) is a voluntary organisation based on the Treaties which have been democratically approved by the Member States (MSs). The MSs have willingly committed themselves to progressive integration by eliminating barriers to fundamental freedoms in order to build an ‘ever closer union among the peoples of Europe’. However, in order to address other strong conflicting interests and commitments at the national level, the governments of the MSs have raised barriers to fundamental freedoms called Golden Shares (GSs). Due to conflicts of supranational and national interests, the MSs have resisted removing GSs, so the matter has been brought to the highest legal authority of the EU – the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The CJEU has assessed the compatibility of GSs with EU law on a total of sixteen occasions, which has resulted in fifteen condemning judgments. Following the Court’s ruling, the MSs are obliged to comply, as non-compliance with a judgment is a serious infringement which signifies that the MSs are crossing the red line by severely disregarding the limits of their discretion under their voluntarily supranational commitments. Despite the significant compliance obligations and the growing GS case-law, little is known about whether the EU enforcement system succeeds in ensuring timely and effective compliance with GS-related judgments. This study seeks to close this gap. It evaluates national post-judgment compliance procedures in order to demonstrate how and under what conditions MSs comply and whether a decision to keep GSs post-judgment could be seen as an unsuitable compliance strategy leading to non-compliance. This study is a fact-finding mission aimed at solving the empirical puzzle about whether the MSs deliberately resort to post-judgment actions and strategies aimed at limiting or containing the effects of the GS rulings. It seeks to reveal whether such a compliance strategy is in line with supranational obligations or whether it could trigger obstructionist protectionism.
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Puthoopparambil, Soorej Jose. "Life in Immigration Detention Centers : An exploration of health of immigrant detainees in Sweden and three other EU member states." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-272493.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Governments around the world use immigration detention to detain and deport irregular immigrants, which negatively affects their health. The aim of this thesis was to explore, describe and identify factors that could mitigate the effect of immigration detention on the health of detainees. This was a mixed method study using qualitative methods (Papers I and II), quantitative methods (Paper III) and descriptive case comparison (Paper IV) comparing the Swedish system to the system in the Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg). The study design was strengthened by triangulation of methods and data sources. Detainees experienced lack of control over their own lives due to lack of information in a language they can understand, inadequate responses from detention staff and restrictions within detention centers further limiting their liberty. Duration of detention was negatively associated with satisfaction of services provided in detention and the detainees’ Quality of Life (QOL). Detainees had low QOL domain scores with the psychological domain having the lowest score (41.9/100). The most significant factor positively associated with the QOL of detainees was the support received from detention staff. A sense of fear was present among detainees and staff. Detainees’ fear was due to their inadequate interaction with authorities, perceiving it as threatening, and due to their worry of facing repercussions of being involved in incidents caused by others. The potential for physical threat from detainees created a sense of fear among the staff. The detention staff expressed the need for more support to manage their emotional dilemma and role conflict of being a civil servant, simultaneously enabling the deportation process while providing humane care to detainees as fellow human beings. Detention centers in the Benelux countries had more categories of staff providing different services to detainees. Compared to the Benelux countries, healthcare services at the Swedish detention centers were limited. Detainees were offered no medical screening on arrival and no regular access to mental healthcare professionals. Detaining authorities have the obligation to safeguard the health of detainees. Challenges faced by the detention staff and detainees must be addressed to create a supportive environment and fulfill that obligation.
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Briglauer, Wolfgang, Georg Ecker, and Klaus Gugler. "Regulation and Investment in Next Generation Access Networks: Recent Evidence from the European Member States." Forschungsinstitut für Regulierungsökonomie, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2011. http://epub.wu.ac.at/3291/1/next_generation_access_eu.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fiber-deployment of future telecommunications networks ("Next Generation Access" - NGA) is
currently a major challenge for sector-specific regulators as well as for investing firms. Although the
future socio-economic importance of new telecommunications networks is uncontroversial, the related
investment activities vary substantially in international comparison.
This work intends to identify the most important determinants of previous NGA deployment using
data from the EU27 member states for the years 2005 to 2010. For our analysis, we employ latest data
on NGA deployment, relevant competition and regulatory indicators as well as other supply and
demand side controls. Our econometric model incorporates: i) aggregated country level data; ii)
structurally modeled dynamics of the deployment process which allows us to disentangle long-term
and short-term effects; finally, iii) we argue that there is no endogeneity problem with respect to
investment activities and regulation since we refer to regulation in preceding broadband markets. For
our econometric analysis, we employ several dynamic panel data methods, such as GMM and
LSDVC.
Our results indicate that stricter previous broadband access regulation has a negative impact on NGA
deployment. As regards the dynamics of the adjustment process, we find that there are severe
adjustment costs and stickiness towards the desired long-term level of NGA infrastructure. (author's abstract)Series: Working Papers / Research Institute for Regulatory Economics
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Pioch, Elke Angelika. "The effects of the Single European Market on retail change processes in the European Union : an investigation of selected sectors and member states." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.360084.
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Erisken, Cevat. "Electricity Market Liberalisation In The Eu-15 Member States, New Entrants And Candidate Countries: Measuring The Progress Between 1999 And 2001." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12605354/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Measuring the progress of the Member States of the European Union in liberalising their electricity markets has received considerable importance since the Electricity Directive 96/92/EC is introduced. In this thesis, first, a model based on the indicators-approach proposed by OXERA is developed to measure the degree of liberalisation in electricity markets. Then, the degree of electricity market liberalisation in the European Union-15, the New Entrants and Candidate Countries is measured in the years 1999, 2000 and 2001.
Measurement of electricity market liberalisation in the European Union-15 and the New Entrants and Candidate Countries brings about several important findings. It is seen that there is a progress in the degree of electricity market liberalisation in the European Union-15 between 1999 and 2001. Similarly, the New Entrants and Candidate Countries are, also, found to increase the degree of liberalisation in their national electricity markets between 1999 and 2001 and to converge to the European Union's level of electricity market liberalisation. Furthermore, comparison of the state of liberalisation in electricity generation and supply markets in the European Union -15 Member States and the New Entrants and Candidate Countries suggests that their electricity generation market is not as liberalised as their supply market.
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Arslan, Mehmet Inanc. "The Paradoxes Of European Union Immigration Policy And Its Repercussions On Turkish-eu Relations." Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614910/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In thesis, the way wended by European Union immigration policy is addressed under the light of historical background. Essentially, the arguments regarding immigration and free movement aroused and gained momentum in EU in 1980s. During 1990s, the justice and home affairs subjects obtained a central point among EU policies abruptly. However, despite all the efforts since then, it is still early to say that there emerges a uniform European immigration policy. In fact, it is quite hard to reach such a common policy, due to the unique structural requirements, different priorities and expectations of the Member States. It is examined in dissertation then why the Member States&rsquopolicymakers still insist on a common EU immigration policy in spite of this. The researcher asserts that some aspects of the common EU immigration policy serve as a new migration control mechanism in order to be able to take additional measures limiting third country nationals&rsquo
access to the rights of EU citizens by transferring restrictive national approaches and legislation into a supranational venue. It is also scrutinized in thesis in what ways Turkish citizens composing considerable population within Community borders and Turkey as a candidate state conducting negotiations on the membership process are affected from these efforts for a common EU immigration policy. It is examined whether this process generate any new breaking point in Turkish-EU relations or not.
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Gustafsson, Patrik. "THE EUROPEAN UNION AS A NORMATIVE POWER : a study on the diffusion of human rights norms by the EU in its member states." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-5313.
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