Дисертації з теми "Exergy cost"
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Wang, Mengyu. "Model-based Optimisation of Mixed Refrigerant LNG Processes." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/17387.
Повний текст джерелаCruz, Flávio Eduardo da. "Produção de hidrogênio em refinarias de petróleo: avaliação exergética e custo de produção." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3150/tde-17082010-123008/.
Повний текст джерелаPure hydrogen (H2) is an useful gas in chemical and petrochemical industries because it reacts easily with several other elements. On refineries, hydrogen is used to sequestrate sulphur from diesel and gasoline. Emission restrictions regard to fossil fuels are rising the world hydrogen demands. In spite of its abundance, hydrogen is normally found associated with other chemical species like water or hidrocarbons like methane or butane. Some especific processes are required to obtain pure hydrogen. Considered the most economic production route, the natural gas reforming process is analyzed by exergetic and thermoeconomic methods in order to determine the efficiencies and the hydrogen production cost. The hydrogen production cost is very sensitive to the cost of natural gas, which has suffered constant increases due to rising demand. This fact opens the possibility of using technologies that were previously considered economically unviable. The hydrogen unit studied was constructed in one of the Petrobras refineries, and the hydrogen produced is for the removal of sulfur in diesel oil. Based on project documents exergetic efficiencies of each component were determined. After that, an economic analysis was conducted in order to determine the construction, operation and maintenance costs of the whole plant. Two types of cost were determined, the actual cost production, which indicates the current cost product (2010), and the levelized cost, which takes into account the total production over life of the plant. Considering a natural gas cost equal to 9.11 US$/GJ, it was obtained an actual hydrogen production cost of 17.36 US$/GJ (2,093.13 US$/t) and a levelized cost of 25.35 US$/GJ (3,056.97 $/t). These values were compared with some hydrogen production costs presents on scientific papers and related references.
Deshpande, Jaydeep Sanjeev. "Investigations on Solar Powered Direct Contact Membrane Distillation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/71370.
Повний текст джерелаMaster of Science
Maraví, Camargo Jesús Edgar. "Análisis termoeconómico de la unidad de compresión de gas natural (UCGN) de una estación de carga de gas natural comprimido (GNC), mediante el método Exergy, Cost, Energy, Mass (EXCEM) para determinar la relación existente entre la eficiencia exérgetica de la UCGN y el costo de producción de GNC." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2018. http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/13023.
Повний текст джерелаTesis
Boyko, Vladimir, and Jürgen Weber. "Combinations of energy saving measures in pneumatics." Technische Universität Dresden, 2020. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A71216.
Повний текст джерелаDas, Barun Kumar. "Optimisation of stand-alone hybrid energy systems for power and thermal loads." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2018. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/2150.
Повний текст джерелаCombier, Robert. "Risk-informed scenario-based technology and manufacturing evaluation of aircraft systems." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/49046.
Повний текст джерелаMatos, Victor Ara?jo Ferreira. "Efeito de uma sess?o de exerc?cio intervalado de alta intensidade e exerc?cio cont?nuo de moderada intensidade sobre marcadores de apetite em homens com obesidade." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM EDUCA??O F?SICA, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24610.
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Introdu??o: O exerc?cio f?sico ? considerado uma estrat?gia fundamental no tratamento da obesidade por promover aumento no d?ficit cal?rico. Evid?ncias recentes sugerem que o exerc?cio de alta intensidade pode induzir altera??es fisiol?gicas que diminuem o apetite, contribuindo para redu??o da ingest?o cal?rica, fen?meno conhecido como anorexia induzida pelo exerc?cio (AIE). Objetivo: comparar o efeito agudo do exerc?cio intervalado de alta intensidade (EIAI) e exerc?cio cont?nuo de intensidade moderada (ECMI) sobre o consumo energ?tico e percep??o do apetite em homens com obesidade. M?todos: A pesquisa caracterizou-se como um ensaio cl?nico randomizado com delineamento cruzado. Quinze volunt?rios (31,0 ? 6,1 anos, 31,0 ? 6,0 kg/m?, 40,1 ? 2,2% de gordura corporal) foram submetidos a tr?s sess?es experimentais, separadas por sete dias: I) EIAI (10 x 1 min a 90% da frequ?ncia card?aca m?xima [FCm?x] + 1 min recupera??o ativa), II) ECMI (20 min a 70% da FCm?x) e III) Controle (sem exerc?cio). Uma refei??o padronizada foi oferecida 60 min antes de cada sess?o. A percep??o subjetiva do apetite (fome, saciedade, plenitude e perspectiva de consumo alimentar) foi avaliada por meio de uma escala visual anal?gica (EVA) em tr?s momentos: 1) pr?-sess?o, 2) p?s-sess?o e 3) uma hora ap?s sess?o. O consumo alimentar ad libitum foi analisado uma hora ap?s as sess?es experimentais e controle, por meio de registro pesado e o consumo alimentar ao longo do dia da sess?o (24 h) foi avaliado por meio de um registro alimentar estimado. A ANOVA two-way com medidas repetidas foi utilizada para analisar poss?veis diferen?as entre as condi??es e momentos na percep??o do apetite e uma ANOVA de medidas repetidas para analisar as diferen?as entre as condi??es no consumo alimentar ad libitum e 24 h. Resultados: N?o houve diferen?as significativas na percep??o de fome [F(1,3, 17,5)=0,00, p=0,972], saciedade [F(1,3, 17,5)=0,00, p=0,972], plenitude [F(2, 28)=0,13, p=0,876] e perspectiva de consumo [F(2, 28)=0,76, p=0,476] entre as condi??es, bem como n?o foram identificadas diferen?as significativas no consumo energ?tico na refei??o ad libitum: CON (674,5 ? 252,1), ECMI (666,7? 213,8) e EIAI (689,6? 263,8kcal) [F (2, 28)=0,13, p=0,877] e ao longo do dia da sess?o: CON (2857,6 ? 867,2), ECMI (2608,5? 595) e EIAI (2556,1? 489,5kcal) [F (2, 28) = 1,54, p=0,233]. Conclus?o: Uma sess?o de EIAI e ECMI n?o modificou o apetite e o consumo energ?tico ap?s 60 min e ao longo do dia em homens com obesidade.
Introduction: Physical exercise is considered a fundamental strategy in the treatment of obesity by promoting increase in the caloric deficit. Recent evidence suggests that high-intensity exercise can induce physiological changes that suppress appetite, decreasing caloric intake, a phenomenon known as exercise-induced anorexia (EIA). Objective: compare the acute effect of high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and continuous moderate intensity exercise (ECM) on energy intake and appetite perception in obese men. Methods: The study was characterized as a randomized clinical trial in cross-over design. Fifteen volunteers (31.0 ? 6.1 years, 31.0 ? 6.0 kg/ m?, 40.1 ? 2.2% body fat) underwent three experimental sessions, seven days apart: I) HIIE ( 10x 1 min at 90% of maximal heart rate [HRmax] + 1 min active recovery), II) ECM (20min to 70% of HRmax) and III) Control (without exercise). A standardized meal was offered 60 min before each session. Appetite perception (hunger, satiety, fullness and perspective food consumption) were evaluated through a visual analogue scale (VAS) in three moments: 1) Pre-session, 2) Post-session and 3) one hour after session. Energy intake was assessed one hour after session with an ad libitum meal and the consumption throughout the day (24hrs) was analyzed with a estimated food record. ANOVA Two-way with repeated measures was used to analyze the differences between conditions and moments on appetite perception and ANOVA with repeated measures to assess the differences between conditions on energy intake in ad libitum and 24hrs. Results: There were no significant differences on hunger [F (1.3, 17.5) = 0.00, p = 0.972], satiety [F (1.3, 17.5) = 0.00, p = 0.972], fullness [F (2, 28) = 0.13, p = 0.876] and prospective food consumption [F (2, 28) = 0.76, p = 0.476] between conditions. As well as no significant differences on energy intake were observed during ad libitum meal: CON (674,5 ? 252,1), ECM (666,7? 213,8) e HIIE (689,6? 263,8kcal) [F (2, 28) = 0.13, p = 0.877] and throughout the day CON (2857,6 ? 867,2), ECM (2608,5? 595) e HIIE (2556,1? 489,5kcal) [F (2, 28) = 1.54, p = 0.233].Conclusion: A single session of HIIE and ECM did not modified appetite and energy intake 60 min after and during the day following exercise in obese man.
Pinheiro, Pedro Ivo de Souza. "Efeitos dos exerc?cios aer?bio cont?nuo e intervalado na variabilidade da frequ?ncia card?aca em adultos jovens saud?veis. Ensaio cl?nico aleat?rio." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2015. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/20817.
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O exerc?cio intervalado de alta intensidade tem sido apontado como op??o para o aumento da pr?tica da atividade f?sica al?m de ser sugerido no manejo terap?utico de diversas condi??es como diabetes mellitus e insufici?ncia card?aca. Contudo, o conhecimento pleno das suas repercuss?es fisiol?gicas e dos par?metros que possam trazer maior seguran?a quanto ? sua prescri??o; em especial os efeitos a curto e m?dio prazo (24 horas ap?s o exerc?cio) sobre a recupera??o do exerc?cio, necessitam ser esclarecidos. O objetivo do presente trabalho ? avaliar a repercuss?o de uma sess?o de exerc?cio aer?bico cont?nuo e intervalado no controle auton?mico card?aco imediato e em m?dio prazo (24 horas), atrav?s da avalia??o da variabilidade da frequ?ncia card?aca (VFC). Trata-se de um ensaio cl?nico randomizado do tipo crossover onde indiv?duos jovens saud?veis e com baixo n?vel de atividade f?sica tiveram a VFC de 24 horas mensurada atrav?s de frequenc?metro e aceler?metro port?til (eMotion HRV 3D, Kuopio, Finl?ndia) antes e ap?s sess?o de exerc?cio aer?bio cont?nuo (60-70% FCmax, 21min.) e intervalado (ciclo 1 min. a 80-90% FCmax, 2 min. a 50-60% FCmax, dura??o 21 min.). A VFC foi avaliada nos dom?nio tempo e frequ?ncia e o balan?o simpatovagal determinado pela raz?o LF/HF. Avalia??o n?o linear foi calculada pela entropia de Shannon. O dados demonstraram retardo na recupera??o imediata da frequ?ncia card?aca p?s exerc?cio e menor FC 24 horas comparados a valores pr? interven??o, principalmente no exerc?cio intervalado. Houve tend?ncia ? maior predom?nio e valores de ?ndices representantes da estimula??o simp?tica durante o dia no grupo de exerc?cio intervalado; contudo, sem signific?ncia estat?stica. O resultados do estudo auxiliam no esclarecimento das repercuss?es do exerc?cio intervalado nas 24 horas que sucedem a interven??o permitindo par?metros para prescri??o e futura avalia??o de grupos de indiv?duos com patologias metab?licas e cardiovasculares.
The high-intensity interval exercise has been described as an option for increasing physical activity and its use also being suggested in the therapeutic management of many conditions such as diabetes mellitus and heart failure. However, the knowledge of its physiological effects and parameters that can assure greater safety for interval exercise prescription; especially its effect on short- and medium-term (24 hours after exercise) exercise recovery, need to be clarified. This study objective was to evaluate the effect of continuous and interval aerobic exercise on the cardiac autonomic control immediate and medium term (24 hours), by assessing heart rate variability (HRV). The present study is a randomized crossover clinical trial in which healthy young individuals with low level of physical activity had the VFC 24 hours measured by a heart rate sensor and portable accelerometer (3D eMotion HRV, Kuopio, Finland) before and after continuous aerobic exercise (60-70% HR max, 21 min.) and interval exercise (cycle 1 min. 80-90% HR max, 2 min. at 50-60% HR max, duration 21 min.). HRV was measured in the time and frequency domain and the sympathovagal balance determined by the ratio LF / HF. Nonlinear evaluation was calculated by Shannon entropy. The data demonstrated delayed heart rate recovery immediate after exercise and lower HR after 24 hours compared to pre intervention values, especially in the interval exercise group. There was a tendency to higher predominance and representatives index values of sympathetic stimulation during the day in interval exercise group; however, without statistical significance. The study results help to clarify the effects of interval exercise on the 24 hours following interval exercise, setting parameters for prescription and for further evaluation of groups with metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.
Souza, Daniel Costa de. "Efeito de uma sess?o de exerc?cio intervalado de alta intensidade e exerc?cio cont?nuo de moderada intensidade no perfil imunol?gico e inflamat?rio de homens com obesidade." PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM EDUCA??O F?SICA, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24756.
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Introdu??o: O excesso de gordura corporal ? associado ? inflama??o cr?nica de baixo grau e uma maior incid?ncia de doen?as infecciosas. Estudos recentes, indicam que o exerc?cio intervalado de alta intensidade (EIAI) ? uma estrat?gia eficiente em fun??o do tempo para melhorar par?metros de sa?de de indiv?duos com obesidade. No entanto, pouco ? conhecido sobre o efeito de uma sess?o de EIAI no equil?brio de citocinas pro e anti-inflamat?rias em obesos. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar uma ?nica sess?o de EIAI e exerc?cio cont?nuo de moderada intensidade (ECMI) sobre os n?veis s?ricos de interferon-y (INF-y), interleucina 4 e 6 (IL-4) (IL-6) e INF-y/IL-4 em homens com obesidade. M?todos: Dez homens com obesidade (IMC>30 kg/m?) foram submetidos a tr?s sess?es experimentais com uma semana de intervalo em ordem aleat?ria: 1) EIAI: 10 x 60 s a 90% da FCm?x alternados por 60 s de recupera??o ativa; 2) ECMI: 20 min a 70% da FCmax; 3) Controle. As coletas de sangue para analisar os n?veis s?ricos de citocinas foram realizadas nos momentos pr?, p?s e 60 min ap?s as sess?es de exerc?cio ou controle. Os dados foram apresentados em m?dia ? DP. ANOVA fatorial com medidas repetidas e post hoc de Bonferoni foi utilizado para avaliar as diferen?as entre os momentos e condi??es de exerc?cio. O n?vel de signific?ncia aceito foi de P< 0.05. Resultados: O EIAI reduziu os n?veis de INF-y imediatamente ap?s o exerc?cio (41,09 ? 14,99; P=0,032) e 60 min ap?s o exerc?cio (43,45 ? 11,76; P=0,003) em rela??o ao pr?-exerc?cio (46,64 ? 13,14), ao mesmo tempo que promoveu aumento nos n?veis de IL-4 imediatamente ap?s o exerc?cio (36,47 ? 11,09; P=0,007) em rela??o ao pr?-exerc?cio (32,04 ? 8,5). O ECMI promoveu aumento nos n?veis de INF-y imediatamente ap?s o exerc?cio (47,48 ? 8,42; P=0,025) e 60 min ap?s o exerc?cio (50,13 ? 7,99; P=0,004) em rela??o ao valor pr?-exerc?cio (44,21 ? 8,11). Ambas as condi??es de exerc?cio aumentaram os n?veis de IL-6 at? 60 min ap?s o exerc?cio (P<0.05). A raz?o INF-Y/IL-4 reduziu imediatamente ap?s (1,24 ? 0,60; P=0,002) e 60 min ap?s o exerc?cio (1,32 ? 0,53; P=0,005) em rela??o ao pr?-exerc?cio (1,58 ? 0,64) apenas para o EIAI. Conclus?o: Uma sess?o de EIAI induziu um padr?o de resposta anti-inflamat?ria e est? associado a preju?zos na resposta imune intracelular contra pat?genos. Por outro lado, uma breve sess?o de ECMI induziu altera??es no padr?o de citocinas seguindo um padr?o pr?-inflamat?rio o que pode favorecer ? melhora da resposta imune intracelular em homens com obesidade.
Introduction: The excess of body fat is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and high rates of infectious disease. Emerging evidences indicate that high intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is a time-efficient approach to promote health in obese population. However, little is known about the influence of HIIE on pro and anti-inflammatory cytokine balance in obesity. Purpose: Our purpose was to compare the acute effects of HIIE and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on cytokine levels, include interferon-y (INF-y), interleukin 4 and 6 (IL-4) (IL-6) levels and INF-y/IL-4 ratio in obese males. Methods: Ten obese males (BMI>30 kg/m?) were submitted into two experimental sessions with a week interval in a randomized order: 1) HIIE: 10 x 60 s at 90% of HRm?x interspersed by active recovery; 2) MICE: 20 min at 70% of HRmax;. Cytokines was analyzed before, immediately after and 60 min after-exercise. Data was presented in mean ? SD. ANOVA 2-way with repeated measures and post hoc Bonferoni was used to assess differences between moments and exercise conditions. Statistical significance was accepted at a p value of ? 0.05. Results: The HIIE results in decreased INF-Y levels immediately after-exercise (41,09 ? 4,74; P=0,032) and 60 min after-exercise (43,45 ? 3,72) (P=0,003) compared with before-exercise (46,64 ? 4,15), while an significant elevation in IL-4 levels was observed immediately after-exercise (36,47 ? 3,5) (P=0,007). The MICE results in increase of INF-Y levels after exercise (P=0,025) and 60 min post-exercise (P=0,004). Both exercise conditions results in increase of IL-6 levels after exercise (P<0.05). The INF-Y/IL-4 ratio decreases immediately after (P=0,002) and 60 min after-exercise (P=0,005) only for HIIE. Conclusion: HIIE induces imbalance in INF-Y/IL-4 ratio 60 min after exercise following an anti-inflammatory pattern. For other hand, MICE did not promote imbalance in INF-Y/IL-4 to 60 min after exercise in obese males.
Vahland, Sören. "Analysis of Parabolic Trough Solar Energy Integration into Different Geothermal Power Generation Concepts." Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-129093.
Повний текст джерелаMelo, Gertrudes Nunes de. "Estimula??o transcraniana por corrente cont?nua e a flutua??o de for?a em idosas durante exerc?cio isom?trico." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14615.
Повний текст джерелаThe fluctuacion force has been increasingly used in studies with elderly as a good predictor of performance and functionality of the motor. However, most analyzes the fluctuation of force in one session. Thus, identifying the minimum amount of sessions needed for familiarization with the fluctuation strength in isometric exercise become relevant. Furthermore, to investigate the effects of applying transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) associated with regular exercise on rates fluctuation task force is extremely important. In the first experiment, volunteers were subjected to a protocol marked by a familiarization session to establish the parameters of VCM and eight sessions with intensity of 30% MVC in office. It was observed that two familiarization sessions are required so there is a fluctuation stabilizing force. In experiment II, subjects performed an isometric contraction before and after applying tDCS (cathode, anode and sham) applied to M1. ETCC anodic effectively contributed to reducing the fluctuation of force during isometric exercise in the elderly, while the cathodic caused the increased levels of strength fluctuation. It was concluded that there is a need to implement a familiarization protocol with at least two sessions to avoid possible misunderstandings of measurements in tests of fluctuacion force. Besides that tDCS interfered with the behavior of the oscillations of force, with cathodic promoting increased fluctuation strength and anodic contributed to greater stability, demonstrating the potential of this technique neuromodulation associated with exercise as rehabilitation tools
A flutua??o de for?a tem sido cada vez mais utilizada em estudos com idosos como um bom preditor de desempenho e funcionalidade da motricidade. No entanto, a maioria analisa a flutua??o de for?a em sess?o ?nica. Assim, identificar a quantidade de sess?es m?nimas necess?rias para a familiariza??o ao teste de flutua??o de for?a em exerc?cio isom?trico tornar-se pertinente. Al?m disso, investigar os efeitos da aplica??o da Estimula??o Transcraniana por Corrente Cont?nua (ETCC) associada ? pr?tica regular de exerc?cio sobre os ?ndices de flutua??o de for?a ? tarefa de extrema relev?ncia. No experimento I, volunt?rias foram submetidas a um protocolo de familiariza??o marcado por uma sess?o para estabelecer os par?metros de CVM e oito sess?es com intensidade de 30%CVM em exerc?cio. Observou-se que duas sess?es de familiariza??o s?o necess?rias para que haja uma estabiliza??o da flutua??o de for?a. No experimento II, volunt?rias realizaram uma contra??o isom?trica antes e ap?s a aplica??o de ETCC (cat?dica, an?dica e sham) aplicada ao M1. ETCC an?dica contribuiu efetivamente para a redu??o da flutua??o de for?a em idosos durante exerc?cio isom?trico, enquanto que a cat?dica provocou o aumento dos ?ndices de flutua??o de for?a. Concluiu-se que h? a necessidade de aplica??o de um protocolo de familiariza??o com pelo menos duas sess?es para que sejam evitados equ?vocos de mensura??es em testes de avalia??o da flutua??o de for?a. Al?m de que a ETCC interferiu no comportamento das oscila??es de for?a, com cat?dica promovendo aumento da flutua??o de for?a e a an?dica contribuiu para uma maior estabilidade, demonstrando o potencial dessa t?cnica de neuromodula??o associada ao exerc?cio como ferramentas de reabilita??o
Marinheiro, Richardson Correia. "A influ?ncia da estimula??o transcr?niana por corrente cont?nua nos par?metros de dano muscular induzido pelo exerc?cio." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2013. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/14617.
Повний текст джерелаA estimula??o transcraniana por corrente cont?nua (ETCC) ? uma t?cnica n?o invasiva que apresenta caracter?sticas anti-fadigante e analg?sica. Com o objetivo de testar seus efeitos sobre a diminui??o da for?a e do aparecimento da dor muscular de in?cio tardio (DMIT), apresentados ap?s um evento de dano muscular induzido pelo exerc?cio (DMIE), foi utilizado um estudo cl?nico de car?ter experimental, controlado, randomizado e duplo-cego. A amostra foi composta por 24 jovens do sexo masculino, aparentemente saud?veis (19,7?1,8 anos; 23,6?3,65 IMC), os quais foram alocada, de forma aleat?ria e estratificada, nos seguintes grupos: G1: grupo controle; G2: grupo de estimula??o ap?s o dano e G3: grupo com estimula??o antes e ap?s o dano muscular. Os dados foram submetidos ? estat?stica descritiva e an?lise de vari?ncia ANOVA, adotando-se um n?vel de signific?ncia de 5%. O aumento nos n?veis s?ricos de CK (56.18%) e LDH (24,15%) comprovou a ocorr?ncia do DMIE. Em contrapartida, ap?s a an?lise de vari?ncia para compara??o dos tratamentos aplicados, pode-se observar que n?o houve diferen?as significativas nos n?veis de CK (p= 0,3514) e for?a muscular (p= 0,9702). A DMIT transcorreu como esperado, mas sem diferen?a significativa entre os grupos (p= 0,4861). Estes dados demonstraram que a ETCC n?o foi capaz de modular a DMIT e a diminui??o da for?a muscular ap?s o DMIE em jovens aparentemente saud?veis
Farias, Catharinne Ang?lica Carvalho de. "Custos e benef?cios de um programa de exerc?cio aer?bios na doen?a pulmonar obstrutiva cr?nica: ensaio clin?co aleat?rio controlado." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2012. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/16730.
Повний текст джерелаPulmonary Rehabilitation, especially due to aerobic exercise, positive impact in reducing morbidity/mortality of patients with COPD, however the economic impact with costs of implementing simple programs of aerobic exercise are scarce. This is a blind randomized clinical trials, which aimed to evaluate the costs and benefits of a simple program of aerobic exercise in individuals with COPD, considering the financial costs of the Public Health System and its secondary endpoints. We evaluated lung function, the distance walked during six minutes of walking, the respiratory and peripheral muscle strength, quality of life related to health (QLRH), body composition and level of activity of daily living (ADL) before and after eight weeks of an aerobic exercise program consisting of educational guidance for both groups, control and intervention and supervised walks to the intervention group. The health costs generated in both groups were calculated following table Brazilian Public Health System. The sample consisted of forty patients, two being excluded in the initial phase of desaturation during the walk test six minutes. Were randomized into control and intervention group thirty-eight patients, three were excluded from the control group and one was excluded from the intervention group. At the end, thirty-four COPD comprised the sample, 16 in the control group and 18 in the intervention group (FEV1: 50.9 ? 14% pred and FEV1: 56 ? 0.5% pred, respectively). After for intervention, the intervention group showed improvement in meters walked, the sensation of dyspnea and fatigue at work, BODE index (p <0.01) in QLRH, ADL level (p <0.001) as well as increased strength lower limbs (p <0.05). The final cost of the program for the intervention group was R $ 148.75, including: assessments, hiking supervised by a physiotherapist and reassessments. No patient had exacerbation of IG, while 2 patients in the CG exacerbated, generating an average individual cost of R $ 689.15. The aerobic exercises in the form of walking showed significant clinical benefits and economic feasibility of its implementation, due to low cost and easy accessibility for patients, allowing them to add their daily practice of aerobic exercises
A Reabilita??o Pulmonar, especialmente devido aos exerc?cios aer?bios, impacta positivamente na redu??o da morbidade/mortalidade do paciente com DPOC, entretanto o impacto econ?mico com custos de da implementa??o de programas simples de exerc?cios aerobios s?o escassos. Trata-se de um ensaio cl?nico aleat?rio controlado cego, que objetivou avaliar os custos e os benef?cios de um programa simples de exerc?cios aer?bios em indiv?duos com DPOC, considerando os custos financeiros do Sistema P?blico de Sa?de e seus desfechos secund?rios. Foram avaliadas a fun??o pulmonar, a dist?ncia percorrida no teste da caminhada dos 6 minutos, a for?a muscular respirat?ria e perif?rica, a qualidade de vida relacionada ? sa?de (QVRS), a composi??o corporal e o n?vel de atividade de vida di?ria (AVD) antes e ap?s oito semanas de um programa de exerc?cios aer?bicos composto por de orienta??es educacionais para ambos os grupos, controle e interven??o e caminhadas supervisionadas para o grupo interven??o. Os custos sanit?rios gerados em ambos os grupos foram calculados seguindo tabela do Sistema de Sa?de P?blico Brasileiro. A amostra foi composta por quarenta pacientes, sendo dois exclu?dos na fase inicial por dessatura??o durante o teste de caminhada de seis minutos. Foram aleatorizados em grupo controle e grupo interven??o trinta e oito pacientes, sendo que tr?s foram exclu?dos do grupo controle e um foi exclu?do do grupo interven??o. Ao final, trinta e quatro DPOC compuseram a amostra, 16 no grupo controle e 18 no grupo interven??o (VEF1: 50.9 ? 14 %pred e VEF1: 56 ? 0.5 %pred, respectivamente). Ap?s para interven??o, o grupo interven??o apresentou melhora nos metros caminhados, na sensa??o de dispneia e fadiga, no trabalho realizado, ?ndice de BODE (p<0.01), na QVRS, no n?vel de AVD (p<0.001) al?m de incremento da for?a dos membros inferiores (p<0.05). O custo final do programa para o grupo interven??o foi de R$ 148.75, incluindo: avalia??es, caminhadas supervisionadas por um fisioterapeuta e as reavalia??es. Nenhum paciente do GI apresentou exacerba??o, enquanto no GC 2 pacientes exacerbaram, gerando um custo individual m?dio de R$ 689.15. Os exerc?cios aer?bios na modalidade de caminhadas demonstraram significantes benef?cios cl?nicos e a viabilidade econ?mica de sua implementa??o, devido ao baixo custo e de f?cil acessibilidade para os pacientes, permitindo que estes possam adicionar as suas atividades di?rias a pr?tica de exerc?cios aer?bios
Felismino, Amanda Soares. "Reabilita??o card?aca na insufici?ncia card?aca cr?nica: efeitos de 12 semanas de treinamento intervalado x cont?nuo na fun??o cardiopulmonar e qualidade de vida." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2015. http://repositorio.ufrn.br/handle/123456789/21232.
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Introdu??o: A Reabilita??o Card?aca (RC) tem importante efeito na mortalidade e morbidade dos pacientes com insufici?ncia card?aca (IC) cr?nica, sendo o exerc?cio f?sico uma alternativa para tratamento desse paciente. O tipo de exerc?cio mais estudado para alcan?ar o condicionamento cardiovascular ? o treinamento f?sico cont?nuo. Recentemente t?m-se estudado os efeitos do treinamento intervalar com alta intensidade de exerc?cio, por?m ainda n?o h? consenso sobre a dose e tipo ideal de exerc?cio para esse paciente. O objetivo do presente ensaio cl?nico foi avaliar os efeitos do treinamento aer?bico cont?nuo vs intervalado na capacidade aer?bia e qualidade de vida em pacientes com IC cr?nica. M?todos e Resultados: Dezoito pacientes com IC cr?nica com tratamento medicamentoso otimizado (m?dia de 44,7?13,2 anos; 35,2?8,9% de Fra??o de eje??o de ventr?culo esquerdo [FEVE] e de VO2pico de 20,6?5,3ml/kg/min) foram randomizados em: Grupo Treinamento Intervalado (GTI - 85% da frequ?ncia card?aca de reserva - FCR), Grupo Treinamento Cont?nuo (GTC - 60% da FCR), realizados 3 vezes por 12 semanas (total de 36horas) e Grupo Controle (GC) que recebeu orienta??es sobre a import?ncia da atividade f?sica. Os pacientes foram submetidos a uma avalia??o inicial e final da capacidade aer?bica (Teste de esfor?o cardiopulmonar - TECP) e question?rio de qualidade de vida. Ambos os treinamento foram eficientes para aumentar o VO2pico sendo 15,1% (P=0,02) no GTI e 16,1% (P=0,01) no GTC. Quanto ? qualidade de vida tanto o GTI, quanto o GTC apresentaram melhora quando comparados com o grupo controle (P=0,006). Os eventos de incompatibilidade hemodin?mica durante o TECP (depress?o/manuten??o de press?o arterial sist?lica) foram reduzidos ap?s o treinamento mais no GTC (4 para 1 pacientes) do que no GTI (5 para 3). O risco card?aco tamb?m diminuiu mais no GTC (3 pacientes sairam do risco moderado/grave para o leve ap?s o treinamento) e no GTI apenas 1 pacientes mudou essa categoria. Conclus?o: Ambos os tipos de treinamento foram eficientes em aumentar o condicionamento aer?bico e qualidade de vida neste grupo de pacientes, entretanto no grupo intervalar foram mais frequentes a queda ou manuten??o da press?o arterial sist?lica sugerindo maior incompet?ncia hemodin?mica e maior risco de desenvolver evento card?aco
Background: Cardiac Rehabilitation (CR) has effect on mortality in patients with heart failure (HF) chronic, and the exercise of the treatment of this patient. The most common exercise is ongoing training. Recently we have been studying the effects of interval training, but there is no consensus on the optimal dose of exercise. Objective: To evaluate the effects of interval aerobic training are superior to continuous aerobic training in patients with chronic HF. Methods: The clinical trial evaluated patients through cardiopulmonary test (CPX) and quality of life before and after the RC (3 times / 12 weeks). Patients were randomized into Group Interval Training (GTI - 85% of heart rate reserve - FCR), Continuous Training Group (GTC - 60% of HRR) and control group (CG) who received guidelines. Results: 18 patients were evaluated (mean age 44.7 ? 13.2 years and 35.2 ? 8.9% of left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF]). Both groups were efficient to increase the peak VO2 and 15.1% (P = 0.02) in GTI and 16.1% (P = 0.01) GTC. As for the quality of life the GTI GTC showed improvement compared to the control group (P = 0.006). Hemodynamic mismatch events during the CPX were reduced after training in more GTC (patients 1 to 4) than in the GTI (5 to 3). Cardiac risk also decreased in the GTC (3 patients left the severe risk to take after training). Conclusion: Continuous training becomes more appropriate for improving fitness with little chance of developing cardiac event patients with chronic HF.
Tavares, Adilson de Lima. "O impacto dos custos n?o-gerenci?veis na determina??o das tarifas de energia el?trica: um estudo nas companhias distribuidoras do nordeste que tiveram revis?o tarif?ria nos exerc?cios de 2003 e 2004." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2006. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/18178.
Повний текст джерелаThis work presents results derived from a study related to impact on non-controllable costs in the determination of energy taxes. This is done analyzing tax review practiced by concessionaries responsible for the distribution of electrical energy located in the Northeastern Region of Brazil, between 2003 and 2004. This Region was chosen as a study area due to the researcher s expectation in congregating companies that deliver services to markets that have similar social-economical profiles. A brief explanation related to the restructuring of the electrical sector in Brazil is presented, pointing out that there was privatization of the great majority of these companies. The study also points out the definition of regulating rules in service delivery process. The components of taxes that are practiced by these companies aimed at final consumers, as well as the market as a whole and the revision process that is executed by Ag?ncia Nacional de Energia El?trica ANEEL for the definition of these taxes are demonstrated in the research. A brief historical of the concessionaires that were focus of the research is presented, totaling five companies. Some data used by ANEEL in the tax review process was analyzed as well as data on components of approved taxes. It is concluded that as a media 47, 49% of the components of taxes in the researched companies correspond to the non-controllable costs. These is done considering previous classification by ANEEL in the tax review process. Although, if it is considered that these companies since 2006, by the means of participation in energy auctions are able to negotiate energy prices for their own needs, it is concluded that these concession contracts guarantee the delivery of the service to the costumer in the total tribute. The percentage of non-controllable costs is 16, 27% average of the tax. This means, amongst other information, that the government has a great deal of responsibility in the formation of price practiced by these companies and its target markets
Este trabalho apresenta o resultado de um estudo do impacto dos custos n?o-gerenci?veis na determina??o das tarifas de energia el?trica decorrentes do processo de revis?o tarif?ria, ocorrido nos exerc?cios de 2003 e 2004, nas concession?rias de distribui??o de energia el?trica localizadas na Regi?o Nordeste do Brasil. A escolha da Regi?o Nordeste como ?rea de estudo, deve-se ? expectativa do pesquisador em congregar no estudo empresas que prestem servi?os a mercados com perfis s?cio-econ?mico similares. ? apresentada uma breve explana??o sobre a reestrutura??o do setor el?trico no Brasil, tendo como conseq??ncia a privatiza??o da maioria das distribuidoras de energia e a defini??o das regras de regula??o na presta??o do servi?o. S?o demonstrados os componentes das tarifas de energia el?trica praticadas pelas concession?rias aos consumidores finais de seus mercados e o processo de revis?o tarif?ria executado pela Ag?ncia Nacional de Energia El?trica ANEEL para defini??o dessas tarifas. ? feito um breve hist?rico das concession?rias pesquisadas, num total de cinco companhias. Por fim, s?o discutidos os dados utilizados pela ANEEL no processo de revis?o tarif?ria e analisados os componentes das tarifas aprovadas. Conclui-se que, em m?dia, 47,49% dos componentes das tarifas das empresas pesquisadas correspondem a custos n?o-gerenci?veis, ? luz da classifica??o utilizada pela ANEEL no processo de revis?o tarif?ria. Entretanto, se considerado que as distribuidoras, a partir do exerc?cio de 2006, t?m a capacidade de negociar o pre?o de compra da energia para a totalidade de sua necessidade, participando de leil?es de energia, e que os contratos de concess?o garantem o repasse ao consumidor da totalidade dos tributos, o percentual dos custos n?o-gerenci?veis passa a ser, em m?dia, de 16,27% da tarifa, o que significa, dentre outras informa??es, que o poder p?blico tem uma consider?vel parcela de responsabilidade na forma??o dos pre?os de energia praticados pelas concession?rias em seus mercados de atua??o
Gaudreau, Kyrke. "Exergy analysis and resource accounting." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4507.
Повний текст джерелаNg, Cheng Hin Jason. "Life Cycle Optimization of a Residential Solar Combisystem for Minimum Cost, Energy Use and Exergy Destroyed." Thesis, 2013. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/975117/1/Ng%2DCheng%2DHin_MASc_S2013.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаOrhan, Mehmet Fatih. "Energy, exergy and cost analyses of nuclear-based hydrogen production via thermochemical water decomposition using a copper-chlorine (Cu-CI) cycle." Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10155/8.
Повний текст джерелаUOIT
Ludwig, Mario. "Analysis of hydrogen-based energy storage pathways." 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72945.
Повний текст джерелаWasserstoff wird als einer der wichtigsten Energieträger zur Speicherung von fluktuierender Wind- und Solarenergie in einem nachhaltigen Energiesystem betrachtet. In dieser Arbeit werden Exergieeffizienz und Kostenanalysen durchgeführt, um verschiedene Pfade von Wasserstoffherstellung (PEM, alkalische oder Festoxidelektrolyse), -speicherung (Verdichtung, Verflüssigung oder Methanisierung), -transport (Trailer oder Pipeline) und -rückverstromung (PEM-, Festoxidbrennstoffzellen oder Gas- und Dampfkraftwerke (GuD)) zu vergleichen. Alle Prozessketten werden für Voll- und Teillast simuliert und ihrWirkungsgrad sowie die Kosten berechnet. Weiterhin werden Lastprofile abgeschätzt, um ein gesamtes Betriebsjahr unter schwankender Last zu simulieren. Die Ergebnisse zeigen exergetische Strom-zu-Strom-Wirkungsgrade von etwa 17.5 % bis 43 %. Die größten Verluste treten bei der Rückverstromung und bei der Herstellung von Wasserstoff auf. Methanisierung zeigt sowohl niedrigere Wirkungsgrade als auch höhere Kosten als Pfade mit reinem Wasserstoff. Während GuD-Kraftwerke sehr hohe Wirkungsgrade bei Volllast aufweisen, zeigen Brennstoffzellen im Lastfolgebetrieb über ein Gesamtjahr höhere Wirkungsgrade. Spezifische Gesamtkosten zwischen 245 e/MWh und 646 e/MWh werden durch die Simulation berechnet. Niedrigere Prozesskettengesamtkosten sind gemeinhin mit einem hohem Wirkungsgrad verbunden. Installationskosten sind auf Grund der niedrigen Volllaststundenzahl der hauptsächliche Treiber der Gesamtkosten. Um die Energiespeicherkosten der Prozessketten zu verringern, werden die Kostenreduktion durch den Verkauf von Nebenprodukten wie Sauerstoff und Wärme, sowie die Erweiterung der Anwendung untersucht. Während der Effekt des Erlöses durch den Verkauf von Sauerstoff gering ist, kann der von Wärme die Gesamtkosten signifikant verringern. Eine Erhöhung der Volllaststudenzahl durch das Einbeziehen einer Elektrolyse-Grundlast für die Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff für die mobile Anwendung zeigt auch eine deutliche Verringerung der Gesamtkosten auf bis zu 151 €/MWh bei 2337 h/a Volllaststunden. Die Optimierung des Wirkungsgrades wird durch die Analyse von physischer sowie Wärmeexergierückgewinnung durchgeführt. Dafür wird die Nutzung von Expansionsmaschinen im Gasnetz, der Einsatz von zusätzlichen Joule- und Clausius-Rankine-Prozessen, wie auch die Bereitstellung von Wärme für die Dampfelektrolyse aus der Methanisierung, der Kühlung zwischen Verdichtungsstufen und der Speicherung von Wärme analysiert. Die Berechnung zeigt, dass bei Volllast Prozessketten, die Wasserstoff mit Hilfe von Festoxidelektrolyse herstellen und diesen dann in einem GuD-Kraftwerk oder einer Festoxidbrennstoffzelle mit Clausius-Rankine- Prozess rückverstromen, exergetischeWirkungsgrade von 47 % bzw. 45.5 % erreicht werden können. Eine reversible Festoxidbrennstoffzelle, die Wärme und Wasserstoff in einem Metallhydrid speichert, kann exergetische Wirkungsgrade von 46.5 % erreichen. Die Energiespeicherkosten für diese Systeme können bei Volllast 35 bis 40 €/MWh betragen. Es kann angenommen werden, dass über ein Betriebsjahr der Wirkungsgrad steigen wird.:1 Introduction 22 2 Objective and Structure 24 3 Hydrogen as an Energy Vector 25 3.1 Mobile application focus 25 3.2 Stationary application focus 28 3.3 Studies on energy systems 32 3.4 Conclusion 36 4 Hydrogen Technology Overview 37 4.1 Hydrogen production 37 4.1.1 Electro-chemical hydrogen production 37 4.1.2 Thermo-chemical hydrogen production 42 4.1.3 Biological hydrogen production 46 4.1.4 Other hydrogen production processes 46 4.1.5 Gas cleaning 47 4.2 Hydrogen storage 49 4.2.1 Chemical compounds 49 4.2.2 Metal hydride 50 4.2.3 Physical storage 52 4.3 Hydrogen transport 54 4.3.1 Gas grid 54 4.3.2 Trailer 56 4.4 Hydrogen utilization 56 4.4.1 Thermochemical utilization 56 4.4.2 Electrochemical utilization 59 4.5 Investigated energy conversion processes 69 5 Model Description 72 5.1 Components 72 5.1.1 Electrochemical cells 72 5.1.2 Rectifier and inverter 77 5.1.3 Metal hydride storage 78 5.1.4 Liquid hydrogen storage 78 5.1.5 Chemical reactors 78 5.1.6 Catalytic burner 81 5.1.7 Blower 81 5.1.8 Compressor 82 5.1.9 Turbine 82 5.1.10 Electrical engine and generator 82 5.1.11 Heat exchanger 83 5.1.12 Mixer and splitter 84 5.1.13 Sources and sinks 85 5.2 Combined cycle gas turbine 85 5.3 Electricity grid 85 5.4 The exergy method 85 5.5 Property data 88 5.6 Cost model 88 5.7 Load profiles 90 6 Process Analysis 92 6.1 Production 92 6.1.1 Alkaline electrolysis 92 6.1.2 Proton exchange membrane electrolysis 95 6.1.3 Solid oxide electrolysis 96 6.2 Storage 100 6.2.1 Methanation 100 6.2.2 Compression 101 6.2.3 Liquefaction 101 6.3 Transport 101 6.3.1 Gas grid 101 6.3.2 Trailer 101 6.4 Utilization 102 6.4.1 Combined cycle gas turbine 102 6.4.2 Proton exchange membrane fuel cell 104 6.4.3 Solid oxide fuel cell 109 7 Process Chain Analysis 118 7.1 Exergy Efficiency 118 7.1.1 Exergy analysis for full load operation 120 7.1.2 Exergy analysis for load following operation 124 7.2 Overall Costs 125 7.2.1 Cost analysis for full load operation 125 7.2.2 Cost analysis for load following operation 129 8 Waste exergy recovery overview 135 8.1 Waste heat exergy recovery 136 8.1.1 Solid oxide electrolysis 136 8.1.2 Clausius Rankine Cycles 137 8.1.3 Joule Cycles 138 8.1.4 Combination of Joule and Clausius Rankine cycles 139 8.2 Physical exergy recovery 140 8.3 Cryo-exergy recovery 140 9 Process Optimization 141 9.1 Physical exergy recovery 141 9.2 Waste heat exergy recovery 142 9.2.1 Solid oxide electrolysis 142 9.2.2 High Temperature PEM fuel cell 143 9.2.3 Solid oxide fuel cell 144 9.2.4 Reversible solid oxide cell system 149 10 Process Chain Optimization 154 10.1 Economic optimization 154 10.1.1 Costs for by-products 154 10.1.2 Application scenario 156 10.2 Comparison of optimized process designs in process chains 156 10.2.1 Physical exergy recovery 160 10.2.2 Heat exergy recovery 160 10.2.3 Combination of physical and heat exergy recovery 165 11 Conclusion 170 12 Outlook 174
Chen, Roung Shoun, and 陳榮舜. "The Study of Total Operational Cost with Different Fuel Prices in the Cogeneration System and the Exergy Analysis of Air-Conditioner without Condensed Water." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83024353324262864051.
Повний текст джерела大同大學
機械工程研究所
89
PART ONE :The Study of Total Operational Cost with Different Fuel Prices in the Cogeneration System The thesis deals with cogeneration system of extraction-type steam turbine generator. Under taking into account of operational cost and enthalpy for fuel, it is an interesting place that how the cost is obtained as minimum by mixing coal and oil while cogeneration system is running. Based on the real design and industrial application, the attempt of the investment is to find the I/O curve for boiler and steam turbine from output data. Furthermore, it is possible to determine the optimum values from boiler and electric power with the lowest cost for fuel, water feeding, and benefits of selling power to Taiwan Power Company. The results show that the best way to save the operational cost is to generate and sell power from the extra steam with high loading at off-peak time while the price for coal is down to 1.7 NT$/kg. Instead, while oil price is up to 4.1 NT$/kg, the optimum value of steam generation can be determined as system is mid-loading. Consequently, it is not worthy to generate and sell the extra power to Taiwan Power Company when the cost of gas is up to 9 NT$/kg in low loading. Meanwhile, in addition, GateCycle 5.2 software is used for analyzing efficiency of whole system. And the output data can be applied as reference. PART TWO : The Exergy Analysis of Air-Conditioner without Condensed Water This part of thesis focuses on the air-conditioner without condensed water. In order to save power energy, the exergy loss of air-conditioner must be reduced. Meanwhile, how to deal with the condensed water is also a puzzle. Numerous attempts have been made by scholars for many years. However, extracted water jet tool, the instrument designed for solving these problems, has never been tried. This equipment utilizes theorem of water evaporation to save energy. First, this mechanism sucks condensed water from the base of evaporator by screw liked channel, and then water is spayed out all over the hot condenser. As a result of high temperature makes the water evaporate and take the heat away. Thus, more heat can be removed; the higher EER and COP values are obtained. As expected, the exergy is also decreased. Another more efficient approach suggested in this paper is to increase the speed of rotation for fans. Experiment shows that high speed of air to condenser can also save the exergy. Finally, both of the two efficient ways will be performed in Tables and proved later.
Abuadala, Abdussalam Goma. "Investigation of sustainable hydrogen production from steam biomass gasification." Diss., 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10155/130.
Повний текст джерелаUOIT
LEONCINI, LORENZO. "Analisi degli scenari energetici europei e sviluppo di un criterio di valutazione exergetica del sistema edificio." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/869321.
Повний текст джерелаShamoushaki, Moein. "From economic to exergo-economic modeling of geothermal power plant." Doctoral thesis, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1259368.
Повний текст джерела