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Статті в журналах з теми "Exercice à charge constante"
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Thibault, P. "Exercice infirmier : place de la formation douleur." Douleur et Analgésie 34, no. 4 (December 2021): 225–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3166/dea-2021-0181.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
La formation des professionnels de santé, en particulier médecins et infirmiers, est un point crucial pour l’amélioration de la prise en charge des patients, de la prévention de la douleur aiguë au suivi des patients douloureux chroniques. Cet article a pour objectif de faire le point sur l’état des lieux de la formation, en particulier pour les infirmiers et aides-soignants, et de faire des propositions tant dans le domaine de la formation initiale et continue des professionnels infirmiers que dans celui de la formalisation de la formation des infirmiers ressource douleur, professionnels experts dans le champ de la douleur, dont l’expertise n’est à ce jour pas reconnue.
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Dikenstein, Violeta. "Vecinos en alerta: un rol difícil de institucionalizar. Estudio en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires." URVIO. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Seguridad, no. 24 (May 10, 2019): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17141/urvio.24.2019.3790.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
En este artículo nos proponemos analizar la actividad de un conjunto de actores, residentes de un barrio del sur de la ciudad de Buenos Aires, que hacen de la inseguridad su ámbito de intervención, de ejercicio y de “trabajo”, a quienes denominamos –provisoriamente– vecinos en alerta. Desde una perspectiva cualitativa basada en la realización de entrevistas en profundidad con los actores implicados en el proceso estudiado y observación participante en los múltiples escenarios por donde circulan, reconstruimos los perfiles de los vecinos en alerta, el repertorio de actividades que llevan adelante, las relaciones que establecen entre sí y con otros actores, los lazos de coordinación y conflicto que entablan en este transcurso, así como las situaciones de interacción en las que este rol entra en juego. Hallamos que hay un repertorio compartido de actividades que desempeñan estos actores, variado dentro de ciertos límites. También, que el rol de vecino en alerta está sujeto a una constante negociación y redefinición, en las instancias de encuentro con diversas autoridades institucionales encargadas de la seguridad.
Abstract
In this article we propose to analyze the activity of a group of people, residents of a neighborhood in the south of the city of Buenos Aires, who make insecurity their area of intervention, exercise and "work", whom we call alert neighbors. From a qualitative perspective based on in-depth interviews with those involved in the process studied, and participatory observation in the scenarios where they circulate, we describe the profiles of the alert neighbors, the repertoire of activities that they carry out, the relationships they establish among themselves and with other actors, the bonds of coordination and conflict that they establish in this course, as well as the situations of interaction in which this role comes into play. We find that there is a shared repertoire of activities performed by these actors, varied within certain limits. Also, that the role of alert neighbor is subject to constant negotiation and redefinition, in the instances of meeting with various institutional authorities in charge of security.
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Lampert, Evan. "Use of U.S. Census Bureau Data to Expose Students to Dynamic Population Growth." American Biology Teacher 79, no. 7 (September 1, 2017): 572–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/abt.2017.79.7.572.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Global human population size and understanding how it has changed and will change in the future are important concepts for students. Here I describe exercises that use online databases provided by the U.S. Census Bureau to show students how both population size and the rate of change vary over time. In the first exercise, the U.S. population clock is used to calculate daily birth, death, and migrant and death rates, and how the world population clock is used to calculate the rate of change. These rates can be used to predict what the population size would be if the rates remained unchanged for a predetermined time interval. In the second exercise, historical data are used to determine the years with the most change in U.S. and world population size, then calculate how much larger the current population would be if those historical rates of change remained constant. These exercises have improved quantitative literacy while showing students current and historical trends in human population.
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Puech, Alain, and Bibiana Quiterio-Mendoza. "Caractérisation des massifs rocheux pour le dimensionnement de pieux forés en mer." Revue Française de Géotechnique, no. 158 (2019): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/geotech/2019011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Les pieux forés et cimentés sont une solution envisagée comme fondations de structures marines dans les roches tendres à dures rencontrées au large des côtes françaises. Le dimensionnement des pieux au rocher est un exercice délicat. L’exécution de séries d’essais de cisaillement d’interface à rigidité constante (dits essais CNS) est considérée comme une approche réaliste pour estimer la résistance au cisaillement de l’interface roche-ciment sous chargements statiques et cycliques. Les essais CNS sont conditionnés par deux paramètres clés qui sont liés aux caractéristiques du massif rocheux : la rigidité du massif et la géométrie de l’interface roche-ciment. Cet article propose une approche méthodologique pour estimer ces paramètres.
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A.F. "Charge virale de malales atteints du syndrome d'immunodéfience aquise (sida) et exercice." Science & Sports 14, no. 6 (November 1999): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0765-1597(00)86525-9.
Повний текст джерела
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O'Connor, Sinéad, Paul McLoughlin, Charles G. Gallagher, and Helen R. Harty. "Ventilatory response to incremental and constant-workload exercise in the presence of a thoracic restriction." Journal of Applied Physiology 89, no. 6 (December 1, 2000): 2179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.2000.89.6.2179.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the presence of an externally applied thoracic restriction, conflicting ventilatory responses to exercise have been reported, which could be accounted for by differences in exercise protocol. Seven male subjects performed two incremental and two constant-workload ergometer tests either unrestricted or in the presence of an inelastic corset. Ventilatory variables and arterial estimates of Pco 2 were obtained breath by breath. Subjects hyperventilated in the presence of restriction during the constant-workload test (38.4 ± 3.0 vs. 32.8 ± 3.0 l/min for the average of the last 3 min of exercise, P < 0.05), whereas, at an equivalent workload during the incremental test, ventilation was similar to unrestricted values (unrestricted = 26.3 ± 1.6 vs. restricted = 27.9 ± 2.3 l/min, P = 0.36). We used a first-order linear model to describe the effects of change in workload on minute ventilation (24). When the time constants and minute ventilation values measured during unrestricted and restricted constant-workload exercise were used to predict the ventilatory response to the respective incremental exercise tests, no significant difference was observed. This suggests that hyperventilation is not seen in the restricted incremental test because the temporal dynamics of the ventilatory response are altered.
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Hourcade, J. C., G. Saulière, P. Noirez, J. F. Toussaint, and F. D. Desgorces. "Quatre mois de charge d’entraînement globale et par exercice chez le footballeur professionnel." Science & Sports 32, no. 4 (September 2017): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scispo.2017.03.004.
Повний текст джерела
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Martin, Jean-René. "7/10 Délégation de prise en charge en secteur libéral ou exercice regroupé." Soins 60, no. 798 (September 2015): 59–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soin.2015.08.014.
Повний текст джерела
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Garnier, Yoann, Romuald Lepers, Hervé Assadi, and Christos Paizis. "Cardiorespiratory Changes During Prolonged Downhill Versus Uphill Treadmill Exercise." International Journal of Sports Medicine 41, no. 02 (December 2, 2019): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1015-0333.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractOxygen uptake (V̇O2), heart rate (HR), energy cost (EC) and oxygen pulse are lower during downhill compared to level or uphill locomotion. However, a change in oxygen pulse and EC during prolonged grade exercise is not well documented. This study investigated changes in cardiorespiratory responses and EC during 45-min grade exercises. Nine male healthy volunteers randomly ran at 75% HR reserve during 45-min exercise in a level (+1%), uphill (+15%) or downhill (−15%) condition. V̇O2 , minute ventilation (V̇E ) and end-tidal carbon dioxide (PetCO2) were recorded continuously with 5-min averaging between the 10th and 15th min (T1) and 40th and 45th min (T2). For a similar HR (157±3 bpm), V̇O2 , V̇E , and PetCO2 were lower during downhill compared to level and uphill conditions (p<0.01). V̇O2 and V̇E decreased similarly from T1 to T2 for all conditions (all p<0.01), while PetCO2 decreased only for the downhill condition (p<0.001). Uphill exercise required greater EC compared to level and downhill exercises. EC decreased only during the uphill condition between T1 and T2 (p<0.01). The lowest V̇O2 and EC during downhill exercise compared to uphill and level exercises suggests the involvement of passive elastic structures in force production during downhill. The lower cardiorespiratory response and the reduction in PetCO2 during downhill running exercise, while EC remained constant, suggests an overdrive ventilation pattern likely due to a greater stimulation of efferent neural factors.
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Fortier, J., V. Julliand, P. Harris, and A. G. Goachet. "Training management of Standardbred trotters: a field survey in France." Comparative Exercise Physiology 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep13035.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study aimed to characterise the training practices of French trainers and to describe the training load undertaken by unqualified (UT) and qualified Standardbred trotters (QT). During the Paris-Vincennes 2012 meeting, 20 trainers from the Grosbois training centre were surveyed. Details of their general training practices as well as the weekly workloads for UT and QT were obtained. A nonparametric Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the UT and QT data and a principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out to examine links between trainer characteristics and particular training practices. Four main exercises used to train trotters were identified: (1) ‘promenade’ exercise: light exercise at walk and at slow trot (5.1±0.4 m/s) lasting 48±9 min; (2) ‘jogging’: moderate trot exercise (6.9±1.5 m/s) lasting 44±12 min; (3) ‘parcours’ exercise: moderate/high intensity trot session (10.3±0.9 m/s) over 2,844±1,412 meters with a final sprint; (4) ‘interval’ type exercise: fast trot sessions (10.8±0.9 m/s) over 1,010±212 meters with sprint phases. Trainers used a combination of these four exercises to train both UT and QT. Moreover, the estimated training weekly workload did not appear to differ between the two age categories, with apparently similar exercises and training loads being used to train both UT and QT. The results of the PCA suggested that as trainers become older and more successful they tend to change the composition of exercises used. They preferably used more ‘jogging’ type exercise, regardless of the horses’ age or training level. Whilst the weekly training plan varied between trainers, it seems that the individual trainer's annual programme was relatively constant, consisting of a repetition of a typical training week.
Дисертації з теми "Exercice à charge constante"
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Naouar, Neïla. "Oxygénation musculaire, EMG et fonction ventilatoire chez des sportifs porteurs d'hémoglobinopathie durant un exercice physique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AMIE0025.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L'objectif de cette thèse était triple 1)- Etudier la fonction ventilatoire durant un exercice incrémental maximal et un exercice sous-maximal prolongé chez des sportifs porteurs de trait drépanocytaire (PTD) 2)- Etudier la performance de la fonction ventilatoire durant un exercice à charge constante chez des sujets ayant une β-thalassémie mineure, 3)- Evaluer l'adaptation physiologique durant un effort sous-maximal prolongé chez des sportifs atteints de drépanocytose hétérozygote. La première étude a montré que l'exercice incrémental maximal et l'exercice à charge constante induisent une fatigue spirométrique, de la force et de l'endurance des muscles respiratoires chez les sujets porteurs de trait drépanocytaire. L'exercice rectangulaire affecte de façon importante la force et l'endurance musculaire respiratoire que l'exercice triangulaire. La deuxième étude a montré par ailleurs, une altération de la performance de la fonction ventilatoire après la réalisation d'un exercice sous-maximal prolongé chez les sujets ayant une β-thalassémie mineure. Ainsi, une diminution importante de l'endurance des muscles respiratoires a été constatée chez ces individus pathologiques en réponse à l'exercice à charge constante par rapport aux sujets sains. Ces résultats confirment que les sujets ayant des hémoglobinopathies n'ont pas la capacité de maintenir des niveaux élevés de ventilation pendant un exercice physique intense. Ensuite, lors de la troisième étude, la détermination de la PMA a permis d'affirmer que la forme hétérozygote de la drépanocytose n'est pas un facteur limitant de l'aptitude physique aérobie maximale. L'adaptation à un effort sous-maximal, évaluée par la phase rapide est parfaitement normale chez les sujets ayant un trait drépanocytaire. Par contre, l'amplitude de la composante lente de VO2, plus élevée chez les PTD suggère que ces individus pathologiques se caractérisent par une mauvaise tolérance à l'effort. Cette élévation était corrélée avec l'HbO2 et HHb qui étaient stables durant l'effort. Cette stabilité confirme la génération du mécanisme de remodelage vasculaire chez les PTD en réponse à des problèmes hémorhéologiques produits par l'effort. Une augmentation précoce du RMS et une diminution linéaire de 25,63% de MPF corrélée avec HHb, ont été constatées durant l'effort chez les individus pathologiques par rapport aux sujets sans hémoglobinopathie, affirmant que la baisse de déformabilité des globules rouges dont sont signalés généralement les sujets porteurs de trait drépanocytaire bouleverse de façon accrue la microcirculation musculaire qui pourrait être responsable de la composante lente de VO2. Ces résultats montrent que les sujets ayant une hémoglobinopathie pourraient avoir une fonction ventilatoire moins performante durant un effort physique intense que les sujets sains. Également, ces individus pourraient avoir une fatigue musculaire périphérique plus importante que les sujets à hémoglobine normale et une oxygénation musculaire stable durant un exercice rectangulaire. Ils présentent une capacité aérobie et une tolérance à l'effort d'endurance, inférieures aux sujets sains durant un effort sous-maximalThe aim of this thesis was threefold 1)- To study the ventilatory function during a maximal incremental exercise and a prolonged submaximal exercise in athletes with sickle cell trait (SCT), 2)- To study the performance of the ventilatory function during a constant load exercise in subjects with minor β-thalassemia, 3)- Evaluate the physiological adaptation during prolonged submaximal exercise in athletes with heterozygous sickle cell disease. The first study showed that maximal incremental exercise and constant load exercise induce spirometric fatigue, and decreased strength and endurance of the respiratory muscles in subjects with sickle cell trait. Rectangular exercise significantly affects respiratory muscle strength and endurance than triangular exercise. The second study was showed an impairment of the performance of ventilatory function after performing prolonged submaximal exercise in subjects with minor β-thalassemia. Thus, a significant decrease in the endurance of the respiratory muscles was observed in these pathological individuals in response to constant load exercise compared to healthy subjects. These results confirm that hemoglobinopathic subjects do not have the ability to maintain high levels of ventilation during intense physical exercise. Then, in the third study, the determination of the MAP confirmed that the heterozygous form of sickle cell disease is not a limiting factor in maximal aerobic physical fitness. Adaptation to submaximal effort, assessed by the rapid phase, is perfectly normal in subjects with sickle cell trait. In contrast, the amplitude of the slow component of VO2, which is higher in SCT, suggests that these pathological individuals are characterized by weak tolerance to exercise. This rise was correlated with HbO2 and HHb which were satble during exercise. This stability confirms the generation of the vascular remodeling mechanism in SCT in response to hemorheological problems produced by exercise. An precocious increase in RMS and a 25.63% linear decrease in MPF correlated with HHb, were observed during exercise in pathologic individuals compared to subjects without hemoglobinopathy, affirming that the decrease in erythrocyte deformabilities which are generally reported in subjects with sickle cell trait disrupts the muscular microcirculation in an increased manner which could be responsible for the slow component of VO2. These results show that subjects with hemoglobinopathy could have a less efficient ventilatory function during intense physical exertion than healthy subjects. Also, these individuals might have more significant peripheral muscle fatigue than subjects with normal hemoglobin and stable muscle oxygenation during rectangular exercise. They exhibit aerobic capacity and tolerance to endurance effort inferior than healthy subjects during submaximal effort
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Daussin, Frédéric. "Effets d'un entraînement en endurance à charge constante, à charge variable ou à haute intensité chez l'homme : Etude intégrative du systémique au cellulaire." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/DAUSSIN_Frederic_2007.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L’entraînement en endurance fait partie des programmes de réhabilitation des patients atteints de maladies chroniques, il améliore les performances aérobies et participe à l’amélioration de la qualité de vie des ces patients. Deux modalités sont principalement utilisées : l’entraînement en intervalles, associé à des variations d’intensité au cours de la séance, et l’entraînement à charge constante dont l’intensité reste identique pendant toute la durée de la séance. Ce travail de thèse se propose dans une première partie de comparer les effets de ces deux modalités d’entraînement à travers une étude intégrée, allant des paramètres systémiques aux paramètres musculaires. Pour cela, seize sujets ont effectué les deux modalités d’entraînement ayant comme caractéristiques principales : une durée d’entraînement et une dépense énergétique identiques. Les deux modalités permettent l’amélioration des performances aérobies à travers des adaptations différentes. L’entraînement en intervalles induit des adaptations centrales (débit cardiaque) et périphériques (densité capillaire et capacités oxydatives musculaires) tandis que l’entraînement à charge constante augmente de manière plus importante la densité capillaire. L’effet de l’entraînement en endurance à haute intensité, sur la fonction mitochondriale, est étudié à travers la comparaison de populations de sédentaires et de sportifs de haut niveau. Les sportifs en endurance présentent des modifications à la fois quantitatives et qualitatives de la fonction mitochondriale, en particulier en majorant leur capacité à oxyder les hydrates de carbone. Ces résultats contribuent à la compréhension des mécanismes adaptatifs en réponse à l’entraînement en endurance. Ils favoriseront d’une part l’amélioration de la prescription de l’entraînement en endurance, en ciblant la modalité d’entraînement en fonction des pathologies, et d’autre part l’amélioration de la qualité de vie des patients atteints de maladies chroniquesEndurance training is currently used in chronical diseases to improved aerobic performance and quality of life of these patients. Continuous endurance training and interval training are the both modalities used in rehabilitation. In a first part, we compared the effects of these two trainings modalities from systemic to cellular adaptations. Sixteen subjects performed the both trainings modalities which are characterized by same energy expenditure and training duration. Aerobic performance was improved by both trainings modalities throughout different adaptations. Interval training improved central adaptations (cardiac output) and peripheral adaptations (capillary density and mitochondrial function) whereas continuous training enhanced capillary density. In the second part, we compared sedentary subjects and endurance athletes to determine the effect of endurance training at high intensity on mitochondrial function. Athletes presented quantitative and qualitative modifications toward a greater capacity to oxidize carbohydrate. Our results improve the knowledge about the endurance training induced adaptation. They favorite the endurance training prescriptions for chronical disease patients and allow to choose the training modality in function of patient’s disease. Finally, it will improve quality of life of chronical disease patients
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Abdelmoumen, Saïd. "Contribution à l'étude des déformations différées sous charge constante de composites ciment-caoutchouc." Amiens, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AMIE0104.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
L’équipe IMAP du Laboratoire des Technologies Innovantes (LTI) a déjà réalisé plusieurs travaux qui ont apporté une grande contribution à la valorisation de déchets de caoutchouc provenant de pneus usagés. Cette activité présente un intérêt écologique certain et répond aux législations actuelles en matière de déchets. Les travaux antérieurs ont montré la faisabilité d’une association matrice cimentaire/granulats de caoutchouc, ont étudié le comportement physico – mécanique, hydrique et thermique, ont apporté des solutions au grand problème des matériaux cimentaires (peu déformables et très sensibles à la fissuration), et permis la mise au point d’un matériau capable de supporter des déformations importantes ce qui permet des applications plus durables. Ce travail s’inscrit dans la continuité de ces travaux. L’objectif est d’étudier le caractère différé du comportement de ces matériaux et d’établir des lois liant l’amplitude des déformations différées sous chargement de fluage et la déformation élastique aux caractéristiques des granulats et à leurs proportions. Le travail est composé de deux parties : La première partie est consacrée à la réalisation et l’analyse d’essais expérimentaux dans des conditions climatiques contrôlées, pour différents paramètres de formulation (taille des granulats, proportions volumiques des granulats et nature des granulats), différentes contraintes, différentes températures et différentes durées de cure. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l’écriture de modèles prédictifs des déformations différées pour permettre de formaliser l’influence de certains paramètres sur le comportement différé des composites étudiés. Le but est aussi de montrer une optimisation possible des essais expérimentaux rendus difficiles et contraignants par la complexité du matériau et la durée relativement longue de ce type d’expérimentation si l’on veut rendre compte de la durée de service du matériau. Les résultats expérimentaux sont confrontés aux résultats numériques ce qui permet également de mieux comprendre le comportement du matériau soumis à une charge constante en fonction du temps.
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Daussin, Frédéric Piquard François. "Effets d'un entraînement en endurance à charge constante, à charge variable ou à haute intensité chez l'homme étude intégrative du systémique au cellulaire /." Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2008. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/1000/01/DAUSSIN__Frédéric_2007.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
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Gagnon, Katherine. "Impact d'une prise en charge multidisciplinaire sur la fonctionnalité des particules HDL d'adolescents présentant un surplus pondéral." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/32567.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Protocole d'entente entre l'Université Laval et l'Université du Québec à ChicoutimiLa prévalence de l’obésité chez les enfants et les adolescents a augmenté de façon importante depuis les dernières décennies. Celle-ci peut apporter des conséquences néfastes sur la santé cardiovasculaire et ainsi, entrainer un développement précoce de l’athérosclérose. L’obésité est, entre autres, associée à une diminution des niveaux de cholestérol HDL et à une diminution de la fonctionnalité des particules HDL. Récemment, il a été démontré que la fonctionnalité des particules HDL était inversement associée au risque de maladies coronariennes. Cependant, peu d’études se sont intéressées à ce sujet chez les jeunes. L’objectif principal de ce projet de maîtrise était d’évaluer l’impact d’un programme d’intervention multidisciplinaire sur la fonctionnalité des particules HDL chez l’adolescent obèse. Vingt-neuf adolescents (16 garçons et 13 filles) âgés de 11 à 16 ans ont participé à cette étude. Le but de l’intervention était d’améliorer les habitudes alimentaires et d’augmenter le niveau d’activité physique. Les jeunes ont été suivis par une équipe multidisciplinaire et ont participé à trois séances d’entrainement par semaine, et ce, pendant 16 semaines. Les résultats suggèrent qu’un programme d’intervention multidisciplinaire peut contribuer à améliorer le profil de risque et la capacité d’efflux des particules de cholestérol HDL chez des adolescents obèses. De plus, ils indiquent que les changements dans la capacité d’efflux des particules de cholestérol HDL sont liés aux changements dans les concentrations de cholestérol HDL.
The prevalence of childhood obesity has significantly increased over the past decades. This increased have adverse effects on cardiovascular health, leading to early development of atherosclerosis. Obesity is associated with a reduced HDL cholesterol level and with a decreased efflux capacity of HDL particles. Recently, it has been shown that efflux capacity of HDL particles is inversely associated with the risk of coronary heart disease. However, only few studies have addressed this issue in obese adolescents. The main objective of this study was to assess the impact of a multidisciplinary intervention program on HDL cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) in obese adolescents. Twenty-nine adolescents (16 boys and 13 girls) aged 11 to 16 years were involved in this study. The goal of the intervention was to improve eating habits and increase the level of physical activity. Each youth was followed by a multidisciplinary team and trained three sessions per week for 16 weeks. Results suggest that a multidisciplinary intervention program can help to improve risk profile and HDL CEC in obese adolescents. In addition, results indicate that changes in HDL CEC are related to changes in HDL cholesterol concentrations
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Chaussée, Thomas. "Elastomères renforcés modèles : effet de la physico-chimie d'interface à structure constante sur les propriétés viscoélastiques." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00811904.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Des élastomères chargés sont préparés par polymérisation radicalaire. Les colloïdes employés sont monodisperses et sphériques, leur surface est fonctionnalisée par des silanes créant soit de liaisons covalentes soit n'engageant aucune liaison avec le réseau 3D de polymère. Nous avons montré que l'état de dispersion obtenu était identique pour les deux types d'interaction par diffusion neutronique aux petits angles et imagerie cryo-TEM. Les réseaux ainsi formés ont été étudiés par RMN 1H, mesure du gonflement à l'équilibre pour déterminer le type et la force des interactions. Nous avons ainsi montré l'existence de liaisons covalentes ou hydrogène en fonction du système. La RMN nous a permis de montrer également l'existence de polymère vitreux même au-delà de la transition vitreuse du polymère. Ce polymère vitreux se situe autour des particules de silice. Il montre un caractère fortement dépendant de l'interaction polymère/matrice et de la distance entre particule. Les propriétés viscoélastiques de ces élastomères renforcés aux petites déformations sont fortement dépendantes de l'existence et de la taille de cette couche vitreuse en surface. Nous montrons également un comportement étonnant en fréquence des systèmes non covalent qui nous est maintenant demandé de résoudre. Aux grandes déformations nous montrons qu'il existe deux types de non linéarité, la première associée à la couche vitreuse et la deuxième associée à une rupture de liaisons faible en surface.
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Zouari, Sandra Marinier Évelyne. "L'obésité chez l'adolescent résultats d'une prise en charge au sein du réseau Repop Ile-de-France /." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2008. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0488296.pdf.
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Ellie-Le, Hen Isabelle. "Prise en charge de l'obésité : à propos des résultats à moyen et à long terme d'un suivi d'un an en hôpital de jour." Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR2M064.
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Neves, Katy Andrews. "Achilles Tendon Changes in Downhill, Level and Uphill Running." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4399.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study, we examined how hill running affects the Achilles tendon, which is a common location for injuries in runners. Twenty females ran for 10 min on three randomly selected grades (-6%, 0%, +6%). Achilles tendon (AT) cross-sectional area (CSA) was imaged using Doppler ultrasound and peak vertical forces were analyzed using high-speed (240 Hz) videography. A metabolic cart and gas analyzer ensured a similar metabolic cost across grades. Data were analyzed using a forward selection regression. Results showed a decrease in AT CSA from pre-run to post-run (p = .0001). Peak vertical forces were different across grades (p = .0001) with the largest occurring during downhill running and smallest during uphill running. The results suggest that the Achilles tendon is affected by running and a decrease in CSA appears to be a normal response. The AT CSA does not differ between grade conditions when metabolic cost of running is matched, suggesting an adaptive effect of the AT. Coaches and athletes can use this knowledge to develop workout protocols that transition runners to downhill running and allow them to adapt to these greater forces.
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Roche, Johanna. "Le sommeil, ses troubles et la santé cardio-métabolique d'adolescents obèses : effets d'une prise en charge associant exercice physique et modification des habitudes alimentaires." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCE010.
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Le sommeil, de par ses fonctions récupératrices, est essentiel à la vie. Pour autant, la modification du mode de vie et des comportements, tant sédentaires que nutritionnels, sont à l’origine d’une altération du sommeil, conduisant ensemble à des situations d’obésité. Cet excès pondéral s’accompagne fréquemment d’un syndrome d’apnées obstructives du sommeil (SAOS). Lorsque ces deux pathologies sont présentes, les troubles métaboliques s’aggravent et sont à l’origine d’une inflammation de bas grade. A notre connaissance, aucune étude ne s’est intéressée aux bénéfices d’un reconditionnement à l’exercice physique combiné à une modification des habitudes alimentaires, en dehors de ceux induits par la perte de poids, sur ces différents paramètres. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse a donc été, à partir d’une étude ancillaire, d’évaluer le sommeil d’adolescents obèses par polysomnographie (PSG) par comparaison à celui de sujets normo-pondérés. Dans l’étude principale, les effets d’un programme de 9 mois (reconditionnement à l’exercice, activités physiques adaptées, rééquilibre alimentaire) ont été évalués sur l’architecture et la durée du sommeil, le SAOS, les différents facteurs biologiques (inflammatoires, hormonaux, profils glucidique et lipidique) et sur les adaptations physiologiques à l’exercice musculaire, afin de mieux comprendre l’implication de l’endurance aérobie et des troubles du sommeil sur la santé cardio-métabolique. Trente-deux adolescents obèses (âge : 14,6 ans, z-score d’IMC= 4 ,7) ont été recrutés. Toutes les variables ont été analysées en pré et post-intervention. Les résultats montrent une durée de sommeil réduite chez les jeunes obèses avec un SAOS, diagnostiqué chez 58% d’entre eux, malgré une architecture du sommeil satisfaisante. En post-intervention, une perte de poids de 11 kg et une amélioration des paramètres d’adaptation à l’exercice maximal (PMA, VE, VO2pic…) ont été rapportées chez tous les sujets, que le SAOS soit encore, ou non, présent. En effet, ce syndrome s’est normalisé chez 46% d’entre eux. Par ailleurs, grâce à l’intervention, le sommeil s’est amélioré (qualité et quantité). Enfin, la protéine C-réactive basale du groupe SAOS, dont les valeurs atteignaient 11mg/l à l’admission, a considérablement diminué, accompagnée d’une baisse de la leptinémie et d’une hausse de l’adiponectinémie, pouvant expliquer le moindre risque cardio-métabolique. Nos résultats démontrent qu’à l’admission, l’inflammation est liée à l’obésité, alors qu’en post-intervention, sa baisse s’explique par l’augmentation de l’endurance aérobie, et ceci indépendamment du sexe, du poids, de la durée de sommeil et du SAOS. Bien que ce dernier n’ait pas été normalisé chez tous les sujets, sa prévention par l’exercice physique ainsi que celle des troubles métaboliques observés dans ces deux pathologies devrait faire partie intégrante de la prise en charge des jeunes obèses en vue d’atténuer le risque de morbi-mortalité cardiovasculaire à l’âge adulteSleep, through its restorative functions, is essential for life. However, lifestyle modifications, sedentary and unhealthy feeding behaviors trigger sleep curtailment and sleep disruption, leading together to weight gain. Obesity is usually associated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), and these two diseases both induce metabolic dysfunctions and low-grade systemic inflammation. To the best of our knowledge, no study has assessed the effects of exercise reconditioning and modified food habits on these parameters. The purpose of this work was to assess and compare, from an ancillary study, polysomnographic variables between obese adolescents and normal-weight (NW) controls. In the main study, the effects of a 9-month program (exercise reconditioning, adapted physical activities and modified food habits) on sleep architecture, sleep duration, OSA, biological factors (inflammatory, hormonal, carbohydrates and lipid profiles) and physiological adaptations at exercise were assessed, in order to a better understanding of the roles of cardiorespiratory fitness and sleep disorders on cardio-metabolic health. Thirty-two obese adolescents (age: 14.6 years, BMI z-score: 4.7) were recruited. Every parameters were assessed at admission and post-intervention. Short sleep duration and a high prevalence of OSA (58%) were observed at admission in obese adolescents despite a satisfying sleep architecture, compared with NW controls. Post-intervention, weight loss (11kg) and improved parameters of physiological adaptations at exercise (MAP, VE, VO2peak) were found in every subject and OSA was normalized in 46% of them. Sleep quantity and sleep quality were improved. Decreased C-reactive protein (6.78 vs 10.98 mg/l) and leptin concentrations, and increased adiponectin levels were found, and cardio-metabolic risk (CMR) was decreased. At admission, obesity explains by itself the systemic inflammation whereas the decrease in inflammation, post-intervention, is explained by enhanced cardiorespiratory fitness related to fat-free mass, after controlling for sex, weight loss, change in sleep duration and OSA. Prevention of OSA and metabolic dysfunctions by chronic exercise should be an integral part of the obesity management in youths in order to decrease the risk of cardiovascular morbi-mortality in adulthood
Книги з теми "Exercice à charge constante"
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Canada. External Affairs and International Trade Canada. Employment of dependants : agreement between the Government of Canada and the Government of the Kingdom of Spain relating to the free exercise of remunerative activities by dependents of employees of diplomatic missions, Consular posts or permanent missions to international organizations : Madrid, February 8, 1990, in force July 16, 1990 with provisional effect from February 8, 1990 =: Emploi de personnes à charge : accord entre le gouvernement du Canada et le gouvernement du Royaume d'Espagne relativement au libre exercice d'activités rémunératrices par des personnes à la charge d'employés de missions diplomatiques, de postes consulaires et de missions permanentes auprès d'organisations internationales : Madrid, le 8 février 1990 en vigueur le 16 juillet 1990 avec effet provisoire à compter du 8 février 1990. Ottawa, Ont: Queen's Printer for Canada = Imprimeur de la Reine pour le Canada, 1995.
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Hampton, Timothy. Michel de Montaigne, or Philosophy as Improvisation. Edited by George E. Lewis and Benjamin Piekut. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195370935.013.012.
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This chapter underscores the unique position of Montaigne’sEssaysin the western philosophical tradition. Montaigne’s practice of constantly adding to his previously published essays as his mood and interests changed means that theEssaysare an extended exercise in improvisation. Montaigne’s improvised, provisional philosophical approach has broad implications. Politically, it is intimately linked to his undogmatic rejection of the extremism of the French wars of religion. Intellectually, it underpins his relationship to the classical culture that he inherited from Renaissance humanism. And it binds the philosophical enterprise to the mutability and fragility of the body in ways that are strikingly modern.
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Baxter-Jones, Adam DG. Growth and maturation. Edited by Neil Armstrong and Willem van Mechelen. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198757672.003.0002.
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As children grow they increase in size and maturity. While growth refers to changes in size and complexity of tissue composition, maturation is the progressive achievement of adult status. A child’s growth status is an important determinant of current and lifelong health. Regular physical activity is required to obtain optimal growth. Normal healthy children show the same patterns of growth in terms of attainment of size and changes in proportionality. However, growth is not a linear process; the speed of statural growth decreases during infancy, is relatively constant during childhood, and accelerates during adolescence before slowing down in emerging adulthood. Although the patterns of growth are similar in all individuals, the timing and tempo of growth shows vast variability both within and between sexes. Thus it is important to remember that the effects of growth and maturation may mask or be greater than the effects of exercise.
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Müller, Ralf, Nathalie Drouin, and Shankar Sankaran. Balanced Leadership. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190076122.001.0001.
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This book describes balanced leadership in projects. Based on an award winning global program of research studies on leadership reality in projects, this book shows that leadership changes constantly and is not as static as existing literature may suggests. Instead, leadership in projects is dynamically shifted between project managers, individual team members, and subteams, all balanced in situational contingency. Their leadership may be exercised through a vertical, horizontal, shared, or distributed leadership approach. However, it is balanced leadership that ensures the best suitable leadership approach is used in any given situation. For that, the book presents a project-specific leadership approach called horizontal leadership, a theory of balanced leadership, and the five building blocks that enable balanced leadership. These are nomination of team members, identification of potential leaders, selection and empowerment of leaders, empowered leadership and its governance, as well as leadership transition. Emphasis is also given to the coordination of these building blocks through the socio-cognitive space, shared by project manager and team. The book finishes with three real-life case studies that exemplify how balanced leadership unfolds in projects.
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Raines, James C., and Nic T. Dibble. Ethical Decision-Making in School Mental Health. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197506820.001.0001.
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Ethical decision making in school mental health provides mental health professionals with a seven-step approach to managing ethical predicaments. It combines guidance from four major codes of ethics, including the American School Counseling Association, National Association of School Nurses, National Association of School Psychologists, and National Association of Social Workers. Ethical issues are endemic for mental health professionals working with minors in a host setting like schools. New interventions, evolving technologies, and a patchwork of ethical and legal guidelines create a constant stream of new ethical dilemmas. Longstanding and complex questions rarely give way to quick and easy answers. The seven-step model presented here enables readers to apply a practical process that minimizes their liability and protects their students. Beginning with an introduction of the moral, legal, and clinical foundations that undergird ethical practice, the authors present an ethical decision-making model with seven steps: know yourself and your responsibilities, analyze the dilemma, seek consultation, identify courses of action, manage clinical concerns, enact the decision, and reflect on the process. The second edition includes meticulously updated chapters based on recent changes to all of the codes of ethics over the past 10 years. It also has a new chapter on the universal issue of ethical recordkeeping. This handy guide is written for multidisciplinary teams of mental health professionals, including school social workers, school psychologists, school nurses, and school counselors. It provides a trusty resource with the following elements: Clearly organized chapters that introduce a process approach to ethical decision-making; Interprofessional and collaborative approach to working with other stakeholders; Case examples and practice exercises illustrate real work application of ethical guidelines; and Glossary, web resources, and U.S. Supreme Court decisions on students’ civil rights.
Частини книг з теми "Exercice à charge constante"
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Cadaval Narezo, Marina. "Methodologies for Collaborative, Respectful and Caring Research: Conversations with Professional Indigenous Women from Mexico." In Gender, Development and Social Change, 139–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82654-3_7.
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AbstractThis chapter presents the methodological process built during my doctoral research about the expectations on graduate education and the consequent professional and community journeys of a group of indigenous women from Mexico. In this text, are explored the encounters with two women with masters degrees—a Zapotec from Oaxaca and a Maya from Yucatan—as an exercise to reflect on how to generate knowledge that considers multiple standpoints, that is collaborative, anti-oppressive, caring and follows a constant self-reflectivity. The text is also an exercise for a narrative that shows and shapes a methodological path throug time, exposing temporalities and contexts that are not fixed yet connected.
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Dato, Moïra, and Pascale Gorguet-Ballesteros. "Lyonnais silks «ad uttimo gusto»: the trade in fashionable waistcoats between France and Italy in the second half of the 18th century." In La moda come motore economico: innovazione di processo e prodotto, nuove strategie commerciali, comportamento dei consumatori / Fashion as an economic engine: process and product innovation, commercial strategies, consumer behavior, 173–200. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-565-3.12.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Throughout the 18th century, Lyonnais silk manufacturing was constantly creating, adapting and transforming products in response to the evolution of fashion, which was both a profitable tool and a turbulent stream to harness. The male waistcoat is an excellent example of the difficult exercise in which merchant manufacturers engaged in order to secure their markets. Although not originally a specialty of the French city, the waistcoat eventually became a key item in Lyonnais production, selling very successfully in France and abroad. In this article, we analyse trade with Italy in order to explore in detail how the Lyonnais adapted to changes in fashion and used them to their advantage in order to stimulate consumption while navigating the challenges of a foreign market.
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Meyntjens, Gert-Jan. "Creative Writing Crosses the Atlantic: An Attempt at Creating a Minor French Literature." In New Directions in Book History, 309–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53614-5_13.
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AbstractThis chapter analyzes literary advice culture from a transnational-comparative perspective. It sheds light on the reception of the American poetics of creative writing in contemporary France by examining the specific case of Outils du roman: Avec Malt Olbren sur les pistes et exercices du creative writing à l’américaine (2016, Tools of the Novel. Exploring American Creative Writing with Malt Olbren) by the experimental prose-writer François Bon. This text represents a broader dynamic in which French authors of literary advice resort to a repertoire of American writing techniques in an attempt to revive French literature. To conceptualize this process of transfer, I use Deleuze and Guattari’s concept of “minor literature.” This notion conveys how literary advice in France must constantly position itself vis-à-vis its American counterpart, but also how it appropriates and transforms this same body of ideas and techniques. More generally, this chapter makes a case for an increased consideration of supranational transfers in the domain of literary advice when studying processes of local literary change.
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Carr, Cheri Lynne. "The Deleuzian Subject." In Deleuze's Kantian Ethos, 27–49. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474407717.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In his earliest work, Deleuze presents a relational theory of subjectivity in constant flux. The larval, passive flux becomes an active subject capable of saying “I” through the exercise of certain capacities or faculties, namely, the habit of forming habits. Though the exercise of habit formation is passive, the result is an activated subject with the capacity to intervene in its own passive processes, capable of undertaking the difficult, transformative, and liberating work of destroying old habits of thinking and acting in favor of creating new ones that embrace fluidity, ambiguity, freedom, and difference. Yet, this capacity for catalyzing transformative change is frequently subverted from the inside. This is the ethical problem at the center of Deleuze’s ontology of change: the very habits that produce the conditions of becoming an ethical subject also produce the desire for repression of the fluidity of becoming. That is, the desire for fascism is the companion of the movement of subjectivation.
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Muldoon, James. "Freedom as Collective Self-Determination." In Building Power to Change the World, 52–72. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198856627.003.0003.
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This chapter proposes that Anton Pannekoek espoused a particular conception of freedom that is distinct from both the dominant liberal and republican views of liberty. Pannekoek understood political freedom as a political community’s ongoing struggle against forces of domination and the experimentation with new practices and structures of governance. I call this view of liberty ‘freedom as collective self-determination’. Pannekoek shared the concerns of republican political theorists for combatting structures of domination and the influence of foreign powers. Yet in contrast to most neo-Roman republicans, he identified the bureaucratic state and free market economic relations as two of the principal sources of domination in modern society. He also believed that democratic participation was essential rather than auxiliary to a proper understanding of freedom. To be free, for Pannekoek, meant to actively participate in a political community, to play some direct role in shaping its laws and character; and to influence the direction of its ongoing transformation. This was a conception in which freedom must be exercised rather than enjoyed as a state or condition. This view of freedom contributes an important perspective to our understanding of freedom understood as a practice and constant struggle, which is obscured by purely negative accounts.
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Adi, Ana. "Social Media Audit and Analytics." In Social Media and the New Academic Environment, 143–62. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2851-9.ch007.
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Beyond influencing the ways we communicate and we do business, social media is currently challenging traditional higher education in many respects: from the way in which courses are delivered and students interact with each other and with their lecturers to the content that the courses cover. In particular, the emergence of the social media specialist working in marketing-communications, creative industries or journalism, and their use of ever-changing content management and analytics tools require adaptation of courses to the constant changes in industry. Starting from two case studies of teaching social media auditing and analytics as part of courses taught in Belgium and Bahrain, this chapter aims to present a model exercise for marketing and public relations classrooms covering these topics. The discussion of the challenges of teaching social media audit and analytics emphasizes the need of more and constant collaboration between academia and industry as well as the need to ensure that students have a high level of media literacy before they embark on such a career route.
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Farne, Hugo, Edward Norris-Cervetto, and James Warbrick-Smith. "Cough." In Oxford Cases in Medicine and Surgery. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198716228.003.0013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
First, ask open questions about the cough itself: • Acute or chronic? The British Thoracic Society (BTS) defines acute as <3 weeks and chronic as >8 weeks. Between 3 and 8 weeks the cough may be due to recovering acute illness or developing chronic illness. • Constant or intermittent? A cough that is intermittent may suggest an extrinsic trigger (e.g. if the patient only coughs at work there may be an allergy to something in the workplace). A cough that is constant suggests an intrinsic cause. • Productive or dry? The presence of sputum indicates inflammation and/or infection. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have chronically inflamed airways and often produce white or clear sputum. Patients with infection have yellow or green sputum. Particularly large volumes of sputum, often green or rusty coloured, may be coughed up in bronchiectasis and lung abscesses. • Blood? More specifically: ■ Blood-streaked sputum? Suggests infection or bronchiectasis. ■ Pink and frothy sputum? Suggests pulmonary oedema. ■ Frank blood (haemoptysis)? See Chapter 8. Suggests tuberculosis (TB), lung cancer, pulmonary embolus, bronchiectasis, or other rarer causes (e.g. granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA, formerly known as Wegener’s granulomatosis), or Goodpasture’s syndrome). • Timing? Asthma is classically worse at night and early hours of the morning. Pulmonary oedema or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) can also be worse at night due to the positional effects of lying flat. Patients often report sleeping propped up on pillows to mitigate these effects. Trigger factors such as pets, cold weather, or exercise indicate asthma, as does a worsening in spring/summer. • Character? A wheezy cough suggests airway obstruction due to asthma or COPD. A bovine cough (breathy) is characteristic of vocal cord paralysis. A dry cough is suggestive of a bronchitis (usually viral) or interstitial lung disease. A gurgling/wet cough is suggestive of bronchiectasis. Pertussis infection causes a ‘whooping’ cough. Second, ask directed questions about factors that might be triggering the cough: • Environmental irritants: Smoking? Occupation? Pets? Change of house, office, etc? • Past medical history: Asthma? GORD? Rhinitis/sinusitis? Heart failure? Recent chest infection? • Drug history? Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in particular can cause a cough.
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Hutchings, Jeffrey A. "Vital Rates." In A Primer of Life Histories, 75–98. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198839873.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Age-specific schedules of survival (l x) and fecundity (b x) comprise the vital rates that are key to estimating individual and population rates of increase. At the individual level, rates of increase reflect individual fitness. Common metrics include the intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R 0), and reproductive value (RV). Across taxa, three general patterns of survival with age have been identified. Fecundity, however, tends either to remain constant or to increase with age until organisms begin to senesce, depending on whether growth is determinate or indeterminate. Life tables, which provide a logistically tractable means of expressing l x and b x, provide a straight-forward means of comparing the fitness of alternative life histories, allowing for the calculation of life-history trait optima. By changing parameter values, life tables can be used to explore how different levels of intrinsic and extrinsic mortality affect fitness. One implication of these exploratory exercises is the realization that different regimes of juvenile and adult mortality can result in the evolution of different life histories. As one example, optimal age at maturity is expected to decrease with increases in the ratio of survival during the juvenile period of life relative to survival during the adult period of life. Life-history theory, thus, can be used to predict how changes to abiotic and biotic environments might influence the fundamental ‘decisions’ that genotypes face concerning reproduction.
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"Respiratory and cardiovascular system." In Oxford Assess and Progress: Medical Sciences, edited by Jade Chow, John Patterson, Kathy Boursicot, and David Sales. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199605071.003.0021.
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Oxidative metabolism is essential for our cellular life. Although tissues such as skeletal muscle can operate for short periods anaerobically, human life does not continue for long in the absence of a ready supply of oxygen. Adequate oxygen delivery to tissues is essential for aerobic metabolism and disorders of delivery ultimately become life-threatening. The factors contributing to oxygen delivery are summarised in the oxygen flux equation: OXYGEN FLUX = CARDIAC OUTPUT × ARTERIAL OXYGEN CONTENT The cardiac output is the product of heart rate and stroke volume and amounts to about 5 litres per minute. The arterial oxygen content is the product of the blood’s haemoglobin concentration multiplied by the haemoglobin’s % saturation. The latter is determined by the partial pressure of oxygen in the blood. This is higher in arterial than in venous blood. A small, additional amount of oxygen is carried dissolved in the blood, the amount again determined by the oxygen partial pressure. The five litres of arterial blood delivered to the tissues each minute contain about 1000ml of oxygen. Only a quarter of this (250ml) is needed to support resting metabolism. There is therefore a large safety factor in oxygen delivery. This can be utilized, in concert with adaptive changes to cardiac output, vascular resistance and pulmonary ventilation, in situations such as muscular exercise, where oxygen demand increases dramatically, or at high altitude where inspired oxygen is low. Oxygen delivery depends on the cardiovascular system, respiratory system and the blood. In the lungs, blood in the alveoli is brought into close proximity with alveolar air so that oxygen can diffuse easily into the blood and carbon dioxide, a major waste product of metabolism, can diffuse into the alveolar air. Alveolar air is kept refreshed with atmospheric air by pulmonary ventilation which keeps the partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood in a constant equilibrium. This process ensures that pulmonary venous blood and systemic arterial blood have high oxygen and low carbon dioxide partial pressures. Once in the blood, almost all of the oxygen combines with haemoglobin and is transported by the cardiovascular system to the tissues.
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"Holgate-Mohammed v Duke [1984] WLR 660 House of Lords: A detective constable, exercising his powers under s2(4) of the CLA 1967, arrested the plaintiff on suspicion that she had stolen jewellery and took her to a police station where she was questioned. She was not charged with an offence and was released from detention within six hours of her arrest. The plaintiff bought an action in the county court against the Chief Constable for damages for wrongful arrest. The judge found that the detective constable had had reasonable grounds to suspect the plaintiff of having committed an arrestable offence and that the period of detention was not excessive but, because the constable had decided not to interview her under caution but to subject her to the greater pressure of arrest and detention so as to induce a confession, there had been a wrongful exercise of the power of arrest. The plaintiff was awarded £1,000 damages. The Court of Appeal allowed an appeal by the Chief Constable. On the plaintiffs appeal: Held that the Wednesbury principles were to be applied in determining, for the purpose of founding an action at common law for false imprisonment, whether the discretion conferred upon a constable by s2(4) of the CLA 1967 to arrest a person without a warrant had been exercised lawfully, namely whether the discretion had been exercised in good faith and whether irrelevant matters had been excluded." In Sourcebook on English Legal System, 366–70. Routledge-Cavendish, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781843143451-97.
Повний текст джерелаТези доповідей конференцій з теми "Exercice à charge constante"
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Bresney, S. M., and A. Saigal. "Fatigue Strength of Ribbon Bonds." In ASME 2010 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2010-37191.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ribbon or wire bonding is a common manufacturing process used in the microelectronic industry to make interconnections between electronic components. This process is used because it can make up for misalignment and inconsistent spacing between the components due to tolerance stack ups. In addition, since the ribbons are not rigid they will flex and absorb any stresses that develop when the components expand and contract in the field due to temperature changes. This paper investigates the use of a mechanical method to exercise ribbons in this fashion until they failed. Ribbons of a constant profile but different sizes were exercised at different levels of stress to develop a fatigue life model. It is found that ribbons exercised only a small percentage of their overall span survive exponentially longer than the same ribbons exercised at a higher percentage of their overall span. In addition, at short span lengths relative to the thickness, the ribbon becomes less ‘thread like’ and more stiff. The model developed in this study can be used for designing ribbon size and shape based upon expected thermal expansion cycling and necessary life or reliability.
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Karimi, Mahmood, and Ramesh R. Rao. "Optimal Manual Control for Heart Rate Tracking During Treadmill Exercises." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47895.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Recently, a nonlinear dynamic system has been presented to model the heart rate (HR) response during and after treadmill exercise. The parameters of the model can be estimated and individualized. Based on the nonlinear model, several control techniques for the regulation of HR during treadmill exercise have been proposed. But commercial treadmills may not have equipments to be computer-controlled. In this paper, an optimal manual method is presented to track a predefined HR trajectory. A piecewise constant speed profile is considered as the input to the system and computed by an optimization procedure offline. The objective function is constituted in term of heart rate deviation from its desired. The subject must change manually the speed of the treadmill according to the optimal protocol periodically. The time interval between two speed changes should be long enough so that the subject is able to change the speed. Also, the proposed method is such that, limited attention for control is needed and the controller is not always active.
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Mneimneh, Farah, Nesreen Ghaddar, Kamel Ghali, Charbel Moussalem, and Ibrahim Omeis. "A Comparative Study on the Effectiveness of Evaporative and Phase Change Material Cooling Vests for People With Paraplegia." In ASME 2021 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2021 15th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2021-60491.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Personal cooling vests to alleviate thermal strain in persons with thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI), named paraplegia, were tested. Mainly, phase change material (PCM) cooling vests were the most frequent type applied at different exercises and ambient conditions. Published results of PCM cooling vests indicated its significant effect in reducing body core temperature for persons having more than 50% of their trunk skin as sensate. Nevertheless, preferences of persons with SCI obtained from subjective voting during experimental studies revealed that the use of PCM cooling vests caused additional burden weight on the body and sometimes restricted the movement. It is of interest to investigate the effect of an alternative personal evaporative cooling vest (ECV), characterized by light weight and practical use without hindering body movement of persons with SCI. In this study, it is aimed to compare the effect of ECV on the physiological and psychological responses of persons with SCI compared to that of PCM cooling vests under the same ambient conditions and metabolic rates. The research methodology included human subject experiments for persons with mid-thoracic (T4-T8) and low-thoracic (T9-T12) injury where the sensate skin of the trunk is at least 50% of its area. Thirteen participants were recruited to perform an arm-crank exercise at a constant load of 30 W for 30-min while using ECV inside a controlled climatic chamber of hot conditions (30°C, 4 0% RH). Measurements of body core and skin temperatures as well as thermal comfort and sensation, perceived exertion and skin wettedness were done. Furthermore, Multi-way ANOVA test was conducted to analyse the results of three tests: no vest (NV), with ECV, and with PCM. Findings of mid- and low-thoracic groups showed similar effectiveness of ECV compared to PCM cooling vest in reducing core temperature, yet the change in perceived exertion was better with the use of ECV due to its light weight.
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Papadopoulos, Tilemachos, and Pericles Pilidis. "Introduction of Intercooling in a High Bypass Jet Engine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0150.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this paper an exercise to introduce intercooling in a high bypass civil turbofan is outlined. The engine selected as the basic propulsion system is a three spool high bypass turbofan with a bypass ratio 6.4. The air leaving the IP compressor is cooled in the bypass duct prior to entering the HP compressor. This preliminary investigation appears to indicate that the main benefit to be gained is an increase in the net thrust from the engine without increasing the turbine inlet temperature. To keep engine diameter constant, the bypass ratio has not been changed. This results in a requirement to significantly increase the pressure ratio to reduce the SFC levels to an acceptable value. A sizing exercise has been carried out to understand the weight and volume penalties imposed by heat pipe intercooling hardware. The preliminary sizing exercise indicates that the weight penalty is very large. The performance of the aircraft using the intercooled engines is also investigated and some improvements in performance are predicted. Overall this investigation is considered to be positive so that further investigations should be considered. It appears that an intercooled engine can produce a somewhat higher thrust at a given turbine entry temperature at similar SFC levels of current engines, or, if a small increase in SFC is acceptable, the increase in thrust is quite important.
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Wu, Kevin J., T. Stan Gregory, Michael C. Lastinger, Brian Boland, and Zion Tsz Ho Tse. "Defining the Relationship of Magnetohydrodynamic Voltages and Magnetic Field Strength." In 2017 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2017-3401.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect is observed in flowing electrolytic fluids and their interactions with magnetic fields. The magnetic field (B0), when perpendicular with the electrolytic fluid flow (μ), causes the shift of the charged particles in the fluid to shift across the length of the vessel (L) normal to the plane of B0 and flow, creating a voltage (VMHD) observable through voltage potential measurements across the flow (Eqn. 1)[1].(1)VMHD=∫0Lu⇀×B0⇀·dL⇀In the medical field, this phenomenon is commonly encountered inside of a human body inside of an MRI machine (Fig. 1). The effect appears most prominently inside the aortic arch due to orientation and size, and is a large contributing factor to noise observed in intra-MRI ECGs [2, 3]. Traditionally, this MHD induced voltage (VMHD) was filtered out to obtain clean intra-MRI ECGs, but recent studies have shown that the VMHD induced in a vessel is related to the blood flow through it (stroke volume in the case of the aortic arch) [4]. Further proof of this relationship can be shown from the increase in VMHD measured from periphery blood vessels during periods of elevated heart rate from exercise stress, when compared to baseline state [5]. Previously, a portable device was built to utilize induced VMHD as an indicator of flow [6]. The device was capable of showing change in blood flow, utilizing a blood flow metric obtained from VMHD, however a quantitative relationship between VMHD and blood flow has yet to be established. This study aims to define the relationship between induced VMHD and magnetic field strength in a controlled setting. Through modulating the distance between a pair of magnets around a flow channel, we hope to better realize the relationship between magnetic field strength and induced VMHD with constant flow and electrolytic solution concentration.
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Liu, Cun-liang, Hui-ren Zhu, and Jiang-tao Bai. "A Method for Processing Transient Heat Transfer Measurements in the Presence of Nonuniform Initial Wall Temperature." In ASME Turbo Expo 2009: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2009-59001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper presents a method to consider the influence of nonuniform initial temperature that always exists in the transient heat transfer measurements. The core of this technique is an equation derived from one-dimensional unsteady conduction equation with nonuniform initial wall temperature through Laplace transformation. Numerical simulation method is used to compute the conduction process of transient heat transfer measurement of film cooling with imposed heat transfer coefficient (HTC) and film cooling effectiveness (FCE). The comparison between calculated values of (HTC, FCE) and the imposed values shows that when the initial temperature is nonuniform and the measurement duration is short, HTC and FCE calculated by the equation derived from constant initial temperature deviate from the true values significantly. If the nonuniform initial temperature distribution in the region where conduction exercises more influence on the wall surface temperature change than convection is well fitted by power series, accurate heat transfer coefficient and film cooling effectiveness can be calculated by the newly derived equation. When the initial temperature distribution is difficult to obtain and the equation derived from constant initial temperature has to be employed, some methods are suggested to reduce the influence of nonuniform initial temperature, such as using low heat conductivity material as the test plate or/and performing the transient measurements in a high heat transfer coefficient condition and properly increasing the duration of transient heat transfer measurements.
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Hakansson, Nils A., and Maury L. Hull. "Influence of Pedaling Rate on Muscle Mechanical Energy in Low Power Recumbent Pedaling Using Forward Dynamic Simulations." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35108.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
An understanding of the muscle power contributions to the crank and limb segments in recumbent pedaling would be useful in the development of rehabilitative pedaling exercises. The objectives of this work were to (i) develop a forward dynamic model to simulate low-power pedaling in the recumbent position, (ii) use the model to quantify the power contributions of the muscles to driving the crank and limb segments, and (iii) determine whether there were differences in the muscle power contributions required to simulate recumbent pedaling at three different pedaling rates. A forward dynamic model was used to determine the individual muscle excitation amplitude and timing to drive simulations that best replicated experimental kinematics and kinetics of recumbent pedaling. The segment kinematics, pedal reaction forces, and electromyograms (EMG) of 10 muscles of the right leg were recorded from 16 subjects as they pedaled a recumbent ergometer at 40, 50, and 60 rpm and a constant 50 W workrate. Intersegmental joint moments were computed using inverse dynamics and the muscle excitation onset and offset timing were determined from the EMG data. All quantities were averaged across ten cycles for each subject and averaged across subjects. The model-generated kinematic and kinetic quantities tracked almost always within 1 SD of the experimental data for all three pedaling rates. The uniarticular hip and knee extensors generated 65 percent of the total mechanical work in recumbent pedaling. The triceps surae muscles transferred power from the limb segments to the crank and the bi-articular muscles that crossed the hip and knee delivered power to the crank during the leg transitions between flexion and extension. The functions of the individual muscles did not change with pedaling rate, but the mechanical energy generated by the knee extensors and hip flexors decreased as pedaling rate increased. By varying the pedaling rate, it is possible to manipulate the individual muscle power contributions to the crank and limb segments in recumbent pedaling and thereby design rehabilitative pedaling exercises to meet specific objectives.
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Sugiyama, Hiroyuki, Ryosuke Matsumura, Yoshihiro Suda, and Hideaki Ezaki. "Analysis of Independently Rotating Wheel System Using Multibody Dynamics Approach." In ASME 2009 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2009-87208.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this investigation, dynamic characteristics of independently rotating wheel systems (IRW) are discussed. To this end, a multibody IRW model is developed using the method of velocity transformation. The linear stability analysis of a two-axle IRW truck is first performed, and the hunting stability and vibration characteristics of IRW truck are investigated and the results are compared with those obtained using the multibody dynamics model. Good agreements are obtained in hunting frequencies and critical speed. It is shown using the linear IRW equations that since a constant forward speed is assumed for IRW, the longitudinal slip can occurs due to the change in the wheel rolling radii resulting from the lateral displacement. This leads to longitudinal creep forces even in the case of IRW and it contributes to a weak coupling of the lateral and yaw motion of IRW. Furthermore, it is observed in several numerical examples that, due to small self-centering forces of IRW, continuous flange contact occurs on tangent track, while in curve negotiation flange contacts on outer wheel of the front axle as well as that on inner wheel of the rear axle occurs. It is presented that the received wisdom that longitudinal creep forces of IRW ideally equal to zero is contradicted in tight curve negotiation and special care need to be exercised when a simplified IRW model is used.
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Mondal, Subhajit, Sushanta Chakraborty, and Nilanjan Mitra. "Estimation of Elastic Parameters of Sandwich Composite Plates Using a Gradient Based Finite Element Model Updating Approach." In ASME 2016 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2016-9005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dynamic behavior of sandwich composite structures needs to be predicted as accurately as possible for ensuring safety and serviceability. A properly converged finite element model can accurately predict such behavior, if the current material properties are determined within very close ranges to their actual values. The initial nominal values of material properties are guessed from established standards or from manufacturer’s data, followed by verification through quasi-static characterization tests of extracted samples. Such structures can be modal tested to determine the dynamic responses very accurately, as and when required. A mathematically well posed inverse problem can thus be formulated to inversely update the material parameters accurately from initial guesses through finite element model updating procedures. Such exercise can be conveniently used for condition assessment and health monitoring of sandwich composite structures. The method is capable of determining the degradation of material properties, hence suitable for damage detection. The in-plane as well as out-of-plane elastic moduli can be determined to predict the actual responses which can be verified by physical measurement. In the present investigation, the in-plane and out-of-plane elastic parameters of the face sheets made of glass fiber reinforced plastics, i.e. E1, E2, G12, G13, G23 of the face sheet and the Young’s modulus (E) of the core of a sandwich composite plate has been determined inversely from available modal responses. The method is based on the correlation between the dynamic responses as predicted using finite element model and those measured from modal testing to form the objective function, sensitive enough to the in-plane and out-of-plane material constants. A gradient based Inverse Eigensensivity Method (IEM) has been implemented to identify these material parameters of a rectangular sandwich composite plate from natural frequencies. It may be noted that the initial characterization test data may not be useful in predicting accurate dynamic responses of existing degraded sandwich structures, if the material constants have changed substantially. Destructive characterization test on existing structure is mostly not permitted as samples need to be extracted which may damage the otherwise intact structure.
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Arago, Olivia, Stefan Bretschneider, and Stephan Staudacher. "A Unit Cost Comparison Methodology for Turbofan Engines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-27485.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The comparison of possible turbofan engine architectures is a vital task during the preliminary design phase of such new products. Already at this point of the product life cycle the architectural decisions which are based on a minimum of product information define a major part of the product life cycle cost. For turbofan engines unit cost is a major part of the life cycle cost. It is not sensible to thrive for a detailed cost assessment in such an early design phase, since neither the required information nor the required time would be available for such an exercise. Hence a cost comparison method is required which produces results of adequate accuracy and detail based on a less complex estimation methodology. The cost comparison methodology proposed in this paper is based on the requirements and methods of a detailed cost assessment. The required information and a possible method for a detailed assessment have been analyzed. In a second step a simplification of the detailed assessment has been derived. This simplified approach uses a minimized set of product data and relies on the similarity of product parts and sub-structures. It turns out that intense thoughts regarding the suitable structuring of the end product turbofan engine have been necessary to derive the method. The uncertainties of such an assessment and its limitations have been verified against a subset of parts of a modern aero engine. It is of importance to notice that the method is also based on the assumption that key parameters of the supply chain and the manufacturing and assembly of the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) are constant. On one hand this restricts the method to a cost comparison method between architectures. The cost comparison methodology not only applies to engines which are manufactured using existing materials and manufacturing methods, but the estimation of the required data for the use of new materials and manufacturing methods still requires detailed analysis since the product structure and the detailed design may change significantly.
Звіти організацій з теми "Exercice à charge constante"
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Cedergren, Elin, Diana Huynh, Michael Kull, John Moodie, Hjördís Rut Sigurjónsdóttir, and Mari Wøien Meijer. Public service delivery in the Nordic Region: An exercise in collaborative governance. Nordregio, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/pb2021:2.2001-3876.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Now, more than ever, is Nordic collaboration required across all levels of governance to help overcome the devastating socio-economic impacts of the pandemic and to solve the shared challenges posed by climate change and growing urban-rural divides. This policy brief examines six good practice examples of collaborative public service delivery from across the Nordic Region, highlighting the main drivers, challenges and enablers of collaboration and the replication potential of these Nordic collaborative examples. The policy brief finds that new and innovative models of Nordic collaboration are constantly emerging thanks to rapid technological developments that are helping to bring stakeholders together to solve common societal challenges. The high levels of cooperation outlined indicate that collaborative governance is continually evolving within the Nordic context.
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Flandin, Simon, Germain Poizat, and Romuald Perinet. Proactivité et réactivité: deux orientations pour concevoir des dispositifs visant le développement de la sécurité industrielle par la formation. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/948rpn.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In a world exposed to uncertainty and upsets, the development of organizational resilience is often proposed to improve performance. Intended as a complement – but also sometimes as a counterpoint – to management approaches based on anticipation and preparedness, resilience-based approaches aim to improve the ability of professionals to react in an opportune manner to extraordinary and unexpected situations. Despite increasing interest for this change in paradigm, few concrete case studies have been documented. The work presented in this document explores the possibilities offered by new training modalities, for and using resilience, which aim to improve the ability of professionals to produce safety in work situations. The work is part of a research project called FOResilience, led by Simon Flandin and Germain Poizat at the University of Geneva, which was partially funded by the FonCSI. Three characteristics of the authors’ approach are worth emphasizing: - They adopt a broad definition of “training”, which includes professional development activities and organizational interventions, with a particular interest for methods that differ from classical classroom-based training, such as crisis exercises, discussion forums, coaching, and collective analysis of work situations. - They are more interested in activities and methods that develop professionals’ ability to interpret ambiguous situations and to act and cooperate in unexpected or critical situations, than in activities that promote a quasi-mechanical execution of a procedure or deployment of a pre-established plan. - They see safety as resulting as much from the daily work activities that develop professionals’ ability to act in appropriate ways in a constantly evolving context, as from the initial safe system design and careful implementation of operating procedures that cover all possible situations. Two families of training/intervention methods are analyzed: - Methods that develop proactivity in routine situations, the daily activities that create conditions which are favourable to safe operations. These include different forms of discussion between professionals that aim to improve the shared understanding of goal conflicts, of the decisions and compromises made, the difficulties encountered (such as procedures that are inappropriate in certain situations) and improvement opportunities. - Methods that encourage reactivity in extraordinary or critical situations and the ability to bounce back after a critical organizational upset. These include various simulation-based methods, such as crisis exercises, though designed to improve the ability of professionals to make sense of and react in appropriate ways to unexpected events, rather than the classical objective of exercises to check correct execution of a predefined plan.
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Brosh, Arieh, David Robertshaw, Yoav Aharoni, Zvi Holzer, Mario Gutman, and Amichai Arieli. Estimation of Energy Expenditure of Free Living and Growing Domesticated Ruminants by Heart Rate Measurement. United States Department of Agriculture, April 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7580685.bard.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research objectives were: 1) To study the effect of diet energy density, level of exercise, thermal conditions and reproductive state on cardiovascular function as it relates to oxygen (O2) mobilization. 2) To validate the use of heart rate (HR) to predict energy expenditure (EE) of ruminants, by measuring and calculating the energy balance components at different productive and reproductive states. 3) To validate the use of HR to identify changes in the metabolizable energy (ME) and ME intake (MEI) of grazing ruminants. Background: The development of an effective method for the measurement of EE is essential for understanding the management of both grazing and confined feedlot animals. The use of HR as a method of estimating EE in free-ranging large ruminants has been limited by the availability of suitable field monitoring equipment and by the absence of empirical understanding of the relationship between cardiac function and metabolic rate. Recent developments in microelectronics provide a good opportunity to use small HR devices to monitor free-range animals. The estimation of O2 uptake (VO2) of animals from their HR has to be based upon a consistent relationship between HR and VO2. The question as to whether, or to what extent, feeding level, environmental conditions and reproductive state affect such a relationship is still unanswered. Studies on the basic physiology of O2 mobilization (in USA) and field and feedlot-based investigations (in Israel) covered a , variety of conditions in order to investigate the possibilities of using HR to estimate EE. In USA the physiological studies conducted using animals with implanted flow probes, show that: I) although stroke volume decreases during intense exercise, VO2 per one heart beat per kgBW0.75 (O2 Pulse, O2P) actually increases and measurement of EE by HR and constant O2P may underestimate VO2unless the slope of the regression relating to heart rate and VO2 is also determined, 2) alterations in VO2 associated with the level of feeding and the effects of feeding itself have no effect on O2P, 3) both pregnancy and lactation may increase blood volume, especially lactation; but they have no effect on O2P, 4) ambient temperature in the range of 15 to 25°C in the resting animal has no effect on O2P, and 5) severe heat stress, induced by exercise, elevates body temperature to a sufficient extent that 14% of cardiac output may be required to dissipate the heat generated by exercise rather than for O2 transport. However, this is an unusual situation and its affect on EE estimation in a freely grazing animal, especially when heart rate is monitored over several days, is minor. In Israel three experiments were carried out in the hot summer to define changes in O2P attributable to changes in the time of day or In the heat load. The animals used were lambs and young calves in the growing phase and highly yielding dairy cows. In the growing animals the time of day, or the heat load, affected HR and VO2, but had no effect on O2P. On the other hand, the O2P measured in lactating cows was affected by the heat load; this is similar to the finding in the USA study of sheep. Energy balance trials were conducted to compare MEI recovery by the retained energy (RE) and by EE as measured by HR and O2P. The trial hypothesis was that if HR reliably estimated EE, the MEI proportion to (EE+RE) would not be significantly different from 1.0. Beef cows along a year of their reproductive cycle and growing lambs were used. The MEI recoveries of both trials were not significantly different from 1.0, 1.062+0.026 and 0.957+0.024 respectively. The cows' reproductive state did not affect the O2P, which is similar to the finding in the USA study. Pasture ME content and animal variables such as HR, VO2, O2P and EE of cows on grazing and in confinement were measured throughout three years under twenty-nine combinations of herbage quality and cows' reproductive state. In twelve grazing states, individual faecal output (FO) was measured and MEI was calculated. Regression analyses of the EE and RE dependent on MEI were highly significant (P<0.001). The predicted values of EE at zero intake (78 kcal/kgBW0.75), were similar to those estimated by NRC (1984). The EE at maintenance condition of the grazing cows (EE=MEI, 125 kcal/kgBW0.75) which are in the range of 96.1 to 125.5 as presented by NRC (1996 pp 6-7) for beef cows. Average daily HR and EE were significantly increased by lactation, P<0.001 and P<0.02 respectively. Grazing ME significantly increased HR and EE, P<0.001 and P<0.00l respectively. In contradiction to the finding in confined ewes and cows, the O2P of the grazing cows was significantly affected by the combined treatments (P<0.00l ); this effect was significantly related to the diet ME (P<0.00l ) and consequently to the MEI (P<0.03). Grazing significantly increased O2P compared to confinement. So, when EE of grazing animals during a certain season of the year is estimated using the HR method, the O2P must be re measured whenever grazing ME changes. A high correlation (R2>0.96) of group average EE and of HR dependency on MEI was also found in confined cows, which were fed six different diets and in growing lambs on three diets. In conclusion, the studies conducted in USA and in Israel investigated in depth the physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular and O2 mobilization, and went on to investigate a wide variety of ruminant species, ages, reproductive states, diets ME, time of intake and time of day, and compared these variables under grazing and confinement conditions. From these combined studies we can conclude that EE can be determined from HR measurements during several days, multiplied by O2P measured over a short period of time (10-15 min). The study showed that RE could be determined during the growing phase without slaughtering. In the near future the development microelectronic devices will enable wide use of the HR method to determine EE and energy balance. It will open new scopes of physiological and agricultural research with minimizes strain on animals. The method also has a high potential as a tool for herd management.
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Payment Systems Report - June of 2020. Banco de la República de Colombia, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/rept-sist-pag.eng.2020.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
With its annual Payment Systems Report, Banco de la República offers a complete overview of the infrastructure of Colombia’s financial market. Each edition of the report has four objectives: 1) to publicize a consolidated account of how the figures for payment infrastructures have evolved with respect to both financial assets and goods and services; 2) to summarize the issues that are being debated internationally and are of interest to the industry that provides payment clearing and settlement services; 3) to offer the public an explanation of the ideas and concepts behind retail-value payment processes and the trends in retail payments within the circuit of individuals and companies; and 4) to familiarize the public, the industry, and all other financial authorities with the methodological progress that has been achieved through applied research to analyze the stability of payment systems. This edition introduces changes that have been made in the structure of the report, which are intended to make it easier and more enjoyable to read. The initial sections in this edition, which is the eleventh, contain an analysis of the statistics on the evolution and performance of financial market infrastructures. These are understood as multilateral systems wherein the participating entities clear, settle and register payments, securities, derivatives and other financial assets. The large-value payment system (CUD) saw less momentum in 2019 than it did the year before, mainly because of a decline in the amount of secondary market operations for government bonds, both in cash and sell/buy-backs, which was offset by an increase in operations with collective investment funds (CIFs) and Banco de la República’s operations to increase the money supply (repos). Consequently, the Central Securities Depository (DCV) registered less activity, due to fewer negotiations on the secondary market for public debt. This trend was also observed in the private debt market, as evidenced by the decline in the average amounts cleared and settled through the Central Securities Depository of Colombia (Deceval) and in the value of operations with financial derivatives cleared and settled through the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC). Section three offers a comprehensive look at the market for retail-value payments; that is, transactions made by individuals and companies. During 2019, electronic transfers increased, and payments made with debit and credit cards continued to trend upward. In contrast, payments by check continued to decline, although the average daily value was almost four times the value of debit and credit card purchases. The same section contains the results of the fourth survey on how the use of retail-value payment instruments (for usual payments) is perceived. Conducted at the end of 2019, the main purpose of the survey was to identify the availability of these payment instruments, the public’s preferences for them, and their acceptance by merchants. It is worth noting that cash continues to be the instrument most used by the population for usual monthly payments (88.1% with respect to the number of payments and 87.4% in value). However, its use in terms of value has declined, having registered 89.6% in the 2017 survey. In turn, the level of acceptance by merchants of payment instruments other than cash is 14.1% for debit cards, 13.4% for credit cards, 8.2% for electronic transfers of funds and 1.8% for checks. The main reason for the use of cash is the absence of point-of-sale terminals at commercial establishments. Considering that the retail-payment market worldwide is influenced by constant innovation in payment services, by the modernization of clearing and settlement systems, and by the efforts of regulators to redefine the payment industry for the future, these trends are addressed in the fourth section of the report. There is an account of how innovations in technology-based financial payment services have developed, and it shows that while this topic is not new, it has evolved, particularly in terms of origin and vocation. One of the boxes that accompanies the fourth section deals with certain payment aspects of open banking and international experience in that regard, which has given the customers of a financial entity sovereignty over their data, allowing them, under transparent and secure conditions, to authorize a third party, other than their financial entity, to request information on their accounts with financial entities, thus enabling the third party to offer various financial services or initiate payments. Innovation also has sparked interest among international organizations, central banks, and research groups concerning the creation of digital currencies. Accordingly, the last box deals with the recent international debate on issuance of central bank digital currencies. In terms of the methodological progress that has been made, it is important to underscore the work that has been done on the role of central counterparties (CCPs) in mitigating liquidity and counterparty risk. The fifth section of the report offers an explanation of a document in which the work of CCPs in financial markets is analyzed and corroborated through an exercise that was built around the Central Counterparty of Colombia (CRCC) in the Colombian market for non-delivery peso-dollar forward exchange transactions, using the methodology of network topology. The results provide empirical support for the different theoretical models developed to study the effect of CCPs on financial markets. Finally, the results of research using artificial intelligence with information from the large-value payment system are presented. Based on the payments made among financial institutions in the large-value payment system, a methodology is used to compare different payment networks, as well as to determine which ones can be considered abnormal. The methodology shows signs that indicate when a network moves away from its historical trend, so it can be studied and monitored. A methodology similar to the one applied to classify images is used to make this comparison, the idea being to extract the main characteristics of the networks and use them as a parameter for comparison. Juan José Echavarría Governor