Дисертації з теми "Excess factor"

This study investigated the application of Machine Learning to portfolio selection by comparing the application of a Factor Based Investment strategy to one using a Support Vector Machine performing a classification task. The Factor Based Strategy uses regression in order to identify factors correlated to returns, by regressing excess returns against the factor values using historical data from the JSE. A portfolio-sort method is used to construct portfolios. The machine learning model was trained on historical share data from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. The model was tasked with classifying whether a share over or under performed relative to the market. Shares were ranked according to probability of over-performance and divided into equally weighted quartiles. The excess return of the top and bottom quartiles was used to calculate portfolio payoff, which is the basis for comparison. The experiments were divided into time periods to assess the consistency of the factors over different market conditions. The time periods were defined as pre-financial crisis, during the financial crisis, post financial crisis and over the full period. The study was conducted in the context of the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. Historical data was collected for a 15-year period - from May 2003 to May 2018 - on the constituents of the All Share Index (ALSI). A rolling window methodology was used where the training and testing window was shifted with each iteration over the data. This allowed for a larger number of predictions to be made and for a greater period of comparison with the factorbased strategy. Fourteen factors were used individually as the basis for portfolio construction. While combinations of factors into Quality, Value and Liquidity and Leverage categories was used to investigate the effect of additional inputs into the model. Furthermore, experiments using all factors together were performed. It was found that a single factor FBI can consistently outperform the market, a multi factor FBI also provided consistent excess returns, but the SVM provided consistently larger excess returns with a wide range of factor inputs and beat the FBI in 12 of the 14 different experiments over different time periods.

This essay will compare the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), Fama and French threefactor model and Carhart´s four-factor model, to see which of these models that can explain portfolio excess returns best on the Swedish stock market. This thesis will tempt to validate the three and four-factor models because of the limited amount of research done on the Swedish stock market. The results indicate that the three-factor model improves explanatory power for portfolio returns in comparison to the CAPM, and the four-factor model gives a small improvement in the explanatory power compared to the three-factor model. The results also indicate that all models have a low explanatory power when the market is volatile.

During the last decade, investments into the Swedish mutual fund market have increased substantially. The increased popularity of actively managed Swedish equity funds among households and investment companies, correspondingly, funds need to deliver substantial results, raised the importance to evaluate these funds’ performance. This thesis adds to the scarce empirical literature on Swedish equity mutual fund performance. Employing the Fama-French three factor model, it analyzes whether actively managed Swedish equity mu- tual funds outperform the Fama-French benchmarks net- and gross of management fees. The study uses time-series data and constructs equally-weighted portfolios of the 42 Swe- dish based actively managed equity mutual funds investing in Sweden for the period 2003- 2013. The portfolios’ excess returns are calculated by estimating the Fama-French three factor model by means of ordinary least squares (OLS) regression analysis. The empirical results show that actively managed equity mutual funds over performed the Fama-French three factor benchmarks by an average annualized net- and gross excess return of 3.60 and 4.67 percent respectively. Sorting out the funds by the performance into deciles, the find- ings indicate that management fees influence the performance of the equity mutual funds in the sample of our study. The conclusion is made such that there is an indication that Swedish equity funds’ managers are able to add value above passive investing.

In 1996, Sloan identified the accruals anomaly, in which the negative relationship between the accruals component of current earnings and subsequent stock returns can be exploited to generate excess returns. One would expect the accruals anomaly to dissipate and ultimately disappear as investors take advantage of the now-public information. However, nearly two decades later, it persists as one of the most prominent and contentious anomalies; its magnitude of current and future excess returns still remain controversial. The main reason for its persistence is that extreme accrual firms possess characteristics that are unappealing to most investors. These characteristics, which include insufficient analyst coverage, high idiosyncratic volatility and the presence of institutional constraints, are generally more pronounced in firms with weak internal controls. This paper finds that the accruals anomaly persists at a higher magnitude in firms with weak internal controls. This higher magnitude of excess returns survives the Fama-French five-factor (2015), the Stambaugh-Yuan four-factor (2017) and the Hou, Xue, and Zhang (2015) q-factor models.

Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня доктора технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.09.03 – "Електротехнічні комплекси та системи". – Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", Харків, 2019. У дисертаційній роботі вирішується важлива науково-технічна проблема підвищення якості електропостачання електротехнічних об'єктів, комплексів та систем і забезпечення їх електромагнітної сумісності шляхом розвитку математичного та апаратного забезпечення систем обліку електроенергії з урахуванням енергетичної ефективності режимів електроспоживання і виявлених порушень меж електромагнітної сумісності з боку постачальника електричної енергії або її споживача. У вступі визначено існуючу проблему і обґрунтовано актуальність теми дисертації, наведено зв'язок роботи з науковими програмами, планами, темами, сформульовано мету і завдання наукового дослідження, розглянуто об'єкт та предмет досліджень, наведено перелік методів дослідження, що застосовувалися для досягнення поставленої мети роботи. Викладено наукову новизну й практичну значущість отриманих результатів, наведено дані про публікації й апробацію результатів роботи, охарактеризовано особистий внесок здобувача, надано відомості про впровадження результатів роботи. У першому розділі на підставі вивчення та систематизації результатів аналізу матеріалів з відкритих джерел сформульовані основні недоліки існуючих методів оцінки якості електропостачання та нормативної бази, яка не дозволяє у повному обсязі вирішувати конфліктні ситуації при виникненні порушень меж електромагнітної сумісності у розрізі електропостачальник-споживач. Також розглянуті методи визначення відповідальності за погіршення якості електричної енергії та окремих її показників. У другому розділі проведено аналіз типової схеми електропостачання, що дозволило зробити висновки та отримати основні числові характеристики системи електропостачання трифазного електротехнічного об'єкту з напругою живлення 10 кВ. За допомогою комп’ютерної моделі показано взаємний вплив декількох споживачів на показники якості напруги у точці приєднання та проаналізовано вплив параметрів системи електропостачання ці показники. Показано, що визначення джерела вищих гармонік за напрямком складової потужності вищої гармоніки не дозволяє гарантовано виділити споживача з нелінійним навантаженням у разі якщо кількість таких споживачів більша за одного. Також проаналізовано сумісність стандартів EN 50160 та IEEE 519 з точки зору норми рівнів гармонійних складових у складі струму та напруги. Отримані результати дозволяють говорити про наявність окремих моментів в яких вищи гармонійні складові струму, що генерує споживач не порушуючи меж стандарту IEEE 519, можуть викликати наявність гармонік напруги що перевищують норми установлені EN 50160. Також зроблено висновки щодо встановлення обмежень генерації вищих гармонійних складових за допомогою нормованих значень опору системи. У третьому розділі запропоновано подальший розвиток математичного апарату визначення коефіцієнтів потужності та втрат, як показників якості електроспоживання, зокрема обґрунтовані визначення інтегральних коефіцієнтів втрат для трифазних трипровідних та чотирьохпровідних мереж. Отримала подальший розвиток теорія "еталонного" споживача. Показано, що в трифазній трипровідній мережі еталонним споживачем незалежно від параметрів напруги є симетричний трикутник постійних активних опорів. Показано, що в трифазній чьотирьохпровідній системі еталонним споживачем незалежно від параметрів напруги є поєднання симетричного трикутника постійних активних опорів і симетричної зірки, опір в гілках якої в стільки ж разів більше опорів трикутника, у скільки разів активний опір провіднику нейтралі більше опору фазних провідників. Вперше запропоновано математичний апарат виділення окремих складових із загальних коефіцієнтів потужностей та втрат за такими типами спотворень як несиметрія, нелінійність, реактивність та нестаціонарність. Запропоновано концепцію еталонного реактивного споживача з умов максимуму потужності або мінімуму втрат при рівності співвідношень перетоків потужності від і до споживача, що дозволяє реалізувати обчислення коефіцієнту реактивності та потужності при довільній формі напруги у однофазних та трифазних мережах. Показано, що при такій постановці еталонний реактивний споживач тяжіє до генерації вищих гармонік і не має зручного аналітичного або чисельного рішення для порівняння з поточним споживачем. Запропоновано концепцію середньореактивного споживача, у якого усі гармоніки мають рівне співвідношення перетікань потужності до і від споживача, що дозволяє реалізувати порівняння режиму електроспоживання поточного споживача з таким середньореактивним. Запропоновано методику оцінки коефіцієнтів втрат і потужності від несиметрії для трифазного споживача при довільній напрузі. Запропоновано методику оцінки співвідношення коефіцієнтів втрат від реактивності і нелінійності споживача шляхом поділу відповідних гармонік струму Фризе у напрямку активної складової. Запропоновано методику оцінки коефіцієнтів втрат і потужності від нестаціонарності споживання. У четвертому розділі проведено аналіз характеру комплексного опору електричної мережі в залежності від параметрів її елементів для типових випадків підключення споживачів на напрузі 10 КВ. Отримана залежність дозволяє говорити про можливе застосування нормованих значень для оцінки пропускної здатності мережі. Набув подальшого розвитку метод вимірювання електричних параметрів трифазної мережі заснований на апроксимації вхідного сигналу сумою гармонійних складових. Особливостями методу є автоматичне підстроювання по частоті і тривалості інтервалу спостереження у заданому діапазоні, використання повного набору напруг фаз (або лінійних) при визначенні частоти з урахуванням їх вагових значень, що дозволяє зменшити похибки вимірювання у складних умовах – при наявності несиметрії, вищих гармонік, аперіодичної складової або при відсутності напруги у окремій фазі. Крім того, метод вимірювання використовує постійну частоту квантування вхідних цифрових даних, що дозволяє спростити апаратну частину приладу. Запропоновано метод обчислення діючих значень з точною прив'язкою до періоду напруги, одержуваного попереднім методом, що дозволяє виключити частотну похибку при вимірюванні незалежно від розташування початку та закінчення інтервалу спостереження відносно відліків вхідного цифрового сигналу. Запропоновано систему обліку електричної енергії з використанням показників якості електричної енергії та ефективності електроспоживання. Особливістю системи є додатковий облік втрат на передачу електричної енергії шляхом порівняння характеристик електроспоживання поточного споживача з такими для еталонного споживача, тобто використання коефіцієнтів втрат або потужності. Такий метод обліку дозволяє коректно тарифікувати всі відхилення в режимах роботи навантаження, такі як реактивність, нелінійність і нестаціонарність. Запропоновано систему штрафних санкцій за погіршення якості електричної енергії, заснована на підрахунку "штрафної" енергії в разі, якщо споживач порушує норми електроспоживання і "нетарифікованої" енергії, в разі коли порушень з боку споживача немає, але якість електроенергії не відповідає нормам. Запропоновано основи тарифікації на базі даної системи обліку електроенергії. У п'ятому розділі експериментально отримані дані, що підтверджують теоретичні положення розділів 3 та 4. Зокрема були реалізовані оцінки якості електроспоживання шляхом порівняння з набором еталонних споживачів. Експеримент показав можливість успішного застосування виділення струму Фрізе і його подальшого аналізу з метою оцінки якості електроспоживання. При цьому можливе паралельне використання його трифазної і однофазної реалізацій для оцінки несиметрії, нелінійності і реактивності відповідно. Запропонована в розділі 3 методика порівняння з еталонним среднереактівним споживачем не виявила себе в якості ефективного інструменту аналізу і не представляється перспективною. У той же час поділ гармонійних складових струму Фрізе у напрямку їх активної складової дозволяє ефективно відстежувати джерело походження струмів вищих гармонік. Визначені вище методи з використанням моделі фрагменту енергосистеми з різними типами навантаження підтвердили коректність розроблених методів оцінки якості електроспоживання. Випробування за допомогою осцилограм, отриманих на реальних трифазних навантаженнях (тягової підстанції) також підтвердило працездатність та ефективність розроблених методів оцінки. В моделях з перевищенням допустимих режимів, використання математичного апарату розробленого в розділі 4 дозволило виявити джерело спотворень, навіть за умови коли одночасно декілька споживачів виступають в якості джерел цих спотворень.
The dissertation on competition of a scientific degree of the doctor of technical sciences on a specialty 05.09.03 - "Electrotechnical complexes and systems". - National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. In the dissertation the important scientific and technical problem of increase of quality of power supply of electrotechnical objects, complexes and systems and maintenance of their electromagnetic compatibility by development of mathematical and hardware of systems of the account of the electric power taking into account energy efficiency of modes of power consumption and the revealed infringements of electromagnetic compatibility energy or its consumer. In the introduction the existing problem is defined and the urgency of the dissertation topic is substantiated, the connection of work with scientific programs, plans, themes is given, the purpose and tasks of scientific research are formulated, the object and subject of researches are considered, the list of research methods applied for achievement of the set purpose is given work. The scientific no velty and practical significance of the obtained results are stated, the data on publications and approbation of the results of the work are given, the personal contribution of the applicant is characterized, the information on the implementation of the results of the work is given. In the first section, based on the study and systematization of the results of analysis of materials from open sources, the main shortcomings of existing methods of assessing the quality of electricity supply and regulatory framework, which does not fully resolve conflict situations in violation of electromagnetic compatibility in terms of electricity supplier - consumer. Methods for determining the responsibility for the deterioration of electricity quality and its individual indicators are also considered. The second section analyzes the typical power supply scheme, which allowed to draw conclusions and obtain the main numerical characteristics of the power supply system of a three-phase electrical facility with a supply voltage of 10 kV. The computer model shows the mutual influence of several consumers on the quality indicators of the voltage at the point of connection and analyzes the influence of the parameters of the power supply system, these indicators. It is shown that the definition of the source of higher harmonics in the direction of the component power of the higher harmonic does not guarantee to allocate a consumer with a nonlinear load if the number of such consumers is greater than one. The compatibility of EN 50160 and IEEE 519 standards in terms of the norm of levels of harmonic components in the composition of current and voltage is also analyzed. The obtained results allow to speak about the presence of certain moments in which the higher harmonic components of the current generated by the consumer without violating the IEEE 519 standard can cause the presence of voltage harmonics exceeding the norms set by EN 50160. It is also concluded that the generation of higher harmonic components system resistance values. The third section proposes further development of the mathematical apparatus for determining power and loss coefficients as indicators of power consumption quality, in particular, the determination of integrated loss coefficients for three-phase three-wire and four-wire networks is substantiated. The theory of the "reference" consumer was further developed. It is shown that in a three-phase three-wire network the reference consumer, regardless of the voltage parameters, is a symmetrical triangle of constant active resistances. It is shown that in a three-phase four-wire system the reference consumer, regardless of voltage parameters, is a combination of a symmetric triangle of constant active resistances and a symmetric star, the resistance in the branches of which is as many times the resistance of the triangle as the active resistance of the neutral conductor. For the first time, a mathematical apparatus for selecting individual components from the total power and loss coefficients for such types of distortions as asymmetry, nonlinearity, reactivity and nonstationarity has been proposed. The concept of the reference reactive consumer from the conditions of maximum power or minimum losses at equality of ratios of power flows from and to the consumer is offered, that allows to realize calculation of coefficient of reactivity and power at any form of voltage in single-phase and three-phase networks. It is shown that in such a statement the reference reactive consumer tends to generate higher harmonics and does not have a convenient analytical or numerical solution for comparison with the current consumer. The concept of the average reactive consumer is proposed, in which all harmonics have an equal ratio of power flows to and from the consumer, which allows to compare the current consumption mode of the current consumer with such an average reactive one. A method for estimating the coefficients of loss and power from asymmetry for a three-phase consumer at arbitrary voltage is proposed. A method for estimating the ratio of the coefficients of losses from reactivity and nonlinearity of the consumer by dividing the corresponding harmonics of the Frieze current in the direction of the active component is proposed. A method for estimating the coefficients of losses and power from non-stationary consumption is proposed. In the fourth section the analysis of character of complex resistance of an electric network depending on parameters of its elements for typical cases of connection of consumers on voltage of 10 KV is carried out. The obtained dependence allows us to talk about the possible use of normalized values to estimate network bandwidth. The method of measuring the electrical parameters of a three-phase network based on the approximation of the input signal by the sum of harmonic components has been further developed. Features of the method are automatic adjustment of the frequency and duration of the observation interval in a given range, the use of a complete set of phase voltages (or linear) in determining the frequency taking into account their weight values, which reduces measurement errors in difficult conditions - in the presence of asymmetry, higher harmonics, aperiodic component or in the absence of voltage in a separate phase. In addition, the measurement method uses a constant quantization frequency of the input digital data, which simplifies the hardware of the device. A method of calculating the current values with a precise reference to the voltage period obtained by the previous method is proposed, which eliminates the frequency error in the measurement regardless of the location of the beginning and end of the observation interval relative to the input digital signal. The system of the account of electric energy with use of indicators of quality of electric energy and efficiency of electric consumption is offered. A feature of the system is the additional accounting of losses for the transmission of electricity by comparing the characteristics of electricity consumption of the current consumer with those for the reference consumer, ie the use of loss factors or power. This method of accounting allows you to correctly rate all deviations in the modes of load, such as reactivity, nonlinearity and nonstationarity. A system of penalties for deterioration of electricity quality is proposed, based on the calculation of "penalty" energy if the consumer violates the norms of electricity consumption and "non-tariffed" energy, if there are no violations by the consumer, but the quality of electricity does not meet the norms. The basics of billing on the basis of this electricity metering system are proposed. In the fifth section, the data confirming the theoretical provisions of sections 3 and 4 were experimentally obtained. In particular, estimates of the quality of electricity consumption were implemented by comparison with a set of reference consumers. The experiment showed the possibility of successful application of Frieze current generation and its subsequent analysis to assess the quality of electricity consumption. At the same time parallel use of its three-phase and single-phase implementations for an estimation of asymmetry, nonlinearity and reactivity accordingly is possible. The method of comparison with the reference average reactive consumer proposed in section 3 has not proved to be an effective tool of analysis and does not seem promising. At the same time, the separation of the harmonic components of the Frieze current in the direction of their active component allows you to effectively track the source of currents of higher harmonics. The above methods using the model of a fragment of the power system with different types of load confirmed the correctness of the developed methods for assessing the quality of electricity consumption. Tests using oscillograms obtained on real three-phase loads (traction substation) also confirmed the efficiency and effectiveness of the developed assessment methods. In models with exceeding the permissible modes, the use of the mathematical apparatus developed in Section 4 allowed to identify the source of distortion, even if several consumers act as sources of these distortions at the same time.

Does the 4-factor model have a higher degree of explanation than CAPM and the 3-factor model on the Swedish stock market? The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether the 4-factor model's ability to explain the systematic risk on the Swedish stock market is better than CAPM and the 3-factor model. Furthermore, we want to investigate whether it is possible to create portfolios based on the 4-factor model that generates excess returns. In addition, we will also compare our results with the results of previous international studies to see what results we get in the Swedish market.

Investors constantly seek information that provides an edge over the market. One of the conventional methods is to find factors which can predict asset returns. In this study we improve the Fama and French Five-Factor model with Regime-Switches, student's t distributions and copula dependencies. We also add price momentum as a sixth factor and add a one-day lag to the factors. The Regime-Switches are obtained from a Hidden Markov Model with conditional Student's t distributions. For the return process we use factor data as input, Student's t distributed residuals, and Student's t copula dependencies. To fit the copulas, we develop a novel approach based on the Expectation-Maximisation algorithm. The results are promising as the quantiles for most of the portfolios show a good fit to the theoretical quantiles. Using a sophisticated Stochastic Programming model, we back-test the predictive power over a 26 year period out-of-sample. Furthermore we analyse the performance of different factors during different market regimes.

Subject background and discussion: In recent decades, issues of human rights, labor and environmental change has been hot topics world wide, which also has influenced the financial market. More and more investors use socially responsible investing (SRI) screens when constructing their portfolios. One form of SRI screen is to choose companies that have satisfied employees. Existing theory says that employee satisfaction is an intangible asset to the firm that will positively affect a firm’s performance in the future. Intangible assets are often unrecognized by the market and thereby not incorporated in the stock price. The efficient market hypothesis has been studied and debated for several decades. Proponents of the EMH argue that all available information is incorporated in the stock price, thus it is not possible to systematically beat the market. However, EMH is controversial, since research has shown different results regarding the possibility to make abnormal return from various investing strategy. Research question: Is it possible to make abnormal returns by investing in a portfolio of worldwide firms with top scores on the SRI screen employee satisfaction? Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to examine investor’s possibility to make abnormal return with controls for multiple risk factors by investing in worldwide firms with top scores in employee satisfaction. One sub-purpose is to examine how the market values intangibles depending on the degree of market efficiency. Another sub-purpose of the study is to test two different portfolio weighting methodologies, equally- and value weighted, and observe the differences between them. Theory: This study deals with the efficient market hypothesis and the concepts of SRI, employee satisfaction, intangible assets and several risk-adjusted measurements. Method: We have chosen to perform a quantitative study with a deductive approach to answer our research question. We used a sample size of 696 firms based on “Great Place to Works”- lists of companies with high employee satisfaction to construct sex portfolios with different holding periods and strategies. These portfolios have been explored and tested significantly with both equally and value weighted methods. Result/Analysis: The study finds significant evidence of an average annual abnormal return of 3,66% and 2,43% for our main portfolio over the market for equally- and value weighted, respectively, using the three-factor model. When adjusting for momentum, thus employing the four-factor model, all the predictive variables still identify strong persistence in the abnormal return, with statistical significance. Conclusion: The results show that it is possible to make abnormal returns, during the observed time period, regardless of the weighing methodology, although the equally weighted received higher abnormal returns. Thus, the market efficiency appears to be in weak form and does not fully value intangibles.

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FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Introdução: O excesso de peso é um grave problema de saúde pública e entre as possíveis causas estão os fatores reprodutivos femininos, comuns às mulheres em fase adulta. Fatores como idade da menarca, menopausa, já ter ficado grávida, número de filhos e métodos contraceptivos podem interferir positivamente no ganho excessivo de peso, entretanto não há um consenso entre a associação desses fatores e o excesso de peso em mulheres adultas, sendo necessários mais trabalhos que ajudem a esclarecer essa relação. Objetivo: Identificar a associação entre os fatores reprodutivos e o excesso de peso em mulheres adultas. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado em 2015, que utilizou dados coletados da pesquisa sobre saúde da mulher realizada em 2011 e 2012, em Juiz de Fora, com participação de 2018 mulheres em idade reprodutiva, de 20 a 59 anos. Foi utilizado o questionário da pesquisa, composto por informações sobre as mulheres participantes. As análises estatísticas univariada, bivariada e concordância Kappa foram realizadas no programa SPSS 14.0 e os modelos de regressão no programa Stata 11.0. Resultados e Discussão: Foi encontrada elevada prevalência de mulheres com excesso de peso (61,0%) e circunferência abdominal aumentada substancialmente (59,6%). Na análise multivariada com as variáveis reprodutivas, aquelas que apresentaram relação com o excesso de peso foram idade da menarca antes dos 12 anos, uso de contraceptivo não hormonal e ter filhos, sendo que após ajuste do modelo contraceptivo não hormonal perdeu significância. A prevalência de excesso de peso em mulheres que tiveram menarca antes dos 12 anos foi 12,4% maior do que aquelas que tiveram menarca com 12 anos ou mais de idade e a prevalência de excesso de peso em mulheres que tiveram filhos foi 58,2% maior do que as que nunca tiveram. Na análise multivariada considerando circunferência abdominal aumentada substancialmente as variáveis que mantiveram significância foram semelhantes em relação à análise com excesso de peso, sendo que as mesmas variáveis reprodutivas permaneceram significantes no fim do modelo. A análise de concordância Kappa indicou forte concordância entre IMC e circunferência abdominal, mostrando que podem ser usadas de forma combinada e complementar no diagnóstico nutricional, principalmente ao considerar fatores reprodutivos. Conclusão: O cenário encontrado mostra uma grande prevalência de excesso de peso na população estudada, com ênfase na influência dos fatores reprodutivos, que merecem atenção e monitoramento, já que são característicos da população feminina adulta.
Introduction: Overweight is a serious public health problem and among the possible causes are female reproductive factors, common to women in adulthood. Factors such as age of menarche, menopause, having become pregnant, number of children and contraceptive methods may interfere positively with excessive weight gain, however there is no consensus between the association of these factors and excess of weight in adult women, requiring more work to clarify this relationship. Objective: To identifying the association between reproductive factors and excess of weight in adult women. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out in 2015, using data collected from the women's health survey conducted in 2011 and 2012, in the city of Juiz de Fora, with envollment of 2018 women in reproductive age, from 20 to 59 years. The research questionnaire, composed of information about the women participants, was used. Univariate, bivariate and Kappa concordance statistical analyzes were performed in the SPSS 14.0 program and the regression models in the Stata 11.0 program. Results and Discussion: It was found a high prevalence of excess of weight women (61.0%) and a substantially increased abdominal circumference (59.6%). In the multivariate analysis with the reproductive variables, those that presented relationship with the excess of weight were age of menarche before 12 years old, use of non-hormonal contraceptive and to having children, after adjustment of the non-hormonal contraceptive model, it lost significance. The prevalence of excess of weight in women who had menarche before 12 years old was 12.4% higher than those who had menarche after 12 years old and over, and the prevalence of excess of weight in women who had children was 58.2% higher than the ones that never had. In the multivariate analysis considering abdominal circumference significantly increased, the variables that remained significant were similar in relation to the excess of weight analysis, and the same reproductive variables remained significant at the end of the model. The Kappa concordance analysis indicated a strong concordance between BMI and waist circumference, showing that they can be used in a combined and complementary way in nutritional diagnosis, especially when considering reproductive factors. Conclusion: The scenario shows a high prevalence of excess of weight in the studied population, with an emphasis on the influence of reproductive factors, which deserve attention and monitoring, since they are characteristic of the adult female population.

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O presente trabalho objetivou estimar a prevalência de excesso de peso em adolescentes de Recife, Pernambuco, e analisar sua associação com fatores socioeconômicos, demográficos, biológicos e de estilo de vida. Trata-se de um estudo transversal de base escolar, o qual está vinculado ao projeto de âmbito nacional “Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes”- ERICA. Para essa casuística, foram avaliados 2404 adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos de Recife, regularmente matriculados em escolas públicas ou privadas. Para avaliação do estado nutricional dos adolescentes foram coletadas medidas de peso e altura, por avaliadores previamente treinados e utilizou-se o indicador IMC/ Idade, segundo o sexo. Todas as variáveis independentes foram referidas pelos adolescentes através da aplicação de um questionário. Para analisar os fatores associados ao excesso de peso, as variáveis foram agrupadas em: socioeconômicas e demográficas (escolaridade da mãe, cor da pele, rede de ensino, classe econômica, número de pessoas domicílio e número de televisões na residência); de estilo de vida (atividade física e alimentação) e biológicas (maturação sexual, sexo e faixa etária). A regressão de Poisson foi utilizada para verificar a associação entre o excesso de peso e as variáveis independentes. A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 26,3%, sendo 16,3% de sobrepeso e 10% de obesidade. A rede de ensino, o número de televisões na residência, algumas variáveis da alimentação, a idade e a maturação sexual permaneceram associadas ao excesso de peso nos adolescentes, mesmo após o modelo ajustado. Nível socioeconômico mais elevado; menor faixa etária; maior estágio de maturação sexual e hábitos alimentares parecem ser os principais fatores determinantes do excesso de peso na população estudada. Espera-se que os resultados apresentados neste estudos possibilitem a criação e/ou o fortalecimento de políticas de combate ao sobrepeso e obesidade voltadas para a adolescência, para que possam apresentar efetividade na prevenção e tratamento deste agravo.
This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of overweight in adolescents of Recife, Pernambuco, and analyze its association with socioeconomic factors, demographic, biological and lifestyle. A cross-sectional study school-based, which is linked to the nationwide project "Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents" - ERICA. For this series, were evaluated in 2404 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years of Recife, enrolled in public or private schools. To assess the nutritional status of adolescents were collected weight and height measurements, by previously trained evaluators and used the indicator BMI / Age. All independent variables were reported by adolescents by applying a questionnaire. To analyze the factors associated with excess weight, these variables were grouped into: socioeconomic and demographic (mother's education, skin color, educational system, economy class, number of people address and number of televisions in the home); lifestyle (physical activity and feed) and biological (sexual maturation, gender and age). Poisson regression was used to investigate the association between excess weight and the independent variables. The prevalence of overweight was 26.3% and 16.3% of overweight and 10% obese. The school system, the number of televisions in residence, some power variables, age and sexual maturity remained associated with overweight in adolescents, even after the adjusted model. Higher socioeconomic status; lower age; greater sexual maturation and eating habits seem to be the main determinants of overweight in this population. It is hoped that the results presented in this study allow the creation and / or strengthening of policies to combat overweight and obesity facing adolescence so that they can provide effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of this disease.

Objective: To evaluate factors influencing excessive weight gain during pregnancy and changes in eating patterns from the pre-pregnancy period among low-income women (<185% poverty level). Design, Setting, & Participants: Low-income women who were at least 7-months pregnant and gained excess weight (n= 14) or normal weight (n=15) were interviewed. Questions pertained to previous nutritional knowledge, eating patterns, and sources for obtaining nutrition information. Outcome Measures and Analysis: Transcripts were coded independently by two researchers, with any differences reconciled. Common themes were discussed and tallied to determine the most commonly re-occurring topics reported in the interviews. Results: Most of the excess weight gainers (EWG) and recommended weight gainers (RWG) had a heightened awareness of their eating patterns and became more concerned about the impact their diet had on their fetus' health during (vs. before) pregnancy. EWG and RWG received limited nutrition- and weight-related advice from their doctors, and relied on alternate sources of information, such as pregnancy books and online websites. The most noted difference between the groups was that RWG reported more accurate nutrition knowledge than EWG.Conclusions and Implications: Nutrition knowledge indirectly affects the amount of weight women gain during pregnancy. EWG and RWG received minimal nutritional and weight-related advice from doctors during or after pregnancy. This suggests the need for increased counseling efforts by doctors in providing appropriate nutrition and weight-related advice to their patients or providing outside referrals to registered dietitians.

Cette étude est conduite dans le but d’identifier les facteurs qui contribuent à l’excès d’iode dans les réservoirs de lait sur les fermes laitières canadiennes. Les recherches précédentes ont montré une variabilité importante du taux d’iode dans le lait au Canada (Borucki Castro et al., 2012, 2010). Pour prévenir une situation incontrôlable, Santé Canada a fixé provisoirement un taux maximal de 500µg d’iode par litre de lait. Pour mener notre étude, un questionnaire rédigé en français et en anglais a été envoyé à 3,180 producteurs laitiers de quatre provinces canadiennes et un modèle logistique ordonné a été développé. Les résultats indiquent que les pratiques de gestion sur la ferme ainsi que les attitudes des producteurs contribuent à l’excès d’iode dans le lait. Ces résultats sont intéressants pour le projet en cours visant à comprendre et à contrôler la variabilité de l’iode dans le lait sur les fermes laitières au Canada.
This study is conducted to identify the factors which contribute to excess iodine in bulk milk tanks on Canadian dairy farms. Previous studies showed important variability in iodine content in milk in Canada (Borucki Castro et al., 2012, 2010). To prevent iodine excess in milk, Health Canada suggested an interim upper limit on milk iodine concentration of 500µg/liter. In this study, a questionnaire in both French and English was sent to 3,180 dairy farmers from four provinces from Canada and an ordered logistic model was then fitted. Results indicate that the farm management practices as well as dairy producers’ attitudes contribute to iodine excess in bulk milk tanks on Canadian dairy farms. These results are interesting for the designing of adequate programs to reduce the iodine residue variability in milk in the framework of the ongoing project «Understanding and Controlling Variability in Bulk Milk Iodine in Canada».

Abstract FACTORS AFFECTING GINGIVAL EXCESS, ALTERED PASSIVE ERUPTION AND RECESSION IN THE MANDIBULAR ANTERIOR AND PREMOLAR SITES By William F Bohlen, D.M.D. A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2010 Major Director: Thomas Waldrop, DDS, MS Program director, Department of Periodontics, Virginia Commonwealth University AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the factors affecting gingival excess, altered passive eruption and recession. METHODS: 100 subjects were examined clinically and models of their mandible were fabricated. Demographic, periodontal and cast measurements were recorded for each subject. Measurements were made on casts with digital calipers and included clinical crown length, clinical crown width, papillary height and gingival width. The W:L ratio was calculated and the proportion compared to the maxillary arch ideal of .80. Values greater than .80 were used as a cutoff point for defining gingival excess. Measures of periodontal health were also examined and included probing depths, clinical attachment loss and bleeding on probing. Other patient variables examined were history of orthodontics, presence of occlusal and incisal wear, presence of parafunctional habits, subjective appearance of gummy smile and biotype. RESULTS: The mean W:L ratio was found to be 79.6 %. Tooth type (p<0.001), gender (p<0.0237) and biotype (p<0.0081) were found to significantly contribute to a W:L ratio >.80. There was a significant correlation between the subjective appearance of gingival excess and the W:L ratio, regardless of biotype. There was no association between recession and gingival excess. CONCLUSION: Subjectively, 17% of the study subjects had gingival excess. When the author (WB) made the determination that gingival excess was present, there was a significant increase in the W:L ratio for all teeth, regardless of biotype versus teeth without the presence of gingival excess. Proposed ideal W:L ratios for the mandibular anterior teeth from the second premolar to central incisor are listed in Table 11.

This study investigated the effect of excess carbon loading in the anoxic reactor on the nitrogen removal capacity of a biological pre-denitrification system for the treatment of a high ammonia leachate. The influent leachate was low in degradable organic carbon, thus an external carbon source was needed for denitrification requirements. Four different carbon sources were studied: methanol, glucose, acetate, and a waste brewer's yeast. The carbon loading was increased over the duration of the experimental period. The COD:NOx added to the anoxic reactor reached more than three times the carbon loading required to just achieve complete denitrification. All four carbon sources were found to support denitrification, but the glucose system showed erratic behaviour and ultimately failed after reaching a CODrNOx loading of about 23:1. The system using acetate appeared to require the least amount of COD:NOx (5.9:1) for complete denitrification, followed closely by methanol (6.2:1), then the yeast waste (8.5:1), and finally by glucose (9:1). Carbon breakthrough, the bleeding of carbon from the anoxic reactor into the aerobic reactor, was observed to occur just after complete denitrification was reached. The excess carbon did not appear to have any effect on denitrification, except in the case of the glucose system. The unit nitrification was found to decrease as the CODrNOx was increased, even though the ammonia removal remained at 100%. The decrease in nitrification, with respect to the COD:NOx, was most pronounced in the system that used methanol, and about equal in the other three systems. The cause of the decrease in nitrification is suspected to be due to increased ammonia assimilation by the heterotrophs rather than an inhibition of the nitrifiers. Nitrification ceased in the glucose system, but was restored within 12 days after the glucose addition was halted. The cause of the failure of the nitrogen removal process in the glucose system was not determined. Nitrite accumulation was observed in all the systems except the methanol system. The yeast waste system had nitrite accumulation in the aerobic reactor at C0D:N0x loadings over 25:1. Free ammonia inhibition of Nitrobacter is suspected to be the cause of aerobic nitrite buildup. The glucose and acetate systems had nitrite buildup in the anoxic reactor until complete denitrification was achieved. Facultative anaerobic bacteria are suspected of causing this nitrite accumulation. This theory was supported by observations in the glucose system, such as low anoxic pH; this may have been due to volatile fatty acids produced from fermentation.
Applied Science, Faculty of
Civil Engineering, Department of
Graduate

Bariatric surgery has demonstrated efficacy as a strategy to address morbid obesity and the comorbidities associated with this issue. Beyond two years there is an increased risk for weight regain and increases in Body Mass Index. Excess weight loss may impact quality of life and mental health status initially. Post-surgically, social support healthcare professional utilization is believed to influence excess weight loss success. Social contagion theory provides a model to explain and predict the impact of social networks on self-management. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine the relationships between social support quality, health quality of life, mental health status, and healthcare team support utilization on the maintenance of excess weight loss and BMI in post-bariatric patients beyond two years after surgery. A total of 34 participants completed the Multidimensional Perceived Social Support Scale, SF-36, and Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale. The electronic health records of these patients were analyzed to determine utilization of healthcare professional support. Health quality of life was the only construct that demonstrated a statistical relationship with weight and BMI maintenance after two years (r = .46, p <.05; r =.47, p <.05). A significant negative correlation between quality of life and mental health status was found with both weight maintenance and BMI maintenance (r = -.62, p <.01; r = -.62, p <.01). There is limited research on long-term maintenance, but these findings are inconsistent with research which has found that social support, support utilization and mental health status may influence initial post surgical weight maintenance. A regression model found that the study variables are not predictive of the maintenance of weight and BMI beyond two years. These finding may contribute to research on weight maintenance in post bariatric patients beyond two years. The results should be viewed cautiously due to the low participation rate, which may have influenced statistical significance. Future research should examine the possible impact of weight gain on study participation, and may benefit from qualitative research methodology to determine themes associated with excess weight maintenance beyond two years.

Debido a los cambios producidos en los últimos años en la economía de nuestro país, el incremento de los precios de la canasta familiar básica, ha llevado a que los trabajadores tengan que trabajar en dos o más lugares o realicen muchas más horas laborales en su lugar de trabajo. El personal de enfermería no ha sido exceptuado de este hecho. El exceso de horas laborales, la falta de reconocimiento social, la baja remuneración y la falta de recursos, han llevado a que el personal de enfermería sufra una serie de alteraciones psicofísicas, que afectan tanto su vida laboral como la personal. El siguiente trabajo está basado en cómo el exceso de horas laborales repercute en el personal de enfermería y tiene como objetivo determinar el grado de percepción del personal de enfermería de los servicios de Alto Riesgo del Hospital Central, en cuanto a la relación entre el exceso de horas laborales y las alteraciones en la salud psicofísicas en Mendoza, durante el año 2006.
Fil: Amieva, Erica Vanesa. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería..
Fil: Gutiérrez, Vilma. Universidad Nacional de Cuyo. Facultad de Ciencias Médicas. Escuela de Enfermería..

A capacidade que os organismos possuem de alterar os seus padrões de expressão de genes em resposta a alterações no meio ambiente é essencial para a sua viabilidade. A levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, em particular, possui um programa complexo e muito flexível de expressão de genes quando exposta a mudanças agressivas do seu meio ambiente. As células mantêm a sua homeostase através de mecanismos coordenados de regulação de vários factores de transcrição, cada um desempenhando funções específicas. Neste trabalho foi estudada a relevância do factor de transcrição da família Yap de S. cerevisiae, o Yap5, na destoxificação do excesso de ferro na célula. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho mostram que após a incubação com elevadas quantidades de sulfato de ferro, embora o potencial de transactivação do Yap5 aumente, os níveis da proteína diminuem, sendo esta diminuição dependente da concentração de ferro. Demonstrámos também que embora a expressão do gene CCC1 (que codifica para o único transportador vacuolar de ferro conhecido) seja dependente do Yap5 em condições de excesso de ferro, os níveis basais de expressão deste gene são suficientes para a sobrevivência nessas condições. Observámos ainda que, ao contrário do que acontece em Schizosaccharomyces pombe, o factor de transcrição Hap4, não parece estar envolvido nesta regulação. Através de delecções sequenciais da região promotora do CCC1, verificámos que os níveis de expressão ditados por uma região de 58pb a montante do codão de iniciação, ATG, são suficientes para a célula sobreviver sob concentrações elevadas de ferro. Verificámos ainda que a região 3’UTR do gene é importante para a sobrevivência celular. Nessa região, identificámos uma estrutura em forma de “hairpin” que poderá estar envolvida na regulação do gene.
The ability of the organisms to alter their gene expression patterns in response to environmental changes is essential for viability. In particular, Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses a very flexible and complex programme of gene expression when exposed to a plethora of environmental insults. Cells maintain their homeostasis through a highly coordinated mechanism of transcription regulation involving several factors, each performing specific functions. In this work, using several S. cerevisiae mutant strains, we studied the influence of the Yap family member, Yap5 in iron detoxification under iron overload conditions. The results obtained in this work show that after incubation with high iron concentrations, although the transactivation potential of Yap5 increases, the protein levels decrease in a way that is dependent on the intensity of the stress. We demonstrated that the expression of the CCC1 gene (that encodes for the only known iron vacuolar transporter) is not fully dependent on Yap5 since basal expression levels of this gene are enough to overcome iron toxicity. We showed that in contrast to what happens in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the Hap4 transcription factor is not regulating CCC1 expression. Through sequential deletions of CCC1 promoter region we delimited a region of 58bp upstream the initiation codon, ATG, which is enough to endow cells with the ability to grow under iron overload conditions. Within this region, we identified a hairpin structure, which is localized immediately after the stop codon, and that might be important in CCC1 gene regulation.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Objetivo: Identificar os padrões alimentares de adolescentes eutróficos e com excesso de peso. Métodos: Estudo transversal envolvendo 239 adolescentes de uma escola pública da cidade de São Paulo/SP, Brasil, de ambos os sexos, na faixa etária de 14 a 19 anos. Foram coletados dados antropométricos e registro alimentar de 4 dias. O estado nutricional foi avaliado pelo IMC, de acordo com os critérios de Must et al. Foi aplicada análise fatorial para a identificação dos padrões alimentares. Resultados: Foram identificados 4 padrões alimentares: Tradicional, Urbano, Saudável e Junk Food. O estado nutricional de eutrofia teve associação positiva com os padrões Tradicional e Urbano, o sobrepeso com os padrões Saudável e Junk Food e a obesidade associou-se negativamente com os Padrões Urbano, Saudável e Junk Food. Conclusão: O padrão saudável foi encontrado entre os adolescentes com sobrepeso, evidenciando preocupação com o controle do peso e tentativa de mudança do hábito alimentar. Entre os obesos, a ocorrência do subrelato, provavelmente, influenciou o resultado das associações.
Objective: Identify the dietary patterns of adolescents, both normal and overweight. Method: cross-sectional study of 239 adolescents from a public school in São Paulo/SP, Brazil; of both sexes, aged 14 to 19 years. Anthropometric data was collected and 4-day dietary records were collected. Nutritional status was assessed by BMI, according to the criteria of Must et al. A factor analysis was applied to identify dietary patterns. Results: Out of this assessment, four dietary patterns were identified: Traditional, Urban, Healthy, and Junk Food. The nutritional status of normal weight was positively associated with the Traditional and Urban patterns, the overweight was positively associated with the Healthy and Junk Food patterns, and, lastly, obesity was negatively associated with the Urban, Healthy and Junk Food patterns. Conclusion: The Healthy pattern was found among overweight adolescents, showing concern for weight control and an attempt to change eating habits. Among the obese, the occurrence of underreporting probably influenced the outcome of the associations.
FAPESP: 03/00415-4
TEDE
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

The metabolic triad, characterized by fasting hyperinsulinemia, hiperapoliproteína B and high proportion of dense and small particles of LDL, can predict cardiovascular risk and is strongly correlated to the marker hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW). The HW defined as the simultaneous presence of increased waist circumference (WC) associated with high levels of triglycerides (TG), it has been presented as a screening marker for the characterization of individuals of this triad. Cross-sectional study was conducted at the University Hospital of the Nutrition Clinic at the Federal University of Sergipe, including women with overweight, hypertension and aged ≥ 18 years and excluding pregnant women and / or living with HIV, cancer and kidney diseases. Sampling was simple random and without replacement through the list of women treated at the clinic. The limiting points for the diagnosis of HW followed the criteria adopted by NCPET-ATP III (National Cholesterol Evaluation Program for Adult Treatment Panel III) for women: CC ≥88 cm and TG ≥ 150 mg / dL. The prevalence ratios and their 95% confidence intervals were estimated. To identify factors associated with HW was used the logistic regression model. The significance level was 5%. The presence of HW was frequently seen in woman that smoked (PR: 1.74; p = 0.003) and for woman with higher Framingham scores (p < 0.001). These woman also presented age (p = 0.001) and biochemical parameters more elevated, such as glycemia (p = 0.001) and total cholesterol (p = 0.007) and HDL (p < 0.001). After multivariate regression analysis, the variables resulting from the final model were glycemia (p = 0.0242), total cholesterol (p = 0.0004), HDL (p = 0.0007), age (p =0.0324) and smoking habits (p = 0.0218). The factors associated significantly to the presence of hypertriglyceridemic waist in the samples studied were those considered of cardiometabolic risk: fasting hyperglycemia, hypercholesterolemia and low serum levels of HDL. Besides significant association of HW to Framingham score, age and smoking habits.
A tríade metabólica, caracterizada pela hiperinsulinemia de jejum, hiperapoliproteína B e alta proporção de partículas densas e pequenas do LDL, podem prever o risco cardiovascular e está fortemente correlacionada ao marcador cintura hipertrigliceridêmica (CHTG). A CHTG definida como a presença simultânea do aumento da circunferência da cintura (CC) associada a elevadas concentrações de triglicerídeos (TG), tem sido apresentada como um marcador de triagem na caracterização de indivíduos portadores dessa tríade. Esse estudo teve como objetivo identificar os fatores associados à presença da CHTG em mulheres hipertensas e com excesso de peso. Para tanto, foi realizado estudo transversal no Ambulatório de Nutrição do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal de Sergipe, incluindo mulheres com excesso de peso, hipertensas e com idade ≥ 18 anos e excluindo gestantes e/ou portadoras de HIV, câncer e nefropatias. A amostragem foi simples aleatória e sem reposição, através de listagem das mulheres atendidas no referido ambulatório. Os pontos de corte adotados para diagnóstico da CHTG seguiram os critérios adotados pelo NCPET-ATP III (National Cholesterol Evaluation Program for Adult Treatment Panel III) para o sexo feminino: CC ≥88 cm e TG ≥ 150 mg/dL. Foram estimadas as razões de prevalência (RP) e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Para identificação dos fatores associados à CHTG foi utilizado o modelo de regressão logística. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Identificou-se que 43% da amostra apresentava CHTG. A presença da cintura hipertrigliceridêmica foi mais frequente entre as mulheres que fumavam (RP: 1,74; p = 0,003) e naquelas que apresentaram Escore de Risco de Framingham (ERF) mais elevado (p < 0,001). Essas mulheres também apresentaram idade (p = 0,001) e parâmetros bioquímicos mais elevados, como glicemia (p = 0,001) e colesterol total (p = 0,007) e HDL mais baixo (p < 0,001). Após análise de regressão multivariada, as variáveis resultantes no modelo final foram glicemia (p = 0,0242), colesterol total (p = 0,0004), HDL (p = 0,0007), idade (p = 0,0324) e hábito de fumar (p = 0,0218). Os fatores associados significativamente à presença da CHTG na amostra estudada foram àqueles considerados de risco cardiometabólico: hiperglicemia de jejum, hipercolesterolemia e baixos níveis séricos de HDL. Além de associação significativa da CHTG ao ERF, idade e hábito de fumar.

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Introduction: The obesity disease has a multifactorial origin, which comes from an overweight condition and is characterized by body fat excess. Many countries has shown a continuously rise on case numbers, constituting a serious problem for public health. Researches revealed that obesity prevails in female population, and the metabolic changes observed on aging favour the gain of body weight in older women. However, factors determining the prevalence of obesity in women isn't completely clear, and the literature evaluating the obesity predominance on menopause are scarce. Objectives: We aim to describe the overweight and obesity prevalence in a postmenopausal women sample enrolled on the Sa?de da Fam?lia Program (Family Health Program) at S?o Gon?alo dos Campos city - Bahia. Material e Methods: The cross-sectional study has an exploratory character and a quantitative aspect. We studied 184 women from 50 to 60 years old enrolled on the Sa?de da Fam?lia Program at S?o Gon?alo dos Campos city, Bahia. All women had presented amenorrhea for at least 12 months, and consented to be part of research by signing the Informed Consent. In domestic visits we evaluated anthropometry, measuring body weight, height and waist circumference. Trough structured questionnaires we collected sociodemography, reproduction and life style data. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was used to evaluate weight excess; the cut-off point was BMI ? 25kg/m?. The data analysis was constituted for descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis by calculating the Prevalence Ratio (PR), followed by multivariate analysis trough Poisson regression, robust model using the SPSS software for Windows 17.0. The research project was submitted and approved by Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (Feira de Santana Estate University) Ethical Committee (CEP ?UEFS). Results: The sample average age of 55,24 ? 2,94 years, and an average BMI of 27,37?5,75. Concerning sociodemographic data, the majority of women had no paid work (81,0%), they had studied until the primary education (64,7%), her familiar income per month was lower or equal the minimum salary (53,8%), they were not using hormone therapy (95,1%), and they had born one or more children (92,9%). The analysis of behaviour variables revealed 11,4% of women smoked regularly, 26,1% used alcoholic beverage, and 70,1% was physically active. The weight excess prevailed on 65,8% of the sample (35,3% of overweight and 30,5% of obesity), and 79,9% revealed raised risk or very raised risk of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The multivariate analysis revealed association between overweight and the primary education level (PR= 0,77 CI95%: 0,63; 0,94), the familiar income above the minimum salary (PR= 1,36 CI95%:1,10; 1,70), the non-smoking characteristic (PR= 1,49 CI95%: 0,96; 2,30), and the use of hormone therapy (PR= 0,72 CI95%:0,56;0,94). Conclusions: The high preponderance of weight excess in postmenopausal women confirms the group susceptibility to the presented conditions, therefore we emphasize the necessity of precisely identification of the main factors associated with this weight excess on the construction of future policies aiming its control and the rates decreasing in population.
Introdu??o: A obesidade ? uma doen?a de origem multifatorial, que se segue ? condi??o de sobrepeso, caracterizada pelo excesso de gordura corporal. Em muitos pa?ses, esta doen?a tem apresentado um crescimento cont?nuo no n?mero de casos constituindo grave problema de sa?de p?blica. Pesquisas revelam que a obesidade ? mais prevalente na popula??o feminina e que as altera??es metab?licas que acompanham o envelhecimento favorecem o aumento do peso corporal em mulheres com maior faixa et?ria. N?o s?o, contudo, inteiramente conhecidos os fatores que determinam uma maior preval?ncia da obesidade em mulheres e s?o escassos na literatura estudos avaliando a preval?ncia de obesidade associada ? menopausa. Objetivo: Descrever a preval?ncia de sobrepeso e obesidade em uma amostra de mulheres na p?s-menopausa cadastradas pelo Programa de Sa?de da Fam?lia do munic?pio de S?o Gon?alo dos Campos - Bahia. Material e M?todos: Esta pesquisa se caracteriza como um estudo de corte transversal, de car?ter explorat?rio e aspecto quantitativo. A amostra foi composta por 184 mulheres com idade entre 50 e 60 anos cadastradas no Programa de Sa?de da Fam?lia do munic?pio de S?o Gon?alo dos Campos, Bahia, que apresentaram amenorr?ia h? pelo menos 12 meses e que consentiram participar da pesquisa mediante assinatura do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). Atrav?s da visita domiciliar foram realizadas entrevistas visando o preenchimento de question?rios estruturados, para a coleta de informa??es sociodemogr?ficas, reprodutivas e relacionadas ao estilo de vida, e a realiza??o de avalia??o antropom?trica com mensura??o do peso corporal, da estatura e da circunfer?ncia de cintura. A presen?a de excesso de peso foi avaliada atrav?s do c?lculo do ?ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC), tendo como ponto de corte IMC ? 25kg/m?. A an?lise de dados foi composta por an?lise descritiva, an?lise bivariada por meio do c?lculo da Raz?o de Preval?ncia, seguido da an?lise multivariada atrav?s da regress?o de Poisson, modelo robusto no programa SPSS for Windows 17.0. O projeto de pesquisa foi submetido e aprovado pelo Comit? de ?tica da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (CEP ?UEFS). Resultados: A amostra apresentou uma m?dia de idade de 55,24 ? 2,94 anos e IMC m?dio de 27,37?5,75. Quanto ?s caracter?sticas sociodemogr?ficas a maioria das mulheres n?o exercia trabalho remunerado (81,0%), haviam estudado at? o ensino fundamental (64,7%), tinham renda familiar mensal menor ou igual a um sal?rio m?nimo (53,8%), n?o estavam fazendo uso de terapia hormonal (95,1%) e tinham um ou mais filhos (92,9%). A an?lise das vari?veis comportamentais revelou que 11,4% eram fumantes, 26,1% faziam uso de bebida alco?lica e 70,1% eram fisicamente ativas. Foi encontrada uma preval?ncia de 65,8% de excesso de peso (35,3% estavam com sobrepeso e 30,5% apresentavam obesidade) e 79,9% apresentavam risco aumentado ou muito aumentado para doen?as cardiovascular e metab?licas. A an?lise multivariada revelou que ter estudado at? o ensino fundamental (RP= 0,77 IC95%: 0,63;0,94), ter renda familiar mensal acima de um sal?rio m?nimo (RP= 1,36 IC95%:1,10; 1,70), n?o ser fumante (RP= 1,49 IC95%: 0,96;2,30) e fazer uso de terapia hormonal (RP= 0,72 IC95%:0,56;0,94) est?o associados ? presen?a de excesso de peso. Conclus?es: A alta preval?ncia de excesso de peso em mulheres na p?s-menopausa confirma a susceptibilidade deste grupo ? estas condi??es, destacando a necessidade de identificar precisamente os principais fatores associados para que medidas possam ser adotadas visando seu controle e redu??o dos ?ndices na popula??o.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
O excesso de peso e a obesidade humana são definidos, pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, como uma acumulação anormal ou em excesso de tecido adiposo, que pode provocar consequências nefastas para a saúde. Tal como no ser humano, o cão é, igualmente, suscetível de desenvolver esta doença e consequentes alterações em diversas funções biológicas. A prevalência desta doença nestes animais, nos países desenvolvidos, tem vindo a aumentar de forma notória ao longo dos últimos anos, sendo, atualmente, equiparada a uma “epidemia”, à semelhança do que se verifica na população humana. Para além dos fatores endógenos, relacionados com o animal, estarem envolvidos como agente causal, a alteração gradual do estilo de vida da sociedade moderna, aliada a uma complexa ligação emocional desenvolvida entre o ser humano e o cão, leva a que ocorra uma crescente manifestação de fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento desta doença. De forma a identificar alguns destes fatores em Portugal, foi realizado um estudo, com uma amostra de 90 cães, divididos em dois grupos: cães com excesso de peso ou obesidade e cães com condição corporal ideal, de acordo com o sistema de classificação do índice de condição corporal de 9 categorias (Laflamme et al., 2003). Os cuidadores destes animais foram submetidos a um questionário, com perguntas de escolha múltipla. Após análise, foram identificados como fatores de risco inerentes ao animal: idade (≥ 8 anos, OR = 3.33, p < 0.05), sexo (fêmea, OR = 3.27, p < 0.01), manifestação de determinados comportamentos de procura e interesse por alimento e estado reprodutivo (gonadectomizado, OR = 2.96, p < 0.05). Os fatores atribuíveis aos cuidadores identificados foram: tipo de exercício físico conferido ao animal (passeios na rua sem outro tipo de exercício físico associado, OR = 3.54, p < 0.05; o animal não realizar passeios na rua OR = 8.07, p < 0.01), frequência dos passeios (p < 0.01), fornecimento de alimentos usualmente destinados ao consumo humano (OR = 3.95, p < 0.01), diversas motivações para o fornecimento de alimentos extra associadas a uma ligação emocional e falta de uma real consciência do excesso de peso nos cães ser prejudicial à sua saúde (p < 0.01). Quanto aos fatores atribuíveis ao médico veterinário, verificou-se que os cuidadores que não tinham sido informados qual era o índice de condição corporal do seu animal de estimação, tinham uma probabilidade significativamente maior de possuir um cão com excesso de peso ou obesidade (OR = 2.64, p < 0.05).
ABSTRACT - RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN DOGS - Overweight and obesity are defined, by the World Health Organization, as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation, that may impair health. As in human beings, dogs are also susceptible of developing this condition and consequent changes in many biological functions. The prevalence of this disease in these animals, in developed countries, has been increasing in a notorious way over the past few years, and is now being compared to an “epidemic”, similarly to what is seen in the human population. Besides endogenous factors, related to the animal, being involved in the cause, the gradual changes in modern society’s lifestyle, combined with a complex emotional attachment developed between human beings and dogs, leads to a growing display of risk factors for the development of this disease. In order to identify some of these factors in Portugal, a study was conducted with a sample of 90 dogs, divided into two groups: overweight or obese dogs and dogs with an ideal body condition score, according to the body condition score system of 9 categories (Laflamme et al., 2003). The caregivers of these animals were subjected to a questionnaire, with multiple choice questions. After analysis, the animal’s risk factors were identified as: age (≥ 8 years, OR = 3.33, p < 0.05), sex (female, OR = 3.27, p < 0.01), expression of some food-seeking behaviors and reproductive status (neutered, OR = 2.96, p < 0.05). The caregivers’ risk factors were identified as: type of physical exercise allowed to the animal (walks without any other type of exercise included, OR = 3.54, p < 0.05; not taken out for walks, OR = 8.07, p < 0.01), frequency of walks (p < 0.01), feeding food for human consumption (OR = 3.95, p < 0.01), several motivations for feeding treats associated with an emotional bond, and lack of a real awareness that excess weight can be harmful to their dog’s health (p < 0.01). As to the factors associated with the veterinary practitioner, the caregivers that had not been informed of their dog’s body condition score had a significant higher chance of having an overweight or obese dog (OR = 2.64, p < 0.05).
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Diploma thesis covers the topic about different attitudes to DCF valuation. The first part is an introduction into CAPM theory and a multifactor French-Fama model. This part also indicates different views on financial assets and analyzes an issue of setting discount rates, especially the risk-free rate and equity risk premium. The second part of this paper applies the theory into valuation of Microsoft, GAP and Telefónica O2. There are elaborated forecasts of the financial statements and free cash flows (FCFCE, FCFU), the discount rate composition and analyses of the factors HML and SMB. At the end, there are performed various valuations, which results are discussed together with a development of real market prices.

Dissertação apresentada à Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Energia e Bioenergia
O presente trabalho apresenta uma proposta de metodologia e um caso de estudo para quantificar o efeito do factor comportamental na melhoria da eficiência energética no sector dos transportes rodoviários em meio urbano e extra-urbano. Utilizaram-se dataloggers EOBD (European On Board Diagnosis) para monitorizar 49 condutores de modo a obter o perfil de condução de condução de cada um na forma de uma distribuição de VSP (Vehicle Specific Power) de cada um deles. Todos os dados obtidos foram registados na estrada, em ambiente real de utilização das viaturas. Para comparar o factor comportamental, independentemente do veículo conduzido e do percurso efectuado desenvolveu-se uma metodologia baseada nos modos VSP. A análise efectuada permite comparar os consumos de combustível para condições semelhantes de todos os condutores,quantificando a variação de consumo de todos estes em relação ao mais eficiente. Adicionalmente quantifica-se o efeito de uma alteração legislativa semelhante ao Decreto-Lei nº 157/2007 da Comunidade da Catalunha, que limita a velocidade máxima de circulação nas principais vias de acesso à cidade de Barcelona a 80 km/h. A aplicação da metodologia desenvolvida mostra que o factor comportamental sem alteração de legislação representa um potencial de poupança de energia final de 174 tep. A alteração do limite de velocidade em auto-estrada de 120 km/h para 80 km/h pode reduzir o consumo de energia final em 300 tep.

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A obesidade atualmente é considerada um grave problema de saúde pública que atinge todas as populações, está relacionada às condições humanas, em todos os aspectos, sociais, emocionais, e de saúde causadas pelo excesso de peso. Quando o tratamento clínico para obesidade de maior gravidade não é efetivo a cirurgia bariátrica passa a ser uma opção, a qual tem demonstrado resultados positivos na redução e manutenção do peso. Realizamos um estudo descritivo de corte transversal, com pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de cirurgia bariátrica no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu e teve por objetivo descrever as características socioeconômicas e demográficas e avaliar a qualidade de vida através do protocolo BAROS (Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System) associadas aos resultados de perda de excesso de peso. Para este trabalho, utilizamos a amostra de 131 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica em seguimento ambulatorial. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos considerando o percentil 50 para o sucesso alcançado e o sucesso não alcançado. No período pré-operatório, os pacientes estavam com IMC (Índice de Massa Corporal) correspondente à obesidade grau III, acima de 40 kg/m2, no pós-operatório todos os pacientes tiveram redução do IMC e minimização das comorbidades. As variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas indicam que a escolaridade e a faixa etária estão relacionadas com a maior perda do excesso de peso, enquanto a renda per capita, contrariamente, se associou a menor perda do excesso de peso. Não houve associação entre as variáveis investigadas e o resultado do protocolo BAROS. Portanto, conclui-se que a melhora na qualidade de vida pós-cirurgia bariátrica não é influenciada por fatores sócioeconômicos e demográficos. Entretanto, a maior escolaridade, menor idade e menor renda per capita se associam a maior perda do excesso de peso
Nowadays, obesity is considered a serious public health problem that affects all populations. It is related to all the aspects of human conditions - social, emotional, and health - caused by overweight. When the clinical treatment for severe obesity is not effective, bariatric surgery becomes an option, as it has shown positive results in weight loss and maintenance. A descriptive and a cross sectional study was carried out with patients submitted to bariatric surgery at the Clinical Hospital Botucatu School of Medicine. The aim was to describe the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics associated with the results of weight loss, and to assess quality of life through the BAROS (Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System) protocol. We used a sample of 131 patients submitted to bariatric surgery in outpatient followup. Patients were classified into two groups considering the 50th percentile for achieved success and non-achieved success. In the preoperative period, the patients' BMI (Body Mass Index) corresponded to class III obesity, above 40 kg/m2. In the postoperative period, all patients had a reduction in the BMI and minimization of the comorbidities. Socioeconomic and demographic variables indicate that level of education and age group are related to higher weight loss, while per capita income was associated with lower weight loss. There was no association between the investigated variables and the result of the BAROS protocol. Therefore, the improvement in quality of life after bariatric surgery is not affected by socioeconomic and demographic factors. However, higher level of education, lower age and lower per capita income are associated with higher weight loss

Orientador: Ione Morita
Coorientador: Thabata Koester Weber
Banca: Adriana Lucia Mendes
Banca: Maria Inês Gandara Graciano
Resumo: A obesidade atualmente é considerada um grave problema de saúde pública que atinge todas as populações, está relacionada às condições humanas, em todos os aspectos, sociais, emocionais, e de saúde causadas pelo excesso de peso. Quando o tratamento clínico para obesidade de maior gravidade não é efetivo a cirurgia bariátrica passa a ser uma opção, a qual tem demonstrado resultados positivos na redução e manutenção do peso. Realizamos um estudo descritivo de corte transversal, com pacientes submetidos ao procedimento de cirurgia bariátrica no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu e teve por objetivo descrever as características socioeconômicas e demográficas e avaliar a qualidade de vida através do protocolo BAROS (Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System) associadas aos resultados de perda de excesso de peso. Para este trabalho, utilizamos a amostra de 131 pacientes submetidos à cirurgia bariátrica em seguimento ambulatorial. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos considerando o percentil 50 para o sucesso alcançado e o sucesso não alcançado. No período pré-operatório, os pacientes estavam com IMC (Índice de Massa Corporal) correspondente à obesidade grau III, acima de 40 kg/m2, no pós-operatório todos os pacientes tiveram redução do IMC e minimização das comorbidades. As variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas indicam que a escolaridade e a faixa etária estão relacionadas com a maior perda do excesso de peso, enquanto a renda per capita, contrariamente, se associou a menor perda do excesso de peso. Não houve associação entre as variáveis investigadas e o resultado do protocolo BAROS. Portanto, conclui-se que a melhora na qualidade de vida pós-cirurgia bariátrica não é influenciada por fatores sócioeconômicos e demográficos. Entretanto, a maior escolaridade, menor idade e menor renda per capita se associam a maior perda do excesso de peso
Abstract: Nowadays, obesity is considered a serious public health problem that affects all populations. It is related to all the aspects of human conditions - social, emotional, and health - caused by overweight. When the clinical treatment for severe obesity is not effective, bariatric surgery becomes an option, as it has shown positive results in weight loss and maintenance. A descriptive and a cross sectional study was carried out with patients submitted to bariatric surgery at the Clinical Hospital Botucatu School of Medicine. The aim was to describe the socioeconomic and demographic characteristics associated with the results of weight loss, and to assess quality of life through the BAROS (Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System) protocol. We used a sample of 131 patients submitted to bariatric surgery in outpatient followup. Patients were classified into two groups considering the 50th percentile for achieved success and non-achieved success. In the preoperative period, the patients' BMI (Body Mass Index) corresponded to class III obesity, above 40 kg/m2. In the postoperative period, all patients had a reduction in the BMI and minimization of the comorbidities. Socioeconomic and demographic variables indicate that level of education and age group are related to higher weight loss, while per capita income was associated with lower weight loss. There was no association between the investigated variables and the result of the BAROS protocol. Therefore, the improvement in quality of life after bariatric surgery is not affected by socioeconomic and demographic factors. However, higher level of education, lower age and lower per capita income are associated with higher weight loss
Mestre

O presente estudo teve como objetivo identificar um ou mais padrões de dieta e verificar sua associação com excesso de peso em uma amostra de indivíduos adultos de Porto Alegre. Para avaliar a dieta, desenvolveu-se um questionário de freqüência alimentar (QFA) composto por 135 itens alimentares. A validade relativa do questionário foi verificada comparando-o à média de dois inquéritos recordatórios de 24 horas. A comparação entre os métodos foi realizada através dos coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e da classificação dos indivíduos segundo as distribuições em quartis de energia e nutrientes de cada método. Após ajuste para energia total e deatenuação, a correlação média entre os métodos foi 0,43. Em média, 76% dos participantes foram classificados no mesmo quartil ou quartis adjacentes; e somente 4% foram classificados em quartis opostos. Com base nas informações obtidas com o QFA, realizou-se análise exploratória de fatores para identificar padrões alimentares. A associação entre os padrões e excesso de peso foi testada utilizando-se análise de regressão de Poisson modificada, ajustando-se para variáveis de confundimento. Seis padrões foram derivados e explicaram 40,2% da variância total na ingestão de alimentos. Os rótulos atribuídos foram de acordo com os alimentos que mais contribuíram para o padrão: “Fast-food”, “Alimentos light/diet”, “Vegetais e frutas”, “Carnes e vísceras”, “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz”. O ajuste na análise para fatores de confusão mostrou que o aumento de uma unidade no escore do padrão “Carnes e Vísceras” elevou em 24% a prevalência de excesso de peso. Adicionalmente, houve tendência à redução nesta taxa entre aqueles que seguiam os padrões “Camarão e Oleaginosas” e “Feijão e Arroz”. Concluindo, o QFA apresentou validade razoável, o padrão “Carnes e vísceras” foi preditor de excesso de peso, enquanto os padrões “Camarão e oleaginosas” e “Feijão e arroz” mostraram tendência à proteção.
The objective of this study was to identify one or more eating patterns and to evaluate the association between these patterns with excess of weight in a sample of adult from Porto Alegre. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), covering 135 food items, was developed to assess diet patterns. Relative validity of the FFQ was verified by comparison with the average of two 24-hour dietary recalls. The comparison between the two methods was carried out using Pearson correlation coefficient and cross-classification of individuals according to the quartile energy and nutrients distributions in each method. After adjustment for total energy intake and de-attenuation, the average correlation between the two methods was 0.43. On average, 76% of the participants were classified in the same quartile or in the adjacent quartiles; and only 4% were misclassified into the opposite quartiles. Based on of the information obtained from the FFQ, an exploratory analysis of factors was carried out to identify eating patterns. The association between eating patterns and overweight was tested using modified Poisson models, adjusting for confounding variables. Six patterns were derived and accounted for 40.2% of the total variance in food intake. These were labeled according to the food types that contributed most to the pattern: “Fast-food”, “Light/Diet Foods”, “Fruit and Vegetables”, “Meat and Animal products”; “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice”. The analysis adjusting for confounding factors showed that the increase of one unit in the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern raised by 24% the prevalence of overweight. In addition, there was a trend to reduce overweight rate for those who had the “Shrimp and Oily Foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns. In conclusion, the FFQ showed reasonable validity, the “Meat and Animal Products” pattern was a predictor of overweight, while the “Shrimp and Oily foods” and “Beans and Rice” patterns showed a trend to protect against excess of weight.

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CAPES
Introdução – A obesidade é considerada uma epidemia global, reconhecida como importante problema de saúde pública, além de ser um dos fatores determinantes para o surgimento de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis.O excesso de peso é caracterizado por um balanço energético positivo, quando a ingestão é maior que o gasto energético, resultando em acúmulo de gordura corporal, que acarreta repercussões à saúde. Objetivo – Analisar a associação entre o excesso de peso e variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas, de estilo de vida e presença de problemas emocionais em mulheres residentes nos municípios da Amazônia Legal. Métodos – Pesquisa de base populacional, delineamento transversal, em 790 mulheres com idade entre 20 a 59 anos, residentes em quatro municípios na região da Amazônia Legal em Mato Grosso. As informações foram obtidas de um banco de dados da pesquisa matriz Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional da população residente na área de influência da BR163. Considerou-se com excesso de peso as mulheres com IMC ≥25 Kg/m2. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no softwareStata versão 11.0 com uso de peso da amostragem.As associações foram realizadas pelo teste do quiquadrado de Pearson e estimativas das razões de prevalências com intervalo de confiança de 95% e a Regressão múltipla de Poisson.Resultados –Em 34,65% das mulheres tinham idade entre 20 a 29 anos, 62,03% declararam-se pardas, 70,50% eram casadas, 49,96% naturais da região Sul do país, 60,11% apresentaram renda familiar per capita mensal entre 0,66 a 2,99 salários mínimos, 41,75% das mulheres estuda por mais que nove anos, 19,28% das mulheres eram chefe de famílias e 17,84% declararam apresentar algum problema emocional. Na análise múltipla verificou-se que o excesso de peso aumentou proporcionalmente com a idade alcançando nas mulheres com idade de 50 a 59 anos a RP1,97 (IC95% 1,51–2,58), àquelas que residiam nos municípios de Alta Floresta [RP1,27(IC95% 1,00–1,62)] e Sorriso [RP1,29 ( IC95% 1,01–1,63)], as que tinham escolaridade de 5 a 8 anos de estudo [RP1,34( IC95% 1,08–1,67)],que eram chefe de família [RP1,22( IC95% 1,02–1,47)] e ex-fumantes [RP1,24( IC95% 1,17–1,52)] tiveram maior prevalência de excesso de peso. Conclusão – A prevalência de excesso de peso encontrada nas mulheres que residem nas cidades estudadas, interior do estado de Mato Grosso, foi semelhante à prevalência existente em municípios de maior porte. O excesso de peso aumentou proporcionalmente com a idade e foi associado com significância estatísticaà condição da mulher ter menor tempo de estudo, ser chefe de família e exfumante
Introduction – Obesity is a global epidemic, recognized as a major public health problem, and is one of the determining factors for the onset of Chronic Noncommunicable Diseases. The overweight is characterized by a positive energy balance, when the intake is greater than energy expenditure, resulting in accumulation of body fat, which leads to health consequences.Objective - To analyze the association between excess weight and demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle and the presence of emotional problems in women living in the municipalities of the Legal Amazon.Method–Research population-based, cross-sectional design, in 790 women aged 20-59 years living in four municipalities in the Amazon region in Mato Grosso. The information was obtained from a research database matrix food and nutrition security of the population residing in the area of influence of the BR163. It was considered overweight women with BMI ≥25 kg / m2. Statistical analyzes were performed using Stata software version 11.0 with sample weight use. The associations were performed by Pearson's chi-square and estimates of prevalence ratios with 95% confidence interval, after held multiple Poisson regression.Results -In 34.65% of women were aged 20 to 29 years, 62.03% of them are brown, 70.50% were married, 49.96% natural south of the country and 60.11% had income family per capita monthly between 0.66 to 2.99 minimum income, 41.75% of women studied for more than nine years, 19.28% of women were heads of households and 17.84% reporting having some emotional problem. In multivariate analysis found that being overweight increased proportionally with age reaching in women aged 50-59 years RP 1.97 (95% CI 1.51 to 2.58), those who lived in High municipalities forest [RP 1.27 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.62)] and Smile [RP 1.29 (95% CI 1.01 to 1.63)], those with education 5-8 years of study [RP 1.34 (95% CI 1.08 to 1.67)], which were householder [RP 1.22 (95% CI 1.02 to 1.47)] and former smokers [RP 1.24 (95 % 1.17-1.52)] had a higher prevalence of overweight.Conclusion - The prevalence of overweight found in women residing in the cities studied, the state of Mato Grosso, was similar to that prevalent in larger cities. Overweight increased proportionally with age and was associated with statistically significant status of women have less time to study, be family man and former smoker

Background: Childhood excess weight and family food insecurity are food-system related public health problems that exist in Canada. Since both relate to issues of food accessibility and availability, which have elements of “place”, they may share common risk factors in the local environment that are amenable to intervention. In this area of research, the literature derives mostly from a US context, and there is a dearth of high quality evidence, specifically from longitudinal studies. Objectives: The main objectives of this thesis were to examine the adjusted associations between the place factors: material deprivation, social deprivation, social cohesion, disorder, and living location, with change in child BMI Z-score and with change in family food insecurity status in a Canadian cohort of children. Methods: The Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development was used to meet the main objectives of this thesis. Response data from six collection cycles (4 – 10 years of age) were used in three main analyses. The first analysis examined change in child BMI Z-score as a function of the place factors using mixed models regression. The second analysis examined change in child BMI Z-score as a function of place factors using group-based trajectory modeling. The third and final analysis examined change in family food insecurity status as a function of the place factors using generalized estimating equations. Results: Social deprivation, social cohesion and disorder were strongly and positively associated with family food insecurity, increasing the odds by 45-76%. These place factors, on the other hand, were not consistently associated with child weight status. Material deprivation was not important for either outcome, except for a slight positive association in the mixed models analysis of child weight status. Living location was not important in explaining family food insecurity. On the other hand, it was associated with child weight status in both analyses, but the nature of the relationship is still unclear. Conclusions: Results do not suggest that addressing similar place factors may alleviate both child excess weight and family food insecurity. More high quality longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to clarify relationships between the local environment and child weight status and family food insecurity.

Background: Factors predicting survival in men with lymph node-positive prostate cancer are still poorly defined. Patients and Methods: 193 prostate cancer patients with histopathologically proven lymph node involvement with a median follow-up of 7.3 years were studied. 94% of patients received immediate hormonal therapy. Kaplan-Meier curves were calculated to evaluate overall survival rates and compared with the log-rank test. Cumulative disease-specific and competing mortality rates were calculated by competing risk analysis and compared with the Pepe-Mori test. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the independent significance of predictors of all-cause mortality. Results: Age (70 years or older vs. younger), Gleason score (8–10 vs. 7 or lower) and the number of involved nodes (3 or more vs. 1–2) were identified as independent predictors of all-cause mortality. When patients with 0–1 of these risk factors were compared with those with 2–3 risk factors, all-cause (rates after 10 years 21% vs. 71%, p < 0.0001), disease-specific (12 vs. 37%, p = 0.009) and competing mortality (9 vs. 33%, p = 0.02) differed significantly. Conclusions: Some of the excess mortality in patients with poor-risk lymph node-positive prostate cancer may be attributed to increased competing mortality, possibly caused by an interaction between comorbid diseases and hormonally treated persistent or progressive prostate cancer
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Background: Factors predicting survival in men with lymph node-positive prostate cancer are still poorly defined. Patients and Methods: 193 prostate cancer patients with histopathologically proven lymph node involvement with a median follow-up of 7.3 years were studied. 94% of patients received immediate hormonal therapy. Kaplan-Meier curves were calculated to evaluate overall survival rates and compared with the log-rank test. Cumulative disease-specific and competing mortality rates were calculated by competing risk analysis and compared with the Pepe-Mori test. Cox proportional hazard models were used to determine the independent significance of predictors of all-cause mortality. Results: Age (70 years or older vs. younger), Gleason score (8–10 vs. 7 or lower) and the number of involved nodes (3 or more vs. 1–2) were identified as independent predictors of all-cause mortality. When patients with 0–1 of these risk factors were compared with those with 2–3 risk factors, all-cause (rates after 10 years 21% vs. 71%, p < 0.0001), disease-specific (12 vs. 37%, p = 0.009) and competing mortality (9 vs. 33%, p = 0.02) differed significantly. Conclusions: Some of the excess mortality in patients with poor-risk lymph node-positive prostate cancer may be attributed to increased competing mortality, possibly caused by an interaction between comorbid diseases and hormonally treated persistent or progressive prostate cancer.
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A alimentação inadequada e o excesso de peso (EP) são problemas de grande magnitude na adolescência e se constituem em importantes fatores de risco à saúde ainda nesta fase e também na vida adulta. Com o objetivo de estudar os fatores associados ao EP e identificar perfis de consumo e comportamento alimentar entre adolescentes matriculados na rede pública municipal de ensino do Rio de Janeiro, o presente estudo foi organizado em três artigos. O primeiro revisou de forma sistemática publicações científicas de periódicos indexados que houvessem identificado fatores sociais,ambientais, psicológicos e/ou comportamentais associados ao EP entre adolescentes segundo critérios de inclusão pré-definidos. Foram incluídos e analisados 56 artigos nesta revisão. Observou-se que o nível socioeconômico associou-se inversamente com oEP em países desenvolvidos e de forma direta em países em desenvolvimento. Dieta para emagrecer, número de horas alocadas em TV ou vídeo por dia, presença de mãe ou ambos os pais obesos e ocorrência de EP na infância associaram-se diretamente com oEP. Foram identificados como fatores protetores o hábito de consumir desjejum e a prática de atividade física. Esta revisão auxiliou na formalização de um modelo teórico dos fatores associados ao EP entre adolescentes que foi examinado empiricamente nosegundo artigo. Esse identificou a associação entre fatores individuais e do ambiente escolar e o EP em adolescentes (n=1632) que fizeram parte do segundo inquérito dosistema de vigilância de fatores de risco e proteção à saúde de adolescentes domunicípio do Rio de Janeiro. A frequência de EP nas escolas variou entre zero e 50% e a prevalência média foi de 17,2%. Observou-se que os adolescentes que apresentaram maior chance de EP foram aqueles que estudavam em escolas que não disponibilizavam garfos e facas ou pratos de vidro para os alunos no refeitório da escola, tinham o hábito de comer ou beliscar enquanto assistiam TV ou estudavam, não realizavam atividade física fora da escola em pelo menos um dia nos últimos sete dias e que não moravam com ambos os pais. O terceiro artigo teve por objetivo identificar perfis de consumo e comportamentos alimentares de adolescentes que participaram do mesmo inquérito, bem como descrever suas prevalências, por meio do método de classificação fuzzy, Grade of Membership-GoM. Os quatro perfis gerados, suas freqüências de ocorrência e características estão descritos a seguir. Os quatro perfis gerados, suas frequências de ocorrência e características estão descritos a seguir. Perfil A (22,8%): caracterizou-se pela ausência do hábito de realizar desjejum, de fazer pelo menos três refeições diárias, e pela ausência da presença da mãe ou responsável nas refeições, pelo consumo menos frequente de legumes cozidos, frutas, leite, embutidos, biscoitos e refrigerantes. Perfil B (12,1%): marcado pelo consumo mais frequente de todos os alimentos marcadores de dieta saudável, menos frequente de cinco dos sete marcadores de alimentação não saudável e pela presença de comportamentos alimentares saudáveis. Perfil D (45,8%): caracterizou-se pela presença do hábito de realizar o desjejum e pelo menos três refeições por dia, consumo menos freqüente de legumes cozidos e frutas e de cinco dos marcadores de alimentação não saudável. Perfil C (19,3%): identificou-se pelo consumo mais frequente de todos os alimentos não saudáveis e menos frequente de legumes e frutas. Com base nesses três artigos, conclui-se que variáveis socioeconômicas, comportamentais, familiares, do início da vida e características da escola estão associadas ao EP, reforçando a existência de efeitos individuais e contextuais sobre este agravo à saúde. Além disso, constatou-se que os perfis de consumo e comportamento alimentar mais prevalentes entre adolescentes são marcados por um baixo consumo de frutas e hortaliças. Este estudo sugere que intervenções dirigidas à prevenção e controle do EP em adolescentes devam considerar estes fatores e alerta, também, para a necessidade de ampliação de intervenções visando à promoção da alimentação saudável nesta população.
Unhealthy diet and overweight (OW) are large scale problems in adolescence and relevant risk factors to chronic non-transmissible diseases at this period and also in adulthood. In order to study the factors associated with OW and to identify food and eating behavior patterns among adolescents enrolled in public schools of Rio de Janeiro, this study was organized into three articles. The first one systematically reviewed scientific articles of indexed journals that have identified social, environmental, psychological and/or behavior factors associated with OW among teenagers given some pre-defined inclusion criteria. Were included and analyzed 56 articles in this review. It was observed that socioeconomic status was inversely associated with body weight in developed countries and directly associated with it in developing countries. Diet to lose weight, number of hours per day allocated at TV or video, presence of obese mother or both obese parents and occurrence of OW in early childhood is directly associated with OW. Protective factors for OW identified were: the habit of consuming breakfast and practicing physical activity. The second article identified the association between individual factors and the school environment and OW in adolescents (n = 1,632) who participated of the second survey of the risk factors surveillance system of adolescents in Rio de Janeiro. The mean prevalence of OW at schools was 17.2%, ranging from 0% to 50%. Adolescents who were more likely to be OW were those who attended at schools that did not have forks and knives or ceramic/glass plates for students in the refectory, those who had the habit of eating or snacking while watching TV or studying, those who had not practiced physical activity outside school at least in one day during the seven days before the study and those who did not live with both parents. The third article identified food and eating behavior patterns of adolescents who participated in the same survey, and describe its prevalence through the method of fuzzy classification, Grade of Membership, GoM. The four profiles generated, their frequency and characteristics are described below. Profile "A" (22.8%): lack of habit of having breakfast and making at least three meals a day, less frequent consumption of vegetables, fruit, milk, sausages, biscuits and soft drinks. Profile "B" (12.1%): more frequent consumption of all food labels healthy diet, less frequent consumption of five in seven markers of unhealthy diet and healthy eating behavior indicators (eg. having breakfast, make at least three meals a day). Profile "D" (45.8%): habit of having breakfast, less frequent consumption of vegetables and fruits and of five markers of unhealthy diet. Profile "C" (19.3%): more frequent consumption of all unhealthy foods; less frequent consumption of vegetables and fruits; making at least three meals a day, including breakfast. We conclude that socioeconomic, behavioral, family, early life and school characteristics are associated with OW, reinforcing the existence of individual and contextual effects on this health problem. This study suggests that interventions aimed at the control of OW in adolescence must consider these factors and also calls for the need to expand interventions aimed at promoting healthy diet and eating patterns in this population.

Introdução: O excesso de peso aumentou rapidamente em nível mundial, inclusive entre adolescentes de países alta renda. No Brasil, evidências indicam que um a cada quatro adolescentes escolares apresenta excesso de peso, com variação regional significativa. A prática insuficiente de atividade física é apontada como um dos principais determinantes do aumento do excesso de peso e representa um comportamento passível de modificação. Os padrões de atividade física entre adolescentes também diferem entre as macrorregiões brasileiras e associam-se ao baixo nível socioeconômico. A associação entre excesso de peso e atividade física apresenta diferenças sociodemográficas e geográficas importantes, sendo conhecimento imprescindível para a proposição de políticas públicas e programas de prevenção do excesso de peso. Objetivo geral: Avaliar associação entre excesso de peso e atividade física em adolescentes brasileiros segundo características sociodemográficas e geográficas. Método: Utilizaram-se dados do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA), estudo multicêntrico, transversal, de base escolar e de representatividade nacional. A amostra incluiu 73.624 adolescentes de 12 a 17 anos, selecionados de 1247 escolas das 27 capitais e de cinco conjuntos de municípios com mais de 100 mil habitantes de cada uma das cinco macrorregiões do País. Os dados foram coletados de fevereiro de 2013 a novembro de 2014. A variável dependente excesso de peso foi avaliada pelo Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), como variável contínua e categórica, que incluiu sobrepeso (1< z-score 2) e obesidade (z-score >2), classificados de acordo com sexo e idade, conforme pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Atividade física foi avaliada por questionário subjetivo, como variável contínua (minutos de atividade física/semana) e categórica, classificada em três níveis: ativos (300 minutos/semana), insuficientemente ativos (1-299 minutos/semana) e inativos (sem prática de atividade física). Realizou-se análise descritiva univariada e múltipla para as variáveis de interesse, em modelos de regressão linear (IMC e minutos de atividade física/semana) e múltipla (excesso de peso e categorias de atividade física). Foram estimadas prevalências e intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) do excesso de peso por categorias de atividade física, segundo características sociodemográficas e geográficas. Associação entre excesso de peso, como variável dicotômica e categorias de atividade física, foi analisada também por meio de modelos de análise multinível logística, considerando nível 1 (indivíduo), nível 2 (capital de Estado) e nível 3 (macrorregião), com intercepto e declive aleatórios (efeito da atividade física), ambos para capitais de Estado e macrorregião. Foram executados modelos brutos (apenas com o nível de atividade física como variável independente) e modelos ajustados a classe econômica, sexo, faixa etária e cor de pele. Os efeitos fixos da atividade física e das variáveis ajustadas foram apresentados em Odds Ratio (OR) e respectivos IC95%. Os modelos multinível foram realizados com o package Ime4 disponível para o R, sendo todas as análises realizadas com o package survey. O nível de significância de todos os testes foi de 5%. O ERICA obteve aprovação dos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa das 27 instituições participantes de cada uma das unidades da federação brasileira. Resultados: Constataram-se associação positiva entre IMC e níveis de atividade física, com aumento de 0,012kg/m2 de IMC para cada 60 minutos de atividade física; e associação entre excesso de peso e categorias de atividade física no modelo bruto, com maior chance de excesso de peso em adolescentes insuficientemente ativos (OR=1,10; IC95%:1,05-1,16) e ativos (OR=1,14; IC95%:1,08-1,20) em relação aos adolescentes inativos, mas, o efeito da atividade física no excesso de peso deixou de ser significativo quando o modelo foi ajustado para classe econômica, sexo, faixa etária e cor de pele (p=0,894; p=0,481). Essa associação foi igualmente observada nas análises separadas para sobrepeso e obesidade. As análises no modelo multinível mostraram efeito negativo da atividade física sobre o excesso de peso nas macrorregiões com maiores prevalências de excesso de peso e efeito positivo nas regiões com menores prevalências, sendo esses efeitos observados tanto nos adolescentes insuficientemente ativos quanto nos ativos. Nas capitais de Estado, o efeito da atividade física no excesso de peso manteve-se significativo apenas para os adolescentes insuficientemente ativos. Resultado similar foi obtido na análise para sobrepeso, porém com significância também nas macrorregiões. Para os obesos, no nível das capitais, verificou-se efeito contrário da atividade física nos adolescentes insuficientemente ativos (efeito positivo nas capitais com maiores prevalências de excesso de peso e efeito negativo nas capitais com menores prevalências de excesso de peso), porém o mesmo não foi observado nos adolescentes ativos. Conclusão: Os resultados mostram que, nos adolescentes, quanto maior o tempo de atividade física praticada, maior o IMC. Entretanto, a associação entre excesso de peso e categorias de atividade física no nível individual não se sustenta na análise ajustada, evidenciando a importância de classe econômica, sexo, faixa etária e cor de pele. Quando a análise é realizada para o nível das capitais de Estado e macrorregiões, as associações passam a apresentar efeitos positivos ou negativos, a depender das prevalências de excesso de peso acima ou abaixo da média nacional. Sugerem-se estudos que avaliem atividade física com métodos objetivos e que a massa muscular e a de gordura sejam consideradas na avaliação do excesso de peso em adolescentes. Contudo, as elevadas prevalências de excesso de peso e de adolescentes insuficientemente ativos/inativos evidenciam a urgência de políticas públicas, pois comportamentos adquiridos nessa fase tendem a se manter na vida adulta, com importantes consequências para a saúde futura.
Introduction: Overweight increased rapidly in the worldwide, including among adolescents from high income countries. In Brazil, evidence indicates that one in four school adolescents are overweight, with regional variation. Insufficient practice of physical activity has been pointed out as one of the main reasons for increase of the excess of weight and represents a behavior susceptible of modification. Patterns of physical activity among adolescents also differ between Brazilian macro-regions and are associated with low socioeconomic status. Association between overweight and physical activity presents important sociodemographic and geographical differences, essential knowledge for the proposal of public policies and programs for the prevention of overweight among adolescents. Objective: To evaluate the association between overweight and physical activity in Brazilian adolescents according to sociodemographic and geographic characteristics. Methods: We analized data from Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents among adolescents (acronum - ERICA), a multicenter, cross-sectional study carried out in national representative school-based study. 73,624 Brazilian adolescents (12-17years) were selected from 1247 schools from 27 states capitals and five sets o municipalities with than 100 thousand inhabitants from each of the five macro-regions of the country. Data were collected from February 2013 to November 2014. Excess weight dependent variable was evaluated by Body Mass Index (BMI), as a continuous and categorical variable and define from the cut points proposed by the WHO for the BMI for age, according to gender (z-score> 1 and 2) and obesity (z-score> 2). Physical activity was assessed by subjective questionnaire, as a continuous variable (minutes of physical activity / week) and categorical, classified into three levels: active (300 minutes / week), insufficiently active (1-299 minutes / week) and inactive Practice of physical activity). Univariate and multiple descriptive analysis were performed for the variables of interest, in linear regression models (BMI and minutes of physical activity / week) and multiple (overweight and physical activity categories). The prevalence and confidence intervals of 95% (95% CI) of excess weight were estimated by categories of physical activity, according to sociodemographic and geographic characteristics. Prevalence and confidence intervals of 95% (95% CI) of excess weight were estimated by categories of physical activity, according to sociodemographic and geographic characteristics. Association between excess weight, as a dichotomous variable and physical activity categories was also analyzed through multilevel logistic analysis models, considering level 1 (individual), level 2 (state capital) and level 3 (macro-region), with intercept and Slope (effect of physical activity), both for state capitals and macro-region. Rude models (only with the level of physical activity as an independent variable) and models adjusted to economic class, gender, age group and skin color were executed. The fixed effects of physical activity and adjusted variables were presented in Odds Ratio (OR) and respective 95% CI. Multilevel models were performed with the package Ime4 available for the R, and all analyzes were performed with the package survey. Significance level of all tests was 5%. ERICA obtained approval from the Research Ethics Committees of the 27 participating institutions of each of the units of the Brazilian federation. Results: Positive association was observed between BMI and physical activity level, with an increase of 0.012kg/m2 BMI for every 60 minute of physical activity. Association between excess weight and physical activity was also observed in the crude model: insufficiently active (OR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.05-1.16) and active adolescents (OR = 1.14, 95% CI: 1.08-1.20) were more likely to be overweight relate to inactive adolescents. However, effect of physical activity on excess weight was no longer significant when the model was adjusted for economic class, sex, age, and skin color (p = 0.894, p = 0.481). This association was also observed in the separate analyzes for overweight and obesity. Analyzes in the multilevel model showed a negative effect of physical activity on excess weight in the macro-regions with higher prevalences of excess weight and positive effect in regions with lower prevalences, and these effects were observed in both active and active adolescents. In state capitals, the effect of physical activity on excess weight remained significant only for underactive adolescents. Similar result was obtained in the analysis for overweight, but with significance also in the macro-regions. For the obese, at the capital level, there was an opposite effect of physical activity on the underactive adolescents (positive effect on capitals with higher prevalences of overweight and negative effect on capitals with lower prevalence of overweight), but the same was not observed in active adolescents. Conclusion: Results show that in the adolescents, the greater the minutes of physical activity practiced, the greater the BMI. However, the association between excess weight and categories of physical activity at the individual level is not supported by the adjusted analysis, showing the importance of economic class, sex, age group and skin color. When the analysis is carried out for state capitals and macro-regions, associations have positive or negative effects, depending on the prevalence of excess weight above or below the national average. We suggest studies that evaluate physical activity with objective methods and that muscle and fat mass be considered in the evaluation of overweight in adolescents. However, high prevalence of excess weight and insufficiently active / inactive adolescents evidences the urgency of public policies, since behaviors acquired during this phase tend to remain in adult life, with important consequences for future health.

“An insider is a person who by his or her position in the company is regarded to have particularly advantageous possibilities to gain confidential information about the company.” – Finansinspektionen Replicating investment decisions made by insiders is a frequently discussed and studied investment strategy. The rationale lies in the notion that insiders should have better understanding of the future performance of the company by which they are employed, and therefore replicating their investments seems intuitively as a good strategy for achieving excess returns. Numerous studies have verified that insiders have managed to achieve excess returns historically. However, what has not been examined as extensively is how insider trades differ in signal value in the modern stock market environment of today. This thesis addresses this very issue by combining qualitative and quantitative finance theories with a data-driven, mathematical analysis of the risk-adjusted return of all insider transactions made on the Stockholm Stock Exchange during the last ten years. The method is based on regression analysis applied to two investment horizons. The result is a mathematical mapping that describes the historical signal value of different insider trade-specific drivers.
“En insynsperson är en person som genom sin ställning i bolaget anses ha särskilt goda förutsättningar att få tillgång till förtrolig information om bolaget.” – Finansinspektionen Att följa insynspersoners investeringsbeslut är en frekvent diskuterad och studerad investeringsstrategi. Rationalen ligger i id ́en att insynspersoner bör ha fördelaktig förmåga att kunna bedöma hur företaget de arbetar på kommer att prestera i framtiden, och därmed är det intuitivt att det verkar vara en bra strategi att replikera deras investeringar för att uppnå överavkastning. Att insynspersoner har lyckats uppnå överavkastning historiskt har fastställts av flertalet studier. Vad som däremot inte har undersökts lika ingående är hur olika insynstransaktioner skiljer sig i signalvärde på dagens moderna aktiemarknadsförhållanden. Denna rapport behandlar denna ovisshet genom att kombinera kvalitativ och kvantitativ finansteori med datadriven, matematisk analys av den riskjusterade avkastningen för alla insynstransaktioner genomförda på Stockholmsbörsen under de tio senaste åren.  Metoden baseras på regressionsanalys applicerad på två investeringshorisonter. Resultatet är en matematiskt kartläggning som beskriver karaktären av de faktorer som drivit magnituden av de signalvärden som historiska insynstransaktioner har medfört

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Foi realizado um estudo transversal de base populacional, com 1100 adultos de São Leopoldo, RS, para investigar a associação de excesso de peso com os aspectos psicossociais. Entrevistas estruturadas foram realizadas utilizando-se questionário padronizado e prétestado. Dados antropométricos foram referidos pelos participantes e excesso de peso definido pelo Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) 25 kg/m². Aspectos psicossociais incluíam qualidade de vida (WHO-8:EUROHIS) e apoio social (Medical Outcomes Study). A análise dos dados foi realizada com regressão de Poisson, com variância robusta e controle para efeito de delineamento. Após ajuste para variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e comportamentais, as prevalências de excesso de peso em pessoas com baixa qualidade de vida e baixo apoio social foi 19 (IC95% 1,03-1,38) e 12 (IC95% 0,96-1,31) maiores quando comparadas com aquelas com alta/moderada qualidade de vida e alto/moderado apoio social, respectivamente. Os achados sugerem que aspectos psicossociais pod
The objective of this study was to investigate the association between psychosocial factors and self-reported overweight. A cross-sectional study was carried out with 1100 adults of a Brazilian city. Structured interviews were conducted using a standard pre-tested questionnaire. Overweight was referred by the participants and defined as Body Mass Index 25 kg/m². Psychosocial factors were quality of life (WHO-8:EUROHIS) and social support (Medical Outcomes Study). Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were obtained by Poisson regression with robust variance and adjustment for design effect. After controlling for sociodemographic and behavioral variables, the prevalence of overweight in people reporting low quality of life and low social support was 19% (IC95% 1,03-1,38) and 12% (IC95% 0,96-1,31) higher than those reporting high/moderated quality of life and high/moderate social support, respectively. The findings suggest that psychosocial factors may be an important determinant of self assessed overw

INTRODUÇÃO: As doenças do aparelho circulatório representaram nos últimos anos a principal causa de mortalidade no Brasil. Com início silencioso na infância e manifestações clínicas somente na fase adulta, tem sido evidenciada a necessidade de que os fatores de riscos associados sejam investigados neste período, visando instituir planos de intervenção mais efetivos com a perspectiva de reduzir a morbimortalidade no futuro. O estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência de excesso de peso e de dislipidemia e seus fatores associados na população infantil do município de Vicente Dutra, caracteristicamente de uma zona de produção agrícola no noroeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal tipo censo populacional, realizado entre agosto de 2015 e novembro de 2016, incluindo 297 crianças, com idade entre 6 meses e 6 anos, residentes no município, recrutadas durante os atendimentos de puericultura nas duas unidades básicas de saúde e por meio de busca ativa pelos agentes comunitários de saúde. Para avaliar a ingestão alimentar foi utilizado o questionário de frequência alimentar. A classificação do excesso de peso foi por meio das curvas de crescimento de referência para idade e sexo da OMS (2006/2007), sendo adotado como ponto de corte para excesso de peso escore-Z +2 para as crianças menores de cinco anos e escore-Z +1 para as acima. A análise descritiva apresentou medidas de média e desvio padrão ou mediana e amplitude interquartílica para as variáveis quantitativas e frequências absolutas e relativas para as categóricas. Os testes qui-quadrado de Pearson ou exato de Fisher foram utilizados para verificar associação entre as variáveis categóricas e testes t de Student ou Mann-Whitney para comparar as variáveis quantitativas com distribuição simétrica e assimétrica. Foi adotado um intervalo de confiança de 95%. O trabalho obteve a aprovação no Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (1.661.099/2015) e autorização da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Vicente Dutra. Todos os responsáveis assinaram o TCLE. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 16,8% e de dislipidemia, 78,0%, foi alta mesmo em crianças eutróficas, quando avaliada uma alteração em pelo menos um dos lípides. A alteração no colesterol HDL foi a mais prevalente, atingindo 59,4% da população estudada, seguidas de 27,8% de alteração de CT, 6,6% de Colesterol LDL e 6,2% de TG. CONCLUSÃO: o excesso de peso e, em especial, as alterações nos níveis de perfil lipídico, sem considerar valores limítrofes e considerando crianças eutróficas, são preocupantes, sobretudo, num município onde, predominantemente, a população reside em zona rural e disporia de acesso à alimentação mais saudável.
INTRODUCTION: Circulatory system diseases represented on the previous years the main cause of mortality in Brazil. Quietly starting on infancy, it has clinical manifestations only on the adult phase. It has been highlighted the necessity of investigating the risk associated factors from that period, with the aim of instituting intervention plans that are more effective, aiming also to reduce the morbimortality on the future. This study had as it main objective to verify the prevalence of overweight and dyslipidemia and its associated factors in the children population of Vicente Dutra (a Brazilian town) – the town is located on an agricultural production zone on Rio Grande do Sul State. METHODOLOGY: It is a cross-sectional population type study, which happened between August 2015 and November 2015, which included 297 children aging between 6 months and 6 years of living, who live on that town. They were recruited during the attendance of childcare on two Unidades Básicas de Saúde (Basic Health Centers) and by searching with community health agents. In order to assess food intake we used a questionnaire of eating consumption frequency. The classification of overweight was through the reference growth curves for age and sex of World Health Organization (WHO) (2006/2007), being adopted as a cut-off point for overweight Z-score +2 for children under five years and Z-score +1 to the above. The descriptive analysis presented measures of mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range for quantitative variables and absolute and relative frequencies for categorical variables. Pearson's chi-square test or Fisher's exact test were used to verify association between categorical variables and Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney test to compare quantitative variables with symmetric and asymmetric distribution. We used confidence interval of 95%. The work was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital das Clínicas de Porto Alegre (Porto Alegre Clinical Hospital) (1.661.099/2015) and authorization of Vicente Dutra Health Secretary. All of the responsible have signed the TCLE. RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight was 16.8% and dyslipidemia, 78.0%, was high even in eutrophic children, when a change was observed in at least one of the lipids. The change in HDL cholesterol was the most prevalent, reaching 59.4% of the studied population, followed by a 27.8% change in CT, 6.6% LDL cholesterol and 6.2% TG. CONCLUSION: Excess weight and, especially, changes in lipid profile levels, without considering borderline values and considering eutrophic children, are of particular concern in a municipality where, predominantly, the population resides in rural areas and would have access to food more healthy.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
O excesso de peso e a obesidade têm apresentado uma incidência crescente a nível mundial, tanto na Medicina Humana, como na Medicina Veterinária e representam um risco para a saúde e bem-estar, na medida em que estão associados a diversas comorbilidades. É um problema multifatorial, contudo, em muitas das suas causas pode ser prevenido. Nesse sentido, compreendendo quais os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento desta condição, torna-se possível desenvolver estratégias para a sua prevenção. Acredita-se que tanto fatores inerentes ao próprio animal, como relativos ao seu maneio e ao estilo de vida dos respetivos titulares estejam associados à condição corporal dos animais de companhia. De forma a identificar potenciais fatores de risco, foram aplicados inquéritos presenciais a 63 titulares de cães no HEV FMV-ULisboa e inquéritos online a uma amostra de 217 donos de cães portugueses e 96 donos de cães irlandeses. Após análise da amostra presencial, concluiu-se que existe uma correlação positiva moderada (coeficiente de correlação de Pearson de 0,67) entre a avaliação da condição corporal dos cães feita pelo titular e a feita pela estagiária. Nesta mesma amostra, 8 variáveis estavam associadas com a condição corporal dos cães (p<0,15): nível de atividade do cão, estado reprodutivo, estado profilático, altura da vida em que se realizou a gonadectomia, local de residência, ambiente em que vive o cão (interior/exterior), exercício físico praticado pelo titular e hábito de brincar com o seu animal. No caso da amostra online portuguesa, foram 7 as variáveis associadas à condição corporal dos cães (p <0,15): estado reprodutivo, nível de atividade do cão, número de horas diário que passa sozinho, tipo de alimentação, grupo etário do cão, hábito de brincar e cuidados de alimentação dos titulares. Por último, no que respeita à amostra online irlandesa, foram também 7 as variáveis significativas (p <0,15): nível de atividade do cão, presença de idosos no agregado familiar, grau académico, estado profilático do cão, rendimento mensal do agregado familiar, índice de massa corporal (IMC) do titular e grupo etário do cão.
ABSTRACT - Body condition in dogs: its relationship with the lifestyle and features of the animal and its owner - Overweight and obesity’s incidence have been increasing worldwide, both in Human Medicine and in Veterinary Medicine and represent a health risk, as they are associated with several comorbidities. This condition is a multifactorial problem, however, many of its causes can be prevented. Therefore, identifying risk factors for the development of this condition, allows for the development of strategies to prevent obesity. It is believed that both factors inherent to the animal itself, as well as relative to its care and the lifestyle of the owner may be associated with the body condition of the dog. In order to identify variables associated with the animals’ body condition, presential surveys were applied to 63 dog owners at HEV FMV-ULisboa and online surveys were applied to a sample of 217 portuguese dog owners and a sample of 96 irish dog owners. In the presential sample, we found a moderate positive correlation (Pearson’s correlation coefficient of 0.67) between the dogs’ body condition scoring made by the owner and the one made by the trainee. Eight variables showed association with the dogs’ body condition (p-value<0,15): dogs’ physical activity level, reproductive status, prophylactic status, timing of gonadectomy, owner’s residence (urban/rural), environment where the animal lives (indoor/outdoor), physical activity of the owner and habit of playing with the dog. In the Portuguese online survey, we found 7 variables associated with dog’s body condition (p-value<0,15): dogs’ reproductive status, physical activity level, number of daily hours the dog is alone, type of food given to the dog, its age, habit of playing with the dog and the care of the owner with its own food. At last, in the Irish online survey, there were also 7 variables that showed association with the dogs’ body condition (p-value<0,15): dogs’ physical activity level, presence of elderly people in the household, owners’ education level, dogs’ prophylactic status, monthly income of the household, owner’s body mass index and dogs’ age.
N/A

Objetivos: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar em que medida o aconselhamento nutricional e a intensificação do acompanhamento clínico permitem melhorar o controlo metabólico de uma amostra de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 não controlada e com excesso de peso/obesidade. Material e Métodos: Ensaio clínico controlado randomizado com três meses de duração realizado no Hospital de Sousa Martins da Unidade Local de Saúde da Guarda entre julho de 2011 e março de 2012. Quarenta e nove pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, valores de hemoglobina glicada superior a 7% e com sobrepeso/obesidade foram randomizados para o grupo experimental ou para o grupo controlo. Quarenta e cinco (91,8%) completaram o estudo. O grupo experimental recebeu recomendações nutricionais individualizadas e acompanhamento clínico mensais durante os três meses da intervenção. O grupo controlo continuou o seu acompanhamento clínico habitual. As principais medidas de resultado foram medidas antropométricas, parâmetros laboratoriais e valores de tensão arterial. Resultados: Aos três meses, obteve-se uma redução significativa do peso (p=0,010 e p=0,011) e do índice de massa corporal (p=0,012 e p=0,014), no grupo experimental e no grupo controlo, respetivamente, sem diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre eles. Verificaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos relativamente aos perímetros abdominal (p=0,003), da anca (p=0,014), braquial (p=0,011) e crural (p=0,000); das pregas cutâneas bicipital (p=0,011), tricipital (p=0,000), subescapular (p=0,002) e crural (p=0,043); do índice cintura-altura (p=0,004); da densidade corporal (p=0,000); e da percentagem de gordura corporal (p=0,000). Houve uma redução de 0,6% da hemoglobina glicada no grupo experimental (p=0,001), que foi estatisticamente diferente quando comparada com o grupo controlo (p=0,037). No grupo experimental obteve-se um aumento do consumo de hidratos de carbono (p=0,038) e uma redução do consumo de proteínas (p=0,026). No mesmo grupo também se obtiveram correlações negativas moderadas entre a idade e o peso (r=-0,520; p=0,003), a idade e o índice de massa corporal (r=-0,578; p=0,001), a idade e o perímetro braquial (r=-0,496; p=0,005) e entre a duração da diabetes e o peso (r=-0,375; p=0,041), a duração da diabetes e o índice de massa corporal (r=-0,421; p=0,021) e a duração da diabetes e a prega cutânea tricipital (r=-0,398; p=0,029). Neste mesmo grupo, obteve-se uma correlação positiva moderada entre a idade e a hemoglobina glicada (r=0,518; p=0,003). Conclusão: Uma intervenção nutricional e clínica de curta duração permite o controlo antropométrico, metabólico e glicémico de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2 não controlada e com sobrepeso/obesidade.

Determina la relación entre el exceso de peso pregestacional y el parto pretérmino en madres jóvenes atendidas en el Hospital Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé; enero - agosto 2016. Estudio observacional, transversal y analítico realizado en 324 madres jóvenes (18 -29 años) con parto atendido en el Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño San Bartolomé enenero - agosto 2016. Se aplicó una ficha para la recolección de datos. Además, se realizó un análisis exploratorio de las variables utilizando frecuencias y porcentajes. Toda la información se tabuló en tablas bivariadas para determinar la asociación de las variables cualitativas; para lo cual se aplicó la prueba de Chi-Cuadrado además para la determinación de las relaciones se aplicó la razón de productos cruzados (OR) con el intervalo de confianza al 95%. El 40,4% de madres jóvenes presentaron exceso de peso pregestacional. El 9,9% de madres jóvenes presentaron parto pretérmino. La edad gestacional más frecuente en la que se presentó el parto pretérmino estuvo comprendida entre las 32 - <37 semanas de gestación con un 8.33 %. Se encontró una asociación estadísticamente significativamente (OR = 2.349; IC 95%: 1.116 - 4.942; p= 0.021) que indicaría que las madres jóvenes con exceso de peso pregestacional tienen 2.349 veces el riesgo de presentar un parto pretérmino que una madre joven sin exceso de peso pregestacional. Concluye que existe relación significativa entre el exceso de peso pregestacional y parto pretérmino, siendo predominante entre las 32 a < 37 semanas de gestación.
Tesis

INTRODUÇÃO: O presente estudo justifica-se, inicialmente, pela elevada prevalência de excesso de peso na infância em nosso país e por suas consequências a curto e longo prazo. Porto Alegre possui 34 escolas infantis com cerca de 4.000 crianças, que permanecem na instituição em turno integral. A grande maioria dessas escolas situa-se em locais de grande vulnerabilidade social e praticamente a totalidade das crianças reside próximo às escolas. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre a prevalência de excesso de peso em pré-escolares de escolas públicas e condições socioeconômicas da região de localização das escolas. MÉTODOS: As medidas de peso e altura foram provenientes de avaliação antropométrica realizada em todas as crianças matriculadas em escolas públicas de educação infantil de Porto Alegre em 2011. O excesso de peso foi definido como índice de massa corporal para idade > 1 escore z das curvas de crescimento da Organização Mundial de Saúde (WHO, 2006). Os dados socioeconômicos da região de moradia (alfabetização e renda mensal) foram coletados do Censo IBGE 2010, definidos a partir do setor censitário onde se localiza a escola e todos os setores que o circundam. Análise multinível foi utilizada para verificar as associações entre o desfecho e as variáveis de exposição. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliadas 3.756 crianças, com média de idade de 51,6 meses (dp = 16,4). A prevalência de excesso de peso foi de 35,5%. Em nível individual, maior idade esteve associada a um efeito protetor, uma vez que a cada incremento de 12 meses de vida, as chances de IMC-para-idade acima do adequado foram 7% menores (RC ajustada = 0,93; IC 95% 0,89-0,98). Em relação à região de moradia, o incremento de ¼ de salário mínimo na renda per capita média da região esteve associado a um aumento de 7% nas chances de excesso de peso (RC ajustada = 1,07; IC 95% 1,03-1,11). CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo apresenta elevada prevalência de excesso de peso na população de crianças atendidas em escolas municipais de educação infantil, particularmente naquelas mais jovens e com maior renda. Assim, percebe-se a necessidade de planejamento de políticas públicas de educação alimentar infantil e familiar, promoção de aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar saudável considerando aspectos socioeconômicos do território.
INTRODUCTION: This study is justified due to the high prevalence of overweight in children in our country and its consequences in short and long term. Porto Alegre has 34 elementary schools with about 4,000 children, who remain in the institution fulltime. The vast majority of these schools are located in neighborhood of high social vulnerability and almost all children live near the school. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between socioeconomic conditions of the region of location of schools and the prevalence of overweight among preschool children in public schools. METHODS: Measurements of weight and height are from anthropometric measurements performed in all children enrolled in public child care centers in Porto Alegre in 2011. Overweight was defined as body mass index for age > 1 z score of the growth curves of the World Health Organization. The socioeconomic data of the region of residence (literacy and monthly income) were collected from the IBGE Census 2010, defined as the census tract where the school is located and the all the census tracts that surround it. Multilevel analysis was used to determine associations between the outcome and exposure variables. RESULTS: There were evaluated 3,756 children with an average age 31,6 months (SD 16.4). The prevalence of overweight was 35.5%. At the individual level, higher age was associated with a protective effect, once for each 12 months, 7% lower were the chances of being above appropriate BMI-for-age (adjusted OR = 0.93, 95% CI 0.89 to 0.98). With regard to region of residence, the increment of 1/4 of minimum wage in average per capita income in the region was associated with a 7% increase in the odds of overweight (adjusted OR = 1.07, 95% CI 1.03 -1.11). CONCLUSIONS: This study shows a high prevalence of overweight in children enrolled in public schools in early childhood education, particularly those younger and with higher income. These results show the necessity of planning specific actions as public education policies for infant and family feeding, promotion of breastfeeding and healthy complementary feeding.

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Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas ? PUC Campinas
Childhood obesity is a public health problem, with increasing prevalence worldwide. In addition to the associated genetic and environmental aspects, psychosocial and economic factors have been studied by influencing dietary choices and lifestyle. Among complications of childhood obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is an important cause of liver disease in childhood, significantly increasing cardiovascular risk in this population. Currently, it is considered the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome. The NAFLD treatment aims primarily weight loss and an active lifestyle; depending, therefore, on adhesion to dietary guidance and proposed physical activities. In this context, the treatment motivation is essential. This study identified and analyzed biochemical, anthropometric, dietary, psychosocial and motivational variables and attitude for treatment, in overweight and obese children and adolescents, in their relationship with the NAFLD diagnosis. This is a prospective, transversal, descriptive and correlational study with 45 children and adolescents (5-17 years old), diagnosed with excess weight according to the World Health Organization criteria, attending the Child Obesity Clinic of an university hospital in a city of S?o Paulo State. The following tools were applied individually after the routine medical appointment: a) A Characterization Record of the Participants, with personal, family, anthropometric and dietary data and laboratory tests, including abdominal ultrasound; b) Psychosocial Assessment Tool 2.0 (PAT 2.0), for the evaluation of the family psychosocial risk; c) four questions about the motivation and attitudes about the dietetic treatment and physical activities. Statistical tests were applied: t-Student, Chi-Square and Fisher's exact test, with a significance level of 5%. Obesity was observed in 82,2% of the sample. There was a 33,3% prevalence of NAFLD, of which showed significantly higher triglyceride levels, higher severe obesity diagnosed by Body Mass Index (IBM/Age) Z-score, greater waist circumference and greater neck circumference. The dietary aspects of the NAFLD patients also showed higher carbohydrate intake compared to total caloric amount of the diet and lower total fat intake. In general, these children and adolescents reported ultra-processed foods and high energetic density food intake above the recommendation and dietary fiber source and low energy density foods intake below the recommendation. Families were at clinical level psychosocial risk (40,0%), especially in areas of child problems and family structure and resources. The families of the NAFLD patients also had significantly higher levels of psychosocial risk ("clinical"). The practice of physical activities and the motivation for the treatment were not different among the participants with and without NAFLD. Although 93,3% of the participants reported being motivated for treatment, 72,7% acknowledged doing "nothing" or "little" of what was proposed. These findings reaffirm the importance of understanding the family context and motivation and attitude for treatment as guiding elements for the multidisciplinary team, when defining strategies and conducting the conventional treatment of childhood obesity and NAFLD.
A obesidade infantil ? um problema de sa?de p?blica, com preval?ncia crescente em todo o mundo. Al?m dos aspectos gen?ticos e ambientais associados, os fatores psicossociais e econ?micos t?m sido estudados por influenciar as op??es alimentares e o estilo de vida. Entre as complica??es da obesidade infantil, a esteatose hep?tica n?o alco?lica (EHNA) ? uma importante causa de doen?as hep?ticas na inf?ncia, aumentando significativamente o risco cardiovascular nessa popula??o. Atualmente, ? considerada a manifesta??o hep?tica da s?ndrome metab?lica. O tratamento da EHNA visa principalmente a perda de peso e um estilo de vida ativo; dependendo, portanto, da ades?o ?s orienta??es diet?ticas e ?s atividades f?sicas propostas. Nesse sentido, a motiva??o para o tratamento tem se mostrado fundamental. Este estudo identificou e analisou vari?veis bioqu?micas, antropom?tricas, diet?ticas, psicossociais e de motiva??o e atitude para o tratamento, em crian?as e adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade (SOB), em suas rela??es com o diagn?stico de EHNA. ? um estudo prospectivo, transversal, descritivo e correlacional, com 45 crian?as e adolescentes (5-17 anos), com diagn?stico de SOB pelos crit?rios da Organiza??o Mundial de Sa?de, sendo atendidos no Ambulat?rio de Obesidade Infantil de um hospital universit?rio de uma cidade do Estado de S?o Paulo. Foram aplicados individualmente, ap?s a consulta de rotina no ambulat?rio: a) uma Ficha de Caracteriza??o dos Participantes, com dados pessoais, familiares, antropom?tricos, diet?ticos e exames laboratoriais, incluindo o ultrassom abdominal; b) Psychosocial Assessment Tool 2.0 (PAT 2.0), para avalia??o do risco psicossocial familiar; c) quatro quest?es sobre a motiva??o e atitude em rela??o ao tratamento diet?tico e ?s atividades f?sicas. Foram aplicados os testes estat?sticos: t-Student, Qui-Quadrado e teste exato de Fisher, com n?vel de signific?ncia de 5%. Apresentaram obesidade 82,2% da amostra. Houve preval?ncia de 33,3% da amostra com EHNA, os quais apresentaram significativamente maiores n?veis de triglic?rides, maior gravidade da obesidade diagnosticada pelo Escore-Z do ?ndice de Massa Corporal (IMC/Idade), maior circunfer?ncia da cintura e maior circunfer?ncia do pesco?o. No aspecto diet?tico, os casos com EHNA apresentaram tamb?m maior ingest?o de carboidratos em rela??o ao valor cal?rico total da dieta e menor ingest?o de gorduras totais. No geral, essas crian?as e adolescentes relataram consumo acima da recomenda??o de alimentos ultraprocessados e de alta densidade energ?tica e consumo abaixo da recomenda??o de alimentos ricos em fibras e de baixa densidade energ?tica. As fam?lias estavam em risco psicossocial em n?vel cl?nico (40,0%), especialmente nas ?reas problemas da crian?a e estrutura familiar e recursos. As fam?lias dos participantes com EHNA tamb?m apresentaram significativamente maior n?vel de risco psicossocial (?cl?nico?). A pr?tica de atividades f?sicas e a motiva??o para o tratamento n?o diferenciou os participantes com e sem EHNA. Embora 93,3% dos participantes tenham relatado estarem motivados para o tratamento, 72,7% reconheceram fazer ?nada? ou ?pouco? do que era proposto. Tais achados reafirmam a import?ncia da compreens?o do contexto familiar e da motiva??o e atitude para o tratamento como elementos norteadores para a equipe multidisciplinar, na defini??o de estrat?gias e condu??o do tratamento convencional da obesidade infantil e da EHNA.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Background: Physical exercise training is a non-drug alternative from treatment morbidites related body mass excess. The aim study was to evaluate effect of 24 weeks circuit-based exercise with low-cost equipment over anthropometric and biochemical risk factors for cardiovascular disease in body mass excess women assisted for basic health program attention. Methods: Thirty three women (42,7 ± 8,9 old) body mass excess (body mass index 34,6 ± 7,2 kg/m²) underwent at 24 weeks circuit-based free weight training combined with aerobic exercise. Was evaluated participation frequency, metabolic equivalent, body mass, body mass index, sum skin fold, waist circumference, waist-rip ratio, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, glycemia, insulin and HOMA-IR. Was not considered minimum participation percentage from statistical analysis, however sample group was splited into tertiles according exercise program aderence. ANOVA from repetead measures with Bonferroni post hoc evaluated intragroup comparisions. ANOVA one-way with Bonferroni post hoc evaluated comparisions among groups at baseline, three and six months. Risk factors that indicated no statistical alterations, but clinical alterations were expressed as variation. Was regarded p<0,05 from statistical significance. Results: Sum skin fold decreased from all group (p< 0,001). Regular participation group showed waist circumference (p=0,023) and waist hip circumference (p=0,046) decrease and LDL-c and total cholesterol showed clinical reduction after six months. Low participation group indicated HDL-c reduction after three (p=0,024) and six months (p=0,035). Intergrop analysis showed HDL-c reduction from lower group when compared with higher tertil after three (p=0,008) and six months (p=0,001). Conclusion: Training program frequency participation is determinant from anthropometric and biochemical factor risk improvement in excess body mass women. Higher active group showed waist circumfereccen, waist-hip circumference, LDL-c and total cholesterol improvement, besides prevent HDL-c lowering. Trial registration: RBR-8rw7dz.
Introdução: O exercício físico é uma alternativa não medicamentosa para o tratamento de morbidades associadas ao excesso de massa corporal. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de 24 semanas de um programa de exercício em circuito com utilização de equipamentos de baixo custo sobre indicadores antropométricos e bioquímicos de risco para doenças cardiometabólicas em mulheres com excesso de massa corporal assistidas por um programa de atenção básica em saúde. Métodos: Participaram do estudo trinta e duas mulheres (42,7 ± 8,9 anos) com excesso de massa corporal (índice de massa corporal 34,6 ± 7,2 kg/m²). Foram submetidas a 24 semanas de treinamento em circuito com pesos livres combinado com exercício aeróbio. Foi avaliada frequência de participação, equivalente metabólico, massa corporal, índice de massa corporal, somatória de dobras cutâneas, circunferência de cintura, relação cintura/quadril, colesterol total, LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, triglicerídeos, glicemia, insulina e HOMA-IR. Não foi considerado percentual mínimo de participação para inclusão das análises estatísticas, porém o grupo amostral foi dividido em três grupos (atividade física regular, atividade física irregular e grupo controle) de acordo com a distribuição, em tercis, da adesão ao programa de exercícios. As alterações intragrupo foram avaliadas por teste ANOVA para medidas repetidas com post hoc de Bonferroni. As comparações entre grupos foram realizadas pelo teste ANOVA de um fator com post hoc de Bonferroni nos momentos incial, após três e seis meses. Os fatores de risco que não indicaram redução estatística, mas que indicaram redução clínica foram expressos em forma de variação. Foi considerado p< 0,05 para significância estatística. Resultados: A somatória de dobras cutâneas reduziu em todos os tercis (p< 0,001). O grupo que teve participaão regular apresentou redução da circunferência de cintura (p = 0,023) e da relação cintura/quadril (p = 0,046), e houve redução clínica dos níveis de LDL-c e colesterol total após seis meses. O grupo que teve baixa participação indicou redução do nível de HDL-c após três meses (p=0,024), e seis meses (p=0,035) Na comparação intergrupos, as mulheres do grupo controleapresentaram redução do nível de HDL-c quanto comparado com o tercil superior (p=0,001). Conclusão: A frequência de participação no programa de treinamento é determinante para melhoras de fatores de risco antropométricos e bioquímicos em mulheres com excesso de massa corporal. O grupo mais ativo apresentou redução da circunferência de cintura, relação cintura/quadril, LDL-c e colesterol total, além de evitar a piora nos níveis de HDL-c. Registro da pesquisa: RBR-8rw7dz

The aim of this thesis is to model the dynamics of international term structure of interest rates taking into consideration several dependence channels.Thanks to a new international Treasury yield curve database, we observe that the explained variability decision criterion, suggested by the literature, is not able to select the best combination of factors characterizing the joint dynamics of yield curves. We propose a new methodology based on the maximisation of the likelihood function of a Gaussian state-space model with common and local factors. The associated identification problem is solved in an innovative way. By estimating several sets of countries, we select two global (and three local) factors which are also useful to forecast macroeconomic variables in each considered economy.In addition, our method allows us to detect hidden factors in the international bond returns. They are not visible through a classical principal component analysis of expected bond returns but they are helpful to forecast inflation and industrial production. Keywords: International treasury yield curves, common and local factors, state-space models, EM algorithm, International bond risk premia, principal components.

Depuis quelques années, les juges administratifs italien et français montrent un souci de plus en plus explicite de protection de la sécurité juridique, qui les a portés à s’arroger le pouvoir de moduler les effets des annulations, sur le modèle de la Cour de Justice de l’Union Européenne. Ce souci n’est pourtant pas nouveau : en France comme en Italie, de nombreuses théories jurisprudentielles, anciennes et nouvelles, visant à préserver les actes illégaux des effets de l’annulation contentieuse témoignaient déjà de son existence. Les nouvelles techniques de protection de la sécurité juridique, et notamment la modulation, ont reçu un accueil doctrinal très différent dans les deux pays: si en France elles ont - du moins initialement - trouvé un terrain favorable, en Italie, le recul de la légalité au profit de la sécurité juridique a été fortement critiqué comme allant à l’encontre des garanties offertes aux administrés par l’art. 113 de la Constitution italienne. D’une part, la thèse décrit et analyse les techniques de protection de la stabilité de l’acte illégal - ou de ses effets - utilisées par les juges administratifs italien et français, dans le but de cerner ce que, concrètement, les juges entendent protéger lorsqu’ils écartent le principe de légalité au profit de la sécurité juridique afin de parvenir à une définition plus précise de ce que représente ce principe dans ce contexte. D’autre part, la recherche analyse l’impact des tendances jurisprudentielles décrites sur les garanties offertes aux administrés, afin de parvenir à une explication du différent accueil reçu par les techniques de protection de la sécurité juridique dans les deux pays
Since the beginning of the XXI century, Italian and French administrative courts have shown an increasing interest in the protection of legal certainty, which eventually culminated in the adoption of the power to modulate the temporal effects of judicial annulments, along the lines of the powers granted to the European Court of Justice by art. 264, sect. 2 T.F.E.U. An in-depth analysis of Italian and French case law revealed that several legal doctrines aimed at the preservation of unlawful administrative acts from the effects of an annulment had already been developed by domestic Courts prior to the introduction of the power to modulate their decisions, thus demonstrating a long-lasting commitment to legal certainty by the Courts.The new techniques generated different responses in the two sides of the Alps. While in France, they received general approval by legal scholars – at least initially – and their use is now widespread, in Italy they have been almost unanimously deemed in contravention of the guarantees enshrined in article 113 of the Italian Constitution. The dissertation describes and analyses the old and new techniques by which the stability of an unlawful act or of its effects are protected by Italian and French Courts, with the aim of further defining the concept of legal certainty by illustrating what is actually protected by the Court when the principle of legal certainty is acknowledged to prevail on the principle of legality. Furthermore, the dissertation focuses on the impact of these techniques on the justiciability of citizens’ rights, in France and in Italy, as a means to explain the different reception the power of modulation has had in the two Countries

碩士
崑山科技大學
企業管理研究所
101
The research period of this study selected from January 2000 to December 2011, which included 132 months of IPOs performance. The short-term performance of IPOs in this study is defined as one month rate of return which an investor holding a portfolio. The target selected by this study which initially listed on Taiwan Stock Exchange. At last, we included 496 companies in our research, of which there are 343 IPOs belong to electronics industry, and the proportion of of all samples is 69.20%. All samples regression under the three factor model, four factors –include sentiment indicators model, and the four factors-stock turnover model, three institutional investors turnover model and natural investors turnover model reached 1% significant level. Among above 5 models, natural investors’ turnover model has the highest exploratory power. The secondly exploratory power model is four factors-stock turnover model. The extra return index of IPO’s portofolio which represented by Jensen's alpha are significantly negative. Both market risk premium and ratio of equity book value to market value have positive impact on short term extra return index of IPO’s portofolio, while size risk premium and investor sentiment risk premium-GMB have significantly negative impact on on on short term extra return index of IPO’s portofolio. Stock turnover, especially natural investors’ stock turnover has significantly positive impact on on on short term extra return index of IPO’s portofolio. We can concluded that stock turnover and natural investors’ turnover are adequate sentiment indicators on short term extra return index of IPO’s portofolio After separate all samples into electronics industry sample and non- electronics industry sample, empiral results show that sentiment risk factor-GMB has insignificantly positive impact on short term extra return of IPO’s portofolio under non-electronics industry sample. This implies that there exists some shine effect under non-electronics industry sample only. Stock turnover has significantly impact on short term extra return of IPO’s portofolio under electronics industry and non-electronics industry. While natural investors’ stock turnover has significantly impact on short term extra return index of IPO’s portofolio under electronics industry. We can conclude that stock turnover (especially natural investors’ stock turnover) is a good proxy indicator of investors’ sentiment factor.

碩士
崑山科技大學
企業管理研究所
100
In this study, we adopt initial public offerings onTaiwan Stock Exchange from January 2003 to December 2009 as our research samples. Firstk, using Fama-French (1993) three-factor model (market risk factor, size factor and the book-to-market factor) to verify whether newly listed companies (including electronic and non-electronic industry) has excess returns in the short term. Second, we extended three-factor with investor sentiment indicators - Cloud or emotional proxy indicators－ stock turnover as the second or third model to test this extensive four-factor model whether IPOs still exist the excess returns? The market risk premium factor (MRP) has significantly positive imact on IPOs excess return under Fama-French three-factor model and Fama-French four-factor model(after adding investor’s sentiment indicator or stock turnover) in electronic industry and non- electronic industry. Book-to-market (HML) has significantly positive imact on IPOs excess return under Fama-French three-factor model and Fama-French four-factor model (after adding stock turnover) in electronic industry and non- electronic industry, too. Under Fama-French three-factor model and Fama-French four-factor model- consider investor sentiment indicator, IPOs investment portfolio still exist significantly positive short-term excess return (α0> 0). Only in Fama-French four-factor model- consider stock turnover, IPOs does not exist significantly positive short-term excess return. Investor sentiment indicators (GMB) - the portfolio return of low cloud less return jof high cloud that has significantly negative impact on IPOs excess return. It seem there does not exist "sunshine effect", but “haze effect " in Taiwan capital market. The stock turnover has significantly positive impact on IPOs excess return. Therefore, the appropriate indicators of investor sentiment in Taiwan, should be" IPOs stock turnover rather GMB.

Calculating the expected return has been a longstanding issue in the finance. There is a positive correlation between the undertaken risk and excess return (or loss) but numerous variables need to be considered. This study builds on the Fama and French formula and adds factors unique to the hospitality industry such as labor cost and diversification in order to get results that are a tailored to the hospitality industry. Active hotel and restaurants companies (SIC 7011 and 5812 respectively) in the 2000-2009 period were analyzed in separate samples. The labor cost improves the explanatory on both samples and the diversification proxy was significant in the hotel sample. Based on the results suggestions for further research were made.

Cette thèse développe des méthodes bootstrap pour les modèles à facteurs qui sont couram- ment utilisés pour générer des prévisions depuis l'article pionnier de Stock et Watson (2002) sur les indices de diffusion. Ces modèles tolèrent l'inclusion d'un grand nombre de variables macroéconomiques et financières comme prédicteurs, une caractéristique utile pour inclure di- verses informations disponibles aux agents économiques. Ma thèse propose donc des outils éco- nométriques qui améliorent l'inférence dans les modèles à facteurs utilisant des facteurs latents extraits d'un large panel de prédicteurs observés. Il est subdivisé en trois chapitres complémen- taires dont les deux premiers en collaboration avec Sílvia Gonçalves et Benoit Perron. Dans le premier article, nous étudions comment les méthodes bootstrap peuvent être utilisées pour faire de l'inférence dans les modèles de prévision pour un horizon de h périodes dans le futur. Pour ce faire, il examine l'inférence bootstrap dans un contexte de régression augmentée de facteurs où les erreurs pourraient être autocorrélées. Il généralise les résultats de Gonçalves et Perron (2014) et propose puis justifie deux approches basées sur les résidus : le block wild bootstrap et le dependent wild bootstrap. Nos simulations montrent une amélioration des taux de couverture des intervalles de confiance des coefficients estimés en utilisant ces approches comparativement à la théorie asymptotique et au wild bootstrap en présence de corrélation sérielle dans les erreurs de régression. Le deuxième chapitre propose des méthodes bootstrap pour la construction des intervalles de prévision permettant de relâcher l'hypothèse de normalité des innovations. Nous y propo- sons des intervalles de prédiction bootstrap pour une observation h périodes dans le futur et sa moyenne conditionnelle. Nous supposons que ces prévisions sont faites en utilisant un ensemble de facteurs extraits d'un large panel de variables. Parce que nous traitons ces facteurs comme latents, nos prévisions dépendent à la fois des facteurs estimés et les coefficients de régres- sion estimés. Sous des conditions de régularité, Bai et Ng (2006) ont proposé la construction d'intervalles asymptotiques sous l'hypothèse de Gaussianité des innovations. Le bootstrap nous permet de relâcher cette hypothèse et de construire des intervalles de prédiction valides sous des hypothèses plus générales. En outre, même en supposant la Gaussianité, le bootstrap conduit à des intervalles plus précis dans les cas où la dimension transversale est relativement faible car il prend en considération le biais de l'estimateur des moindres carrés ordinaires comme le montre une étude récente de Gonçalves et Perron (2014). Dans le troisième chapitre, nous suggérons des procédures de sélection convergentes pour les regressions augmentées de facteurs en échantillons finis. Nous démontrons premièrement que la méthode de validation croisée usuelle est non-convergente mais que sa généralisation, la validation croisée «leave-d-out» sélectionne le plus petit ensemble de facteurs estimés pour l'espace généré par les vraies facteurs. Le deuxième critère dont nous montrons également la validité généralise l'approximation bootstrap de Shao (1996) pour les regressions augmentées de facteurs. Les simulations montrent une amélioration de la probabilité de sélectionner par- cimonieusement les facteurs estimés comparativement aux méthodes de sélection disponibles. L'application empirique revisite la relation entre les facteurs macroéconomiques et financiers, et l'excès de rendement sur le marché boursier américain. Parmi les facteurs estimés à partir d'un large panel de données macroéconomiques et financières des États Unis, les facteurs fortement correlés aux écarts de taux d'intérêt et les facteurs de Fama-French ont un bon pouvoir prédictif pour les excès de rendement.
This thesis develops bootstrap methods for factor models which are now widely used for generating forecasts since the seminal paper of Stock and Watson (2002) on diffusion indices. These models allow the inclusion of a large set of macroeconomic and financial variables as predictors, useful to span various information related to economic agents. My thesis develops econometric tools that improves inference in factor-augmented regression models driven by few unobservable factors estimated from a large panel of observed predictors. It is subdivided into three complementary chapters. The two first chapters are joint papers with Sílvia Gonçalves and Benoit Perron. In the first chapter, we study how bootstrap methods can be used to make inference in h-step forecasting models which generally involve serially correlated errors. It thus considers bootstrap inference in a factor-augmented regression context where the errors could potentially be serially correlated. This generalizes results in Gonçalves and Perron (2013) and makes the bootstrap applicable to forecasting contexts where the forecast horizon is greater than one. We propose and justify two residual-based approaches, a block wild bootstrap (BWB) and a dependent wild bootstrap (DWB). Our simulations document improvement in coverage rates of confidence intervals for the coefficients when using BWB or DWB relative to both asymptotic theory and the wild bootstrap when serial correlation is present in the regression errors. The second chapter provides bootstrap methods for prediction intervals which allow relaxing the normality distribution assumption on innovations. We propose bootstrap prediction intervals for an observation h periods into the future and its conditional mean. We assume that these forecasts are made using a set of factors extracted from a large panel of variables. Because we treat these factors as latent, our forecasts depend both on estimated factors and estimated regression coefficients. Under regularity conditions, Bai and Ng (2006) proposed the construction of asymptotic intervals under Gaussianity of the innovations. The bootstrap allows us to relax this assumption and to construct valid prediction intervals under more general conditions. Moreover, even under Gaussianity, the bootstrap leads to more accurate intervals in cases where the cross-sectional dimension is relatively small as it reduces the bias of the ordinary least squares estimator as shown in a recent paper by Gonçalves and Perron (2014). The third chapter proposes two consistent model selection procedures for factor-augmented regressions in finite samples.We first demonstrate that the usual cross-validation is inconsistent, but that a generalization, leave-d-out cross-validation, selects the smallest basis of estimated factors for the space spanned by the true factors. The second proposed criterion is a generalization of the bootstrap approximation of the squared error of prediction of Shao (1996) to factor-augmented regressions which we also show is consistent. Simulation evidence documents improvements in the probability of selecting the smallest set of estimated factors than the usually available methods. An illustrative empirical application that analyzes the relationship between expected stock returns and macroeconomic and financial factors extracted from a large panel of U.S. macroeconomic and financial data is conducted. Our new procedures select factors that correlate heavily with interest rate spreads and with the Fama-French factors. These factors have strong predictive power for excess returns.