Дисертації з теми "Éveillé"
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Verin, Éric. "Propriétés dynamiques des voies aériennes supérieures chez l'homme éveillé." Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066364.
Повний текст джерелаMarie, Adel. "Contribution à l'étude d'afférences vagales digestives chez le mouton éveillé." Lille 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LIL10019.
Повний текст джерелаRabut, Claire. "Neuroimagerie fonctionnelle ultrasonore 4D et connectivité fonctionnelle cérébrale chez l’animal éveillé." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SORUS328.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the application of functional ultrasound imaging for new pre-clinical imaging modalities in rodents. Functional Ultrasound imaging (fUS) is a brain imaging modality based on Doppler imaging which makes possible to image the cerebral vascular activity with a very good sensitivity. As a first step, a new acquisition device was developed to allow transcranial functional imaging in awake, freely moving mice. We applied this device to measure the alteration of functional connectivity induced by a drug model of Alzheimer's disease. The pharmacodynamic study in awake mice allowed us to measure stable and dose dependent alterations in functional connectivity. The study was validated by a classifier automating the distinction of the pathological states using supervised learning. Using a new type of ultrasound scanner, we have also expanded the field of view of fUS imaging to the third dimension. The implemented technology has extended fUS acquisition capabilities to 4D functional. High quality films of the volume cerebral blood dynamics were obtained in rats and showed the feasibility of 4D fUS technology through different functional measurement applications. Finally, we applied the method of supersonic shear wave elastography to the evaluation of the stiffness of functional areas in the brain. We were able to monitor the brain activity by tracking changes in blood volume and at the same time generating shear waves to determine the stiffness of activated functional regions following external stimulations. The work carried out in this thesis has expanded the perspectives of pre-clinical ultrasound functional imaging for neuroscience research
Leite, de Sousa Pires Silene. "Autorégulation du débit sanguin rénal et variabilité tensionnelle chez le rat éveillé." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO1T026.
Повний текст джерелаBen, Ghazi Akhlaki Abdelhaï. "La transposition dans une autre culture de pratiques thérapeutiques : exemple du rêve-éveillé." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05H044.
Повний текст джерелаThe awaken dream psychotherapy transposition from the western world to morocco needs a questioning in the desoillien method of the awaken dream. So diagnostics themes of Robert Desoille were replaced by others in referring to religion, believes and Moroccan culture. The impact of cultural beings consecrated by holy writ (djinn, shaytan) or by the society (aicha kandicha, ghoul, efrit) on believes has arise through re whose images are based on these themes. The judgement day, hell and paradise preoccupation and the place they take up in the arab muslim imaginary has guided our choice of those themes as awaken dream proposed by the psychotherapist. The particular statue of the human body in Islam, the rules that govern, its cleanliness with ablutions, washing and its pleasure with its taboos; its initiation rites, are underlined in the re hammam, circumcision, wedding night. Trough kaiss and layla characters and more over the Arabian nights protagonists, the Arab muslims desires and fantasms are expressed and by the same way his relation with the other sex but also with society. Only ten out of thirteen themes were kept because of their internal potential strength, and their impact on the patients. So the themes ghoul, efrit and kaiss and layla had not been retained because of their impertinence relatively to Moroccan culture
Raux, Mathieu. "Mécanismes corticaux de la compensation de charge inspiratoire chez l'homme éveillé : approche électrophysiologique." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066404.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis demonstrates that inspiratory resistive breathing facilitates the diaphragm response to transcranial magnetic stimulation (corticospinal pathway) in spite of a decreased automatic drive to breathe (bulbospinal pathway). It also demonstrates , using respiratory premotor potentials identification, that pre motor cortical areas are involved in the compensation of mechanical inspiratory loads. In contrast, stimulating ventilation with carbon dioxide does not give rise to premotor potentials, that also lack during quiet breathing. Thus assessing premotor potentials in patiens placed under mechanical ventilation could provide a useful monitoring tool. In conclusion, we show, seemingly for the first time, that the premotor cerebral cortex participates to the compensation of inspiratory loading. This could have clinical implications in situations that are hallmarked by such a mechanical dysfunction (e. G. Patient-ventilator asynchrony, asthma, etc. )
Dandrieux, Michaël V. "Le rêve, la magie et la métaphore : pour une sociologie de l'homme éveillé." Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05H034.
Повний текст джерелаIn 1967, in the review Diogène, Roger Caillois wrote an article on the prestige and the problems of dreams. He wrote that, in the past, in a world where dreams had excessive credit, there was a connection between the act of dreaming and the everyday feeling that all things, even intimate ones, could be experienced collectively. Yet, quite ironically, the intuition that dreams could cross-verify, or control one another, acted as a way to civilise them. Conversely, nowadays, in a world where they are no longer source of political power, where they can’t be taken as authentic testimonies, where they are considered impervious phenomena, reticent to be shared, dreams carry a sort of community nostalgia. On the same year, Roger Bastide gave a thought about what a sociology of dreams would be. A study of dreams as social phenomena. He thought that sociology had only interest for the awaken Man, as if the Man asleep were a dead man. He wondered how sociology could ignore this lying, dreaming man. The present thesis offers a framework to think the everyday life through this intuition of Roger Caillois. Consider Men in society not as occasional lying, dreaming bodies. But look at the structures of work, family, and the realm of objects throughout the ways this third of our life we spend sleeping affect them. The interpretation of dreams is not the subject of this thesis, nor is the “latent contents” they might hold. Our purpose is to find out how dreams are experienced and lived as myths. That is to wonder: to which extend the attention given by the dreamer to the weird structure of his dreams, or to its content, have positively influenced his relationship to the community. How does the phenomenon of dreaming can be used as a key to read and make sense out of the everyday life of Men in society. In a word: how dreams overflow and contaminate reality. Magic and the metaphors could be two expressions of this contamination. Magic as a social interpretation of phenomena in which causes remain in seemingly decorrelation with their consequences, whereas the studied phenomena have an effectiveness of their own. This relationship without determinism which yet connect two distinct terms is an essential core of symbolical thinking. The metaphor, finally, the literary and linguistic expression where two symbols that nothing links, nevertheless cohabit harmoniously. A strategy of discourse through which language strips of of its descriptive function, to reach a mythical aspect. This would be the thesis: contribute to a sociology of the awaken Man, as Bastide wanted to call it. A human science which wouldn’t turn its back to the fact that “twilight states of mind” and “an obscure, sombre, half of Man extends the social life”. A sociology that wouldn’t disregard the many drivers of humain societies relying on saltatory logics, indirect causality, and all the human ways escaping determinism, all of which could be found in dreams magic and the metaphor. A sociology which would consider that the invisible, everyday link that structures civilisations, could benefit from an inquiry on the very way we think of the social link in general. A sociology which would question the inconsequence of what is not visible
Bouchet, Christian M. "Le rêve lucide, description et analyse du phénomène à partir d'expériences de rêves lucides spontanés ou préparés, essai d'interprétation : mise en évidence des implications théoriques des procédés et techniques mis en œuvre." Paris 4, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA040331.
Повний текст джерела"Lucid dreams" are dreams occuring during the sleep and in the course of which the dreamer knows that he is dreaming. The awareness of his state is often such that scientists explain the phenomenon by the emergence of wakeful consciousness in the dream. The approach presented here is different in the way that it holds that this type of consciousness, "dream lucidity", is completely distinct from wakeful consciousness. To support this view, the author starts by outlining the enabling conditions of this study : he retraces its scientific development; he endeavours to give an operational definition of lucidity; he examines ways of inducing dream lucidity in order to bring out its essential criteria; he establishes the conditions allowing to open up an area of experimentation. After having outlined these conditions, he looks at what lessons can be learned from systematic experimentation regarding lucid dreams with respect not only to their intrinsic dream quality but also as a cultural phenomenon and from the scientific point of view. This makes it possible to identify the theoretical implications of studying lucid dreams : by evidencing the limits of the traditional explanatory models and by using a critical approach which permits to describe lucidity as different frow wakeful consciousness and to present a new hypothesis to account for the existence of this phenomenon and the theoretical difficulties resulting from it
Sayin, Halil. "Balance sympatho-vagale chez le rat éveillé : méthodes d’étude et application à la fibrillation atriale." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE1149/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe aim of the present work was (1) to compare the different methods currently used to assess sympathovagal balance (SVB) in rats, and (2) to assess SVB alterations towards vagal predominance on atrial electrical instability in aging spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). The electrocardiogram was measured in conscious rats using chronically implanted telemetric probes. The reference method to estimate SVB is based on the calculation of the ratio of intrinsic heart rate (HR) to resting HR. Depending on whether the index is greater or lower than 1, one can conclude to sympathetic or vagal predominance, respectively. Intrinsic HR is obtained after the combined administration of selective antagonists of both branches of the autonomic nervous system, i.e. β- adrenergic blocker (atenolol) and muscarinic receptor antagonist (methylatropine). Other methods (autonomic tones measured separately, calculation of indices derived from heart rate variability analysis) provide inconsistent or conflicting results. The chronic infusion of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor (pyridostigmine) in aging SHRs induced relative vagal hypertonia (SVB=0.81±0.02) in comparison with untreated rats (SVB=1.06±0.01) along with sinus bradycardia and increased frequency and duration of atrial tachyarrhythmia episodes. These studies highlight the value of the reference method for evaluating SVB in conscious rats. Potentiation of endogenous vagal activity aggravates atrial electrical instability in aging SHRs, consistent with a pathogenic role of the parasympathetic nervous system in this model
Cassar, Laner. "Bridging imaginal pathways : the Jungian technique of active imagination and Robert Desoille's 'rêve éveillé dirigé' method." Thesis, University of Essex, 2016. http://repository.essex.ac.uk/18001/.
Повний текст джерелаReynaud, Alexandre. "Rôle fonctionnel des interactions latérales dans l'intégration du mouvement visuel : étude en imagerie optique au niveau du cortex visuel primaire du singe éveillé." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX22129/document.
Повний текст джерелаOur goal is to study motion integration at population level in V1 in the awake behaving onkey. We compare V1population recorded with optical imaging of voltage sensitive dyes with ocular following response.We have shown that contrast response function in V1 is controlled by a dynamic normalization pool. Then we identified two distinct mechanisms involved in contextual modulations: a fast transient one originating from MT and a show and sustained one, originating from V1. Finally, we have observed that cortical activity dynamics in presponse to apparent motion can induce a suppression wave at acortical surface
Barthélemy, Joëlle. "Codage central des mouvements ego et exocentriques : étude des processus neuronaux d'interaction visuo-otolithique chez le Chat éveillé." Aix-Marseille 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX11161.
Повний текст джерелаToubaté, Berthine. "Effets de la nutrition entérale sur le comportement moteur du fundus gastrique : étude expérimentale chez le rat éveillé." Tours, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOUR3309.
Повний текст джерелаChezalviel, Frédérique. "Mise au point d'un modèle d'étude de la fonction ventriculaire gauche par échocardiographie temps mouvement chez le chien éveillé." Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P012.
Повний текст джерелаZennou-Azogui, Yoh'i. "Compensation vestibulaire : substitution visuelle dans le noyau de Deiters chez le chat éveillé : période sensible et rôle de l'activité visuomotrice." Aix-Marseille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX11051.
Повний текст джерелаTiran, Elodie. "Imagerie cérébrale et étude de la connectivité fonctionnelle par échographie Doppler ultrarapide chez le petit animal éveillé et en mouvement." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC174/document.
Повний текст джерелаMy work focuses on the application of fUS (functional ultrasound) imaging to preclinical brain imaging in small animals. The goal of my thesis was to turn this recent vascular brain imaging technique into a quantifying tool for cerebral state. The main objectives were to demonstrate the feasibility of fUS imaging in the non-anaesthetized small rodents and to move from rat model imaging to mouse model imaging –most used model for preclinical studies in neuroscience-, while developing the least invasive imaging protocols. First, I have developed a new ultrafast ultrasonic imaging sequence (Multiplane Wave imaging), improving the image signal-to-noise ratio by virtually increasing emitted signal amplitude, without reducing the ultrafast framerate. Then, I have demonstrated the possibility to use ultrafast Doppler ultrasound imaging to image both the mouse brain and the young rat brain, non-invasively and through the intact skull, without surgery or contrast agents injection. Next, I have developed an experimental setup, an ultrasound sequence and an experimental protocol to perform minimally invasive fUS imaging in awake and freely-moving mice. Finally, I have demonstrated the possibility to use fUS imaging to study the functional connectivity of the brain in a resting state in awake or sedated mice, still in a transcranial and minimally invasive way. fUS imaging and the combination of "mouse model" + "minimally invasive" + "awake animal" + "functional connectivity" represent a very promising tool for the neuroscientist community working on pathological animal models or new pharmacological molecules
Picard, Pierre. "Participation des tachykinines et de leurs récepteurs dans la régulation centrale du système cardiovasculaire et de l'activité comportementale chez le rat éveillé." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1995. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ33072.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаOuille, Aude. "Evaluation des risques torsadogènes en pharmacologie de sécurité : du test hERG à la télémétrie sur animal éveillé, vers une évolution des recommandations ?" Thesis, Tours, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOUR4016.
Повний текст джерелаAccording to the ICH S7B guidelines, the torsadogenic risk of new drug candidates must be evaluated before clinical trials. The aim of this work was to establish the electrophysiological profile of known torsadogenic drugs to better understand the mechanism triggering the Torsades de Pointe and defined key points for prediction of proarrhythmic risk. TdPScreen®, a predictive tool, based on clinical data and the model of isolated canine Purkinje fibres allows determination of a proarrhythmic score. Thirteen drugs were chosen in this data base, and tested in patch-clamp on HEK293 cells expressing different channels: hERG (IKR), KvLQT1+MinK (IKS), Kir2.1 (IK1), NaV1.5 (INa), or CaV1.2+? (ICaL). In vivo investigations were also performed, to bring to light the impact of the autonomic nervous system on QT interval prolongation in safety pharmacology
Dejean, Camille. "Développement de modèles animaux éveillés pour le suivi des acouphènes et de l'hyperacousie." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS168.
Повний текст джерелаThe WHO estimates that by 2050, nearly 2.5 billion people, or 26% of the global population, will live with some form of hearing impairment, ranging from mild hearing loss to difficulties in perceiving and understanding speech. Among these auditory disorders, some individuals experience the perception of sounds in the absence of an external source, a condition known as tinnitus. This disorder affects approximately 14% of the population. For others, auditory stimulation can be incredibly unpleasant or even painful, even at volume levels considered normal by the majority. Epidemiological reports indicate that 2% to 15% of individuals experience hypersensitivity to everyday noises, ranging from discomfort to pain, a condition known as hyperacusis. It is, by far, the most common form of sound hypersensitivity.However, understanding the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of hyperacusis and tinnitus remains limited and is one of the most significant obstacles to overcome in the development of effective treatments. This limited understanding of neurophysiology is largely due to the lack of reliable animal models, for which objectively quantifying a subjective perception poses a challenge. Additionally, hyperacusis and tinnitus often occur simultaneously, further complicating the deciphering of the involved mechanisms. To study hyperacusis and tinnitus, a cohort of mice was exposed to acoustic trauma (2 hours of noise at 95 dB SPL), resulting in temporary hearing loss known to induce either tinnitus, hyperacusis, or both. Recent studies on animal models have suggested that the neuronal correlates of these pathologies may be mediated by exaggerated responses to sounds and aberrant neuronal activity in central auditory pathways, commonly defined as hyperexcitability. To confirm this hypothesis, several behavioral tests and electrophysiological measurements of peripheral and cortical neuronal response to sounds were conducted in awake animals before and after trauma. Noise exposure caused an increase in startle reflex amplitude and a decrease in startle reflex inhibition by silence in some animals, known as possible behavioral correlates of hyperacusis and tinnitus, respectively. Therefore, strength scales of phenotypes were defined for these two pathologies. Positive correlations were found between our hyperacusis scale and the amplitude of the evoked response to sounds in the inferior colliculus and auditory cortex. The correlation appeared between 5 and 10 weeks after noise exposure. No similar correlation was found with the tinnitus scale, and there were no obvious changes in the spontaneous electroencephalogram of exposed animals.These results suggest that after temporary hearing loss, a subset of animals likely suffers from hyperacusis based on the simultaneous increase in their behavioral and neuronal response to sounds. These findings pave the way for a better characterization of the pathophysiological mechanisms affecting the central auditory system after noise overexposure, despite normal hearing thresholds
Gilson, Nadine. "Evaluation de la fonction ventriculaire gauche par sonomicrométrie, chez le lapin éveillé, dans des conditions physiologiques normales et après induction d'une insuffisance cardiaque." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112370.
Повний текст джерелаCaillaud, Pierre. "Effet du blocage simultané des systèmes sympathique et parasympathique sur la fréquence cardiaque et le temps de récupération sinusal corrigé chez le chien éveillé." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987CLF11028.
Повний текст джерелаGiusi, Alessandra. "Influence du niveau alimentaire et de la composition du régime sur la production intestinale et l'absorption des acides gras volatils chez le porc éveillé." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066486.
Повний текст джерелаDrieu, La Rochelle Christophe. "Vasomotricité des gros troncs et des artérioles coronaires au repos et à l'exercice chez le chien éveillé : effets des inhibiteurs beta-adrénergiques et des antagonistes calciques." Paris 5, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA05P621.
Повний текст джерелаMoffat, Graeme. "Etudes des acouphènes chez l'homme et dans des modèles animaux : corrélats électrophysiologiques chez l'animal éveillé : rôle des prothèses auditives dans le traitement des acouphènes chez l'homme." Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX11007.
Повний текст джерелаTinnitus, the perception of sound in the absence of any stimulus, is a chronic problem for tens of millions of individuals worldwide, and no treatments have yet shown a high degree of eficacy in all cases. The development of effective treatments is therefore imperative and requires both an understanding of the physiologcal basis of tinnitus and of the effectiveness and limits of different treatment strategies. Given a well-established relationship between tinnitus and hearing impairment, and a consensus among physiological models of tinnitus as to the important role of deafferentation (reduced input) in the auditory system, treatment strategies that attempt to restore input to the central auditory system via suprathreshold acoustic stimulation should be effective in altering or alleviating this disorder. In collaboration with laboratories in Lyon and Marseille, France, I tested the effectiveness of two acoustic treatment protocols designed to alleviate tinnitus. Ln a first experiment, patients suffering from tinnitus were fitted for one of two hearing aid amplification regimes: standard clinical amplification, which is known to alleviate tinnitus in some cases, and high-bandwidth amplification, which the neurophysiological model of tinnitus predicts should be more effective than the clinical standard. L found that tinnitus sensation was affected by standard amplification but not by high-bandwidth, suggesting an unforeseen technical or physiological limit on the efficacy of this treatment strategy. Consideration must therefore be given to the influence of cochlear dead regions and sensitive periods, or lack thereof, in auditory neural plasticity. In a second series of experiments, my collaborators and I looked for neural correlates of tinnitus in an awake aninal model, which has not been done previously using multiple tinnitus induction strategies. Animals were subjected to a Zwicker Tone-inducing stimulus, a high dose of sodium salicylate, and an acute noise trauma, all of which are known to induce a phantom auditory percept over different time scales. We found no neural correlate of the Zwicker Tone phenomenon, but did note both an increase in evoked potential amplitude (in audiory cortex local field potentials) and a decrease over a broad band in the EEG power spectrum between 10-30 Hz after both salicylate and nobe trauma adminmration. Moreover, we found a generalized decrease in entropy in EEG under salicylate administration. These results suggest that an important experimental tinnitus model, salicylate administration, may not be completely analogous to the effects of noise trauma, in that important central changes independent of auditory effects may exert an influence. Taken together, these experiments suggest important gaps in the neurophysiological model of tinnitus, notably that though tinnitus induction may not necessarily depend on peripheral deafferentation (as in salicylate administration), its sustained presence is likely in most cases dependent upon peripheral or sensorineural damage at a level close to the cochlea, and that cases of peripheral (cochlear) damage may present an insurmountable limit to the effetiveness of acoustic therapies. Further implications and consideration of other treatment strategies is discussed
Ladurelle, Nathalie. "Analyse comportementale et biochimique des interactions entre la cholécystokinine et le système dopaminergique méso-accumbens chez le rat : utilisation de la technique de microdyalise sur animal éveillé." Paris 5, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA05P624.
Повний текст джерелаTERNOY, MICHEL. "Rorschach et reve eveille dirige dans l'etude phenomenostructurale." Lille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LIL30005.
Повний текст джерелаBruet, Nicolas. "Mécanismes neurochimiques induits par la stimulation électrique du noyau sub-thalamique : étude par microdialyse intra-striatale ou intra-nigrale des variations de glutamate, de GABA et de dopamine chez le rat anesthésié ou éveillé." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003GRE19005.
Повний текст джерелаThe experimental study presented in this thesis has participated in the understanding of the 130 Hz high frequency stimulation (HFS) of the sub-thalamic nucleus (STN) mecanisms, in the rat, with an in vivo functional approach, using the intracerebral microdialysis. The originality of this work is that we have been able to study in situ, in some basal ganglia nuclei, neurochemical modifications induced by HFS. The study of these neurochemical modifications realized during HFS of the STN, represents a relevant information compared to the electrophysiological investigations, which have not allowed, until now, the record of neurons in the STN simultaneously to the HFS. Furthermore, the neurochemical data obtained during this work bring new and complementary informations, thus contributing in part of the puzzle in the understanding of these mecanisms
Girard, Pierre. "L'Alcalose métabolique par déplétion sélective en potassium." Paris 7, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA077041.
Повний текст джерелаHalgand, Christophe. "Référentiels pour l'intégration multisensorielle et sensorimotrice : une approche neuro-robotique." Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1651/.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is an interdisciplinary approach in Neuroscience and robotics that investigates the frame of references based on multisensory integration in the sensorimotor loop. Theoretical modeling based on experimental studies in neuroscience have been proposed but are not satisfactory. In a first study we have performed electrophysiological recordings in the primary visual cortex of a behaving monkey and showed that extraretinal signals related to the eye position and to the neck position modulate visual activity of cortical neurons. This result parallels previous data shown in the parietal cortex and strongly suggest a distributed cortical mechanism for construction of space representation. The second study aimed to interpret the modulation, due to eye position relative to the head, of the neuronal activity in the dorsal premotor cortex. For this, humanoid robotics formalisms were used, in particular visual servoing. We used this purely mathematical model to train an artificial neural network in order to show similarities between artificial neural activity and biological neuronal activity. From this work, we propose a discussion in terms of both neuroscience and robotics formalisms, where we present a functional assessment from perception to action. Finally, we propose the existence of a multisensory origin that would benefit the multisensory integration in neuroscience as in robotics
Pagliari, Rémo. "Les effets de l'exercice physique, du conditionnement et de l'adrénaline circulante sur la libération et le métabolisme de la noradrénaline dans le cortex frontal : étude par microdialyse intracérébrale chronique chez le rat éveillé et libre de ses mouvements." Lyon 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996LYO1T010.
Повний текст джерелаSerpe, Rossana. "Identification of clock neurons and downstream circuits that are involved in sleep control in Drosophila melanogaster." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS257.
Повний текст джерелаThe timing, quality and quantity of sleep depend on the fine interaction between circadian clock and homeostatic machinery (Borbely A. et al., 1982; Daan S. et al., 1984; Borbely and Achermann, 1999). In the recent years, the employment of various model organisms has provided new insights into the neuronal and molecular mechanisms of sleep regulation (Miyazaki S. et al., 2017). However, the molecular basis of the sleep homeostat and the neuronal circuitry underlying its interaction with the circadian network haven’t been established in details.In this work, I use the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model system to investigate the sleep function of a subset of clock neurons, the DN1ps. Previous studies have already suggested a sleep-regulating role for these circadian neurons (Kunst et al. 2014, Guo et al. 2016; Lamaze et al., 2017; Guo et al. 2017). Here, we report the DH31-positive CRY-positive DN1ps as sleep suppressing clock cells. Furthermore, we identify a sleep-relevant circuit downstream of the DN1ps which includes the paired posterior lateral 1 (PPL1) dopaminergic cluster and the dorsal Fan-shaped body projecting (dFSB) neurons, a recently described homeostatic center for sleep regulation in Drosophila (Donlea JM. et al., 2011; Liu S. et al., 2012; Ueno et al., 2012; Donlea JM. et al., 2014; Pimentel et al., 2016; Qian et al., 2017; Donlea JM. et al., 2018). Our results indicate that the night-time sleep suppression requires DH31-R2 signaling in the PPL1-to-dFSB dopaminergic neurons. Interestingly, both day and night-time DN1ps-mediated sleep loss rely on the inhibition of the dFSB. Nevertheless, we suggest the CRY-negative DN1ps as sleep promoting clock neurons, in concordance with other works (Guo et al. 2016; Guo et al. 2017).These findings provide a novel link between circadian clock and sleep homeostat, in the regulation of sleep-wake behavior in Drosophila melanogaster
Boulet, Sabrina. "Modifications neurochimiques au sein des ganglions de la base et comportements moteurs associés lors d'une stimulation électrique du noyau subthalamique chez le rat hémiparkinsonien ou de la mise en place de la dénervation dopaminergique chez le singe." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00110256.
Повний текст джерелаDans une première partie, nous avons analysé les effets de la SHF du NST sur le comportement moteur de rats sains et 6-OHDA et nous avons établi une corrélation entre ces effets et les taux de glutamate et de GABA extracellulaire mesurés par microdialyse intracérébrale au sein de la SNr. Ces données comportementales et neurochimiques couplées à des injections pharmacologiques intranigrales suggèrent que les dyskinésies de la patte avant induites par la SHF du NST sont médiées par le glutamate et fournissent de nouveaux arguments quant aux mécanismes de la SHF du NST dans la MP.
Dans une seconde partie nous avons réalisé des microdialyses intracérébrales chez des singes normaux, puis exprimant pleinement les symptômes moteurs induits par le MPTP et enfin après récupération de ces symptômes moteurs dans le but de corréler les déficits et la récupération motrice à des changements de concentration de neurotransmetteurs présents dans deux territoires striataux : le sensori-moteur et le limbique. Notre étude s'est focalisée sur la dopamine et ses métabolites, le glutamate, le GABA et la sérotonine. Nos résultats montrent que les variations de dopamine pourraient jouer un rôle important dans les mécanismes de compensation permettant la récupération de fonctions motrices normales.
Heidarzadeh, Hormoz. "Julien Gracq : la tentation de l'entre-deux." Thesis, Paris 3, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA030001.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis contains essentialy three works of Julien Gracq Au château d’Argol, Un balcon en forêt, En lisant en écrivant. We will use apart from his others works, his exclusives interviews that offre more clarification in our study. This thesis consistes of two axis: The first: « Thematic and specular axis » and the second: « Esthetic and specular axis ». The aim of this thesis is to highlight, by the antinomics elements, the tension of the « In-between » between natural and supernatural, between narrative regime and poetic regime and between reading and writing. We will try to remain in esprit of J. Gracq who explains himself in the self-critical work En lisant en écrivant. J. Gracq considers the events of his works in an indeterminate and undecidable situation of « in-between ». This is a crossing point between daydream and the centre of awakening and thought, the real place of human adventure and according to J. Gracq the only thing that is worth to be sought and to be given full attention to. Two points of view embrace each other in a perpetual swinging movement. We are permanently between objectivity and subjectivity, known and unknown, inside and outside and visible and invisible. And the separation between the two was never completely fulfilled and the cleavage remains unclear. In this sense the « in-between »denotes being at once within oneself and being in the world without, as if the poetartist himself wanders between two extremes, between two opposite poles of thought and knowledge. J. Gracq creates a space in which his creativity is at the summit. Theentire world stays for him an in-between indecipherable. The real sense for him is perhaps in this indeterminate situation. Thus, He suggests in this way an adventure of fulfillment, a way of life and a manner of being
Lyons, Declan. "Cartographie de l'oxygénation cérébrale chez la souris éveillée." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066046/document.
Повний текст джерелаTwo-photon phosphorescence lifetime microscopy allows depth-resolved micron-scale measurements of oxygen partial pressure (Po2) in the brain. The spatiotemporal resolution of these measurements has shown that the portion of capillary plasma in the vicinity of red blood cells (RBCs) has a higher Po2(Po2RBC) than that distant from RBCs(Po2InterRBC). Our group has shown that Po2InterRBC equilibrates with neuropil Po2 and can thus be used to non-invasively measure tissue Po2 (Parpaleix et al., 2013). The relevance of reported high-resolution Po2 values remains uncertain as measurements have only been performed during anaesthesia, which affects both neuronal activity and cerebral blood flow, and thus brain Po2.I measured Po2 at rest, in the awake, unstressed mouse in two brain regions, the olfactory bulb glomerular layer (GL) and the somatosensory cortex. The first section of my research, conducted in the GL, produced the first measurements of blood flow and Po2 parameters in the cerebral microvasculature in physiological conditions. I determined mean Po2 levels of values of 60.6 mmHg for Po2RBC, 23 mmHg for tissue Po2. In the cortex Po2 values show differences between the superficial layers. Furthermore the relationships of RBC Po2 and tissue Po2 to the blood flow parameters differed between the cortical layers, and also in comparison to the olfactory bulb GL.I compared both vascular and tissue Po2 between the awake and anaesthetised states, and observed that anaesthetics can dramatically change Po2 at the microvascular scale. This finding emphasises the importance of measuring these values in the physiologically normal brain
Halgand, Christophe. "Référentiels pour l'intégration multi-sensorielle et sensomotrice: une approche neuro-robotique." Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00629217.
Повний текст джерелаTissier, Renaud. "Cardioprotection et préconditionnement pharmacologique tardif du myocarde chez le lapin éveille chroniquement implanté." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA11TO29.
Повний текст джерелаLe, Merre Pierre. "Dynamique corticale et intégration sensorielle chez la souris éveillée : impact du contexte comportemental." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1335.
Повний текст джерелаSensory perception leading to goal-directed behavior involves multiple, spatially-distributed cortical areas. It has been hypothesized that sensory information flows from primary sensory areas encoding mainly the nature of the stimulus, to higher-order, more frontal, areas encoding the valence of the stimulus or the decision. To further understand the cortical integration of sensory signals, we recorded sensory evoked potentials (SEPs) simultaneously from different areas while mice learned a whisker-based sensory detection task. In mice that have learned the task, the whisker stimulus evoked SEP in all recorded areas with latencies increasing from the whisker primary (wS1) to the secondary somatosensory area (wS2), the whisker motor area (wM1), the parietal area (PtA), the dorsal hippocampus (dCA1) and the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We found a reduction of SEPs during Miss trials compared with Hit trials in all areas except wS1. However, only the local inactivation of either wS1, wS2 or mPFC significantly impaired the mice performance. During training to the detection task, we observed a selective increase of the SEPs in mPFC that correlated with performance. Finally, using high-density extracellular recordings in mPFC, we found that whisker stimulation in trained mice evoked an early increase in the firing rate of putative excitatory neurons (regular spiking units) that was positively correlated with behavioral outcome. Our results support the idea that mPFC could signal the relevance of a sensory stimulus in the context of a well-defined behavior, whereas sensory areas would be more constrained by the nature of the stimulus
Montardy, Quentin. "Lier l'activité de population de neurones du cortex visuel primaire avec le comportement oculomoteur : des saccades de fixation à V1, et de V1 à la réponse de suivi oculaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5069.
Повний текст джерелаWe analyzed population activity in V1 to understand (i) the consequence of eye movements on integration of visual information, and (ii) the influence of the processing performed at the level of V1 on the generation of eye movements.1. We recorded fixational saccades, relating, trial-by-trial, these eye movements with the representation of the position of a local stimulus in V1. After a fixational saccade, activity moves consistently in V1. However, the time-course of responses display a biphasic dynamic. This results in a global increase of the extent of cortical activity representing the local stimulus. We propose that the behavior of populations of neurons studied is explained by the contribution of two main phenomena: (i) an early suppressive response that could be attributed to the corollary discharge and (ii) the lateral connections generating lateral interactions between pre and post-saccadic lci of activity.2. We recorded the ocular following response, determining whether the response of V1 influences the oculomotor response. We studied the contrast response function of the population V1 activity and the OFR. The dynamics of CRF for a local stimulus are similar and shifted in time. We found no correlations between the single trial latencies between V1 and the OFR. At the chosen scale, surround suppression was found to be distance-dependent only in V1. The dynamics of the surround suppression shows two phases: an early suppression present over a wide cortical area, and a later peripheral spread. We propose that the early surround suppression originates from feedback from MT and MST, while the later is explained by the horizontal connections
Nammathao, Bounsay. "L'habituation de la réaction psychogalvanique chez la souris éveillée : un modèle expérimental en neuropsychopharmacologie." Caen, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CAEN4056.
Повний текст джерелаFernandez, Laura. "Dynamiques corticales de l'éveil chez la souris : rôle des afférences thalamo-corticales." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10199.
Повний текст джерелаThe activity in the brain during wakefulness has been typically described as rapid, low amplitude and desynchronized. However, recent data on rodents support evidence for a more complex panel of activities depending on the behaviour. For instance, it has been shown in mice a state change in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) from quiet to active wakefulness while the animal is scanning the environment with its whiskers. In the first study, we show that this state change in S1 is under thalamic control and to a smaller extent a regulation by the cholinergic system. In order to study the underlying mechanism of the state change, we have recorded in S1 and the thalamus, and we have activated (optogenetic tools) or inactivated (with pharmacology) the thalamus. In the second part of this thesis work, we asked if the state change related to the behaviour was restricted to S1, or if it was also observed in other areas. We have done multiple recordings in several areas, and we show that it is possible to observe a state change related to muscular activity in sensori-motor areas (in S1, but also secondary sensory S2, and primary motor M1 cortex), and in a much less prominent extent in other sensory modalities (primary auditive Au1 and primary visual V1 cortex), in parietal associative cortex (PtA) and in hippocampus (dCA1). Thus, the multiple recordings in the secondary study show heterogeneity of cortical activities during wakefulness according to the behaviour and the cortical area recorded
Peter-Derex, Laure. "Les micro-éveils chez l'homme : étude par enregistrements intracérébraux." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10314/document.
Повний текст джерелаWakefulness, non rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep are characterized by specific brain activities. However, recent experimental findings as well as various clinical conditions (parasomnia, sleep inertia) have revealed the presence of transitional states. Brief intrusions of wakefulness into sleep, namely arousals, appear as relevant phenomena to characterize how brain commutes from sleep to wakefulness. Using intra-cerebral recordings in 8 drug-resistant epileptic patients we analyzed electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during spontaneous or nociceptive-induced arousals in NREM and REM sleep. Wavelet spectral analyses were performed to compare EEG signals during arousals, sleep and wakefulness, simultaneously in the thalamus, and primary, associative or high order cortical areas. We observed that: 1) thalamic activity during arousals is stereotyped and its spectral composition corresponds to a state in-between wakefulness and sleep 2) patterns of cortical activity during arousals are heterogeneous, their manifold spectral composition being related to several factors such as sleep stages, cortical areas, arousal modality ("spontaneous" vs nociceptive-induced) and homeostasis; 3) spectral compositions of EEG signals during arousal and wakefulness differ from each other. Thus, stereotyped arousals at the thalamic level seem to be associated with different patterns of cortical arousals due to various regulation factors. These results suggest that human cortex does not shift from sleep to wake in an abrupt binary way. Arousals may be considered more as different states of the brain than as "short awakenings". This phenomenon may reflect the mechanisms involved in the compromise needed to be found between two main contradictory functional necessities, preserving the continuity of sleep and maintaining the possibility to react
Hoa, Ombeline. "Imagerie et contrôle des fonctions de l’adénohypophyse chez la souris éveillée : application à l’étude de l’unité Gonadotrope-Vasculaire." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT072.
Повний текст джерелаIn spite of abundance of scientific data, cellular mechanisms regulating the secretion of the pre-ovulatory LH surge during proestrus are still poorly understood.In order to study the mechanisms underlying this secretion, I adapted innovative tech-niques for in vivo fluorescence functional imaging, injection of viral vectors in the pitui-tary gland, optogenetics in awake animals and immunohistofluorescence in the whole organ.I then showed structural plasticity of gonadotroph cells and pericytes (perivascular "mural" cells) during proestrus in cleared hypophyses. This suggested the existence of a Gonadotroph-Vascular Unit (GVU) composed of gonadotroph cells, fenestrated capil-laries and pericytes, in which the latter would modulate the pre-ovulatory LH surge.Pericytes contraction via Channelrhodopsine-2 activation permitted to demonstrate their role in the sensitization of LH secretion in freely moving animals implanted with an optical fiber.Finally, blood flow and calcium activity in GVU cells expressing GCaMP6 were performed in awake « head-fixed » animals in which visualization of the pituitary gland was achievable through an implanted GRIN lens. These experiments were also conduct-ed at the ventral side of the pituitary gland in anesthetized mice. Analysis showed that in vivo calcium activity increases in endocrine cells and decreases in pericytes during GnRH-induced LH secretion
Ballarin, Vania <1988>. "Éveil aux langues: an experience in Veneto." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/1696.
Повний текст джерелаCoget, Arthur. "Etude et modélisation de la plasticité cérébrale chez des patients porteurs de lésions gliales de bas grade opérés en chirurgie éveillée." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS053.
Повний текст джерелаIntroductionDiffuse low-grade gliomas (DLGG) are slow-growing brain tumors occurring in young adults. This slow progression induces extensive neuroplasticity and explains why patients most of the time do not show any obvious neurological deficit at the time of diagnosis although tumors are located in ‘eloquent’ areas. Therefore DLGG provide an interesting model in understanding mechanisms of neuroplasticity.Awake surgery with direct cortical and subcortical electrostimulation mapping is recommended as first-line treatment of DLGG, allowing to maximize tumoral resection and limiting postoperative neurological deficit, maintaining patients quality of life.Resting-state fMRI, based on BOLD signal analysis, is used to study functional connectivity and neural plasticity. This technique allows robust evaluation of neural networks without performing a task. Consequently, it bypasses the impact of confusion, sedation or neurological deficits on task execution. In this thesis, we aimed to investigate perioperative functional connectivity modifications in order to evaluate neural plasticity after awake surgery.Subsequently we explained the functional results using multimodal MRI imaging to analyze anatomic connectivity and hemodynamic parameters.Methods82 patients with DLGG who underwent awake surgical resection were included in the principal study. MRI acquisitions were performed successively before, within 36 h after and three months post-surgery. All scans were executed on the same MRI magnet for each patient, i.e. either a 3.0 T magnet (Skyra, Siemens) or a 1.5 T magnet (Avanto, Siemens). First, data were preprossed using a standardized classical pipeline and analyzed with the CONN toolbox v16.a.Second, anatomic connectivity was evaluated using diffusion tensor imaging of the corpus callosum.Finally hemodynamic changes induced by surgery were assessed with traditional perfusion imaging as well as using an innovative analysis of the BOLD signal’ s temporal shift.ResultsSurprisingly, it was found that specifically a diffuse transient postoperative interhemispheric disconnectivity occurred between homologous regions, known as homotopic connectivity.In parallel, immediate and long-term postoperative alterations in the anatomic connectivity of the corpus callosum were observed. Immediate and long-term postoperative modifications were also found regarding both regional and global hemodynamics characteristics. Yet, no significant link between the homotopic connectivity findings and the anatomical and hemodynamic changes could have been established at this point.Nevertheless, the hemodynamic analysis allowed the identification of a a specific brain region : the striatum. It was hypothesized that it acts as a central region for the maintenance of homotopic connectivity, explaining simultaneously the decreased post-surgical homotopic connectivity observed.ConclusionThe highlighted transient postoperative functional homotopy is probably due to multifactorial causes To start entangling these causes, the use of anatomic and hemodynamic imaging data analyses seems crucial to interpret functional connectivity data both immediate and long-term postoperative.Cerebral vasoreactivity and modelling studies provide thereby a very promising tool to better understand the interrelated processes underlying postoperative functional connectivity modifications
Servais, Laurent. "Etude électrophysiologique de la cellule de Purkinje et du potentiel de champ local chez la souris éveillée, en conditions normales et pathologiques." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210919.
Повний текст джерелаDoctorat en sciences biomédicales
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Mimouni, Arnaud. "Les proches des patients en éveil de coma : approche clinique." Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUEL012.
Повний текст джерелаIntroduction : Caring about the family is complicated within the clinical practice of head injured patients. Context : This thesis deals with the close family members and close relations of patients who are hospitalized in coma arousal units. It consists in understanding what they live and therefore, imagine what may help them to accept this experience. Main theories : This thesis in psychology is based on neuropsychological works (Mazaux ; Truelle) psychoanalytic works (Oppenheim-Gluckman ; Grosclaude) and systemic works (Destaillats ; Mazaux), taking the patient into account in his whole psychological and neurological suffering. It deals with the works based on the subjective instability of patients and the consequences of these intersubjective relationships with the relatives. Methodology : This is a clinical approach, based on the daily practice of a psychologist who works in a coma arousal unit, 4 families who are considered in this clinical approach context, 42 questionnaries filled in by the close family members (parents, brothers and sisters, husband and wife) and 3 half directive interviews with a relative. Results : We can identify the complexity acting on each subjectivities and intersubjective relations between family members, the patient and medical staff. Discussion : This clinical approach based on patient's relatives has specificities with subjective and intersubjective levels. Prospects : Thanks to those results, we consider the necessity to take the personal history of everyone into account, in order to give them a support, considering the specific experiences of the relatives, all along the hospitalisation of the patient. It can be noted, thanks to those results, that the medical staff should make them aware of the fact that the patient has to become somebody again during the arousal process
Delion, Matthieu. "La chirurgie éveillée chez l'enfant Specifities of awake craniotomy and brain mapping in children for resection of supratentorial tumours in the language areas." Thesis, Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0073.
Повний текст джерелаIntraoperative cortical and subcortical direct stimulation surgery while awake (CSCSSA) is rarely used to operate in functional areas of the brain in children. Only small series have been published regarding children. However, this procedure is considered to be a gold standard for identifying and preserving the eloquent cortical and subcortical sites. Indeed the child’s survival and the quality of life depend on the quality of the tumor resection. The unifying idea of my thesis was the transfer of the CSCSSA from adults to children.The first work of this thesis was to study the feasibility of the CSCSSA in children through our clinical experience. We also showed that CSCSSA could be applied in children in a safe way with good clinical and radiological results. Some precautions should also be observed, notably concerning the preparation of these young patients. The second step of this thesis was to evaluate the psychological impact of this kind of procedure in children, thanks to the cooperation of the child psychiatrists. The child’s experience was good in every case. None of our patients presented symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder after the surgery. The third objective was to evaluate the use of resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) in children for the preoperative planning. We demonstrated not only the strong correlation between rsfMRI and brain electrical mapping, but also the superiority in terms of sensibility and specificity of rsfMRI compared to task based functional MRI. Indeed rsfMRI allowed us to isolate the attentional networks, which interfere with the results of task based functional MRI
Rokoee, Reza. "Rêve et éveil dans la phénoménologie transcendantale de Husserl, 1904-1936." Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0005.
Повний текст джерелаThe question is, among others, the attempt for a phenomenological description of dream, sleep and wake going from an esthetic to a kinesthesis of dream : the phenomenology of phenomenology may mean the very foundation of phenomenology which is enriched by the problematics of the world as its own investigation’s area. At the end of the awake world, sleep, falling asleep and dream appear as modalities of awakening as well as the anterior sediments of a transparent world which is phenomenologically real. Husserl’s phenomenological vision about awakening is founded on a transcendental unity which runs across life as lived experience. This unity take also place inside all phenomenal aspects as in perception, phantasia, intersubjectivity, different individual experiences and logic. The conception that Husserl leaves us, by processing the question of awakening and sleep, is a genuine phenomenological knowledge of the problem
Borius, Pierre-Yves. "Application neurochirurgicale de la tractographie et de la stimulation corticale et sous corticale." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30131.
Повний текст джерелаTractography and intraoperative stimulation would optimize tumor resection preserving the quality of life. The principles of diffusion tensor, tractography and brain stimulation are shown. A study of tractography of optic radiation and validation on a lesion model was able to confirm the feasibility of the reconstruction. Among the tested algorithms, the most effective was the "Tensor Line" predicting a risk of quadrantanopia when more than 5% of the trajectories have an intersection with the lesion volume. The second part focused on the cognitive process of language whose translation by cortical stimulation during awake surgery for 7 bilingual patients. Twenty-six interference tasks area were found but none was specific to the translation, which is complex to study. Finally, the prospects for integration of these 2 techniques are discussed through three clinical cases
Anaclet, Christelle. "Neurones à orexine et à histamine : synergie et complémentarité dans le contrôlede l'éveil et co-responsabilité dans la narcolepsie : étude utilisant des modèles de souris knockout." Lyon 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LYO10138.
Повний текст джерелаIn the posterior hypothalamus, histamine (HA) and orexin (OX) neuronal populations are involved in wakefulness but their individual and combinatorial roles are not well understood. Using knockout (KO) mouse models, lacking HA (HDC-/-), OX (OX-/-), or both HA and OX (HO-/-), we have shown that the deficit of HA result in cortical and behavioral somnolence and the lack of OX results in direct paradoxical sleep (PS) onset and locomotive deficit. Interestingly, double knockout (HO-/-) mice show a combination of these phenotypes plus cataplexy and thereby better reflect a comprehensive syndrome of narcolepsy. In addition, the improvement of HA neurotransmission by H3 receptor antagonists induces a high quality of wakefulness and reduces somnolence and PS onset. In conclusion, HA and OX neurons seem to play complementary and synergistic roles in the control of the sleep-wake cycle. While HA appears to be mainly involved in the qualitative aspects of cortical arousal and cognitive functions, by contrast the OX system appears to be more critically involved in the behavioral aspects of waking such as locomotion. The reciprocal excitatory interactions between these two neuronal populations appear to be an important hypothalamic mechanism for maintaining wakefulness and the co-deficit of these two neurotransmitters may be the underlying cause of narcolepsy with cataplexy