Готові списки джерел за темами / Evaporation sludge

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Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Evaporation sludge"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 28 вересня 2024

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Статті в журналах з теми "Evaporation sludge"

Marklund, S. "Dewatering of Sludge by Natural Methods." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1990): 239–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0207.

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Drying fron a free water surface and from a waste activated sludge was studied In three separate experimental arrangements. Evaporation in a closed chamber with a surface area of 1.0 m2 was studied with temperatures between 20 and 60°C and air flows between 75 and 300 m3/hour. The rate of evaporation varied between 351 and 746 gram/m2 hour. The efficiency varied between 11 and 20%. To increase the efficiency the air-liquid area has to be enlarged. Evaporation from two pilot sludge drying beds was studied in an open air test lasting four months. One similar bed was tested in a controlled environment. The results showed that above a critical moisture content between 600 and 1100% evaporation from sludge equals the rate of evaporation from a free water surface. Below the critical moisture level the rate decreases rapidly. Further work should be directed towards full-scale tests with covered drying beds. Special attention should be drawn to methods to improve the drying rate during the falling rate period, to two phase drying and to the evaluation of a combined dewatering system with sludge freeze drying in winter season and sludge drying in summer season.

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Mouzaoui, M., J. C. Baudez, M. Sauceau, and P. Arlabosse. "How to avoid evaporation during rheological measurements of dewatered pasty sludge at high temperature." Water Science and Technology 79, no. 8 (April 15, 2019): 1503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2019.150.

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Abstract Controlling the residence time in paddle dryers and the drying efficiency imply the knowledge of rheological behaviour of highly concentrated and pasty sludge and its temperature dependency. However, because of perturbing effects such as evaporation, measurements are not fully representative of intrinsic sludge properties. Classical techniques usually considered in the literature for evaporation control are not efficient at high temperatures. This work gives a method to control the evaporation at high temperature that can be used with any commercial rheometer. The configuration concept is to prevent water loss by limiting the contact between the sheared sludge and the environment. This configuration allows preventing evaporation up to 80 °C at least during 2 h. Its efficiency is confirmed at different total solid (TS) contents ranging from 20 to 47 wt.%.

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Idris, A., O. B. Yen, M. H. A. Hamid, and A. M. Baki. "Drying kinetics and stabilization of sewage sludge in lagoon in hot climate." Water Science and Technology 46, no. 9 (November 1, 2002): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0259.

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A sludge lagoon has been adopted as a simple and cost effective method for dewatering of sludge. The processes occurring in a sludge lagoon include thickening, dewatering, storage and stabilization; all happening simultaneously. The objective of this study is to determine the dewatering and drying rates at pilot-scale which occur in a lagoon having different design configurations. Two types of sludge lagoons with different initial sludge depth (0.75 m and 0.375 m) were investigated to measure the drying behavior and drying efficiency. The first design is a sludge lagoon with a clay bottom where the dewatering mechanisms are decanting supernatant and evaporation. The second design is a sludge lagoon installed with a sand and underdrains system, where the dewatering mechanisms are filtration or draining and evaporation. Sludge drying kinetic models with high fitness were plotted to describe the sludge drying behavior. Drying of sludge in a sludge lagoon with a clay bottom can best be described by an exponential function. Whereas, drying of sludge in a sludge lagoon with sand and underdrains system followed a logarithmic function. A lagoon designed with sand and underdrains system and having shallower sludge depth was the most efficient. The reduction in volatile solids was lower than 4% during the study period. The drying process proceeded with an increase in dryness and decline in pH value.

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Wang, Wan Fu, Guo Li, Xing Yue Yong, Peng Liu, and Xiao Fei Zhang. "The Features of Microwave Thermal Conversion of Oil Sludge." Applied Mechanics and Materials 232 (November 2012): 788–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.232.788.

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The microwave thermal conversion process of oil sludge was studied. It was found that the microwave thermal conversion process of oil sludge consisted of 5 stages: rapid heating, microwave drying, microwave hydrocarbons evaporation, microwave pyrolysis and microwave calcining. Using the residue produced from the microwave thermal treatment of oil sludge as a microwave absorbent can significantly accelerate the conversion. However, it does not show significant effect on the features of microwave thermal conversion. Meanwhile, the addition of residue at appropriate percentages increased oil recovery rate. The non-condensable gases consist of H2 and C1~C5 hydrocarbons. The recovered oil was mainly produced at microwave evaporation and microwave pyrolysis stages, consisting of 89% light oil and 11% heavy oil.

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Li, Xiao Ming, Shang Jie Wang, Jun Xue Zhao, Ya Ru Cui, and Su Bo Hou. "A Review on the Treatments and Minimization Techniques of Stainless Steel Pickling Sludge." Advanced Materials Research 194-196 (February 2011): 2072–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.194-196.2072.

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Pickling sludge is the deposits that generated from the neutralization of pickling waste water with calcium hydroxide in stainless steel pickling process. The main composition of pickling sludge is CaF2, CaSO4, Me(OH)n (M:Fe,Cr,Ni). Solidification /stabilization method is believed to a most economical way to dispose these wastes at present. But the process caused serious compatibilization, it not only took up the scarce land resource, but also wasted nickel, chromium and other resources, in addition, the potential harm of Cr6+ to the environment still existed. A new thought to recycle the sludge was as following. After drying the sludge, it contained mainly calcium fluoride and metal oxides. The calcium fluoride could replace fluorspar, so the sludge could be used as a raw material for AOD process, where the metal oxides were reduced into the bulk of the metal. This would not only save fluorite, but also could reduce metal oxide of sludge. With more stringent environmental demands and increasingly output of the sludge, the most effective way to reduce the sludge from source is recycling the valuable elements from waste water directly. Solvent extraction combined with vacuum evaporation, spray evaporation and resin absorption coordination were all the effective methods. The resin adsorption process would be another promising method as ion exchange resin was continuously successfully developed. It had been found that treating the waste water with positive resin can remove the metal ions, but how to completely resolve the metal from the resin was still a problem.

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Marklund, S. "Dewatering of Drying Beds–Combined Biological-Chemical Sludge Behaviour." Water Science and Technology 28, no. 10 (November 1, 1993): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0206.

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Aerobically digested sludge from a small wastewater treatment plant was dewatered on five sand drying pilot beds and four small drainage beds. The experiment was conducted in a controlled environment with constant air humidity and temperature. A total of between 147 and 263 kg of a combined biological-chemical sludge was used on each of the sand drying beds. Initial sludge total solids (TS) content was 4.6 - 5.5%. Sludge drainage was completed within 28 days, and the thinner sludge layers were drained within 16 days. The sludge evaporation phase, prior to equilibrium with air moisture, lasted a maximum of 84 days and resulted in a final TS content of 88 - 92%. The drying time to achieve 30% TS was 35-50 days, depending on initial sludge thickness. Sludge cracking behaviour or rate did not control the drying rate at less than 30% TS.

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Dellbrügge, R., K. Bauerfeld, N. Dichtl, A. Großer, and S. Paris. "‘Technology transfer-oriented research and development in the wastewater sector – validation at industrial-scale plants’ (EXPOVAL) – Subgroup 6: solar sewage sludge drying: first results from investigations with a pilot plant." Water Practice and Technology 10, no. 2 (June 1, 2015): 371–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2015.045.

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Drying sewage sludge is a major aspect of biosolids management. Several investigations were performed in a pilot-scale solar dryer for the subsequent development of design rules for solar dryers. The pilot dryer was operated outside simultaneously with a full-scale dryer and, later, in a building. Total solids in the sludge and climate data were analyzed and logged regularly during drying. The fecal coliform and ammonium content was measured as well. Operation next to the full-scale plant was intended to enable comparison of their evaporation rates. The pilot plant was operated in a building in order to assess the influence of external heat input on the drying process. The results showed constant drying progress and that drying was feasible. Although differences in evaporation rates arising from operation, aeration and scaling existed, evaporation rates comparable to full-scale dryers were observed. Under floor heating improved evaporation rates by 25%. More than 50% of total Kjeldahl nitrogen was degraded, and this could be detected as NH3 in the discharged air. Reduction in fecal coliforms could be achieved without reaching secure disinfection, as required by USEPA standard 503 (USEPA 2007).

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Oikonomidis, I., and C. Marinos. "Solar sludge drying in Pafos wastewater treatment plant: operational experiences." Water Practice and Technology 9, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.007.

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In this study, one year of operating experience with a solar sludge drying plant in Pafos wastewater treatment plant is discussed. The plant had a total area of 3,853 m2 and consisted of four parallel lines. Two types of dewatered sludge with considerably different dry matter content were used. 5,678 tn of dewatered sludge were introduced in the plant and the dried sludge had an average dried solids content of 80.9%, which corresponded to a surface annual evaporation rate of 1.14 tn H2O m−2a−1. The results indicated that solar drying may be a particularly favorable option for sewage sludge drying at climatic conditions such as those prevailing in the East Mediterranean area.

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Vo, Khoi Diep Ngoc. "STUDY ON SLUDGE TREATMENT BY THE AEROBIC STABILIZATION PROCESS COMBINES WITH BULKING AGENT AND HEATED AIR SUPPLY." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 58, no. 5A (November 12, 2020): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/58/5a/15314.

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The paper presents the results of the evaluation of sludge decomposition ability from a municipal wastewater treatment plant by an aerobic process on the Mishimax device (MK-50). The principle of the process was based on the microorganisms activated by the bulking agent as a bio-carrier to decompose organics composition and increase the evaporation by heating. An average sludge amount of 30 kg/day was added into MK-50, with the moisture of 80.2 – 83.6 %, with the C/N ratio of around 22 - 35. The heated air with 50 oC in temperature was supplied into a rotary bioreactor during the experiment period. After every 30 days of fermentation, the results from three experiments showed that the sludge volume decreased from 83 - 85 %, the stabilization efficiency by dry weight of sludge reached at 32 - 39 %, corresponding to the average decomposition rate is 12 g/kg.day, the evaporation efficiency was more than 95 %. Sludge after stabilization process had the colour of brown-grey, pH of about 6.5 - 7.2, the humus particles with the size of less than 1 mm accounted for over 60 %, the evaluation of product indexes according to nutrients like TOC, T-N meet the standard of 10TCN 526:2002/BNN&PTNT. The stabilized sludge was used for growth plant test and compared to a market organic fertilizer under the same conditions of cultivation and monitoring. The initial results of this study were a basis for research of sludge treatment technology approaches to waste recycling orientation in urban areas in Vietnam.

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Li, Huan, Yang Yang Li, and Yi Ying Jin. "Analyses of Coal and Sewage Sludge Co-Combustion Using Coats-Redfern Model." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 3271–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.3271.

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The co-combustibility of coal and sludge was investigated with thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the burning process of sludge can be divided into three phases: water evaporation, volatile matter volatilization and combustion, fixed carbon combustion and burning out. The ignition temperature of sludge is only 260 degree centigrade at the beginning of volatile matter combustion. The addition of wet sludge or dried sludge will reduce the burning velocity of coal, and also decrease the ignition temperature. However the blend of coal and sludge has not an obvious stage of the volatile matter volatilization and combustion. The activation energy of the sludge is lower than that of the coal. The addition of wet sludge or dried sludge will decrease the activation energy of the blend fuel, and improve the fire behavior. On the whole, the sludge addition has little influence on the combustion of the coal when the addition ratio is lower than 10%.

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Більше джерел

Дисертації з теми "Evaporation sludge"

Ait, Hak Sara. "Procédés verts et durables pour la valorisation des sous-produits du phosphate : récupération des terres rares et au-delà." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024COAZ5027.

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Cette thèse explore des méthodes innovantes pour la récupération des éléments terres rares (ÉTRs) à partir de sous-produits de l'industrie du phosphate, notamment les boues de phosphate (BP), le phosphogypse (PG) et les boues d'évaporation (BE), dans le but de renforcer les chaînes d'approvisionnement en ÉTRs et de promouvoir la durabilité environnementale. Une revue de littérature approfondie établit les bases pour l'application de techniques expérimentales avancées, y compris la concentration saline, la lixiviation dépendante du pH, la flottation, et la précipitation et cristallisation fractionnées. L'étude intègre également des outils de simulation contemporains tels que CHEMCHAUD et la Méthodologie de Surface de Réponse avec le Design Box-Behnken, optimisant les données pour une récupération efficace des ÉTRs et le recyclage des sous-produits. Une avancée significative de cette recherche est le développement d'un processus qui augmente la concentration des ÉTRs dans les BP de 0,0418 % à 2,8 % en oxydes de terres rares (OTRs), et parallèlement récupère efficacement le carbonate de calcium et le silicate de haute pureté. De manière similaire, pour le PG et les BE, un processus unifié a été développé. Ce processus augmente les concentrations d'ÉTRs de 0,036 % et 0,1 % à 40 % et 80 % d'OTRs, dans le PG et les BE respectivement. Ce processus assure le recyclage complet des sous-produits grâce à la récupération de sulfate de calcium et de fluorosilicate de sodium de haute pureté. L'évaluation technico-économique réalisée à l'aide d'Aspen Plus, en se concentrant sur le procédé de valorisation du PG, confirme la viabilité économique du procédé. La recherche préconise l'élargissement de ces techniques à des mises en œuvre pilotes, démontrant leurs avantages pratiques et leur durabilité. En intégrant la recherche scientifique avec des solutions aux défis environnementaux et industriels, cette thèse fait progresser le savoir académique et mène la voie vers des pratiques durables qui répondent aux enjeux mondiaux contemporains
This thesis explores innovative methods for recovering rare earth elements (REEs) from byproducts of the phosphate industry, specifically phosphate sludge (PS), phosphogypsum (PG), and evaporation sludge (ES), aiming to enhance REEs supply chains and promote environmental sustainability. A thorough literature review lays the groundwork for the application of advanced experimental techniques, including saline concentration, pH-dependent leaching, flotation, and fractional precipitation and crystallization. The study further incorporates contemporary simulation tools such as CHEMCHAUD and Response Surface Methodology with Box-Behnken Design, optimizing data for effective REEs recovery and by-product recycling. A significant breakthrough in this research is the development of a process that enhances REEs concentration in PS from an initial 0.0418 % REEs to 2.8 % rare earth oxides (REOs), alongside the efficient recovery of high-purity calcium carbonate and silicate. Similarly, for PG and ES, which exhibit comparable properties, a unified process has been developed. This process increases REEs concentrations to 40 % and 80 % REOs from initial concentrations of 0.036 % and 0.1 % REEs, for PG and ES respectively. This process ensures the complete recycling of byproducts through the recovery of high-purity calcium sulfate and sodium fluosilicate. Techno-economic assessments performed using Aspen Plus, particularly focusing on the PG valorization process, confirm the economic viability of the developed process. The research advocates for the scaling of these techniques to pilot implementations, demonstrating their practical benefits and sustainability. By integrating scientific research with solutions to environmental and industrial challenges, this thesis advances academic knowledge and spearheads sustainable practices that address contemporary global issues

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Al-Farsi, Afkar Nadhim. "Radiological aspects of petroleum exploration and production in the sultanate of Oman." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/29817/1/Afkar_Al-Farsi_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis is a study of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) activity concentration, gamma dose rate and radon (222Rn) exhalation from the waste streams of large-scale onshore petroleum operations. Types of activities covered included; sludge recovery from separation tanks, sludge farming, NORM storage, scaling in oil tubulars, scaling in gas production and sedimentation in produced water evaporation ponds. Field work was conducted in the arid desert terrain of an operational oil exploration and production region in the Sultanate of Oman. The main radionuclides found were 226Ra and 210Pb (238U - series), 228Ra and 228Th (232Th - series), and 227Ac (235U - series), along with 40K. All activity concentrations were higher than the ambient soil level and varied over several orders of magnitude. The range of gamma dose rates at a 1 m height above ground for the farm treated sludge had a range of 0.06 0.43 µSv h 1, and an average close to the ambient soil mean of 0.086 ± 0.014 µSv h 1, whereas the untreated sludge gamma dose rates had a range of 0.07 1.78 µSv h 1, and a mean of 0.456 ± 0.303 µSv h 1. The geometric mean of ambient soil 222Rn exhalation rate for area surrounding the sludge was mBq m 2 s 1. Radon exhalation rates reported in oil waste products were all higher than the ambient soil value and varied over three orders of magnitude. This study resulted in some unique findings including: (i) detection of radiotoxic 227Ac in the oil scales and sludge, (ii) need of a new empirical relation between petroleum sludge activity concentrations and gamma dose rates, and (iii) assessment of exhalation of 222Rn from oil sludge. Additionally the study investigated a method to determine oil scale and sludge age by the use of inherent behaviour of radionuclides as 228Ra:226Ra and 228Th:228Ra activity ratios.

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Al-Farsi, Afkar Nadhim. "Radiological aspects of petroleum exploration and production in the sultanate of Oman." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/29817/.

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Жолуденко, Микола Миколайович. "Аналіз ефективності баромембранного розділення багатокомпонентних водних розчинів". Магістерська робота, 2020. https://dspace.znu.edu.ua/jspui/handle/12345/2164.

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Жолуденко М. М. Аналіз ефективності барометричного розділення багатокомпонентних водних розчинів ВП «ЗАЕС» : кваліфікаційна робота магістра спеціальності 144 "Теплоенергетика" / наук. керівник О. М. Назаренко. Запоріжжя : ЗНУ, 2020. 117 с.
UA : Робота викладена на 117 сторінок друкованого тексту, містить 32 таблиці, 26 рисунків. Перелік посилань включає 53 джерел з них на іноземній мові 15. Досліджено можливість комбінування розділення природними та синтетичними мембранами умовно чистих та умовно брудних потоків ЗАЕС. Розроблена методика вимірювання хімічних показників якості в польових умовах. Створені умови в лабораторії для випробування різних типів мембран з варіаціями тиску, температурного режиму та конструктивних особливостей баромембранної установки. Визначені параметри робочих мембран для зниження техногенного навантаження на гідросферу. Досліджено види апаратів зворотного осмосу та види мембран для паросилового цеху.
EN : The work is presented on 117 pages of printed text, contains 32 tables, 26 figures. The list of references includes 53 sources, 15 of them in foreign language. The possibility of combining the separation by natural and synthetic membranes of conditionally clean and conventionally dirty streams of the ZNPP was investigated. The method of measuring chemical quality indices in field conditions is developed. Conditions were created in the laboratory to test different types of membranes with variations of pressure, temperature regime and structural features of the baromembrane installation. The parameters of working membranes have been determined to reduce the technogenic load on the hydrosphere. The types of reverse osmosis apparatus and types of membranes for a steam power plant have been investigated.

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Частини книг з теми "Evaporation sludge"

Sun, Y. "Hydrolytic Acidification-Two Stage EGSB-A/O Combined Process for Pesticide Wastewater Treatment." In Advances in Wastewater Treatment II, 168–81. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644901397-6.

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The wastewater produced by a chemical enterprise in Ningxia has the characteristics of high COD, high salt content, and high ammoniacal nitrogen. The biodegradability of the wastewater is poor due to presence of higher concentration of pollutant. The scale of first stage of treatment was 400m3/d. The wastewater of different characteristic was collected and treated separately. The combined process of "micro electrolysis + Fenton oxidation + coagulation precipitation + evaporation crystallization" was used to pretreat the wastewater containing high salt and high COD. The main process was "hydrolytic acidification + two-stage Expanded Granular Sludge Bed (EGSB) + two-stage advance Fenton oxidation (A/O)". The final concentrations of effluent COD, NH3-N and TDS are 376 mg/L, 34.74 mg/L, and 442 mg/L, and the removal rates are 99.9%, 81.3%, and 99.9%, respectively. The environmental, engineering and economical (3E) practices showed that the combined process has stable operation, strong impact resistance, and high reduction of COD in the effluent.

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"Table II : Quantitative determination of carbonyl compounds at different odour sources (concentrations in ppb) Rendering plant Gelatine plant neighbourhood neighbourhood Formaldehyde 40 16 Acetaldehyde 39 24 Acetone 36 73 Prcpanal 10 -Isobutyraldehyde 10 30 Pentanal 15 19 Hexanal 3.52 Heptanal 12.5 Octanal 10.5 Nonanal 1 2 acids (figure 7). However extractions always involve a serious decrease in sensitivity, while evaporation of the extract produces a solution in 0.1-0.5 ml of solvent, and only 1 pi of it can be brought in the gas chromatograph. Therefore work is in progress to enhance sensitivity by converting acids in to halogenated derivatives, which can be GC-analysed with the more sensitive electron-capture detector. For thiols a similar procedure is investigated as with aldehydes. One possibility is absorption of thiols in an alkaline solution and reaction with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene, yielding 2,4-dinitrofenylsulfides, which are analysed by HPLC (9). Sane improvements on removal of reagents at the one hand and on separation of sane by-products on the other hand have to be achieved in order to in crease the sensitivity with another factor of ten. 5. CONCLUSION The actual scope and limitations of chemical analysis of odour show that all problems can be tackled as far as emission is concerned. For iititiission measurements seme progress is necessary, but there is no essential reason why chemical analysis would be unable to attain the desired sensitivity for all types of odorants. There is no doubt that in a few years the last dif ficulties will be solved. In order to achieve real control of odour nui sance, automatic measurement is necessary on a long time basis. There again seme technical development is to be expected. Does this mean that machines are going to decide if an odour is pre sent or not? By no means, while the population will always be the reference, and psychophysical measurements will be necessary to make chemical analysis possible." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 171. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-77.

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"be detected specifically, which is possible for sane groups of odorants (thiols or mercaptans, sulphides, amines) with specific GC-detectors. Spe cific detectors are available for haloganted compounds, sulphur-, phosphor-and nitrogen compounds. Figure 4 shews the analysis of the sulphur-ccmpounds produced by the acidic decomposition of phosphate-rock and causing the typi cal smell of fertilizer plants. Another approach is to aim at selective concentration methods. Indeed odour problems are caused by a limited number of compounds, on rather a li mited number of classes of compounds, mentioned in figure 5. For most odour nuisance problems, chemical plants, refineries, live stock production, food processing, rendering, water purification plants etc., the compounds responsible for the odour are known. So chemical analysis of the odour can be limited to these odorants, and selective concentrating techniques can be used. Selective concentrating methods are based on speci fic absorption techniques, using particular chemical reactions of odorant classes. Semet imes several absorption methods have to be used in order to describe the odour problem, thus increasing the labor cost of the analysis. On the other hand absorption methods allow better quantitative results. Se lective absorption of odorants from air produces a far less complex mixture. We developed or are developing several of these methods for aldehydes, amines, acids, thiols etc. Carbonyl ccnpounds for instance can be trapped by absorption in a rea gent solution containing 2,4-dinitrcphenylhydrazine and hydrogen chloride. Details of this method are extensively described elsewhere (8). The prin ciple of the method is that the carbonyl ccnpounds, in case of rendering plant emission the aldehydes, react with the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and form 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones (2,4-DNPH's) according to the scheme. These 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones have seme interesting properties. It are cristalline caipounds so that after extract of the 2,4-DNPH's fran the reagens, they can be concentrated by evaporation of the solvent without losing product. Besides these caipounds shown intense absorption of UV-light (X 356 nm) and so they can easily be detected with an UV-detec-tor. These properties make the 2,4-DNPH's particularly suitable for HPDC-analyse. This methods is used since seme time. A chranatogram is given in figure 6 and results of the quantitative determination of carbonyl com pounds in different situations are given in table 2. For amines absorption in an acid solution, or preferably adsorption onto an acid ion exchange column (acidified divinylbenzene-styrenesulfo-nic acid copolymer) is used. 10-50 1 of ambient air is sent over*a wet 100nnix3irmI.D. column; the ion exchange polymer is put into a vial, made alkaline and the water solution is analysed on packed Carbowax-KDH GC-column with a thermionic selective detector (TSD), which is specific for nitrogen- and phosphorus-catpounds. Trimethylamine is detected easi ly at 1 ppb. Aibids can be absorbed specifically in an alkaline impringer, which is extracted with ether after acidification to pH 2. This method was used for rendering plant emissions, shewing a series of linear and branched." In Odour Prevention and Control of Organic Sludge and Livestock Farming, 170. CRC Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482286311-76.

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Collie, John G., F. R. S. F. Eng, R. John, and Thome D. Phil. "Saturated Boiling Heat Transfer." In Convective Boiling and Condensation, 249–324. Oxford University PressOxford, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198562825.003.0007.

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Abstract In this chapter the present state of knowledge regarding the heat transfer characteristics of saturated forced convective boiling and evaporation will be discussed. Returning to Fig. 4.21, it can be seen that this covers the regions C and D, where nucleate boiling is occurring at the wall and where the flow pattern would be typically bubbly, slug, or low vapour velocity annular and regions E and F where there is no nucleation at the wall; this latter region is normally associated with annular flow.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Evaporation sludge"

Plecas, Ilija, and Slavko Dimovic. "Curing Time Effect on the Fraction of 137CS From Immobilized Radioactive Evaporator Sludge by Cement." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16329.

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Traditional methods of processing evaporator concentrates from NPP are evaporation and cementation. These methods allow to transform a liquid radioactive waste into a more inert form, suitable for a final disposal. To assess the safety for disposal of radioactive mortar-waste composition, the leaching of 137Cs from immobilized radioactive evaporator concentrate into a surrounding fluid has been studied. Leaching tests were carried out in accordance with a method recommended by IAEA. Curing conditions and curing time prior to commencing the leaching test are critically important in leach studies since the extent of hydration of the cement materials determines how much hydration product develops and whether it is available to block the pore network, thereby reducing leaching. Incremental leaching rates Rn(cm/d) of 137Cs from evaporator concentrates after 180 days were measured. The results presented in this paper are examples of results obtained in a 20-year concrete testing project which will influence the design of the engineer trenches system for future central Serbian radioactive waste storing center.

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Plecas, Ilija, Slavko Dimovic, and Radojica Pesic. "Curing Time Effect on the Fraction of 137Cs From Immobilized Radioactive Evaporator Sludge by Portland Cement." In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59006.

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Traditional methods of processing evaporator concentrates from Nuclear Power Plants are evaporation and cementation. These methods allow transforming a liquid radioactive waste into a more inert form, suitable for a final disposal. To assess the safety for disposal of radioactive mortar-waste composition, the leaching of 137Cs from immobilized radioactive evaporator concentrate into a surrounding fluid has been studied. Leaching tests were carried out in accordance with a method recommended by IAEA. Curing conditions and curing time prior to commencing the leaching test are critically important in leach studies since the extent of hydration of the cement materials determines how much hydration product develops and whether it is available to block the pore network, thereby reducing leaching. Incremental leaching rates Rn (cm/d) of 137Cs from evaporator concentrates after 1825 days were measured. The results presented in this paper are examples of results obtained in a 30-year concrete testing project which will influence the design of the engineer trenches system for future central Serbian radioactive waste storing center.

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d’Entremont, Brian P., and John R. Thome. "A Numerical Study of Pulsating Heat Pipe Performance." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48350.

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A pulsating heat pipe (PHP), also known as an oscillating heat pipe (OHP), is a passive thermal transport device which consists of a single meandering microchannel making multiple passes each through an evaporator and condenser. With a sufficient number of such passes, intermittent boiling of liquid slugs within each evaporator pass perturbs flow in adjacent channels leaving the device in a perpetually unstable state of oscillation. A PHP is thus distinguished operationally from a loop thermosyphon by having a motive force other than buoyancy and the ability to operate in all gravitational orientations. The most successful PHP models to date track liquid slug motion, sensible heating of the slugs, and mass transfer between liquid slugs and vapor plugs due to evaporation and condensation. However, the predictive capabilities of PHP models remain poor and the numbers assigned to evaporation and condensation heat transfer coefficients are generally not well justified by any realistic physical process. The current study applies methods consistent with state of the art prediction methods in microchannel boiling, to obtain results which predict the PHP’s heat transfer performance and the effect of gravitational orientation on performance.

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Cai, Qingjun, Reh-Lin Chen, and Chung-Lung Chen. "An Investigation of Evaporation, Boiling, and Heat Transport Performance in Pulstating Heat Pipe." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-33334.

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Pulsating heat pipe (PHP) is a latest development in heat pipe technology. In this paper, evaporation and boiling phenomena are investigated, and liquid heat transport performance in a PHP is measured at different fill ratio as well. The observation results show that phase change in the evaporator may occur by two different mechanisms: 1) evaporation and boiling in thin liquid film on the evaporator wall, 2) generation and collapse of tiny bubbles suspended in the liquid slug. Meanwhile, the temperature measurement indicates that temperature gradient between the evaporator and the condenser is related to liquid latent heat, density, viscosity, and mass filled in.

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Kakihara, Takahiro, and Kiyoshi Yanagihara. "Development of Bio-Mass Fuel for Small Displacement Engine to Reduce CO2: Feasibility of Disposed Alcoholic Beverages as Bio-Mass Source." In ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2011-54736.

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This study deals with bio-ethanol distilled from disposed alcoholic beverages. Through the various experiments while using a small displacement engine which is equipped with electric fuel injection (E.F.I.) system, the feasibility of the disposed alcoholic beverages; leftover-beer is investigated as one of the bio-mass sources. Currently bio-masses are classified into the following seven bio-mass sources, livestock excreta, sewage sludge, human waste sludge, waste of food, agricultural residue, wood-based (wood chips) bio-mass and crops. In those bio-mass sources, the authors pay their attention to the amount of leftover-beer after a banquet. Our investigation clarifies that about 12 l of beer is left and disposed after a banquet of 150 people. Since beer contains 5% alcohols, 600 cc of ethanol can be obtained without fermentation process. Thus in order to obtain alcohol as a fuel, in collaboration with some hotels, leftover-beer is collected. As to a fuel, higher concentration of distilled alcoholic beverages is preferable. Therefore a new double distillation system is developed to separate water, and 85.9% bio-ethanol fuel is produced from 5% alcoholic density of leftover-beer. The ethanol evaporation characteristic of this bio-ethanol is investigated, it is equal to 98% ethanol reagent. This showed that it can be mixed with gasoline. Also, in order to confirm its performance as a fuel, the obtained ethanol is experimented with 121 cc of small displacement engine which is equipped with E.F.I. system. The results of this experiment are compared to unleaded gasoline and showed that it has the same performance of engine power, especially in case of before top dead center (B.T.D.C.) 15.0 deg.. We also calculated the volume of CO2 emission discharged in distilled ethanol under driving conditions B.T.D.C. 15.0 deg., 4000 rpm, for 1 hour. The CO2 production of distilled ethanol is 34.4 kgCO2, on the other hand, CO2 production of unleaded gasoline is 2.82 kgCO2. This result shows that the system with high energy efficiency to separate ethanol and water is desired. Furthermore, the density of acetaldehyde from exhaust gas is analyzed. An extremely low reading of 28 ppm is obtained. The results prove the effect of acetaldehyde to the human body is negligible. Finally, employing 50 cc motorcycles with our developed E.F.I. system, experiment with bio-mass ethanol is executed. The results proved the feasibility of our developed bio-ethanol can be a new low emission bio-mass source.

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Pease, Leonard F., Judith Ann Bamberger, Carolyn A. Burns, and Michael J. Minette. "Concentrating Slurries Mesofluidically for Nuclear Waste Processing." In ASME 2022 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2022-87708.

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Abstract High-level radioactive waste stored at the Hanford Site near Richland Washington will be retrieved, transported, treated, and concentrated prior to final vitrification. This waste, stored in million-gallon underground tanks, is to be retrieved and transported via pipeline to the treatment facilities at low solids loading. Concentration is a necessary step to remove transport fluid and supernatant liquid. Several techniques are available to concentrate slurries including settle/decant, filtration, and evaporation that all present unique challenges. Using evaporators to dewater sludge is time consuming and energy intensive; settle-decant is time consuming and requires use of large settling vessels; filtration is prone to clogging and caking. Improvements in slurry concentration capabilities are desirable to help minimize waste treatment costs. Here we investigate mesofluidic separation to concentrate slurries. This mesofluidic system uses a high void space, low pressure drop grid installed within an existing pipe spoolpiece. The grid spacing is configured to force solids to migrate to one side of the grid and fluid to migrate to the other side of the grid as the slurry flows within the pipe. The fluid component exits the process stream through a branch and can be reused for additional slurry retrieval and transport. The higher concentration slurry component remaining in the “express lane” then flows through a second “grid” to be further concentrated. Several grid inserts in series may be used to obtain the degree of solids separation required to support downstream processes. The concentrated slurry then becomes the process feed for vitrification. A series of experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of the mesofluidic grid installed within the spoolpiece to concentrate particles within a size range of interest for radioactive fluid processing. Experiments evaluated the potential to operate units in series in two configurations: further concentrating slurry routed from the express lane and further solids removal of fluid routed from the permeate line. Both configurations yielded enhanced results: additional concentration or additional dilution. Test results are presented and applicability to process enhancements is described.

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Han, Youngbae, Naoki Shikazono, and Nobuhide Kasagi. "The Effect of Liquid Film Evaporation on Flow Boiling Heat Transfer in a Micro Tube." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22751.

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Flow boiling in micro channels is attracting large attention since it leads to large heat transfer area per unit volume. Generated vapor bubbles in micro channels are elongated due to the restriction of channel wall, and thus slug flow becomes one of the main flow regimes. In slug flow, sequential bubbles are confined by the liquid slugs, and thin liquid film is formed between tube wall and bubble. Liquid film evaporation is one of the main heat transfer mechanisms in micro channels and liquid film thickness is a very important parameter to determine heat transfer coefficient. In the present study, liquid film thickness is measured under flow boiling condition and compared with the correlation proposed under adiabatic condition. The relationship between liquid film thickness and heat transfer coefficient is also investigated. Pyrex glass tube with inner diameter of D = 0.5 mm is used as a test tube. Working fluids are water and ethanol. Laser focus displacement meter is used to measure the liquid film thickness. Initial liquid film thickness under flow boiling condition can be predicted well by the correlation proposed under adiabatic condition. However, measured liquid film thickness becomes thinner than the predicted values in the cases of back flow and short slugs. These are considered to be due to the change of velocity profile in the liquid slug. Under flow boiling condition, liquid film profile fluctuates due to high vapor velocity and shows periodic pattern against time. Frequency of periodic pattern increases with heat flux. At low quality, heat transfer coefficients calculated from measured liquid film thickness show good accordance with heat transfer coefficients obtained directly from wall temperature measurements.

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Magnini, Mirco, and John R. Thome. "Use of Two-Phase CFD Simulations to Develop a Boiling Heat Transfer Prediction Method for Slug Flow Within Microchannels." In ASME 2015 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2015 13th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2015-48033.

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This work presents a new boiling heat transfer prediction method for slug flow within microchannels, which is developed and benchmarked against the results of two-phase CFD simulations. The proposed method adopts a two-zone decomposition of the flow for the sequential passage of a liquid slug and an evaporating elongated bubble. The heat transfer is modeled by assuming transient heat conduction across the liquid film surrounding an elongated bubble and sequential conduction/convection within the liquid slug. Embedded submodels for estimating important flow parameters, e.g. bubble velocity and liquid film thickness, are implemented as “building blocks”, thus making the entire modeling framework totally stand-alone. The CFD simulations are performed by utilizing ANSYS Fluent v. 14.5 and the interface between the vapor and liquid phases is captured by the built-in Volume Of Fluid algorithm. Improved schemes to compute the surface tension force and the phase change due to evaporation are implemented by means of self-developed functions. The comparison with the CFD results shows that the proposed method emulates well the bubble dynamics during evaporation, and predicts accurately the time-averaged heat transfer coefficients during the initial transient regime and the terminal steady-periodic stages of the flow.

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Hao, Tingting, Huiwen Yu, Xuehu Ma, and Zhong Lan. "Heat Transfer Characteristics of Horizontal Nano-Structured Oscillating Heat Pipes." In ASME 2019 6th International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2019-4100.

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Abstract Working fluid in the oscillating heat pipe (OHP) with low turn number (< 9) positioned in the horizontal heat mode could not easily backflow to the evaporator due to the absence of gravity. In this paper, copper OHP with superhydrophilic nano-structured inner surface by introducing additional capillary force was investigated through the visualization and thermal experiments. OHPs with 6 turns, charged with pure water as the working fluid, were fabricated with copper, and nano-structured inner surface and tested for comparison. Contact angles of water on the copper and superhydrophilic surface were 36.7 and 0 deg. The filling ratio of water was 50%, 65%, and 80%, respectively. Startup performance, thermal resistance, and liquid slug oscillation of OHPs were investigated experimentally at the heat input of 100–380 W. Experimental results showed that OHPs with the superhydrophilic nano-structured surface showed an enhanced heat transfer performance due to the nanostructure-induced capillary action for water in the horizontal direction. The optimum filling ratio was 65% in this work. Dryout was observed in the OHPs with the filling ratio of 50% at the heat input higher than 220 W. At the filling ratio of 80%, the working fluid was accumulated in the adiabatic and condensation section, and the driving force due to the water evaporation in evaporator was not high enough to activate the movements of liquid slugs. Heat transfer performance of OHP with nano-structured surface was higher than that of bare copper surface by introducing the additional capillary force.

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Kuznetsov, Vladimir V. "Heat and Mass Transfer With Phase Change and Chemical Reactions in Microscale." In 2010 14th International Heat Transfer Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ihtc14-22570.

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In recent years considerable attention has been paid to the study of microscale flow and heat transfer with phase change and chemical reactions. This article reviews the patterns of the microscale two-phase gas-liquid flow, the statistical parameters of slug flow and capillary phenomena in annular flow for a rectangular microchannel. The evaporative and condensing heat transfer model for the curved liquid microfilm in microchannel and near contact line is developed and discussed. The influence of forced convection, nucleate boiling and thin film evaporation on microscale flow boiling heat transfer is reviewed and analyzed. The model of forced boiling heat transfer in microchannel is developed and compared with the existing experimental data. The mechanism and patterns of microscale explosive evaporation in the MEMS system is determined at high external heat flux density and the acousto-thermal model of the explosive evaporation is considered. The results of calculations are compared with the experimental data. The peculiarities of heat and mass transfer in a micro channel with surface catalytic reactions producing the hydrogen are presented. The kinetics of sequence of chemical reactions at nanoscale catalyst under conditions of significant nonuniformity of temperature and species concentration fields is considered.

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Звіти організацій з теми "Evaporation sludge"

Ceo, R. N., M. B. Sears, and J. T. Shor. Physical characterization of radioactive sludges in selected Melton Valley and evaporator facility storage tanks. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6530412.

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Sears, M. B., J. L. Botts, and J. M. Keller. Exploratory tests of washing radioactive sludge samples from the Melton Valley and evaporator facility storage tanks at ORNL. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5113853.

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Sears, M. B., J. L. Botts, R. N. Ceo, J. J. Ferrada, W. H. Griest, J. M. Keller, and R. L. Schenley. Sampling and analysis of radioactive liquid wastes and sludges in the Melton Valley and evaporator facility storage tanks at ORNL. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6591514.

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Smiley, H. S. Criticality Safety Assessment: Impact of Tank 40H Sludge Batch 2 Decant No. 2 on the Criticality Safety Assessment of the 242-25H Evaporator System (WSRC-TR-2000-00069). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/784208.

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