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1
Kang, Seon-Hong, and Charles S. Oulman. "Evaporation of Petroleum Products from Contaminated Soils." Journal of Environmental Engineering 122, no. 5 (May 1996): 384–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1996)122:5(384).
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2
Пашаев, D. Pashaev, Архипов, D. Arkhipov, Кайзер, and Yu Kayzer. "ANALYSIS OF MEANS OF REDUCING LOSSES OF OIL PRODUCTS EVAPORATION." Alternative energy sources in the transport-technological complex: problems and prospects of rational use of 3, no. 1 (March 16, 2016): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17767.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article presents the analysis of existing means of reducing losses of oil-products from evaporation, advantages and disadvantages of each tool considered the relative effectiveness of different means of combating the fumes of petroleum products and the efficient and cost-effective tool that represents the combined system of trapping light fractions of petroleum products with the use of the disk-reflector
3
Aleknaitė, Jurgita, Dainius Paliulis, and Rasa Vaiškūnaitė. "NAFTOS PRODUKTŲ GARAVIMO EKSPERIMENTINIAI TYRIMAI / EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS EVAPORATION." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 11 (October 1, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2019.10581.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Oil products are usually released into the environment during transportation of oil, from storage, oil bases or accidents, accounting for about 60% of total soil pollution. Heavy metals, phenols, cyanides, aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene) also enter the soil together with oil products. After the contamination enters the soil, it affects the pH of the soil, the activity of the biota weakens due to the toxic elements that react with oxygen, the soil degradation increases. In the course of the dissemination of these pollutants, not only the soil, but also groundwater is contaminated – pollution by oil products and heavy metals creates 53% of all groundwater pollution. The aim of the research is to determine the lowest possible optimal temperature by choosing the temperature range of the heating temperature (100−300 °C) and to investigate the dependence of evaporation of oil products on the heating time. The minimum temperature is required to preserve the soil’s properties, reduce the amount of energy used and the cost of the method. During the heat treatment of the selected oil products, the vapor passes through the condenser and is collected in the form of a liquid, avoiding leaks, which is a safe way if toxic substances are potentially exposed at the site of heating (the method safely removes pollutants from mixtures). It has been established that in the temperature range 250−300 °C, clean oil evaporates intensively and achieve 90.1−97.1% efficiency over 2 hours and the maximum evaporation rate is at the first hour, in the case of used oil, an efficiency of 38.6−60.6% is achieved and vapor intensity at maximum after 2 hours of evaporation. This heating technology can be used to clean heavy soil fractions from contaminated oil products, and comparatively low temperatures (250−300 °C) will have less harm to soil properties than high-temperature methods (burning, glazing, pyrolysis).
4
Kuzminskaya, A. M., M. V. Buzaeva, and O. V. Ageeva. "Modern methods to reduce evaporation and ensure safety when storing petroleum products in tanks." Technology of technosphere safety 94 (2021): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2021.4.94.65-75.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. With long-term storage of gasoline in large-capacity tanks, the problem associated with their volatility becomes urgent. Evaporation of petroleum products and gasoline leads to a change in their physical and chemical properties, a decrease in the yield of light petroleum products during oil refining, and a deterioration in the performance characteristics of engines. In this regard, it becomes difficult to start engines, their reliability, fuel consumption increases and the service life is reduced. Lost light hydrocarbons pollute the environment and increase the fire hazard of enterprises. The aim of the work is to identify effective, inexpensive and safe methods for reducing the volatility of oil products, including gasoline, when stored in tanks. Research methods. A retrospective analysis of studies on the problems of reducing losses of petroleum products during their storage, transportation and use is carried out. Technical and organizational methods for reducing the evaporation of fuels and the use of chemical additives as an inexpensive and effective method for solving the problem of the volatility of gasolines are considered. The conclusion about the efficiency of using chemical additives to fuels to reduce volatility has been substantiated. Results and their discussion. Conclusions are made about the possibility of using surfactants as additives to reduce the evaporation of gasolines during long-term storage in tanks. The analysis of the main components and methods for the synthesis of surfactant compositions capable of creating a surfactant film at the liquid-atmosphere interface, which protects the liquid from evaporation. Conclusion. Reducing the volatility of gasoline with the use of inexpensive and effective additives introduced into the fuel in small quantities, not only reduces the explosion and fire hazard during storage in large tanks, reduces losses, but also prevents the negative impact on the environment from the ingress of low molecular hydrocarbons into it. Key words: volatility of petroleum products, losses during storage of gasoline, methods of reducing volatility, additives.
5
Mihajlovic, Marina, Ana Veljasevic, Jovan Jovanovic, and Mica Jovanovic. "Estimation of evaporative losses during storage of crude oil and petroleum products." Chemical Industry 67, no. 1 (2013): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind120301050s.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Storage of crude oil and petroleum products inevitably leads to evaporative losses. Those losses are important for the industrial plants mass balances, as well as for the environmental protection. In this paper, estimation of evaporative losses was performed using software program TANKS 409d which was developed by the Agency for Environmental Protection of the United States - US EPA. Emissions were estimated for the following types of storage tanks: fixed conical roof tank, fixed dome roof tank, external floating roof tank, internal floating roof tank and domed external floating roof tank. Obtained results show quantities of evaporated losses per tone of stored liquid. Crude oil fixed roof storage tank losses are cca 0.5 kg per tone of crude oil. For floating roof, crude oil losses are 0.001 kg/t. Fuel oil (diesel fuel and heating oil) have the smallest evaporation losses, which are in order of magnitude 10-3 kg/tone. Liquids with higher Reid Vapour Pressure have very high evaporative losses for tanks with fixed roof, up to 2.07 kg/tone. In case of external floating roof tank, losses are 0.32 kg/tone. The smallest losses are for internal floating roof tank and domed external floating roof tank: 0.072 and 0.044, respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that the liquid with low volatility of low BTEX amount can be stored in tanks with fixed roof. In this case, the prevailing economic aspect, because the total amount of evaporative loss does not significantly affect the environment. On the other hand, storage of volatile derivatives with high levels of BTEX is not justified from the economic point of view or from the standpoint of the environment protection.
6
F. Fingas, Merv. "Studies on the Evaporation Regulation Mechanisms of Crude Oil and Petroleum Products." Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science 02, no. 02 (2012): 246–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/aces.2012.22029.
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7
Surikova, Alisa, Elena Sytsyanko, V. F. Kosmach, Yu F. Titovec, and T. R. Akhmetov. "Thermal calculation of the installation for the moisture evaporation from petroleum products." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 337 (November 16, 2019): 012072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/337/1/012072.
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8
Lesnykh, Кonstantin Е., Aleksey А. Korshak, Nafis N. Khafizov, and Andrey A. Kuznetsov. "Methodological approaches to modeling the conditions for the formation of technological losses of oil and petroleum products due to evaporation from tanks." SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION 10, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2020-10-4-386-393.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The conditions for the formation of technological losses of oil and petroleum products during transportation through the main pipelines are considered and it is established that the main sources of these losses are large and small airflows of reservoirs. The value of technological losses from evaporation from tanks depends on a large number of factors, in particular: storage temperatures, pumping rates, tank filling heights, physical and chemical properties of the transported liquid, tanks turnover. Until now, a unified approach to the procedure for determining the qualitative and quantitative composition of technological losses from the evaporation of hydrocarbons during storage has not been developed, which leads to disagreements in assessing the actual losses of energy carriers. According to the analysis, it was found that the best is the calculation method for determining the actual irrecoverable losses of hydrocarbons. Its application involves the use of mathematical relationships that describe the dynamics of evaporation of oil and petroleum products in real conditions. To establish such relationships, it is proposed to develop and implement a unit that enables simulation of the process of evaporation from tanks under various conditions and obtaining experimental data taking into account a combination of a variety of factors that affect the amount of the technological losses.
9
Ginestet, S., and C. Le Bot. "Evaporation flow assessment from petroleum product storage tanks exposed to fire conditions." Oil & Gas Science and Technology – Revue d’IFP Energies nouvelles 73 (2018): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2516/ogst/2018023.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fire around storage tanks for petroleum products can have disastrous consequences for the environment and the population. These fires, due to accident or arson, are very well managed by security divisions but, nevertheless, involve the release of an amount of vapour from the petroleum present in the storage device. The exposure of a non-refrigerated aboveground liquid petroleum or petroleum product storage tank to fire can also lead to internal overpressure. PV-valves ensure that the normal and emergency venting requirements are satisfied, and determination of such requirements is key for the safety of petroleum tanks and should not be underestimated. This paper presents and discusses some methods that can be used to evaluate the vapour flow. In the aim of finding an exact answer rapidly, a thermal analytical approach is first investigated, which reveals the complexity of the solution. Thus, a numerical approach, based on finite-volume description, is used to set the first steps of the flow assessment. Based on a thermodynamic hypothesis, a simplified method is finally put forward for the evaluation of the amount of vapour released. The algorithm used to determine how temperature, pressure and flow evolve over time, which is very useful information for the safety of these devices, is then detailed and the results discussed.
10
Fingas, Merv F. "Studies on the evaporation of crude oil and petroleum products: I. the relationship between evaporation rate and time." Journal of Hazardous Materials 56, no. 3 (October 1997): 227–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(97)00050-2.
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11
Fingas, Merv F. "Studies on the evaporation of crude oil and petroleum products II. Boundary layer regulation." Journal of Hazardous Materials 57, no. 1-3 (January 1998): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3894(97)00051-4.
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12
Kozhevnikov, Vitaliy A., and Stanislav K. Popov. "Thermal and Environmental Characteristics of Spent Petroleum Product Combustion in Industrial Plants." Vestnik MEI, no. 1 (2022): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.24160/1993-6982-2022-1-39-50.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Spent petroleum products can be efficiently used as an energy source in industrial thermal power engineering. Matters concerned with the energy efficiency and environmental safety of using this type of fuel and development of burners for spent petroleum products are extremely relevant. To analyze the energy efficiency of industrial plants that use spent petroleum products as fuel, the heating value of these products has to be known. The data on the lower heating value and viscosity of various petroleum fuels published in the literature are systematized. The results obtained make it possible to estimate the heating value of spent petroleum products by using their viscosity as a parameter. A set of works aimed at developing an evaporative burner for high-quality combustion of various spent petroleum products has been accomplished. Based on experimental studies of the combustion of various spent petroleum products in the evaporative burner, relationships between the viscosity, lower heating value, and flame length and temperature are revealed. By using the obtained relationships between the thermal parameters characterizing the combustion of spent petroleum products, it becomes possible to assess the possibility of effectively neutralizing such pollutants as halogens and polychlorinated biphenyls. The boundary of the domain in which spent petroleum products can be combusted in an environmentally efficient manner with neutralizing such pollutants as halogens and polychlorinated biphenyls has been determined and described analytically. Dependences of the maximum allowable concentrations of pollutants in spent petroleum products on their viscosity, lower heating value, and flame temperature are presented. The obtained results can be used to develop domestic regulatory documents on energy efficient and environmentally friendly combustion of spent petroleum products in thermal engineering plants.
13
Chugunov, A. D., and E. G. Filatova. "Adsorption of petroleum products by modified and activated adsorbents." Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 11, no. 2 (July 4, 2021): 318–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2021-11-2-318-325.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research is aimed at investigating the adsorption of petroleum products from aqueous solutions by adsorbents modified with HCl and those activated by microwave radiation. The research objects were carbon adsorbents: activated coals, such as AD-05-2, IPI-T, KAD-iodine and zeolites of the TransBaikal deposit. The quantitative analysis of waters (standardised test solutions with an initial concentration of petroleum products not exceeding 10 mg/l) was carried out by the fluorimetric method using a Fluorat-02 liquid analyser. The adsorbents were activated in a microwave oven at a wave power of 800 W for 1 min. The modification was carried out according to the following procedure: 10 g of the adsorbents dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 120-150 °C were stirred for 24 h with 200 ml of a 12% HCl solution in water.Next, the suspension was filtered and washed with distilled water until neutral. It was found that the value of adsorption of petroleum products by adsorbents modified with HCl increases by 3.8 times for activated carbon KAD-iodine, 0.5 times for IPI-T, and equals 0.71 mg/g and 0.80 mg/g respectively. Among the studied sorbents, these sorbents have the largest grain size (3-5 mm) and micropore volume (0.28-0.29 cm3/g). It was established that the method of short-term (within 1 min) microwave activation makes it possible to increase the adsorption of petroleum products by: 4.2 times for activated carbon KAD-iodine and 0.6 times for IPI-T in comparison with the original adsorbents. The highest adsorption value of petroleum products corresponds to zeolites and equals 0.99 mg/g. The action of microwave radiation is associated with the dissociation and evaporation of the water bound in the adsorbents and flammable organic substances, which leads to an increase in the porosity of the adsorbent. The application of the microwave activation method is highly promising in comparison with the classic methods of chemical and steam-gas activation. This method simplifies the technological design and reduces the consumption of reagents for the production of effective adsorbents used to extract petroleum products from aqueous solutions, which acquires particular importance in the context of maintaining the environmental safety of water use.
14
Fetisov, Vadim, Vladimir Pshenin, Dmitrii Nagornov, Yuri Lykov, and Amir H. Mohammadi. "Evaluation of Pollutant Emissions into the Atmosphere during the Loading of Hydrocarbons in Marine Oil Tankers in the Arctic Region." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 11 (November 13, 2020): 917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8110917.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Emissions of volatile organic compounds into the atmosphere when loading oil or petroleum products into tankers are strong environmental pollutants. Given the increase in oil transport by sea and the development of Arctic routes, humanity faces the task of preserving the Arctic ecosystem. Vapor recovery units can limit the emissions of volatile organic compounds. However, it is necessary to estimate the emissions of oil and petroleum products vapors. This article offers two methods for estimating emissions of volatile organic compounds. In the analytical method, a mathematical model of evaporation dynamics and forecasting tank gas space pressure of the tanker is proposed. The model makes it possible to estimate the throughput capacity of existing gas phase discharge pipeline systems and is also suitable for designing new oil vapor recovery units. Creating an experimental laboratory stand is proposed in the experimental method, and its possible technological scheme is developed.
15
Kopitsyn, D. S., P. A. Gushchin, A. A. Panchenko, F. V. Timofeev, D. N. Sokolov, and A. A. Novikov. "Determination of Natural Loss of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel during the Tank Storage." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 627, no. 5 (2021): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32935/0023-1169-2021-627-5-28-31.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this work, we studied the processes of evaporation of gasoline and diesel fuel during their storage. We assessed of the temperature dependence of the content of hydrocarbon vapors in the gas phase over petroleum products. It was found that the experimental data are best described by the empirical equation based on the Antoine equation. An algorithm is proposed for calculating the natural loss of gasoline and diesel fuel, as well as approaches to its reduction.
16
Gadzhiev, Ch M. "Detection of and allowance for loss of petroleum products due to leaks and evaporation in tanks." Measurement Techniques 37, no. 2 (February 1994): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00979205.
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17
Paulauskiene, Tatjana, Jochen Uebe, Zilvinas Kryzevicius, Valeriia Kaskova, Marija Katarzyte, and Donata Overlingė. "Removal of Petroleum Hydrocarbons from Brackish Water by Natural and Modified Sorbents." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 5 (April 28, 2022): 597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10050597.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Crude oil and petroleum products made from it are increasingly being extracted and consumed worldwide as an important energy source. During necessary transportation, e.g., by tanker, an oil spill might occur, which leads to water pollution by oil. One of the methods of cleaning up oil spills is to use sorbents, preferably made from natural materials. This study evaluates the remediation efficiency of brackish water polluted with crude oil, marine diesel oil (MDO) and lubricating oil. The experiment was performed with three different sorbents (straw, straw modified with methoxytrimethylsilanes (MTMS) and wood chip shavings) and without them. The evaporation loss and the dissolved and sorbed fractions of oil were measured by gas chromatography (GC) to evaluate remediation efficiency. Hydrophobization made the natural sorbents buoyant for the duration of the experiment, with only a slight increase in the maximum sorption capacity. The sorbents increased the evaporation of the oils and also of the water, reduced the proportion of the oil dissolved in water and retained the sorbed proportion for the lubricating oil and partly for the MDO, to such an extent that it could not be extracted entirely even after a 60-min extraction time.
18
Khusnutdinova, S. M., F. Sh Khafizov, and I. F. Khafizov. "Determination of the Specific Mass Rate of Multicomponent Petroleum Products Burn-up." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 10 (October 2021): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-10-49-52.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The specific mass burn-up rate of combustible substances (materials) in case of a fire, determines the heat release intensity, the temperature of burning, the intensity of fire development and other parameters. Like the rate of flame propagation, the mass burn-up rate depends on the physical and chemical properties of substances, their aggregate state, as well as other factors. The mass burn-up rate is used in modeling the process of fire development, assessment of the rate of heat release and the intensity of the supply of extinguishing agents to fire extinguishing installations. Currently, the values of the specific mass burn-up rate are given in various reference materials for a limited number of petroleum products. For single-component substances, the desired value can also be determined by calculation. The existing calculation formulas in theory are applicable for both simple and complex substances, and, in this case, there is a need to calculate the values of the specific heat of combustion and evaporation, the specific heat capacity of the substance. However, the process of complex hydrocarbon fuels burn-up differs significantly- it is due to the gradual burning out of individual fractions in their composition. Therefore, for complex substances the calculation should be made considering the changes in density and temperature during the process of burning. The methods for determining the specific mass rate of burnout of multicomponent petroleum products are considered, the universal nomogram and calculation formula are proposed that will allow determining the specific mass rate of burn-up, knowing the density of the petroleum product under normal conditions and its boiling point.
19
Kenzhetayev, G. Zh, S. Syrlybekkyzy, and L. S. Taizhanova. "WASTEWATER EVAPORATOR POND ASSESSMENT OF «CASPI BITUM» LLP." REPORTS 6, no. 334 (December 15, 2020): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1483.140.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The dynamics and level of pollution of the wastewater evaporator pond of the bitumen plant were studied in 2018-2019. The chemical composition of the waste water (WW) pond was determined by 8 indicators. The average annual indicators of the studied harmful substances in the water exceeded the permissible level from 1.1 to 21.9 times. At the same time, exceeding standards were registered for substances of 3 and 4 hazard classes: total iron - up to 2.8 times, petroleum products - up to 1.7 times. The content of anionic surface active agents (SAA) in the evaporator pond with an average degree of oxidation was recorded in excess of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) by 2.0 times, 2.13 times, and 2.32 times on average over the years at points 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The average values of biochemical oxigen demand/chemical oxigen demand (BOD5/COD) for 2018-2019 were as follows for the studied points of the evaporator pond: at point 1 (water outlet) - 0.215, at point 2 (South-Eastern part) - 0.195, at point 3 in the area of the sand massif - 0.21, and under the condition of BOD5/COD<0.5 it means that the WW is over by resistant to oxidation compounds. This requires accelerating the evaporation process. A heliotechnical system of translucent coverings has been developed and offered for intensifying the evaporation process and isolating harmful substances from contacts with the biosphere. This system is environmentally and economically feasible.
20
Richardson, Russell K. "Determination of Fat in Dairy Products Using Pressurized Solvent Extraction." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 84, no. 5 (September 1, 2001): 1522–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/84.5.1522.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract Gravimetric fat data were obtained for a wide range of dairy products with fat contents ranging from 0.5 to 83% using pressurized solvent extraction at elevated temperatures and pressure (80–120°C; 10.3 MPa). Extraction performance was sensitive to solvent composition, temperature, and sample matrix. By optimizing solvent mixtures, sample–solvent contact times of 8–10 min were sufficient for high recoveries from all products tested. The most successful solvents with regard to speed of extraction, selectivity, and recovery (average recovery, %) were various mixtures of hexane (or petroleum ether)–dichloromethane–methanol for dried cream (99.8%), dried whole milk (99.6%), dried buttermilk (98.2%), dried skim milk (97.0%), dried whey protein concentrate (97.5%), casein (95.0%), and caseinate (102.1%); petroleum ether–acetone–ethanol or petroleum ether–acetone–isopropanol for cheddar-type cheese (99.4%); petroleum ether–acetone for butter (99.9%); petroleum ether–acetone–isopropanol for cream (100.3%); and petroleum ether–isopropanol for liquid milks (99.0%). Relative standard deviations for repeatability were obtained for dried whole milk (0.2%), dried whey protein concentrate (0.7%), cheese (0.3%), butter (0.1%), and ultraheat treated (UHT) milk (0.7%). Solvent removal and drying of extracts with a heated block evaporator saved time compared with conventional drying ovens. Estimated savings in labor (50–75%) and solvents (80%) were substantial compared with the manual Mojonnier methods.
21
Wang, Zhendi, B. Hollebone, M. Fingas, L. Sigouin, B. Fieldhouse, M. Landriault, G. Thouin, J. Noonan, and J. Weaver. "Development of a Composition Database for Selected Multicomponent Oils." International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 2003, no. 1 (April 1, 2003): 1131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-2003-1-1131.
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ABSTRACT Multicomponent composition and corresponding physical properties data of crude oils and petroleum products are needed as input to environmental fate simulations. Complete sets of such data, however, are not available in the literature due to the complexity and expense of making the measurements. Environment Canada has previously developed a database of various physical and chemical properties of crude oils and petroleum products. In this cooperative project, ten “typical” crude oils and refined products in common use or transport were identified for subsequent characterization. Measured oil physical properties include API gravity, density, sulphur content, water content, flash point, pour point, viscosity, surface and interfacial tension, adhesion, the equation for predicting evaporation, emulsion formation, and simulated boiling point distribution. The chemical composition of the oils are quantified for hydrocarbon groups, volatile organic compounds, n-alkane distribution, distribution of alkylated polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) homologues and other EPA priority PAHs, and biomarker concentrations. This project will provide the most complete and comprehensive database for the selected oils to date. The new composition data will be integrated into the existing Environment Canada oil properties database. The results will be made available to the public both on the world wide web and as a database on disc.
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Samokhvalova, V. L., A. I. Fateev, P. A. Samokhvalova, O. V. Mandryka, V. D. Bublyk, and O. Kutz. "Determination of oil and oil products total content in soils for monitoring of contamination and effectiveness of remediation." Fundamental and Applied Soil Science 16, no. 3-4 (July 4, 2015): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/041516.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The method of determining the content of oil and petroleum products in the soils is substantiated through the use established by thermogravimetric curves optimum temperatures and time intervals thermal sample of contaminated soil, determination of total losses its weight on the appropriate formula which ensures the quantitative determination of total content level of hydrocarbons of oil and oil products in the soil with increased accuracy and quick testing of the method. In the methodical approach by combining individual components of the known methods thermogravimetry and gas chromatography, the distribution regularities of changes in the sample mass under the influence of thermal effects on a new class of objects with simultaneous production of a rapid method for determination of total content of petroleum hydrocarbons in soils, provided simplification soil samples algorithm analyzing for pollution monitoring and the remediation effectiveness of obtaining the economic use of resources. The invention belongs to the field of environmental protection, soil quality, namely to the ways of determine the content of oil and petroleum products (diesel, kerosene, fuel oil, etc.) in contaminated soils while of soils lands plot monitoring. The method can be used in the field of conservancy in the oil industrial complex in determining the degree of contamination of soil for rapid analysis of soil samples; in agroecology, soil ecological management for environmental monitoring of technologically contaminated soils of lands plots for various purposes and their using; in research practice - to investigate the thermal processes and properties of soils; elaboration of scientific and methodical bases of contaminated soils monitoring (diagnosis, assessment, forecast ecological state), environmental regulation of organic nature contaminants in soils; regulation of the using and soil remediation processes to improve quality. Based on the analysis of the scientific literature data and results of long-term experiments it was determined the optimal temperature range of 280–500 ○C with different temperature ranges of thermal evaporation the fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons. Series conducted modeling experiments with varying temperature, time, sample the soils and the changing quantitative and qualitative composition of hydrocarbons in contaminated soils, the total petroleum hydrocarbons thermogravimetric method has been found that the thermal degradation of contaminated soils samples formed various fractions of hydrocarbons, which leads to increased losses mass Dm contaminated soil sample to obtain thermogravimetric curves. By the method of gas chromatography, in the range of 100–200 ○C it is set the selective extraction of lighter fractions of petroleum and petroleum products in the soil; in the range of 280–350 ○C – it is noted a sharp increase in the rate of decomposition of oil saturated hydrocarbons (C10–C40) with intensive gas evolution, the formation of a mixture of reaction products is a significant amount of unsaturated hydrocarbons. Thus, the use of established ranges of determining the optimum temperature desorption fractions of petroleum hydrocarbons and their thermal degradation of soil samples for thermolysis with simultaneous identification of the total content of oil and petroleum products in the soil, it is possible to determine the total amount of oil hydrocarbons fractions in soil as the amount of oil hydrocarbons. The proposed algorithm method is suitable for the soils of different genesis. It is determined that the consistent increase in temperature is a necessary procedure for the identification of pollution if soil sample analysis of the expected low concentrations of oil and petroleum products and water content in soils of different types and different size distribution of more than 5 % of oil production zones. By evaluating the flow of thermal processes in the surveyed contaminated and uncontaminated soil samples the temperature ranges degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons is determined. Their using, as an indicator, significantly reduced the timing of selection of optimal technological parameters of thermal oils in the soils for determining the total content of oil and petroleum products in the soils, pollution monitoring and remediation efficiency control.
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Hlova, Taras, Mykhailo Semerak, Bogdanna Hlova, and Mykola Mykhailyshyn. "The influence of pressure changes on the integrity of tanks for storage of petroleum products and toxic substances." Military Technical Collection, no. 24 (May 20, 2021): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33577/2312-4458.24.2021.31-36.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Tanks for the storage of oil products and toxic substances in warehouses are the main ones. They can be in the form of separate tanks or a group of tanks. The most widespread are vertical steel tanks with a stationary roof that a placed in open areas. The tanks heat up, and the intensity of evaporation of the oil product increases in case of fire. If there is a permanent roof, the pressure in the tank will increase. If the capacity of the breathing valves is less than the intensity of evaporation then there is a risk of explosion. Explosions in the tank often lead to the separation of the bottom, and the side cylindrical surface and the roof fly away instantly, spilling oil on neighboring tanks and the territory of the tank’s park. Then the combustion area increases intensively. The destruction of the integrity of the tank, due to the separation of the bottom, contributes to temperature and power stresses, the value of which increases with increasing temperature of their heating and increasing pressure, respectively. The values of temperature stresses are added to the power stresses caused by pressure, and when the critical value is reached, destruction occurs.
We investigated the stress-strain state of a steel vertical tank for the storage of oil products and toxic substances. The analysis of the reasons for the occurrence of admissible pressure in the tank, which is the reason for the loss of its integrity, is carried out. Using the differential equation of a closed cylindrical shell, which is under the action of internal pressure, analytical expressions are obtained to find deformations and stresses in the side cylindrical surface and bottom. Were calculated axial and annular stresses for the tank of RVS-900. Based on the basic relations of the theory of elasticity of thin plates and shells analytical expressions of the stress-strain state of the cylindrical tanks are obtained for conditions for changing of pressure on their structural elements. It is shown that the greatest values of axial stresses are obtained on the surface of the connection of the cylindrical surface with the bottom. The researches results are presented graphically.
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Debnath, Mrittika, Roman Sarder, Lokendra Pal, and Martin A. Hubbe. "Molded pulp products for sustainable packaging: Production rate challenges and product opportunities." BioResources 17, no. 2 (2022): 3810–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.17.2.debnath.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Molded cellulosic pulp products provide eco-friendly alternatives to various petroleum-based packaging systems. They have a long history of reliable usage for such applications as egg trays and the shipping of fruits. They have recently become increasingly used for the packaging of electronics, wine bottles, and specialty items. Molded pulp products are especially used in applications requiring cushioning ability, as well as when it is important to match the shapes of the packed items. Their main component, cellulosic fibers from virgin or recycled wood fibers, as well as various nonwood fibers, can reduce society’s dependence on plastics, including expanded polystyrene. However, the dewatering of molded pulp tends to be slow, and the subsequent evaporation of water is energy-intensive. The article reviews strategies to increase production rates and to lower energy consumption. In addition, by applying chemical treatments and processing approaches, there are opportunities to achieve desired end-use properties, such as grease resistance. New manufacturing strategies, including rapid prototyping and advances in tooling, provide opportunities for more efficient form factors and more effective packaging in the future.
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Korolev, D. S., A. V. Vytovtov, A. A. Odnolko, D. V. Kargashilov, and I. V. Sitnikov. "Mathematical model describing the rate of evaporation of high-temperature petroleum products used in the oil and gas industry." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1889, no. 5 (April 1, 2021): 052018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1889/5/052018.
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Vuruna, Mladen, Zlate Veličković, Sreten Perić, Jovica Bogdanov, Negovan Ivanković, and Mihael Bučko. "The influence of atmospheric conditions on the migration of diesel fuel spilled in soil." Archives of Environmental Protection 43, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 73–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2017-0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract The most common chemical’s spills in typical transportation accidents are those with petroleum products such as diesel fuel, the consequence of which is an extensive pollution of the soil. In order to plan properly fuel recovery from the soil, it is important to gain information about the soil depth which may be affected by pollutant and to predict the pollutant concentration in different soil layers. This study deals with the impact of basic atmospheric conditions, i.e. air temperature and humidity on the diesel fuel migration through the soil. The diesel fuel was spilled into columns (L = 30 cm; D = 4.6 cm) filled with sandy and clay soil samples, and its concentrations at various depths were measured after 11 days under various air temperature (20 and 40°C) and relative humidity (30–100%) conditions. The effects observed were explained by understanding physical processes, such as fuel evaporation, diffusion and adsorption on soil grains. The increase in temperature results in higher fuel evaporation loss and its faster vertical migration. The relative humidity effect is less pronounced but more complex, and it depends much on the soil type.
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Chernova, O. T. "MODELING OF THE PROCESS OF POURING THE PRODUCT THROUGH THE RECEIVER-DISTRIBUTING DEVICE VST." METHODS AND DEVICES OF QUALITY CONTROL, no. 1(42) (June 27, 2019): 104–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.31471/1993-9981-2019-1(42)-104-115.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Preserving quality and quantity of a product is an important task during the operation of tank farms. This requires maximum sealing of all processes of pouring, discharging and storing. Tanks have the largest share of evaporation losses throughout the course of the oil flow from fishing to refineries, at factories and petroleum product pipelines from factories to consumers. The process of storage of oil and petroleum products is combined with other technological operations (desalting of oil, heating, dehydration, mixing, etc.).
One of the most important methods of saving fuel and energy resources, which occupy a leading place in the development of the economy, is the fight against oil products losses. The issue of product losses due to the lack of equipment and the durability of its use is important. One of them is a receiving and distributing device, which is installed in vertical steel tanks.
To compare two of the most common variants of the execution of the disengagement body of the (ПРУ що це таке), a simulation of the process of pouring the product into the reservoir was performed using the Ansys 19.1 program. This made it possible visually to see how the receiving and distributing device works and what its efficiency can depend on. From the model of pressure distribution to the wall of the case (ПРУ) it is evident that when smoothly turning the housing, the pressure is distributed more evenly, due to which the load on the corner and the entrance to the receiver-distributing device in the wall of the tank will be less than when turning with the insert.
In this article an analysis of the possibility of improving the outdated technologies and the use of the latest in the storage of petroleum products is given. The use of a receiving and dispensing device can significantly increase the inter-cleaning period during the operation of the reservoir, as well as reduce the amount of work when cleaning the reservoir. This will reduce the level of dead remains, improvement the service life of the lower belt and the bottoms of vertical steel tanks, by reducing the zone of corrosive activity of the bottom sediment.
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Khare, Peeyush, and Drew R. Gentner. "Considering the future of anthropogenic gas-phase organic compound emissions and the increasing influence of non-combustion sources on urban air quality." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 18, no. 8 (April 20, 2018): 5391–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-5391-2018.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. Decades of policy in developed regions has successfully reduced total anthropogenic emissions of gas-phase organic compounds, especially volatile organic compounds (VOCs), with an intentional, sustained focus on motor vehicles and other combustion-related sources. We examine potential secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and ozone formation in our case study megacity (Los Angeles) and demonstrate that non-combustion-related sources now contribute a major fraction of SOA and ozone precursors. Thus, they warrant greater attention beyond indoor environments to resolve large uncertainties in their emissions, oxidation chemistry, and outdoor air quality impacts in cities worldwide. We constrain the magnitude and chemical composition of emissions via several bottom-up approaches using chemical analyses of products, emissions inventory assessments, theoretical calculations of emission timescales, and a survey of consumer product material safety datasheets. We demonstrate that the chemical composition of emissions from consumer products as well as commercial and industrial products, processes, and materials is diverse across and within source subcategories. This leads to wide ranges of SOA and ozone formation potentials that rival other prominent sources, such as motor vehicles. With emission timescales from minutes to years, emission rates and source profiles need to be included, updated, and/or validated in emissions inventories with expected regional and national variability. In particular, intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (IVOCs and SVOCs) are key precursors to SOA, but are excluded or poorly represented in emissions inventories and exempt from emissions targets. We present an expanded framework for classifying VOC, IVOC, and SVOC emissions from this diverse array of sources that emphasizes a life cycle approach over longer timescales and three emission pathways that extend beyond the short-term evaporation of VOCs: (1) solvent evaporation, (2) solute off-gassing, and (3) volatilization of degradation by-products. Furthermore, we find that ambient SOA formed from these non-combustion-related emissions could be misattributed to fossil fuel combustion due to the isotopic signature of their petroleum-based feedstocks.
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Low, Lawrence K., J. Ralph Meeks, and Carl R. Mackerer. "Health Effects of the Alkylbenzenes. II. Ylenes." Toxicology and Industrial Health 5, no. 1 (January 1989): 85–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074823378900500108.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The alkylbenzenes are a class of six-membered ring aromatic compounds that have a variety of alkyl groups attached. These chemicals are liquids with relatively low boiling points used primarily as solvents or as starting materials in the synthesis of other chemicals and drugs. They are integral components of gasoline, distillate fuels and other petroleum products and are economically important in the chemical, petroleum, pharmaceutical, polymer, paint and dye industries. Alkylbenzenes such as toluene, the xylenes, ethylbenzene, styrene and cumene are produced and utilized in large quantities and therefore, present the possibility of exposure to humans and to wildlife. Fortunately, the toxicity of alkylbenzenes has been found to be rather low and therefore, the human and environmental risks are probably low. In modern industrial activities, exposures to the alkylbenzenes are minimized by workplace controls or personal protective equipment which meet guidelines for maximum allowable exposure concentrations that have been established for the workplace. Nevertheless, considerable quantities of alkylbenzenes are released to the environment each year through solvent and fuel evaporation, accidental spills and misuse, and considerable toxicological infonnationfor these materials has appeared in the recent literature. This present paper, the second in a series reviewing the potential health effects of alkylbenzenes, covers the toxicology and disposition of the dimethyl-substituted benzenes (the .xylenes) in animals and man.
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Tursi, Antonio, Francesco Chidichimo, Rita Bagetta, and Amerigo Beneduci. "BTX Removal from Open Aqueous Systems by Modified Cellulose Fibers and Evaluation of Competitive Evaporation Kinetics." Water 12, no. 11 (November 11, 2020): 3154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113154.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
BTX stands for Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes, which are volatile organic compounds contained in petroleum products such as gasoline. They have negative health effects and are sadly known for soil, air, and water contamination. This paper provides an investigation on BTX removal from open water systems like those represented by natural water bodies. In such systems, the evaporation process takes place, stealing the pollutants from the aqueous matrix by transferring them into the air, resulting in a secondary pollution. To prevent this situation, adsorption of these organic compounds on cellulose fibers, extracted from Spanish Broom vegetable, was studied. Raw and surface modified cellulose fibers were used for this purpose. The second ones were hydrophobized by two different green and low-cost functionalization systems (no solvent urethane functionalization and low pressure plasma treatments). Batch experiments were performed in an open system where BTX underwent two competing removing mechanisms: volatilization, and adsorption/desorption on/from the fibers dispersed in the water system. A mathematical model was implemented for the interpretation of the observed time-varying pollutant concentrations and the estimation of the kinetic constants for adsorption, desorption, and evaporation. The developed model, provided with the aforementioned parameters calibrated for each type of fibers, was then used for the prediction of their adsorption capacities both into open and closed systems.
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Jędrychowska, Sylwia. "Optymalizacja warunków oznaczania wody metodą miareczkowania kulometrycznego z odparowaniem dla olejów smarowych." Nafta-Gaz 77, no. 7 (July 2021): 480–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18668/ng.2021.07.07.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The knowledge of the water content of various petroleum products, including lubricating oils, additives and various innovative products, is important from the point of view of manufacturing, purchasing or selling them, due to the impact on their quality and performance characteristics. In the case of lubricating oils, the presence of water can lead to premature corrosion and wear, the formation of deposits, which leads to reduced lubrication and premature clogging of filters, reduced action of additives or undesirable bacterial growth. The article presents the study on the selection of optimal conditions for the determination of water content by coulometric Karl-Fischer titration with evaporation in lubricating oils. The tests were carried out using a coulometer with a titration cell without a diaphragm by Metrohm, 917 Coulometer model with an automatic sample feeder equipped with a heating chamber 885 Compact Oven Sample Changer. Various types of lubricating oils were selected for testing, namely engine oils of different viscosity classes (5W/40, 10W/40, 15W/40, 5W/30), gear oil, hydraulic oil, turbine oil, base oil and hydraulic fluid. All selected samples of lubricating oils were tested in four different measuring conditions: 110°C and 20 ml/min; 150°C and 50 ml/min, 180°C and 50 ml/min and 150°C and 70 ml/min. It was found that for all the lubricating oils, the best results were obtained with a furnace temperature setting of 150°C and a carrier gas flow of 50 ml/min or 70 ml/min. The influence of various factors, such as the sample weight, the furnace temperature, the carrier gas flow velocity on the test course and the analysis speed, was determined. Increased carrier gas flow of up to 70 ml/min does not shorten the analysis time. In some cases, an increase in the oven temperature may speed up the analysis, but this is quite risky for some samples that decompose at given temperature. It is therefore safer to conduct the test at an oven temperature of 150°C. The speed of analysis is most influenced by an appropriate selection of the sample quantity under analysis. Depending on the water content in the tested sample, the appropriate sample weight should be selected. It should be small enough not to excessively extend the analysis, but also large enough that the amount of titrated water is at least twice as large as in the blank.
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Stockwell, Chelsea E., Matthew M. Coggon, Georgios I. Gkatzelis, John Ortega, Brian C. McDonald, Jeff Peischl, Kenneth Aikin, Jessica B. Gilman, Michael Trainer, and Carsten Warneke. "Volatile organic compound emissions from solvent- and water-borne coatings – compositional differences and tracer compound identifications." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 21, no. 8 (April 21, 2021): 6005–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-21-6005-2021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. The emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from volatile chemical products (VCPs) – specifically personal care products, cleaning agents, coatings, adhesives, and pesticides – are emerging as the largest source of petroleum-derived organic carbon in US cities. Previous work has shown that the ambient concentration of markers for most VCP categories correlates strongly with population density, except for VOCs predominantly originating from solvent- and water-borne coatings (e.g., parachlorobenzotrifluoride (PCBTF) and Texanol®, respectively). Instead, these enhancements were dominated by distinct emission events likely driven by industrial usage patterns, such as construction activity. In this work, the headspace of a variety of coating products was analyzed using a proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer (PTR-ToF-MS) and a gas chromatography (GC) preseparation front end to identify composition differences for various coating types (e.g., paints, primers, sealers, and stains). Evaporation experiments of several products showed high initial VOC emission rates, and for the length of these experiments, the majority of the VOC mass was emitted during the first few hours following application. The percentage of mass emitted as measured VOCs (<1 % to 83 %) mirrored the VOC content reported by the manufacturer (<5 to 550 g L−1). Ambient and laboratory measurements, usage trends, and ingredients compiled from architectural coatings surveys show that both PCBTF and Texanol account for ∼10 % of the total VOC ingredient sales and, therefore, can be useful tracers for solvent- and water-borne coatings.
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Pustovalov, I. A. "An experimental study of the fire extinguishing ability of modular fire extinguishing installations if astralene-modified water mist is used." Pozharovzryvobezopasnost/Fire and Explosion Safety 30, no. 5 (December 7, 2021): 84–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/0869-7493.2021.30.05.84-97.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Introduction. The aim of the research project is to study the effect produced by one type of carbon nanostructures, or astralenes, on processes of extinguishing oil product flame using finely sprayed water. Materials and research methods. The research is focused on fire extinguishing suspensions used in modular water mist installations for the fire extinguishing of oil products. Astralene-modified distilled water, having the volumetric concentration of nanostructures equal to 0.05–1.0 percent, was used as a fire extinguishing substance under research. The experiment was focused on the study of thermophysical characteristics of fire extinguishing liquids, such as density, dynamic viscosity, surface tension, specific heat of vaporization. Also, studies were carried out to identify the rate of evaporation, the distribution of droplet sizes of sprayed fire extinguishing compositions, and the time needed to extinguish the model source of ignition of oil products.Research results. The dispersion of nanostructures of fire-extinguishing liquids allows to increase their density, surface tension by 20.6 %, increase the specific heat of vaporization if the volumetric concentration of astralenes is equal to 0.25 and 0.5 %, and boost the dynamic viscosity by 6.68–15.38 % at the temperature of 20 °С. The research was carried out to find the rate of evaporation of droplets of the modified fire-extinguishing liquid. It was found that an increase in the volumetric concentration of nanostructures from 0.05 to 0.5 % causes reduction in the evaporation rate.The droplet speed increases if the volumetric dispersion of astalenes goes up to 0 to 0.25 %. However, a further increase in the volumetric concentration of astralenes to 1.0 % causes a reduction in their speed. The extinguishing time was identified using a laboratory fire extinguishing installation. The distribution of droplet sizes of fire-extinguishing compositions is in the range of 20 to 160 microns. The fire extinguishing capacity of the installation was highest if a fire extinguishing composition had a 0.5 % volumetric concentration of astralenes.Conclusions. The modification of a fire extinguishing composition by carbon nanostructures leads to a change in its thermophysical characteristics. The addition of this composition to the installation, used at facilities involved in the processing of petroleum products, will increase its fire extinguishing ability. Further areas of research may include the development of astralene stabilization methods for suspensions and adaptation to low temperatures.
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Sakhel, S. R., S. U. Geissen, and A. Vogelpohl. "Virtual industrial water usage and wastewater generation in the Middle East/North African region." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, no. 1 (January 22, 2013): 999–1039. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-999-2013.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Abstract. This study deals with the quantification of volumes of water usage, wastewater generation, virtual water export, and wastewater generation from export for eight export relevant industries present in the Middle East/North Africa (MENA). It shows that about 3400 million m3 of water is used per annum while around 793 million m3 of wastewater is generated from products that are meant for domestic consumption and export. The difference between volumes of water usage and wastewater generation is due to water evaporation or injecting underground (oil wells pressure maintenance). The wastewater volume generated from production represents a population equivalent of 15.5 million in terms of wastewater quantity and 30.4 million in terms of BOD. About 409 million m3 of virtual water flows from MENA to EU27 (resulting from export of eight commodities) which is equivalent to 12.1% of the water usage of those industries and Libya is the largest virtual water exporter (about 87 million m3). Crude oil and refined petroleum products represent about 89% of the total virtual water flow, fertilizers represent around 10% and 1% remaining industries. EU27 poses the greatest indirect pressure on the Kuwaiti hydrological system where the virtual water export represents about 96% of the actual renewable water resources in this country. The Kuwaiti crude oil water use in relation to domestic water withdrawal is about 89% which is highest among MENA countries. Pollution of water bodies, in terms of BOD, due to production is very relevant for crude oil, slaughterhouses, refineries, olive oil, and tanneries while pollution due to export to EU27 is most relevant for crude oil industry and olive oil mills.
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Çalışkan, Cenk. "An Inventory Ordering Model for Deteriorating Items with Compounding and Backordering." Symmetry 13, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 1078. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13061078.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
We consider the optimal order quantity problem for exponentially deteriorating items where the opportunity cost is based on compound interest and backorders are allowed. Our objectives in this research are to develop a model that accurately models deterioration, compound interest and backordering, and determine a near-optimal and intuitive closed-form solution for the proposed model. Deteriorating items include various chemicals, gasoline and petroleum products, fresh produce, bulk and liquid food products, batteries, and some electronic components. These items incur losses over time due to spoilage, evaporation, chemical decomposition, breakdown, or deterioration in general. Exponential deterioration is commonly used to model this phenomenon, which results in a negative exponential inventory level function, which is asymmetric in the sense that the rate of depletion is highest at the beginning of an ordering cycle, and lowest at the end. On the other hand, the rate of deterioration for individual items is the same at both ends of the cycle, which means it is symmetric. Compounding also leads to exponential terms in the opportunity cost function. Both of these factors result in a total cost function that does not have a closed-form optimal solution. We therefore approximate the total cost function using a Taylor series expansion approximation of the exponential function and derive a closed-form solution that is simple and logical, and very close to the exact optimum, which makes it attractive to the practitioners as a quick and accurate calculation. Our closed form solutions for both the basic and the planned backorders models are very close to the exact optimum, as shown by extensive numerical experiments.
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Kalachinsky, Dmitry V., and Dmitry А. Ivanchenko. "Determination of efficiency parameters of foaming agents for layer-by-layer extinguishing of gasoline containing water-soluble flammable liquids." SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGIES OIL AND OIL PRODUCTS PIPELINE TRANSPORTATION 10, no. 4 (August 31, 2020): 440–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.28999/2541-9595-2020-10-4-440-452.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In case of fires in tanks with a fixed roof (except for tanks with oils and fuel oils), it is allowed to use layer-bylayer extinguishing with low expansion foam. This method of fire extinguishing is well studied in relation to flammable liquids that do not contain water-soluble (polar) components. Foam based on fluorine-containing foaming agents is used, which creates a film on the surface of the flammable liquid, which prevents the evaporation of flammable vapors and promotes spreading of the foam. However, the introduction of watersoluble (polar) components into a combustible liquid (they are contained, for example, in motor gasoline) can lead to a decrease in film formation and an intensification of foam destruction. As part of the research work, experimental studies have been accomplished to determine the possibility of layered extinguishing of gasoline in tanks using fluorosynthetic film-forming foaming agents of the AFFF type. A series of tests have confirmed the possibility of layered extinguishing of an alcohol-containing combustible liquid in a tank at a standard rate of supply of a foaming agent solution with a specially modified formulation during the course of the study. A list and values have been established, and methods have been formulated for determining the parameters affecting the fire extinguishing efficiency of foaming agents intended for layered extinguishing of oil and petroleum products (including gasoline) in tanks.
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Tapia Carpio, Lucio, and Fábio Simone de Souza. "Competition between Second-Generation Ethanol and Bioelectricity using the Residual Biomass of Sugarcane: Effects of Uncertainty on the Production Mix." Molecules 24, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24020369.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Several economies around the world are using second-generation (2G) ethanol produced from agricultural residues, like sugarcane straw and bagasse, as a sustainable solution to replace petroleum products. Since first-generation (1G) ethanol uses the sugars of sugarcane, an integrated 1G–2G production would enable the production of more ethanol from the same amount of sugarcane without leading to increased use of arable land. The ethanol production process is complex, involving different high-energy consumption operations such as evaporation and distillation. The economic competitiveness of this process depends heavily on the amount of thermal and electrical energy produced using sugarcane straw and bagasse as input. Thus, the objective of this study was to use the mean-variance methodology to determine the optimal allocation of residual sugarcane biomass between 2G ethanol and bioelectricity productions, with simultaneous objectives of maximizing the return and minimizing the risk for investors of this sector. In this paper, four scenarios are analyzed. The first one is the base scenario that represents the current state of production costs and investments. scenarios 2, 3, and 4 considered four cuts of 10%, 20%, and 40% in the production cost of ethanol 2G, respectively. The results show the optimum biomass allocations and the growth rates of returns as a function of risk growth. It can be concluded that from scenario 4, the production of 2G ethanol becomes financially advantageous for the investor, presenting greater returns with smaller risks.
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Bacosa, Hernando Pactao, Sheila Mae B. Ancla, Cris Gel Loui A. Arcadio, John Russel A. Dalogdog, Dioniela Mae C. Ellos, Heather Dale A. Hayag, Jiza Gay P. Jarabe, et al. "From Surface Water to the Deep Sea: A Review on Factors Affecting the Biodegradation of Spilled Oil in Marine Environment." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 3 (March 15, 2022): 426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10030426.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Over the past century, the demand for petroleum products has increased rapidly, leading to higher oil extraction, processing and transportation, which result in numerous oil spills in coastal-marine environments. As the spilled oil can negatively affect the coastal-marine ecosystems, its transport and fates captured a significant interest of the scientific community and regulatory agencies. Typically, the environment has natural mechanisms (e.g., photooxidation, biodegradation, evaporation) to weather/degrade and remove the spilled oil from the environment. Among various oil weathering mechanisms, biodegradation by naturally occurring bacterial populations removes a majority of spilled oil, thus the focus on bioremediation has increased significantly. Helping in the marginal recognition of this promising technique for oil-spill degradation, this paper reviews recently published articles that will help broaden the understanding of the factors affecting biodegradation of spilled oil in coastal-marine environments. The goal of this review is to examine the effects of various environmental variables that contribute to oil degradation in the coastal-marine environments, as well as the factors that influence these processes. Physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, oxygen level, pressure, shoreline energy, salinity, and pH are taken into account. In general, increase in temperature, exposure to sunlight (photooxidation), dissolved oxygen (DO), nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium), shoreline energy (physical advection—waves) and diverse hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms consortium were found to increase spilled oil degradation in marine environments. In contrast, higher initial oil concentration and seawater pressure can lower oil degradation rates. There is limited information on the influences of seawater pH and salinity on oil degradation, thus warranting additional research. This comprehensive review can be used as a guide for bioremediation modeling and mitigating future oil spill pollution in the marine environment by utilizing the bacteria adapted to certain conditions.
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Mansurov, Zulkhair. "Nanoparticle – Based Materials for Various Applications." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 18, no. 4 (September 10, 2016): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj482.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The paper reviews recent scientific developments at the Institute of Combustion Problems. The hydrophobic sponges were obtained by coating polyurethane and melamine sponges with carbon nanomaterials. They are excellent water-resistant sorbents for oil, petroleum products and other organic liquids of various densities. Another interesting development is concerned to the synthesis of multiwalled carbon nanotubes on a glass-cloth by use of cobalt oxide catalyst nanoparticles obtained by solution combustion and production of the smart-textile on its basis. A model of soldier with heated jacket based on electroconductive smart-textile was made. The textile showed good electroconductive properties and effective Joule heating by externally applied current. Studies on the development of nanostructured carbon materials and their application as high-performance active components for the electrodes of advanced energy storage systems, in particular electric double layer capacitors were carried out. 2D heterostructures based on graphene nd dichalcogenides of transition metals were derived. The epitaxial and single crystals of graphene were synthesized by the CVD-method separately on a copper foil. Two dimension WS2 layers were synthesized using sulfurization of thin WO3 films deposited by thermal evaporating on the FTO substrate. A setting time of concrete mass, which could be used as a construction material for 3D printing technology was determined. It was found that calcium chloride decreased the setting time up to 10 min, which is sufficient for the intended application.
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Ndimele, Prince Emeka. "Bioremediation of petroleum and petroleum products." International Journal of Environmental Studies 71, no. 1 (January 2, 2014): 114–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2013.869972.
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Ronen, David. "Dispatching Petroleum Products." Operations Research 43, no. 3 (June 1995): 379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/opre.43.3.379.
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INOUE, Kiyoshi. "Additives for Petroleum Products." Journal of Japan Oil Chemists' Society 41, no. 9 (1992): 909–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5650/jos1956.41.909.
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Hill, E. C. "Biodeterioration of Petroleum Products." Journal of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 24, no. 4-5 (April 25, 2007): 293–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.2720240414.
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Feital, Thiago, Públio Lima, José Carlos Pinto, Maurício B. de Souza, Gilberto Xavier, Mario Jorge Lima, and Marcel Joly. "Rethinking Petroleum Products Certification." Journal of Petroleum Engineering 2013 (December 10, 2013): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/594368.
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Gupta, Sanjeev, and Walter Mahler. "Taxation of petroleum products." Energy Economics 17, no. 2 (April 1995): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(95)00013-k.
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Kirichenko, N. A., V. V. Bulatnikov, G. A. Kozyreva, E. T. Kholodova, and L. N. Kir'yanova. "Certification of petroleum products." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 31, no. 5 (September 1995): 234–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00727197.
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Poplavskii, Yu A., V. I. Serdyukov, L. N. Sinitsa, and A. P. Shcherbakov. "Spectrophotometric analyzer for petroleum products." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 34, no. 9-10 (September 1998): 570–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02418431.
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Dmitrieva, Z. T. "Regeneration of Used Petroleum Products." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 53, no. 4 (September 2017): 529–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10553-017-0832-4.
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RUDENKO, VIRA, VITALY CHUMAK, VALERIY YEFIMENKO, OLENA KOSENKO, and ОLENA SPAS’KA. "OXIDATIVE DESULFURIZATION OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS." HERALD OF KHMELNYTSKYI NATIONAL UNIVERSITY 297, no. 3 (July 2, 2021): 199–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2021-297-3-199-203.
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The modern world market makes stringent requirements for the quality of motor fuels, in particular for sulfur content in them. The main classes of sulfur-containing compounds in petroleum fractions are thiols, dialkyl and cycloalkyl sulfides, alkylaryl sulfides, as well as heteroaromatic compounds – benzothiophene, dibenzothiophene and their alkyl derivatives. They have a negative impact on the quality of petroleum products. Growing demands on the quality of oil and petroleum products have led to the search for ways to reduce the sulfur content in oils and which would not lead to deterioration of physicochemical parameters of oil, such as viscosity, density, acidity, elemental and fractional composition, etc. Among the existing methods of desulfurization of oils and their fractions, special attention is drawn to oxidation methods that allow organic sulfur compounds to be converted into sulfoxides and sulfones which are easily removed by conventional separation methods, in particular by extraction or adsorption. The prospects of the oxidation method are due to the possibility of practical use of sulfoxides and sulfones in various sectors of the economy. The most common oxidants in the processes of oxidative desulfurization of petroleum fractions are hydrogen peroxide and alkylhydroperoxides in combination with catalysts that provide high selectivity and speed of the process. Transition metal compounds (Mo, V, W,) are most often used as catalysts because they are able to form peroxocomplexes in the presence of peroxides. Heterogeneous catalytic systems consisting of various solid carriers (salts, oxides, activated carbon, zeolites) and peroxide oxidants (hydrogen peroxide or alkyl hydroperoxides) are actively developing. Molybdenum-containing catalysts are one of the most efficient heterogeneous systems for oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel. There is proved the effectiveness of oxidative desulfurization, which is a combination of catalytic oxidation of sulfur-containing compounds in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst and adsorption on activated carbon. Methods of oxidative desulfurization with their advantages and disadvantages can be logical addition to large-tonnage hydrotreating processes, and also potentially can be used as an independent method of deep purification of oil and petroleum products from sulfur-containing compounds.
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Mehrabi, Ali, Belgheys Bavarsad, and Azar Ehrambaf Shushtar. "Investigation and optimization of petroleum products transportation (gasoline) in Petroleum Products Company of Ahvaz." International Journal of Engineering and Technology 11, no. 6S (December 31, 2019): 229–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21817/ijet/2019/v11i6/191106114.
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