Дисертації з теми "Evaporation of petroleum products"
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1
Fingas, Mervin F. "The evaporation of crude oil and petroleum products." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=40119.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The physics of oil and petroleum evaporation are investigated. Literature on oil spill evaporation shows that most workers use boundary-layer equations adapted from water evaporation work. These equations predict a constant evaporation mass-transfer rate, dependent on scale size and wind speed. Evaporation was studied further by measuring evaporation of commercial oil products. An experimental apparatus for the study of evaporation was developed. Evaporation was determined by weight loss measured on a balance and recorded constantly on a computer. Examination of the data shows that most oil and petroleum products evaporate at a logarithmic rate with respect to time. This is attributed to the overall logarithmic appearance of many components evaporating at different linear rates. Petroleum products with fewer chemical components such as diesel fuel, evaporate at a rate which is square root with respect to time. The particular behaviour is shown to be a result of the number of components evaporating. Oils with greater than seven to ten components can be predicted with logarithmic equations, those with three to seven components, with square root equations. Evaporation of oils and petroleum products is not strictly boundary-layer regulated. This is largely a result of the high saturation concentrations of oil components in air, which is associated with a high boundary-layer regulated rate. Typical oil evaporation rates do not exceed that of molecular-diffusion, and thus turbulent diffusion does not increase the evaporation rates. Some volatile oils and petroleum products show some effect of boundary-layer regulation at the start of the evaporation process, but after several minutes, evaporation slows because of the loss of the more volatile components, at which point evaporation ceases to be boundary-layer regulated. Overall, boundary-layer regulation can be ignored in the prediction of oil and petroleum evaporation. A simple equation relating only the logarithm of t
2
Бусигіна, Ганна Андріївна. "Вдосконалення оцінки впливу викидів автозаправних станцій на стан атмосферного повітря". Master's thesis, КПІ ім. Ігоря Сікорського, 2019. https://ela.kpi.ua/handle/123456789/31194.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Дана дисертація складається з 5 розділів, пояснювальна записка на 104 сторінок, містить 21 рисунків, 33 формул, 42 таблиць.
В даній магістреській дисертації розглянуто проблему забруднення від автозаправних станцій атмосферне повітря. Проведено аналіз методик для розрахунку концентрації викидів від випарувань нафтопродуктів.
В результаті роботи розглянуто як об’єкт дослідження автозаправна станція, яка будується в місті Суми. Проведено розрахунки та моделювання площі можливого ураження з ГДК від АЗС.
Результатом дослідження магістерської дисертації стало вдосконалення оцінки впливу викидів від АЗС на атмосферне повітря.This dissertation consists of 5 sections, an explanatory note on 104 pages, contains 21 drawings, 33 formulas, 42 tables. In this master's thesis the problem of air pollution from gas stations is considered. An analysis of the techniques for calculating the concentration of evaporation of petroleum products has been performed. As a result of the work, the gas station under construction in the city of Sumy was considered as a research object. Calculations and simulations of the area of possible damage from the gas station from the gas station were carried out. The result of the research of the master's thesis was the improvement of the estimation of the effect of emissions from gas stations on the atmospheric air.
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Hassinger, Elaine, and Jack Watson. "Storage of Petroleum Products." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146419.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
2 pp.Liquid petroleum products such as gasoline, diesel, and kerosene must be stored safely to prevent leaks and spills. These products can pollute both underground and surface water sources. This publication lists several questions to help you determine whether your petroleum products storage and handling practices may pose a risk to groundwater.
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Glanfield, Thomas H. 1980. "Energy required to produce petroleum products from oil sand versus other petroleum sources." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29589.
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Yahia, Abdusalam Faraj. "The effects of the fluctuations in oil prices on the performance of the Libyan economy." Access electronically, 2008. http://ro.uow.edu.au/theses/95.
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Koval, Igor Y. "Petroleum and the peso." To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2007. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
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Saengchan, Jerarak. "The demand for petroleum products: industrial sector in Thailand." DigitalCommons@Robert W. Woodruff Library, Atlanta University Center, 1987. http://digitalcommons.auctr.edu/dissertations/2181.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The demand for petroleum product has been increasing rapidly in the industrial and transportation sectors in Thailand. This is due to economic growth and the increasing population. There is a need for more information to address the problem created by the increased demand for petroleum resources.
The purpose of this thesis is to describe and examine the demand for petroleum product for the industrial and transportation sectors in Thailand. Demand is expressed as a function of price and the level of economic activities.
Time-series data for Thailand will be used to estimate the parameters of a specified demand function for the period 1971-1981. The empirical results are consistent with the predictions of economic theory. More specifically, a positive relationship was found between quantities of each petroleum product used and the level of economic growth. We also found negative relationship between price and quantities of each petroleum used. Estimates of elasticities showed that prices are inelastic with respect to quantities demanded of gasoline, diesel and fuel oil. This indicates that gasoline, diesel and fuel oil are critical inputs in the industrial and transportation sectors.
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Rawcliffe, Heather Joanne. "Lava-water-sediment interaction : processes, products and petroleum systems." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7204/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lava-water-sediment interaction encompasses the processes and products created as lava is emplaced over, or into sediment (and/or water). The lithologies preserved at the lava-sediment interface include pillow lavas, hyaloclastite and peperite, which are well documented within the literature. However, little work captures the full scope of the interaction between sub-aerially emplaced, invasive lava and (clastic) sediment (+/-water). Furthermore, the scales and geometries of interaction at the lava-water-sediment interface are yet to be fully understood. This research uses four field localities from a variety of environmental and tectonic settings to assess the remarkably variable, complex and intricate fragmental textures and geometries preserved at the lava-sediment interface, many of which are documented for the first time. The processes and lava/sediment properties that influence interaction are then interpreted. This research identifies a continuum of lava-water-sediment interaction, from minimal and passive interactions, to dynamic and complex interactions, predominantly between basalt lavas and siliciclastic and volcaniclastic sediments. The contiuum recognises that the variability of sedimentary properties (e.g. saturation, grain size, cohesion, compaction), rather than lava properties (e.g. effusion rates/flux, composition, temperature, viscosity, shear strength etc.), is the dominant influence on interaction products. The variability of sedimentary properties can occur on the micro- to macro- scale, producing a range of scale-invariant lava-sediment products. When sediment is partially consolidated and compacted, with relatively little to no water content, loading and passive interaction, including the formation of passive peperite, occurs. Sediment that is very fine grained, compacted, semi-saturated and only slightly consolidated, is typically more cohesive and produces coherent sedimentary inclusions. Sediment inclusions within lava and peperite domains are abundant, and interpreted as the product of lava invading and entraining fragments of more cohesive, consolidated sediment. When sediment is saturated (with pore water), unconsolidated, and uncompacted, dynamic peperite forms and sediment fluidisation occurs. Sediment fluidisation is also the main product at the interface between pillow lavas and sediment. Measurement analysis of pillow-sediment contacts establishes that pillow invasion is scale invariant. An understanding of the lateral variability of the processes and products of lava-water-sediment interaction is developed, along with the concept of individual sedimentary ‘barrier’ layers that may impede lava-invasion, and influence the geometries of the system. The geometries of lava-water-sediment domains, particularly where dynamic interaction occurs, may be further influenced by palaeoenvironment (e.g. fluvial drainage systems may focus aggressive interaction and peperite formation in channels). The products and processes of lava-water-sediment interaction, and the geometries of the lava-sedimentary systems, are presented in a series of models, all of which highlight the variable sediment properties at the time of lava invasion. The results of this research are directly applicable to the petroleum industry in aiding exploration within volcanic-rifted margins. Application of these findings is of particular importance during the development of regional and basin-scale depositional environment models. The field data is applied to wireline and borehole image log interpretations, which provides greater understanding of how potential reservoir units may be disrupted by lavas, both physically and by “compartmentalization” of the reservoir. Together, these results demonstrate how lavas have the potential to considerably fragment on interaction with sediment and/or water, informing our understanding of the interplay of volcanic and sedimentary systems.
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Трачевський, Вячеслав Васильович, Антоніна Дмитрівна Кустовська, and Сергій Віталійович Іванов. "Adsorbents modification for sulphur compounds’ extraction from petroleum products." Thesis, International scientific conference «Membrane and sorption processes and technologies” – Kyiv. Ukraine - P. 121, 2010. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/28835.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The received results show that nanoparticles containing copper are created on the surface of adsorbent. This is proved by sufficient for statistically grounded conclusion number of researched patterns.
While the surface modification by the ions of copper the specific reaction ability of modificated adsorbents should be expected. Copper is good desulphoagent and traditionally used as a promotional adding to catalysts of oil-refining processes.
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Mfosi, Sandy Dos Mareko. "Petroleum products supply dynamics and challenges in the Botswana market." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21785.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.Petroleum fuels energy supply and its availability is an essential precondition for socio-economic development in any economy. Energy is required in meeting the basic human needs such as food, shelter, health, education and for economic activities such as transport, agriculture and mining. Botswana’s energy consumption is dominated by petroleum fuels. The country has no known petroleum reserves and it has to import all its petroleum requirements in refined form, from the neighbouring South Africa. The study focuses on the challenges of security of supply of petroleum products in Botswana. What is at stake is to identify alternative supply sources and routes of petroleum products to Botswana, thus reducing the risk of wholly dependence on South Africa for the supply. A major goal is to develop alternative sources and routes from neighbouring countries. This can be achieved by the Botswana Government taking advantage of regional cooperation with neighbouring countries. The study explores other approaches to reduce the high dependence on South Africa. One of the possible solutions is for Botswana Government to establish a state owned oil company which could play a catalytic role in the implementation of many of the steps considered in this study. This company could, for example, be charged with crude oil exploration in Botswana and with steps to assist locally owned Botswana companies to establish themselves in the marketing and distribution of petroleum. Much will, however, depend on the resources that can be mobilised by the Botswana Government for such a State Oil Company. The study is based on secondary data obtained mainly from the Division of Energy in the Ministry of Minerals, Energy and Water Resources. Feasibility studies conducted by consultants engaged by the Ministry played an important role in the literature underlying this report.
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PINHEIRO, GIL ROBERTO VIEIRA. "ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS ON INFERENTIAL MODELLING OF PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM PRODUCTS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1996. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=8786@1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
PETRÓLEO BRASILEIRO S. A.Este trabalho investiga a utilização de Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNAs) na inferência sobre as propriedades de derivados de petróleo. A inferência de propriedades visa fornecer uma boa estimativa de propriedades de derivados de petróleo (p.ex: ponto final de ebulição, pressão de vapor, etc.). Essas propriedades podem ser determinadas pro analisadores de processo ou análises de laboratório. Contudo, esses sistemas nem sempre apresentam resultados satisfatórios ou na freqüência necessária para permitir o controle. Porém, se o valor estimado de uma determinada propriedade estiver disponível, o mesmo pode ser utilizado para permitir o controle ou a otimização do processo produtivo. Este trabalho subdivide-se em quatro partes principais: (1) um estudo sobre a inferência de propriedades em torres de destilação; (2) um estudo sobre os principais métodos de inferência e de análise de dados, com ênfase nas RNAs; (3) uma sistemática para a obtenção e testes de modelos; e (4) o estudo de casos. No estudo sobre os a inferência de propriedades, foram analisadas as técnicas utilizadas para a estimação de propriedades em torres de destilação, enfatizando os aspectos da estrutura da modelagem, os problemas, os problemas da influência cruzada entre as entradas do modelo, e a determinação das variáveis principais a serem utilizadas na modelagem. O estudo sobre os principais métodos de inferência abrangeu um levantamento bibliográfico sobre as técnicas de regressão linear MLR ( Multiple Linear Regression), PCR (Principal Component Regression) e PLS (Partial Least Squares), a Modelagem Semi-empírica e as RNAs. Apesar do objetivo principal deste trabalho ser avaliar o desempenho das RNAs, o estudo dos outros métodos foi importante para a comparação dos resultados. Além dos diferentes métodos de modelagem, foram também estudadas algumas técnicas de análise do conjunto de dados, entre elas o PCA (Principal Component Analysis). Na sistemática para a obtenção e testes de modelos, são apresentados os diversos problemas encontrados e a abordagem utilizada, na obtenção e avaliação dos modelos. É também apresentado o ambiente de testes e avaliação, que foi desenvolvido visando fornecer uma plataforma para a obtenção e avaliação de modelos inferenciais. Neste ambiente, pode-se obter modelos com todos os métodos estudados, inclusive alterando alguns parâmetros importantes. No ambiente foram utilizadas as facilidades do pacote MATLAB. Para o estudo de casos, foram utilizados dados reais de refinarias de petróleo do sistema Petrobrás. Foram analisados 3 casos distintos: o primeiro corresponde à modelagem da destilação ASTM do Querosene; o segundo abrangendo a destilação ASTM do Óleo Diesel e o terceiro sobre o Intemperismo do GLP. Para todos os casos, analisou- se a influência de cada entrada sobre a variável a ser modelada, utilizando principalmente a técnica PCA . Foram avaliadas várias arquiteturas de RNAs, comparando-as com as outras técnicas estudadas. Os modelos obtidos com as RNAs foram plenamente satisfatórios, fornecendo resultados superiores aos métodos estatísticos. Também constatou-se a influência do pré-processamento e da análise estatística dos dados no sucesso da modelagem. Na indústria química e petroquímica, as RNAs têm sido aplicadas em diversas áreas. Na área de inferência de propriedades, as RNAs permitem a obtenção de modelos de inferência abrangentes e precisos, podendo ser utilizadas no controle em tempo real, nos arranjos de controle em malha simples, ou em arquiteturas de controle multivariável.
This work investigates the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) on the inferential modelling of properties of petroleum products. Inferential modelling aims to provide a good estimation of chemical properties of petroleum products (i.e: final boiling point, vapour pressure). These properties can be determined by on-line process analysers or laboratory analysis. However, these systems provide neither systematically good results nor the necessary frequency to allow control of the process in real time. However if a good estimation of a property of interest is available, it can be used to achieve the control or the optimisation of production process. This work is subdivided in four main sections: (1) a study about the inference of properties of products in a distillation column; (2) a study about the main methods used on inferential modellind and data analysis, with emphasis on ANN; (3) a systematic about development and testing of inference models; (4) and a case study. In the study about principal methods used on inferential modelling involved a bibliographic reserch about the linear regression techniques Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Squares (PLS), a semi empirical model and ANNs. Although the main objective of this work was to evaluate the ANNs perfonmance, the study of other methods was important to compare the results. In addition to the many modelling techniques, some other techniques of data analysis were studied, like Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In the systematic about the development and testing of models, the various problems encontered and the approach used to develop and test the model were presented. An environment of development and testing was also implemented in order to provide a platform to produce and test inferential models. The environment can work with all models studied, and some important settings of the models can also be modified. Many capabilities fo MATLAB software were used on the environment. For the development of the case studies, real data gathered from refineries of Petrobras group were used. Three distinct cases were analysed: the first and second cases are models of kerosene (jet fuel) and diesel ASTM distillation; the third is a model of the Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) 95% boil-off point. In all cases, the influence of each input over the modelled variable was analysed, using mainly the PCA technique. Many ANN arquitetures were tested, comparing them with other studied techniques. The developed ANN models achieved good performance, with better results than the statistical methods. It was also verified the influence of pre- processing and statistical analysis on the success of the modeling. Chemical and Petrochemical process industries have used ANNs in many areas. In the field of inferential modelling of properties, the ANNs allow the accomplished of inferential models in a broad and accurate way. It may be used either for control in real time in single control loops or as part of a multivariable controller.
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Кустовська, Антоніна Дмитрівна, Сергій Віталійович Іванов, and Ігор Іванович Марцин. "Application of activated palygorskite in the processes of petroleum products cleaning." Thesis, XI Polish-Ukrainian Sym-posium “Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Interfacial Phenomena and their Technological Appli-cations”. – Krasnobrod – Zamosc: Poland. August 22-26, 2007 - P. 72, 2007. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/28824.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
It has been shown quite recently that natural alumosilicates (clays and zeolites) have high adsorption activity towards water, organic acids, compounds containing sulphur, which are fuels and oils pollutions. Application of natural alumosilicates for this purpose is economically sound, because these minerals have ommensurable properties and are cheaper than synthetic adsorbents; besides, there are large deposits of these minerals in Ukraine.
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Nevárez-Moorillón, Guadalupe Virginia. "Biodegradation of Certain Petroleum Product Contaminants in Soil and Water By Selected Bacteria." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1995. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc332474/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil contamination by gasoline underground storage tanks is a critical environmental problem. The results herein show that in situ bioremediation using indigenous soil microorganisms is the method of choice. Five sites were selected for bioremediation based on the levels of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene and the amount of total petroleum hydrocarbons in the soil. Bacteria capable of degrading these contaminants were selected from the contaminated sites and grown in 1,200 I mass cultures. These were added to the soil together with nutrients, water and air via PVC pipes.
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Lee, Joonbeom. "Emergency oil system and international cooperation /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3012994.
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Wells, Lauren E. "The short-term effect of the movement of the USD on oil prices." View electronic thesis, 2008. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2008-3/wellsl/laurenwells.pdf.
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Mastran, Trina Ann. "Distribution of petroleum products with respect to boating activity in a reservoir." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08222009-040425/.
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POMPERMAYER, FABIANO MEZADRE. "SPATIAL PRICE OLIGOPOLY EQUILIBRIUM MODELS TO THE BRAZILIAN PETROLEUM REFINED PRODUCTS MARKET." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2002. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=3623@1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIORO mercado brasileiro de derivados de petróleo está sendo aberto para competição este ano, saindo de um ambiente de preços regulados pelo Governo Federal para um ambiente onde os preços são estabelecidos pelas leis de oferta e demanda. Neste contexto, existe a preocupação de como serão estes preços, e seus impactos sobre os consumidores e sobre os produtores locais. Esta Tese propõe alguns modelos matemáticos para estimar preços, níveis de produção, níveis de consumo (demanda), e importação e exportação de derivados de petróleo nas diversas regiões do mercado brasileiro. O fornecimento de derivados de petróleo não é considerado um mercado competitivo, e sim oligopolizado, principalmente no curto prazo, devido à capacidade instalada de refinarias e aos altos custos envolvidos na construção de novas refinarias. Estes modelos são multi- produto, considerando um fato importante na produção de derivados que é a impossibilidade de produzir apenas um derivado. Assim, existem restrições onde a oferta de um derivado é relacionada a oferta dos outros. O primeiro modelo considera um mercado de oligopólio fechado, com um número fixo de firmas. Tal modelo é formulado como um problema de equilíbrio a Nash. Um segundo modelo é apresentado expandindo o primeiro para o caso em que existem preços teto de demanda definidos politicamente. O terceiro modelo relaxa a suposição do mercado fechado, com número fixo de firmas, e considera a possibilidade de competição de novas firmas no mercado. Um quarto modelo é discutido, onde assume-se que existe uma firma líder no mercado, que consegue definir sua estratégia antes das demais firmas, semelhante ao problema econômico de Stackelberg. Todos os modelos foram formulados como problemas de inequações variacionais, sendo que o último modelo é ainda um problema de programação binível. Algoritmos de solução são propostos para os três primeiros modelos. Simulações sobre o mercado brasileiro de derivados são apresentadas.
The Brazilian petroleum refined products market is being opened to competition this year, leaving an environment of regulated prices to another one where the prices are defined by the supply demand interactions. Considering this new scenario, there is a concern about how high the prices will be, and about their impact on the consumers and on the local producers. This thesis proposes some mathematical models to predict prices, production, consumption, and import and export levels of petroleum-refined products in all the sub-regions of the Brazilian market. Instead of a competitive market, the supply of refined products is considered an oligopoly market, especially in the short term, given the already installed refining capacity and the high costs involved in building new refineries. These models are multi-products, and they consider an important characteristic of the production of refined products, the impossibility of producing only one refined product. Hence, constraints where the production of one refined product is related to the production of the others are considered. The first model considers a closed oligopoly market, with a fixed number of firms. This problem is formulated as a Nash equilibrium problem. A second model is presented generalizing the first one to consider the possibility of ceiling demand prices politically defined. The third model relaxes the assumption of a fixed number of firms in the first model, and considers the possibility of competition by new entrants. A fourth model is discussed, where it is assumed that there is a leader firm in the market, which can define its strategy before the other firms, similar to the economic problem of Stackelberg. All the models are formulated as variational inequalities problems, and the last model is also a bi-level programming problem. Solution algorithms for the three first models are proposed. Some analyses of the Brazilian petroleum refined- products market are presented.
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Birjandi, Hossein S. Tavakoli-Targhi Mohamad. "Energy and globalization." Normal, Ill. Illinois State University, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ilstu/fullcit?p3087862.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (D.A.)--Illinois State University, 2003.Title from title page screen, viewed November 15, 2005. Dissertation Committee: Mohammad Tavakoli Targhi (chair), Lawrence McBride, Hassan Mohammadi, Paul Holsinger, Tony Adedze. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 109-119) and abstract. Also available in print.
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Fossum, John Erik. "Assessing state intervention : federal oil policies 1973-84." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/30576.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In the last decade or so political scientists have found the pluralist and marxist theoretical perspectives wanting for their inadequate attention to the causal role of states. In response, a burgeoning international literature has emerged which sets out to develop a state-centred theoretical perspective. This study is deeply informed by the emerging statist theoretical perspective.
This thesis explores the relative capacity of the federal state to increase its autonomy in relation to the powerful oil MNCs in the period 1973-84 through an expanded federal presence in the energy sector. Whereas many scholars have assumed that a positive relationship existed between state capacity and the effectiveness of state intervention, Evans and Ikenberry for instance argue that an almost inverse relationship exists between the magnitude of intervention and its effectiveness.
In Canada the literature on federalism has long been cognizant of the important role of states. This thesis therefore attempts to fuse the two bodies of literature, namely statism and federalism, in order to shed added light on the development of federal oil policy during 1973-84.
The fact that the Canadian state is federal accounts for the recurring tendency for the energy issue to be redefined from its "obvious" focus on state-oil industry relations to intrastate issues (federal-provincial relations). A major contribution of this thesis is to explore the circumstances in which jurisdictional concerns deflect attention from policy substance - and also to those in which the reverse occurs.
The thesis finds that when one level of government sought to become more independent of dominant societal actors, such as the oil industry, the intervention, whether so intended or not, was redefined to follow intergovernmental lines of conflict, rather than state-society lines of conflict. The nature of the issues also changed as distributional problems became subsumed under and were driven by the jurisdictional concerns of governments. This increased the policy interdependence between the two levels of government, squeezed out industry interests from intergovernmental deliberations, and generated intervention aimed directly at curtailing the power of the other level of government. This intervention which at first rendered the aggregate state less dependent on the oil industry by for example the creation of Petro-Canada, and later by the NEP, ultimately backfired on the state, at both levels. Important world oil market changes, intergovernmental conflicts and stalemates, deteriorating economic performance, industry reactions, and other mounting economic and political problems undermined the federal government's intervention and led to concessions for the industry. Such concessions were therefore the product of an increasingly irrelevant regulatory framework rather than purely a reflection of the power of the oil industry as such.
This thesis confirms in general terms Ikenberry's finding that an inverse relationship exists between the degree and magnitude of intervention and its effectiveness. Evans and Ikenberry see this most clearly in relation to NOCs, that is in their propensity to evade state control schemes and to undermine centralized state control. In Canada the opposite change.exacerbated conflicts, namely the efforts by governments to shore up their capabilities as corporate actors and the emergence of "political federalism" which saw decision-making becoming centralized within each government, in the hands of decision-makers with jurisdiction-wide concerns. The ensuing process of intrajurisdictional policy coordination not only exacerbated conflicts but also oriented the emerging policy instruments along intergovernmental lines. Another contributing factor was the learning process that decision-makers underwent in the intergovernmental arena. In addition, 'policy mobilization' in the NEP served to link Petro-Canada closer to the political objectives of federal elites.
Therefore, while the effects are the same in Canada, the process is almost the reverse of the one described by Evans and Ikenberry. Evans and Ikenberry see ineffective state intervention largely as the product of state actors mobilizing societal actors and state and societal actors becoming more closely linked. This study supplements the statist literature by noting that the attempts of a number of interventionist governmental actors to introduce comprehensive and more independent interventionist strategies heightened conflicts, generated inefficiencies and essentially caused the intervention to fail.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
20
Planting, Ronald James. "Petroleum futures trading and price volatility." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91138.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study investigates the effects of futures trading on petroleum price variability. Though a number of critics from various quarters claim futures markets have made petroleum prices more volatile, economic reasoning does not support this viewpoint.
A review of theoretical studies and empirical investigations of other commodities shows general support for the hypothesis that futures markets do not destabilize prices and may, in fact, add to price stability. In this study, regression analysis is used to explain the price variability of heating oil and gasoline in terms of factors that may affect this variability, including the existence of futures markets. Though the empirical tests performed are biased towards finding destabilizing effects of futures markets, no statistically significant increase in price volatility is found, and in the case of gasoline, indications of stabilizing effects are found. Thus, neither the results of other studies of futures markets nor examination of petroleum futures trading support the critics' contention that futures trading has destabilized petroleum prices.M.A.
21
Al-Ajmi, Fahed M. "The Determinants of OPEC Market Share Stability." PDXScholar, 1990. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1189.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objectives of this dissertation are to explain the production behavior of OPEC's member countries from 1971 to 1987 and to determine whether there was any structural shift in OPEC's production behavior after the organization attempted to assign a quota to each member. This study focused on political and social as well as economic variables, in order to overcome the misspecification of previous models. In order to achieve the above objectives, the study used the following four models, with modifications: the cartel, competitive, target revenue, and property rights models. The double log multiple linear regression technique was used to operationalize the cartel, competitive, and target revenue models; simple linear regression was used to estimate the property rights model. The cartel model was based not only on economic variables but also on social and political variables. The internal political instability of each OPEC country was measured by the number of armed attacks within the country. The structural shift in OPEC's production behavior between the 1971-1982 period and the 1983-1987 period was evaluated using the Chow-test. The Chow-test showed no significant difference between these two periods for OPEC overall or for individual members. Thus, the two periods were combined so that the study was performed for the entire 1971-1987 period. Because this period of analysis was relatively short, alternative models were applied to pool the data and thereby increase the reliability of the model estimates. A cross-sectional correlated and time-wise auto-regressive model (CCTA) was selected to pool the data and to estimate OPEC's production coefficients. Then each individual OPEC member's production model was estimated and compared to the pooled model. The results indicate that OPEC behaved as a cartel, and that a partial market-sharing hypothesis was significant for all 11 OPEC members. These findings indicate that OPEC was a loose cartel, with only partially effective cooperation on production decisions. Political instability was found to be significant (at the 10-percent level) overall, and it negatively affected production. It was also significant at the 5-percent level for the price-pusher group (Iran, Venezuela, and Algeria). This group was also the only one pooled using least squares with dummy variables (LSDV), because of its common slope and different intercepts. Overall results suggest that OPEC members were basing their production decisions on crude oil prices, excess production capacity, and each member's share of total OPEC output.
22
Xu, He Kensinger John W. "Crude oil and crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-5106.
Повний текст джерела
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Itsekor, Lucky Ubini. "Mitigating Petroleum Product Shortages in the Nigerian Downstream Petroleum Supply Industry." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5088.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In Nigeria, almost every business enterprise relies on petroleum products for power or transportation. Shortages of petroleum products cripple business activities and undermine development of the Nigerian economy. The purpose of this multiple case study was to explore supply chain management strategies needed by petroleum business leaders to mitigate shortages and sustain business development in Nigeria. The sample for the study included 10 senior leaders from 2 private-sector Nigerian downstream petroleum supply companies located in the Niger Delta region, who had successfully implemented strategies for petroleum supply. The resource based view theory served as the conceptual framework for the study. Data collection included semistructured face-to-face interviews and review of operational and policy documents from the supply companies. Data were transcribed, analyzed, and validated through member checking and triangulation, resulting in the identification of 6 themes: appropriate allocation of resources to all segments of the supply value chain for efficiency, efficient banking and foreign exchange operations, engaging appropriate human capital for operational efficiency, technology application in both operational and nonoperational segments, maintaining good organization reputation in the industry, and investment in Nigerian crude oil refining and infrastructures. Findings may be used by petroleum business leaders and investors to create effective and efficient supply chain management, leading to product availability, employment opportunities, poverty reduction, and economic development.
24
Petrovich, Ekaterina. "Crude oil futures price and stock market returns in Russia and China." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-3/r1/petroviche/ekaterinapetrovich.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
25
Quinteros, Grijalva Martín. "Optimizing the ENAP's systems for distributing refined petroleum products by tankers and pipelines." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146666.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Doctor en Sistemas de IngenieríaThis thesis is compused by two research projects developed at Empresa Nacional del petroleo, ENAP. In the first part of this thesis we present an optimization framework for determining the optimal schedule for a fleet of tankers delivering refined petroleum products for ENAP, a state-owned company in Chile. The scheduling process addresses the distribution task of satisfying the demand for multiple products to multiple clients while minimizing the overall cost. These clients have different storage capacities and are located near ports along the coast. The optimization model is an exact one, based on defining each leg of each trip for each tanker. It was however a very large scale MIP model unsolvable using a commercial code (Node Model). We generated an approximate model based on a set of feasible routes for each tanker. This model make the problem more tractable and provides good feasible solutions (Routes model). The best solution is used as a hot start for the original Node Model, allowing its solution with very low residual gaps in moderate computer times. This two-step approach was implemented and has been used at ENAP since 2015. A graphical user interface provides a friendly format for the schedulers. The new system replaces the manual process that was used in the past. It has been a milestone change at ENAP and it is currently saving 8-9% of the total operational cost for the maritime distribution system. In the second part of this work we describe the creation, development, implementation and impact of a system optimizing the distribution of petroleum products by pipeline at ENAP. Scheduling used to be done by hand, based on experience and on the need to satisfy physical constraints in the pipeline, supply constraints in and out of the refinery and demand constraints from clients. The complexity of the problem and the need to cut down on operating costs suggested turning to optimization, specifically integer programming. The positive results of the project owe a lot to the constant interaction between schedulers, deciders, and the optimization team, and to the insights provided by the schedulers that allowed to limit the model's complexity. The resulting system is easy to use for schedulers thanks to a graphical user interface (GUI), and its solution requires little computer time. It is used once a month for planning the next month operations and negotiating delivery dates and amounts with the clients based on the solution suggested by the model. Operating cost savings are of the order of 10%. The system has also been used to evaluate an alternative distribution approach.
Este trabajo ha sido parcialmente financiado por Conicyt, Programa de Atracción e Inserción de Capital Humano Avanzado, 7813110023
26
Hu, Lin. "Oil and macroeconomy in China /." View abstract or full-text, 2008. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?ECON%202008%20HU.
Повний текст джерела
27
Buchanan, William K. "Market Timing, Forecast Ability and Information Flow in Petroleum Futures Markets." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278807/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Three petroleum futures contracts are examined over a ten-year period from 1986 to 1996. Intertemporal changes in futures prices and the net open interest positions of three trader types are compared to determine what, if any, market timing ability the traders have. Seasonal variation is considered and a simple trading rule is adopted to determine the dollar-return potential for market participation and
shed light on issues of market efficiency.
28
Kumar, Akhil. "Budget-Related Prediction Models in the Business Environment with Special Reference to Spot Price Predictions." Thesis, North Texas State University, 1986. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc331533/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this research is to study and improve decision accuracy in the real world. Spot price prediction of petroleum products, in a budgeting context, is the task chosen to study prediction accuracy. Prediction accuracy of executives in a multinational oil company is examined. The Brunswik Lens Model framework is used to evaluate prediction accuracy. Predictions of the individuals, the composite group (mathematical average of the individuals), the interacting group, and the environmental model were compared. Predictions of the individuals were obtained through a laboratory experiment in which experts were used as subjects. The subjects were required to make spot price predictions for two petroleum products. Eight predictor variables that were actually used by the subjects in real-world predictions were elicited through an interview process. Data for a 15 month period were used to construct 31 cases for each of the two products. Prediction accuracy was evaluated by comparing predictions with the actual spot prices. Predictions of the composite group were obtained by averaging the predictions of the individuals. Interacting group predictions were obtained ex post from the company's records. The study found the interacting group to be the least accurate. The implication of this finding is that even though an interacting group may be desirable for information synthesis, evaluation, or working toward group consensus, it is undesirable if prediction accuracy is critical. The accuracy of the environmental model was found to be the highest. This suggests that apart from random error, misweighting of cues by individuals and groups affects prediction accuracy. Another implication of this study is that the environmental model can also be used as an additional input in the prediction process to improve accuracy.
29
Park, Jung Wook. "Oil price shocks and stock market behavior empirical evidence for the U.S. and European Countries /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4886.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on September 28, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
30
Lee, Byung Rhae. "Monetary policy and the effects of oil price shocks on the Japanese economy /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9924898.
Повний текст джерела
31
Zhang, Linsen. "Air stripping with electromagnetic-vibration enhancement for cleaning up soils contaminated by petroleum products." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ60264.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
32
Zepeda, Diego Jose Cardenas. "Treatment of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Oil-Based Drill Cutting Mud Using BiOWiSH Bioaugmentation Products." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2015. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1440.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The efficacy of BiOWiSHTM-Thai Aqua, a commercially discontinued microbial product, in remediating oil based drill-cutting mud (DCM) was researched in this study. Experimentation was performed directly on DCM and on sand contaminated with oil extracted from DCM. A gas chromatograph-mass spectrometrer and a respirometer were used for analysis of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) and CO2 production respectively. Five experiments were analyzed by TPH extraction and analysis; four experiments were analyzed by respirometric analysis. The specific microcosm conditions tested in the experiments were control, nutrient-only control, and bioaugmentation product.
This study concluded that there might be potential for bioaugmentation of TPH using BiOWiSHTM-Thai Aqua. However, a more extensive study including multiple replicates of samples over a longer sampling time period is required to make a conclusion. TPH analysis from the Sand Microcosm Experiment suggested that in seven days, the addition of BiOWiSHTM-Thai Aqua improved TPH removal relative to the control by 89% while the nutrient-only control improved by 58%. Respirometric analysis suggested CO2 respiration of glucose overshadowed CO2 respiration from biodegradation. Thus, major conclusions could not be made from the respirometric analysis.
33
Choe, Kwang Yoon. "Differential impacts of oil price shock on small vs. large firms as a source of real effect on the economy /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3060091.
Повний текст джерела
34
Katayama, Munechika. "Dynamic analysis in productivity, oil shock, and recession." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3315857.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.Title from first page of PDF file (viewed September 3, 2008). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-104).
35
Tait, Hennie Leon. "Adapting retail business models for the petroleum industry." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1110.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Deregulation as an open market system is likely to be implemented in the Petroleum industry of South Africa. To secure the success of the retail petroleum industry by means of business and job opportunities one has to investigate the current evolution of the industry and what factors will have a measurable impact on the retail petroleum industry.
36
Benedetto, Michael V. "A possible solution for the U.S. Navy's addiction to petroleum : a business case analysis for transitioning the U. S. Navy from petroleum to synthetic fuel resources /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion.exe/07Mar%5FBenedetto.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2007.Thesis Advisor(s): Daniel A. Nussbaum. "March 2007." Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-99). Also available in print.
37
Pietrantonio, Frank A. "Physiological changes and responses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027 when grown on petroleum compounds." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0003/NQ30359.pdf.
Повний текст джерела
38
Yamamoto, Lia. "Um modelo baseado em metaheurística para o sequeciamento de bateladas em redes dutoviárias." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2009. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ANPO scheduling operacional de uma rede de distribuição de produtos derivados do petróleo é um problema combinatório complexo, de difícil resolução computacional. Este problema pode ser decomposto em três subproblemas de acordo com os elementos chaves do scheduling: aloca- ção dos recursos, seqüenciamento das atividades, e determinação do tempo para a utilização dos recursos pelas atividades. O presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um modelo para a solução do subproblema de seqüenciamento das atividades. O seu principal objetivo é propor uma solução baseada em metaheurística para a geração de ordenações das bateladas de produtos derivados do petróleo, criando um modelo de auxílio à tomada de decisão durante as operações de uma malha dutoviária. Da prática operacional, sabe-se que o seqüenciamento de bateladas tem grande influência no resultado final do scheduling. Além disto, a escolha da me- lhor sequencia é um problema multiobjetivo, dependente dos critérios considerados na escolha (atendimento à demanda ou à produção, ocupação dos dutos, etc.). Neste trabalho realizou-se a implementação de várias técnicas metaheurísticas para a solução do problema de seqüencia- mento. Foram analisados os resultados alcançados com o uso de diferentes funções objetivo na otimização. Os resultados mostraram um bom desempenho das metaheurísticas estudadas no seqüenciamento, o que possibilitou a obtenção de boas soluções em um curto tempo computacional. Estudou-se mais profundamente o modelo baseado em algoritmo genético que permite fornecer um conjunto de soluções que representam diferentes opções de possíveis sequencias a serem escalonadas na rede. Este modelo foi, em seguida, extendido para tratar o caso de múltiplos objetivos. Desenvolve-se então uma abordagem baseada em MOGA (Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm) que apresentou bons resultados além de uma maior diversificação de sequencias quando comparado com a solução com objetivo único. Os modelos propostos foram validados em instâncias reais da rede de dutos brasileira e constituem uma ferramenta de auxílio à tomada de decisão operacional, resultando num uso mais eficiente da malha dutoviária estudada.
The scheduling of activities to distribute oil derivate products through a pipe network is a complex combinatorial problem, that presents a difficult computational solution. This problem can be decomposed on three sub-problems according to the key elements of scheduling: assignment of resources, sequencing of activities, and determination of resource timing utilization by these activities. This work develops an approach to the sequencing sub-problem. The main objective is to develop an approach based on metaheuristic for the order generation of oil derivate products batches. The approach goals is to aid the operational decision making of the schedu- ling problem in a pipeline network. From the operational practice, the batches sequencing has great influence on the final scheduling result. Moreover the best order choice is a multiobjective problem and depends on the considered criteria (fulfillment of demand and production, pipe- line occupation rate, etc.). Some metaheuristic techniques were implemented to the sequencing problem. Results in using different objective functions on sequencing optimization were also analyzed. The metaheuristic showed a good performance in sequencing, which resulted on good solutions in a small computational time. A model based on genetic algorithm was intensively studied and it has provided a set of solutions that means different options of possible sequences to be schedule in the pipeline network. This model was also extended to treat multiple ob- jectives. A model based on MOGA (Multiobjective Genetic Algorithm) was developed and it showed good results and also good batches sequencing diversification. The proposed models were validated for real scenarios in the Brazilian pipeline network and have become a tool to aid the operational decision making, resulting in an improvement of the study of this pipeline network.
39
Van, den Berg Jacobus A. "The utilisation of the ash disposal system as a salt sink : enhancement and optimisation of chemical interactions." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16450.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (MScIng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The fine ash produced at the Sasol Secunda Petrochemical Plant is disposed of through a wet ash disposal system. Other process waste streams with high salt concentrations are co-disposed of in the Sasol Secunda ash disposal system. This has led to a steady rise in the salt concentrations of the recycled clear ash effluent (CAE) over the past 17 years. To combat this increase in salt concentrations, the capability of the Sasol Secunda ash disposal system to act as a salt sink, needs to be enhanced. This investigation focussed on ways to enhance the salt removal/retention capabilities of the Sasol Secunda ash disposal system and consisted of the following: • A literature survey of relevant information. • The mixing of different combinations of fine ash, brine and CAE. • Adding CO2 to the fine ash and CAE mixtures. • Investigation to enhance salt precipitation in the CAE and Evaporation dams. • Salt balances and a residence time calculation over the CAE and Evaporation dams. From these investigations it were concluded that the Sasol Secunda ash disposal system could be used as a salt sink for SO4 ions. Up to 43% of the SO4 is removed from the brines after the initial ash/water contact. It was also found that the tubular reverse osmosis (TRO) brine could be used as a carrier medium for the ash. The large amounts of Ca that is leached into the ash water during the mixing of the CAE and fine ash can be prevented by the addition of CO2 to the mixing point. There is usually an increase of 240% in the Ca concentration and this is reduced to only an 8% increase with the CO2 addition. The most feasible precipitation enhancement for the CAE and Evaporation dams is an increase in evaporation. This enhances CaCO3 precipitation, which is the main mechanism for salt removal in the CAE and Evaporation dams. Ca, Na and Cl are retained in the evaporation and CAE dams. SO4 is leached from solid phases in the dams. There is however an overall decrease in the total dissolved solids (TDS) of the ash water. The salt removal of the CAE and Evaporation dams is approximately 57 tons per day. The capability of the Sasol Secunda ash disposal system to act as a salt sink can be enhanced by the addition of CO2 at the mixing point and by increasing the evaporation rate in the CAE and Evaporation dams. Using the TRO brine as carrier medium may also increase the SO4 precipitation capabilities of the Sasol Secunda ash disposal system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fynas wat by die Sasol Secunda Petrochemiese Aanleg geproduseer word, word verwyder deur ‘n geslote nat asstelsel. Ander afvalstrome wat hoë konsentrasies soute bevat word ook in die Sasol Secunda asstelsel gestort. Dit het tot gevolg dat daar oor die afgelope 17 jaar ‘n volgehoue styging in die sout konsentrasies van die hergebruikte aswater (genoem CAE – “clear ash effluent”) was. ‘n Manier om hierdie styging in die sout konsentrasies teen te werk, is om die sout verwyderingsvermoë van die Sasol Secunda asstelsel te verbeter. Hierdie ondersoek het gefokus op maniere om die sout verwyderings- /terughoudingsvermoë van die Sasol Secunda asstelsel te verbeter en het die volgende ingesluit: • ‘n Literatuur oorsig van toepaslike inligting. • Die meng van verskillende kombinasies van fynas, soutstrome en CAE. • Toediening van CO2 by die fynas en CAE mengsels. • ‘n Ondersoek na metodes om die soutverwydering in die CAE en Verdampingsdamme te verbeter. • Soutbalanse en ‘n residensie tyd berekening vir die CAE en Verdampingsdamme. Na hierdie ondersoeke kon die gevolgtrekking gemaak word dat die Sasol Secunda asstelsel ‘n sout sink vir SO4 ione is. Tot 43% van die SO4 word verwyder na die aanvanklike as/water kontak. Daar is ook gevind dat die TRO (“tubular reverse osmosis”) soutstroom gebruik kan word as ‘n draer vir die fynas. Die groot hoeveelhede Ca wat in die aswater in loog, kan voorkom word deur die toediening van CO2 by die mengpunt van die fynas en aswater. Daar is normaalweg ‘n verhoging van 240% in die Ca konsentrasie van die aswater en dit word verminder na ‘n skrale 8% met die toediening van CO2. Die mees praktiese metode om die soutverwydering in die CAE en Verdampingsdamme te verbeter, is met die verhoging van die verdamping. Dit sal die neerslag van CaCO3, wat die meeste soutverwydering tot gevolg het, verhoog. Ca, Na en Cl word teruggehou in die Verdampings en CAE damme. SO4 loog uit soliede fases in die damme. Daar is wel ‘n afname in die algehele opgeloste spesies (“TDS”) van die aswater. Die soutverwydering van die Verdampings en CAE damme is ongeveer 57 ton per dag. Die vermoë van die Sasol Secunda asstelsel om as ‘n sout sink gebruik te word, kan verbeter word deur CO2 by die mengpunt by te voeg en die verdampingstempo in die Verdampings en CAE damme te verhoog. Die gebruik van die TRO pekelstroom as draer van die as kan die SO4 neerslag in die Sasol Secunda asstelsel ook verhoog.
40
Menezes, Hearton Dounetty Amado de. "Estudos dos impactos da política de fixação do preço dos combustíveis em São Tomé e Principe." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/25522.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A flutuação do preço do petróleo e a sua subvenção ao praticada por alguns países, incluindo São Tomé
e Príncipe, é um tema de grande relevância dada a enorme importância que o petróleo assume nas
economias dos países que, tal como o nosso, não dispõem de recursos energéticos próprios (salvo
a ´agua, o vento e o sol).
A Empresa Nacional de Combustíveis e Òleo (ENCO, SARL), representa o monopólio de
importação e venda dos produtos petrolíferos (gasolina, gasóleo, Jet-A1 e Petróleo) em São Tomé
e Príncipe. A mesma é encarregada de elaborar a estrutura de preços dos produtos acima
mencionados sempre que há uma importação. A elaboração desta estrutura de preços é baseadas
nas leis e normas de importação e vendas de produtos petrolíferos vigentes no País, onde o preço
de venda ao consumidor final ´e fixo causando com isto um diferencial de preço que será o nosso
objecto de estudo.
Pretendemos com esta dissertação identificar os beneficiários da política de fixação do preço dos
produtos petrolíferos praticado pelo Estado santomense durante os anos de 2001 a 2017 e construir
modelos estatísticos que permitam explicar a evolução desse diferencial e fazer uma previsão futura
desse mesmo diferencial.
No final apresentaremos as conclusões e, caso se justifique, algumas recomendações futuras;
Abstract:
STUDY OF THE IMPACTS OF FUEL PRICE FIXING POLICY IN São TOMÉ E
PRÍNCIPE
The fluctuations in oil prices and its subsidy practiced by some countries, including S˜ao Tomé e
Príncipe, is a subject of great importance given the enormous importance of oil in the economies of
countries that, like ours, do not have their own energy resources (except water, wind and sun).
The National Fuel and Oil Company (ENCO) represents the monopoly on the import and sale
of petroleum products (gasoline, diesel, Jet-A1 and Petroleum) in S˜ao Tom´e e Pr´ıncipe, which is
responsible for elaborating the price structure of the products mentioned above whenever there is an
import. The elaboration is made based on the laws and norms of importation and sales of petroleum
products in force in the Country, where the sale price to the final consumer is fixed causing with this a
differential of price that will be our object of study.
We intend with this dissertation to identify the beneficiaries of the petroleum products pricing
policy practiced by the State of S˜ao Tomé e Príncipe during the years 2001 to 2017, and to construct
statistical models that allow to explain the evolution of this differential and to make a future prediction
of this same differential.
In the final chapter, we will present the conclusions and, if appropriate, some future
recommendations.
41
Silveira, Arlan Caldas Pereira. "Thermodynamic and hydrodynamic characterization of the vacuum evaporation process during concentration of dairy products in a falling film evaporator." Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 2015. http://www.locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/7761.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-06-02T09:42:25Z
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
Os evaporadores de película descendente (EPD) são amplamente utilizados nas indústrias químicas, de refrigeração, de refino de petróleo e de alimentos. Nas indústrias de laticínios, os EPD são mais comumente utilizados para a concentração de soluções antes do processo de secagem por spray-dryer. Apesar da importância econômica do processo de evaporação a vácuo na produção de produtos lácteos desidratados, o conhecimento do processo é essencialmente empírico. Estudos visando a otimização do processo são portanto necessários. O objetivo deste projeto de doutorado é o de caracterizar experimentalmente um EPD durante a concentração de produtos lácteos, utilizando de abordagens termodinâmicas e hidrodinâmicas afim de se estudar as interações entre as propriedades dos produtos e os paramêtros operacionais. Um evaporador de película descendente, simples efeito, em escala piloto, que descreve o mesmo processo em escala industrial de um ponto de vista hidrodinâmico, foi instrumentado e utilizado para a determinação dos balanços de massa e de energia. A capacidade evaporativa e o coeficiente global de transferência de calor foram calculados a partir dos dados experimentais. Uma metodologia para a determinação experimental da função de distribuição dos tempos de residência (DTR) foi desenvolvida. As funções DTR fornecem informações essenciais sobre o escoamento dos produtos durante a concentração em EPD. O aumento da concentração, da vazão mássica e da distância percorrida pelo produto, provocam um aumento na dispersão das partículas do fluxo. Estas funções foram modelados por uma combinação de reatores em cascada, perfeitamente agitados. De acordo com a interpretação deste modelo, dois fluxos, um primário e um secundário, correspondendo a duas camadas de produto que fluem sobrepostas através dos tubos de evaporação, foram propostos. A metodologia para o cálculo das funções DTR foi aplicada a diferentes produtos lácteos (leite desnatado, soro de leite doce e ácido), e o estudo foi estendido para a formação de fouling durante a concentração por evaporação a vácuo. O tempo de residência médio real foi mais sensível para identificar a formação de fouling que o coeficiente global de transferência de calor e do que a capacidade evaporativa. Este estudo enfatizou o papel crucial da caracterização do processo de evaporação a vácuo para a otmização de EPD e da qualidade dos produtos oriundos dessa tecnologia.
Falling film evaporators (FFE) are widely used in the chemical, refrigeration, petroleum refining, desalination and food industries. In the dairy industry FFE is applied for the concentration of solutions prior to the drying step. Despite the economic importance of the vacuum evaporation process in the manufacture of dairy dried products, the knowledge about the process is mostly empirical. Research aiming to improve the efficiency of the process is therefore necessary. The objective of this PhD project was to characterize experimentally a FFE during the concentration of dairy products by means of thermodynamic and hydrodynamic approaches, in order to study the interactions between the products properties and the operating parameters. A pilot-scale, single-stage falling film evaporator that describes the same process as that of an industrial scale from a hydrodynamic point of view was instrumented and used to establish the mass and energy balances. The evaporation rate and the overall heat transfer coefficient were calculated from the experimental data to follow up the process. A methodology for the determination of the experimental residence time distribution (RTD) functions was developed. RTD functions provide global information about the flow of the products during concentration in a FFE. Increasing of the concentration of skim milk, mass flow rate and the distance covered by the product resulted in an increase in the dispersion of the products particles. The experimental RTD functions were modelled by a combination of two perfectly mixed reactor tanks in series. From the interpretation of this model, two different flows, a main and a minor flow, were identified. The RTD methodology developed on skim milk was applied to sweet whey and lactic acid whey and the study was extended to the formation of fouling during a 5-hour concentration. The mean residence time was more sensitive to identify fouling than the overall heat transfer coefficient and the evaporation rate. This study emphasized the crucial role of process characterization to improve the performance of FFE and product quality.
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Mokabiri, Goabaone. "Customer loyalty towards brands within Botswana's petroleum industry." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/994.
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Thesis (MTech(Business Administration)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009.The retail and distribution industry in Botswana's deregulated economy is one of the largest and most difficult sectors in which to operate, mainly because of levels of competition amongst Botswana companies and the global competitive industry, in general. Hill (2000:539) postulates that competition in free market economies generally tends to be tense depending on differences between distribution systems such as retail concentration, channel length and channel exclusivity. At the same time the retail industry grapples with other complex social and structural problems as they face ever increasing marketing problems that relate to attracting and maintaining customers (Luh, 2006:1). In view of the intense competition, it is more expensive to obtain a new customer than to retain and maintain an existing customer. Consequently, retailers should develop competitive and sustainable ways to maintain the customers that they have and should develop strategies to retain any new customers that the business acquires (Naylor and Frank, 2000:37). Botswana practices a free market and a heavily deregulated economy, which causes an increase in competition (Luh, 2006:1) and creates greater expectations from customers in pursuit of satisfaction and value (Peter and Donnelly, 2007:179) for their money. In Botswana, petrol and diesel prices are regulated by government, there is therefore no competition between the rivals based on prices. The competition landscape therefore shifts to amongst others, namely; service provision, location of the petrol station, and fuel brand in general. Petrol and diesel retail outlets should focus on areas of operations that will give them a sustainable competitive advantage over their competitors without altering the price of products. Mehta, Lalwani and Li Han (2000:21) posit that increased competition between retail businesses forces rivals to focus on good customer service as the only critical factor in the operation of their business (Zairi, 2000: 332). Customer loyalty is therefore, the most effective way to keep customers and to maintain profitability through repeated purchases (Luh, 2006:2). Loyalty is used to describe the behaviour of repeat customers, their ratings of the business, positive testimonials, and business from existing customers, as well as overall perception, about the business from the existing customers. The study focuses on the petroleum industry in an environment where there are several competitors, relative .to the size of the country, offering goods and services that are close substitutes. The industry in Botswana is characterised by five competitors that offer heavily substitutable products (BP Report, 2006:1-4). These rivals are BP, Shell, Caltex, Engen and Total.
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Hernandez, Sylvia A. "Development of a Pre-Impact Environmental Site Characterization for the Bryan Mound, Texas Strategic Petroleum Reserve." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2001. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3013/.
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This thesis presents a model for developing site-specific contingency plans to be used during spill response, remediation, and post-spill monitoring using the Strategic Petroleum Reserve's Bryan Mound site as a case study. Bird and vegetation observations provide baseline data for biological conditions, and sediment sampling for total petroleum hydrocarbons serves as a chemical component of the model. Results demonstrate previously unknown conditions that would hinder remediation and affect the persistence of petroleum contaminants. Results also established previously unmapped dominant bird and vegetation types likely to be impacted by a spill at the site. This model points to a reconsideration of individual facilities' responsibilities when planning for large-scale disasters and protecting the sensitive ecosystems surrounding their sites.
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D'AGOSTINHO, ADRIANA. "Estudo preliminar do comportamento de hidrocarbonetos policiclicos aromaticos (HPAs) em solo por isotermas de sorcao." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2004. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11229.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Yang, Byung Nae. "Uncertainty and tangible assets in firm investment inter-industry evidence from APEC countries /." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4686.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on October 15, 2007) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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MacLean, Thomas Frank. "Asymmetric demand for energy : a cointegration approach /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7494.
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Al-Farsi, Afkar Nadhim. "Radiological aspects of petroleum exploration and production in the sultanate of Oman." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/29817/.
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This thesis is a study of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) activity concentration, gamma dose rate and radon (222Rn) exhalation from the waste streams of large-scale onshore petroleum operations. Types of activities covered included; sludge recovery from separation tanks, sludge farming, NORM storage, scaling in oil tubulars, scaling in gas production and sedimentation in produced water evaporation ponds. Field work was conducted in the arid desert terrain of an operational oil exploration and production region in the Sultanate of Oman.
The main radionuclides found were 226Ra and 210Pb (238U - series), 228Ra and 228Th (232Th - series), and 227Ac (235U - series), along with 40K. All activity concentrations were higher than the ambient soil level and varied over several orders of magnitude. The range of gamma dose rates at a 1 m height above ground for the farm treated sludge had a range of 0.06 0.43 µSv h 1, and an average close to the ambient soil mean of 0.086 ± 0.014 µSv h 1, whereas the untreated sludge gamma dose rates had a range of 0.07 1.78 µSv h 1, and a mean of 0.456 ± 0.303 µSv h 1. The geometric mean of ambient soil 222Rn exhalation rate for area surrounding the sludge was mBq m 2 s 1. Radon exhalation rates reported in oil waste products were all higher than the ambient soil value and varied over three orders of magnitude.
This study resulted in some unique findings including: (i) detection of radiotoxic 227Ac in the oil scales and sludge, (ii) need of a new empirical relation between petroleum sludge activity concentrations and gamma dose rates, and (iii) assessment of exhalation of 222Rn from oil sludge. Additionally the study investigated a method to determine oil scale and sludge age by the use of inherent behaviour of radionuclides as 228Ra:226Ra and 228Th:228Ra activity ratios.
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Sumner, Steven W. "Bank equity and the monetary transmission mechanism /." Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3099930.
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Lee, Young Koo. "Macroeconomic effects of monetary policy and oil price changes /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9841213.
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Сергиенко, А. А. "Оценка экономического ущерба при добыче нефти и нефтепродуктов". Thesis, Издательство СумГУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26749.
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Под экономическим ущербом от загрязнения окружающей среды понимаются фактические и возможные
убытки народного хозяйства, связанные с загрязнением окружающей природной среды, включая прямые и
косвенные воздействия, а также дополнительные затраты на ликвидацию отрицательных последствий
загрязнения. Наиболее проработанной является оценка ущерба, наносимого воздуху, воде и земле. Вопросы
оценки экономического ущерба от экологических нарушений рассматривались такими учеными-экономистами
как К.Г. Гофман, Т.С. Хачатуров, А.А. Гусев, Е.В. Рюмина и др.
При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26749