Статті в журналах: "European X-Ray Free Electron Laser"

1

Kovalchuk, M. V., and A. E. Blagov. "European X-ray Free-Electron Laser." Crystallography Reports 67, no. 5 (September 26, 2022): 631–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063774522050066.

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2

Feidenhansl, Robert. "The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 73, a2 (December 1, 2017): C857. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273317087174.

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3

Grübel, G., G. B. Stephenson, C. Gutt, H. Sinn, and Th Tschentscher. "XPCS at the European X-ray free electron laser facility." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 262, no. 2 (September 2007): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.05.015.

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4

Altarelli, M. "The European X-ray free-electron laser facility in Hamburg." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 269, no. 24 (December 2011): 2845–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2011.04.034.

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5

Kujala, Naresh, Wolfgang Freund, Jia Liu, Andreas Koch, Torben Falk, Marc Planas, Florian Dietrich, et al. "Hard x-ray single-shot spectrometer at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser." Review of Scientific Instruments 91, no. 10 (October 1, 2020): 103101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0019935.

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6

Madsen, A., J. Hallmann, G. Ansaldi, T. Roth, W. Lu, C. Kim, U. Boesenberg, et al. "Materials Imaging and Dynamics (MID) instrument at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 637–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521001302.

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The Materials Imaging and Dynamics (MID) instrument at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) facility is described. EuXFEL is the first hard X-ray free-electron laser operating in the MHz repetition range which provides novel science opportunities. The aim of MID is to enable studies of nano-structured materials, liquids, and soft- and hard-condensed matter using the bright X-ray beams generated by EuXFEL. Particular emphasis is on studies of structure and dynamics in materials by coherent scattering and imaging using hard X-rays. Commission of MID started at the end of 2018 and first experiments were performed in 2019.

7

Altarelli, Massimo, and Adrian P. Mancuso. "Structural biology at the European X-ray free-electron laser facility." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1647 (July 17, 2014): 20130311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0311.

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The European X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) facility, under construction in the Hamburg region, will provide high-peak brilliance (greater than 10 33 photons s −1 mm −2 mrad −2 per 0.1% BW), ultrashort pulses (approx. 10 fs) of X-rays, with a high repetition rate (up to 27 000 pulses s −1 ) from 2016 onwards. The main features of this exceptional X-ray source, and the instrumentation developments necessary to exploit them fully, for application to a variety of scientific disciplines, are briefly summarized. In the case of structural biology, that has a central role in the scientific case of this new facility, the instruments and ancillary laboratories that are being planned and built within the baseline programme of the European XFEL and by consortia of users are also discussed. It is expected that the unique features of the source and the advanced features of the instrumentation will allow operation modes with more efficient use of sample materials, faster acquisition times, and conditions better approaching feasibility of single molecule imaging.

8

Grübel, Gerhard. "X-Ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) facility." Comptes Rendus Physique 9, no. 5-6 (June 2008): 668–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crhy.2007.04.006.

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9

Grünert, Jan, Marc Planas Carbonell, Florian Dietrich, Torben Falk, Wolfgang Freund, Andreas Koch, Naresh Kujala, et al. "X-ray photon diagnostics at the European XFEL." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 5 (August 2, 2019): 1422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577519006611.

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The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (European XFEL) (Altarelli et al., 2006; Tschentscher et al., 2017), the world's largest and brightest X-ray free-electron laser (Saldin et al., 1999; Pellegrini et al., 2016), went into operation in 2017. This article describes the as-built realization of photon diagnostics for this facility, the diagnostics commissioning and their application for commissioning of the facility, and results from the first year of operation, focusing on the SASE1 beamline, which was the first to be commissioned. The commissioning consisted of pre-beam checkout, first light from the bending magnets, X-rays from single undulator segments, SASE tuning with many undulator segments, first lasing, optics alignment for FEL beam transport through the tunnel up to the experiment hutches, and finally beam delivery to first users. The beam properties assessed by photon diagnostics throughout these phases included per-pulse intensity, beam position, shape, lateral dimensions and spectral properties. During this time period, the machine provided users with up to 14 keV photon energy, 1.5 mJ pulse energy, 300 FEL pulses per train and 4.5 MHz intra-bunch train repetition rate at a 10 Hz train repetition rate. Finally, an outlook is given into the diagnostic prospects for the future.

10

Palmer, Guido, Martin Kellert, Jinxiong Wang, Moritz Emons, Ulrike Wegner, Daniel Kane, Florent Pallas, et al. "Pump–probe laser system at the FXE and SPB/SFX instruments of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 2 (February 15, 2019): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057751900095x.

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User operation at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility started at the SASE1 undulator beamline in fall 2017. The majority of the experiments utilize optical lasers (mostly ultrafast) for pump–probe-type measurements in combination with X-ray pulses. This manuscript describes the purpose-developed pump–probe laser system as installed at SASE1, implemented features and plans for further upgrades.

11

Mills, Grant, Richard Bean, and Adrian P. Mancuso. "First Experiments in Structural Biology at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser." Applied Sciences 10, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 3642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10103642.

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Ultrabright pulses produced in X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) offer new possibilities for industry and research, particularly for biochemistry and pharmaceuticals. The unprecedented brilliance of these next-generation sources enables structure determination from sub-micron crystals as well as radiation-sensitive proteins. The European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL), with its first light in 2017, ushered in a new era for ultrabright X-ray sources by providing an unparalleled megahertz-pulse repetition rate, with orders of magnitude more pulses per second than previous XFEL sources. This rapid pulse frequency has significant implications for structure determination; not only will data collection be faster (resulting in more structures per unit time), but experiments requiring large quantities of data, such as time-resolved structures, become feasible in a reasonable amount of experimental time. Early experiments at the SPB/SFX instrument of the EuXFEL demonstrate how such closely-spaced pulses can be successfully implemented in otherwise challenging experiments, such as time-resolved studies.

12

Zapfe, K., M. Böhnert, O. Hensler, D. Hoppe, N. Mildner, B. Nagorny, K. Rehlich, et al. "The vacuum system of the European X-ray free electron laser XFEL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 100, no. 9 (March 1, 2008): 092001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/100/9/092001.

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13

Lehmkühler, Felix, Francesco Dallari, Avni Jain, Marcin Sikorski, Johannes Möller, Lara Frenzel, Irina Lokteva, et al. "Emergence of anomalous dynamics in soft matter probed at the European XFEL." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 39 (September 15, 2020): 24110–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003337117.

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Dynamics and kinetics in soft matter physics, biology, and nanoscience frequently occur on fast (sub)microsecond but not ultrafast timescales which are difficult to probe experimentally. The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (European XFEL), a megahertz hard X-ray Free-Electron Laser source, enables such experiments via taking series of diffraction patterns at repetition rates of up to 4.5 MHz. Here, we demonstrate X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy (XPCS) with submicrosecond time resolution of soft matter samples at the European XFEL. We show that the XFEL driven by a superconducting accelerator provides unprecedented beam stability within a pulse train. We performed microsecond sequential XPCS experiments probing equilibrium and nonequilibrium diffusion dynamics in water. We find nonlinear heating on microsecond timescales with dynamics beyond hot Brownian motion and superheated water states persisting up to 100 μs at high fluences. At short times up to 20 μs we observe that the dynamics do not obey the Stokes–Einstein predictions.

14

Grychtol, P., V. Vardanyan, D. Doblas-Jimenez, and M. Izquierdo. "The Laser Infrastructure at the SXP instrument of the European XFEL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2380, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2380/1/012114.

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Abstract This contribution presents the laser infrastructure concept of the Soft X-ray Port (SXP) instrument at the European X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) for day one operation. This scientific platform is conceived as an open port complementing the scientific scope of the other two, already operating baseline instruments at the SASE 3 soft x-ray undulator focusing on atomic, molecular and non-linear optical (SQS) as well as condensed matter physics (SCS). The main driving force behind SXP originates from the time-resolved X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy community contemplating key questions in the dynamics of materials science at interfaces. Nonetheless, proposals to investigate high-valent metal intermediates in biological and inorganic catalysts for chemical bond activation by means of fluorescence spectroscopy as well as research on highly charged ions in the light of astrophysics are also pursued. The outstanding capabilities of the European XFEL pave the way for ultrafast pump-probe investigations at the SXP instrument combining intense and tunable soft X-rays with versatile optical laser capabilities, which are provided by two synchronized femtosecond laser systems, whose wavelength ranges can be extended into the infrared as well as extreme ultraviolet region.

15

Kohn, V. G. "Focusing femtosecond X-ray free-electron laser pulses by refractive lenses." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 19, no. 1 (November 15, 2011): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0909049511045778.

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The possibility of using a parabolic refractive lens with initial X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) pulses,i.e.without a monochromator, is analysed. It is assumed that the measurement time is longer than 0.3 fs, which is the time duration of a coherent pulse (spike). In this case one has to calculate the propagation of a monochromatic wave and then perform an integration of the intensity over the radiation spectrum. Here a general algorithm for calculating the propagation of time-dependent radiation in free space and through various objects is presented. Analytical formulae are derived describing the properties of the monochromatic beam focused by a system of one and two lenses. Computer simulations show that the European XFEL pulses can be focused with maximal efficiency,i.e.as for a monochromatic wave. This occurs even for nanofocusing lenses.

16

Pergament, M., G. Palmer, M. Kellert, K. Kruse, J. Wang, L. Wissmann, U. Wegner, et al. "Versatile optical laser system for experiments at the European X-ray free-electron laser facility." Optics Express 24, no. 26 (December 12, 2016): 29349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.24.029349.

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17

ILDERTON, ANTON. "QED PROCESSES IN INTENSE LASER FIELDS." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 14 (January 2012): 394–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194512007519.

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Intense laser light at facilities such as the Extreme Light Infrastructure and the European X-ray Free Electron Laser offer new prospects for probing fundamental physics. Here we examine the theory behind QED processes in background fields modelling ultra-strong, short-duration laser pulses. We focus on pair creation via the trident and photon-stimulated mechanisms.

18

Lu, H. H., Y. Li, and J. Pflueger. "The permanent magnet phase shifter for the European X-ray free electron laser." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 605, no. 3 (July 2009): 399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.03.217.

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19

Fortmann-Grote, Carsten, Alexey Buzmakov, Zoltan Jurek, Ne-Te Duane Loh, Liubov Samoylova, Robin Santra, Evgeny A. Schneidmiller, et al. "Start-to-end simulation of single-particle imaging using ultra-short pulses at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser." IUCrJ 4, no. 5 (September 1, 2017): 560–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052252517009496.

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Single-particle imaging with X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) has the potential to provide structural information at atomic resolution for non-crystalline biomolecules. This potential exists because ultra-short intense pulses can produce interpretable diffraction data notwithstanding radiation damage. This paper explores the impact of pulse duration on the interpretability of diffraction data using comprehensive and realistic simulations of an imaging experiment at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser. It is found that the optimal pulse duration for molecules with a few thousand atoms at 5 keV lies between 3 and 9 fs.

20

Pan, X., M. Šmíd, R. Štefaníková, F. Donat, C. Baehtz, T. Burian, V. Cerantola, et al. "Imaging x-ray spectrometer at the high energy density instrument of the European x-ray free electron laser." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 033501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0133639.

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A multipurpose imaging x-ray crystal spectrometer is developed for the high energy density instrument of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser. The spectrometer is designed to measure x rays in the energy range of 4–10 keV, providing high-resolution, spatially resolved spectral measurements. A toroidally bent germanium (Ge) crystal is used, allowing x-ray diffraction from the crystal to image along a one-dimensional spatial profile while spectrally resolving along the other. A detailed geometrical analysis is performed to determine the curvature of the crystal. The theoretical performance of the spectrometer in various configurations is calculated by ray-tracing simulations. The key properties of the spectrometer, including the spectral and spatial resolution, are demonstrated experimentally on different platforms. Experimental results prove that this Ge spectrometer is a powerful tool for spatially resolved measurements of x-ray emission, scattering, or absorption spectra in high energy density physics.

21

Mariani, Valerio, Andrew Morgan, Chun Hong Yoon, Thomas J. Lane, Thomas A. White, Christopher O'Grady, Manuela Kuhn, et al. "OnDA: online data analysis and feedback for serial X-ray imaging." Journal of Applied Crystallography 49, no. 3 (May 23, 2016): 1073–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576716007469.

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This article describes a free and open-source data analysis utility designed for fast online feedback during serial X-ray diffraction and scattering experiments:OnDA(online data analysis). Three complete real-time monitors for common types of serial X-ray imaging experiments are presented. These monitors are capable of providing the essential information required for quick decision making in the face of extreme rates of data collection. In addition, a set of modules, functions and algorithms that allow developers to modify the provided monitors or develop new ones are provided. The emphasis here is on simple, modular and scalable code that is based on open-source libraries and protocols.OnDAmonitors have already proven to be invaluable tools in several experiments, especially for scoring and monitoring of diffraction data during serial crystallography experiments at both free-electron laser and synchrotron facilities. It is felt that in the future the kind of fast feedback thatOnDAmonitors provide will help researchers to deal with the expected very high throughput data flow at next-generation facilities such as the European X-ray free-electron laser.

22

Shayduk, Roman, Jörg Hallmann, Angel Rodriguez-Fernandez, Markus Scholz, Wei Lu, Ulrike Bösenberg, Johannes Möller, et al. "Femtosecond x-ray diffraction study of multi-THz coherent phonons in SrTiO₃." Applied Physics Letters 120, no. 20 (May 16, 2022): 202203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0083256.

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We report generation of ultra-broadband longitudinal acoustic coherent phonon wavepackets in SrTiO3 (STO) with frequency components extending throughout the first Brillouin zone. The wavepackets are efficiently generated in STO using femtosecond infrared laser excitation of an atomically flat 1.6 nm-thick epitaxial SrRuO3 film. We use femtosecond x-ray diffraction at the European X-Ray Free Electron Laser Facility to study the dispersion and damping of phonon wavepackets. The experimentally determined damping constants for multi-THz frequency phonons compare favorably to the extrapolation of a simple ultrasound damping model over several orders of magnitude.

23

Samoylova, Liubov, Alexey Buzmakov, Oleg Chubar, and Harald Sinn. "WavePropaGator: interactive framework for X-ray free-electron laser optics design and simulations." Journal of Applied Crystallography 49, no. 4 (July 6, 2016): 1347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057671600995x.

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This article describes theWavePropaGator(WPG) package, a new interactive software framework for coherent and partially coherent X-ray wavefront propagation simulations. The package has been developed at European XFEL for users at the existing and emerging free-electron laser (FEL) facilities, as well as at the third-generation synchrotron sources and future diffraction-limited storage rings. TheWPGaddresses the needs of beamline scientists and user groups to facilitate the design, optimization and improvement of X-ray optics to meet their experimental requirements. The package uses theSynchrotron Radiation Workshop(SRW) C/C++ library and its Python binding for numerical wavefront propagation simulations. The framework runs reliably under Linux, Microsoft Windows 7 and Apple Mac OS X and is distributed under an open-source license. The available tools allow for varying source parameters and optics layouts and visualizing the results interactively. The wavefront history structure can be used for tracking changes in every particular wavefront during propagation. The batch propagation mode enables processing of multiple wavefronts in workflow mode. The paper presents a general description of the package and gives some recent application examples, including modeling of full X-ray FEL beamlines and start-to-end simulation of experiments.

24

Belikov, O. V., V. R. Kozak, and A. S. Medvedko. "Power Supply System for Corrector Magnets of the European X-Ray Free-electron Laser." Physics Procedia 84 (2016): 108–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2016.11.019.

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25

Martín Ortega, Álvaro, Ana Lacoste, and Tiberiu Minea. "Hybrid modelling of a high-power X-ray attenuator plasma." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 25, no. 3 (March 27, 2018): 671–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518002679.

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X-ray gas attenuators act as stress-free high-pass filters for synchrotron and free-electron laser beamlines to reduce the heat load in downstream optical elements without affecting other properties of the X-ray beam. The absorption of the X-ray beam triggers a cascade of processes that ionize and heat up the gas locally, changing its density and therefore the X-ray absorption. Aiming to understand and predict the behaviour of the gas attenuator in terms of efficiencyversusgas pressure, a hybrid model has been developed, combining three approaches: an analytical description of the X-ray absorption; Monte Carlo for the electron thermalization; and a fluid treatment for the electron diffusion, recombination and excited-states relaxation. The model was applied to an argon-filled attenuator prototype built and tested at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, at a pressure of 200 mbar and assuming stationary conditions. The results of the model showed that the electron population thermalizes within a few nanoseconds after the X-ray pulse arrival and it occurs just around the X-ray beam path, recombining in the bulk of the gas rather than diffusing to the attenuator walls. The gas temperature along the beam path reached 850 K for 770 W of incident power and 182 W m−1of absorbed power. Around 70% of the absorbed power is released as visible and UV radiation rather than as heat to the gas. Comparison of the power absorption with the experiment showed an overall agreement both with the plasma radial profile and power absorption trend, the latter within an error smaller than 20%. This model can be used for the design and operation of synchrotron gas attenuators and as a base for a time-dependent model for free-electron laser attenuators.

26

Abeghyan, S., M. Bagha-Shanjani, G. Chen, U. Englisch, S. Karabekyan, Y. Li, F. Preisskorn, et al. "First operation of the SASE1 undulator system of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 26, no. 2 (February 7, 2019): 302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577518017125.

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The European XFEL comprises three undulator systems. All of the systems use standardized mechanical, magnetic and control components. The key elements such as undulators, phase shifters and quadrupole movers as well as their controls are described, with special emphasis on the SASE1 undulator system, which was the first to become operational and has been lasing since May 2017. The role of these systems for the commissioning is outlined with special emphasis on beam-based alignment, which was important to achieve first lasing. Radiation damage was observed. The exposure doses were measured with the online radiation dosimetry system. Countermeasures and latest results are reported, which are important for a high-duty-cycle machine such as the European XFEL.

27

Бобков, С. А., and S. A. Bobkov. "Comparison Study of Different Approaches to Classification of Diffraction Images of Biological Particles Obtained in Coherent X-Ray Diffractive Imaging Experiments." Mathematical Biology and Bioinformatics 12, no. 2 (November 29, 2017): 411–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17537/2017.12.411.

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Invention of Coherent X-ray Diffractive Imaging (CXDI) technique allows to reconstruct inner structure of nanoparticles, such as proteins and viruses, with 1 Å resolution. In CXDI experiments, free electron laser radiation scatters at sample of object under study and a diffraction image is recorded. On a basis of many recorded diffraction images, original 3D structure is reconstructed. However, not all diffraction images can be used for reconstruction, many images are empty, others contain diffraction pattern of some contaminant or include contributions of several particles. Therefore, classification of recorded images by structure type becomes an important step of data analysis. This paper presents a comparison of several approaches for images classification by the structure type. The comparison was performed on different experimental datasets. New European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) will start operating in 2017; it will allow collecting up to 27,000 diffraction images per second. The possibility of image classification in European XFEL experiments at the rate of data collection was also investigated with considered approaches.

28

Laksman, Joakim, Florian Dietrich, Jia Liu, Theophilos Maltezopoulos, Marc Planas, Wolfgang Freund, Randeer Gautam, Naresh Kujala, Sonia Francoual, and Jan Grünert. "Development of a photoelectron spectrometer for hard x-ray photon diagnostics." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 115111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0097525.

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The development and characterization of an angle-resolved photoelectron spectrometer, based on the electron time-of-flight concept, for hard x-ray photon diagnostics at the European Free-Electron Laser, are described. The instrument is meant to provide users and operators with pulse-resolved, non-invasive spectral distribution diagnostics, which in the hard x-ray regime is a challenge due to the poor cross-section and high kinetic energy of photoelectrons for the available target gases. We report on the performances of this instrument as obtained using hard x-rays at the PETRA III synchrotron at DESY in multibunch mode. Results are compared with electron trajectory simulations. We demonstrate a resolving power of 10 eV at incident photon energies up to at least 20 keV.

29

Liermann, H. P., Z. Konôpková, K. Appel, C. Prescher, A. Schropp, V. Cerantola, R. J. Husband, et al. "Novel experimental setup for megahertz X-ray diffraction in a diamond anvil cell at the High Energy Density (HED) instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL)." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 3 (April 14, 2021): 688–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521002551.

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The high-precision X-ray diffraction setup for work with diamond anvil cells (DACs) in interaction chamber 2 (IC2) of the High Energy Density instrument of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser is described. This includes beamline optics, sample positioning and detector systems located in the multipurpose vacuum chamber. Concepts for pump–probe X-ray diffraction experiments in the DAC are described and their implementation demonstrated during the First User Community Assisted Commissioning experiment. X-ray heating and diffraction of Bi under pressure, obtained using 20 fs X-ray pulses at 17.8 keV and 2.2 MHz repetition, is illustrated through splitting of diffraction peaks, and interpreted employing finite element modeling of the sample chamber in the DAC.

30

Serkez, Svitozar, Oleg Gorobtsov, Daniel E. Rivas, Michael Meyer, Bohdana Sobko, Natalia Gerasimova, Naresh Kujala, and Gianluca Geloni. "Wigner distribution of self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser pulses and extracting its autocorrelation." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 3–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s160057752001382x.

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The emerging concept of `beam by design' in free-electron laser (FEL) accelerator physics aims for accurate manipulation of the electron beam to tailor spectral and temporal properties of the radiation for specific experimental purposes, such as X-ray pump/X-ray probe and multiple wavelength experiments. `Beam by design' requires fast, efficient, and detailed feedback on the spectral and temporal properties of the generated X-ray radiation. Here a simple and cost-efficient method to extract information on the longitudinal Wigner distribution function of emitted FEL pulses is proposed. The method requires only an ensemble of measured FEL spectra and is rather robust with respect to accelerator fluctuations. The method is applied to both the simulated SASE spectra with known radiation properties as well as to the SASE spectra measured at the European XFEL revealing underlying non-linear chirp of the generated radiation. In the Appendices an intuitive understanding of time–frequency representations of chirped SASE radiation is provided.

31

Le Guyader, Loïc, Andrea Eschenlohr, Martin Beye, William Schlotter, Florian Döring, Cammille Carinan, David Hickin, et al. "Photon-shot-noise-limited transient absorption soft X-ray spectroscopy at the European XFEL." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 30, no. 2 (February 20, 2023): 284–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577523000619.

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Femtosecond transient soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a very promising technique that can be employed at X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) to investigate out-of-equilibrium dynamics for material and energy research. Here, a dedicated setup for soft X-rays available at the Spectroscopy and Coherent Scattering (SCS) instrument at the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (European XFEL) is presented. It consists of a beam-splitting off-axis zone plate (BOZ) used in transmission to create three copies of the incoming beam, which are used to measure the transmitted intensity through the excited and unexcited sample, as well as to monitor the incoming intensity. Since these three intensity signals are detected shot by shot and simultaneously, this setup allows normalized shot-by-shot analysis of the transmission. For photon detection, an imaging detector capable of recording up to 800 images at 4.5 MHz frame rate during the FEL burst is employed, and allows a photon-shot-noise-limited sensitivity to be approached. The setup and its capabilities are reviewed as well as the online and offline analysis tools provided to users.

32

Corno, J., N. Georg, S. Gorgi Zadeh, J. Heller, V. Gubarev, T. Roggen, U. Römer, et al. "Uncertainty modeling and analysis of the European X-ray free electron laser cavities manufacturing process." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 971 (August 2020): 164135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2020.164135.

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33

Helliwell, John R., Alice Brink, Surasak Kaenket, Victoria Laurina Starkey, and Simon W. M. Tanley. "X-ray diffraction in temporally and spatially resolved biomolecular science." Faraday Discussions 177 (2015): 429–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4fd00166d.

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Time-resolved Laue protein crystallography at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) opened up the field of sub-nanosecond protein crystal structure analyses. There are a limited number of such time-resolved studies in the literature. Why is this? The X-ray laser now gives us femtosecond (fs) duration pulses, typically 10 fs up to ∼50 fs. Their use is attractive for the fastest time-resolved protein crystallography studies. It has been proposed that single molecules could even be studied with the advantage of being able to measure X-ray diffraction from a ‘crystal lattice free’ single molecule, with or without temporal resolved structural changes. This is altogether very challenging R&D. So as to assist this effort we have undertaken studies of metal clusters that bind to proteins, both ‘fresh’ and after repeated X-ray irradiation to assess their X-ray-photo-dynamics, namely Ta₆Br₁₂, K₂PtI₆ and K₂PtBr₆ bound to a test protein, hen egg white lysozyme. These metal complexes have the major advantage of being very recognisable shapes (pseudo spherical or octahedral) and thereby offer a start to (probably very difficult) single molecule electron density map interpretations, both static and dynamic. A further approach is to investigate the X-ray laser beam diffraction strength of a well scattering nano-cluster; an example from nature being the iron containing ferritin. Electron crystallography and single particle electron microscopy imaging offers alternatives to X-ray structural studies; our structural studies of crustacyanin, a 320 kDa protein carotenoid complex, can be extended either by electron based techniques or with the X-ray laser representing a fascinating range of options. General outlook remarks concerning X-ray, electron and neutron macromolecular crystallography as well as ‘NMR crystallography’ conclude the article.

34

Serkez, Svitozar, Winfried Decking, Lars Froehlich, Natalia Gerasimova, Jan Grünert, Marc Guetg, Marko Huttula, et al. "Opportunities for Two-Color Experiments in the Soft X-ray Regime at the European XFEL." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 2728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082728.

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X-ray pump/X-ray probe applications are made possible at X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL) facilities by generating two X-ray pulses with different wavelengths and controllable temporal delay. In order to enable this capability at the European XFEL, an upgrade project to equip the soft X-ray SASE3 beamline with a magnetic chicane is underway. In the present paper we describe the status of the project, its scientific focus and expected performance, including start-to-end simulations of the photon beam transport up to the sample, as well as recent experimental results demonstrating two-color lasing at photon energies of 805 eV + 835 eV and 910 eV + 950 eV. Additionally, we discuss methods to analyze the spectral properties and the intensity of the generated radiation to provide on-line diagnostics for future user experiments.

35

Dommach, Martin, Massimiliano Di Felice, Bianca Dickert, Denis Finze, Janni Eidam, Nicole Kohlstrunk, Maik Neumann, et al. "The photon beamline vacuum system of the European XFEL." Journal of Synchrotron Radiation 28, no. 4 (June 8, 2021): 1229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600577521005154.

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The photon beamline vacuum system of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser Facility (European XFEL) is described. The ultra-large, in total more than 3 km-long, fan-like vacuum system, consisting of three photon beamlines is an essential part of the photon beam transport. It is located between the accelerator vacuum system and the scientific instruments. The main focus of the design was on the efficiency, reliability and robustness of the entire system to ensure the retention of beam properties and the operation of the X-ray optics and X-ray photon diagnostics components. Installation started in late 2014, the first of the three beamline vacuum systems was commissioned in spring 2017, and the last one was operational in mid-2018. The present state and experience from the first years of operation are outlined.

36

Di Mitri, Simone, Andrea Latina, Marcus Aicheler, Avni Aksoy, David Alesini, Graeme Burt, Alejandro Castilla, et al. "Scaling of Beam Collective Effects with Bunch Charge in the CompactLight Free-Electron Laser." Photonics 7, no. 4 (December 4, 2020): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics7040125.

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The CompactLight European consortium is designing a state-of-the-art X-ray free-electron laser driven by radiofrequency X-band technology. Rooted in experimental data on photo-injector performance in the recent literature, this study estimates analytically and numerically the performance of the CompactLight delivery system for bunch charges in the range 75–300 pC. Space-charge forces in the injector, linac transverse wakefield, and coherent synchrotron radiation in bunch compressors are all taken into account. The study confirms efficient lasing in the soft X-rays regime with pulse energies up to hundreds of microjoules at repetition rates as high as 1 kHz.

37

Grychtol, Patrik, Daniel E. Rivas, Thomas M. Baumann, Rebecca Boll, Alberto De Fanis, Benjamin Erk, Markus Ilchen, et al. "Timing and X-ray pulse characterization at the Small Quantum Systems instrument of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser." Optics Express 29, no. 23 (October 27, 2021): 37429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.440718.

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38

Graafsma, Heinz. "Requirements for and development of 2 dimensional X-ray detectors for the European X-ray Free Electron Laser in Hamburg." Journal of Instrumentation 4, no. 12 (December 14, 2009): P12011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/4/12/p12011.

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39

Stellato, Francesco, Maria Pia Anania, Antonella Balerna, Simone Botticelli, Marcello Coreno, Gemma Costa, Mario Galletti, et al. "Plasma-Generated X-ray Pulses: Betatron Radiation Opportunities at EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB." Condensed Matter 7, no. 1 (February 24, 2022): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat7010023.

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EuPRAXIA is a leading European project aimed at the development of a dedicated, ground-breaking, ultra-compact accelerator research infrastructure based on novel plasma acceleration concepts and laser technology and on the development of their users’ communities. Within this framework, the Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati (LNF, INFN) will be equipped with a unique combination of an X-band RF LINAC generating high-brightness GeV-range electron beams, a 0.5 PW class laser system and the first fifth-generation free electron laser (FEL) source driven by a plasma-based accelerator, the EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB facility. Wiggler-like radiation emitted by electrons accelerated in plasma wakefields gives rise to brilliant, ultra-short X-ray pulses, called betatron radiation. Extensive studies have been performed at the FLAME laser facility at LNF, INFN, where betatron radiation was measured and characterized. The purpose of this paper is to describe the betatron spectrum emitted by particle wakefield acceleration at EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB and provide an overview of the foreseen applications of this specific source, thus helping to establish a future user community interested in (possibly coupled) FEL and betatron radiation experiments. In order to provide a quantitative estimate of the expected betatron spectrum and therefore to present suitable applications, we performed simple simulations to determine the spectrum of the betatron radiation emitted at EuPRAXIA@SPARC_LAB. With reference to experiments performed exploiting similar betatron sources, we highlight the opportunities offered by its brilliant femtosecond pulses for ultra-fast X-ray spectroscopy and imaging measurements, but also as an ancillary tool for designing and testing FEL instrumentation and experiments.

40

Lechner, C., S. Casalbuoni, G. Geloni, B. Marchetti, S. Serkez, and H. Sinn. "Simulation studies of superconducting afterburner operation for the European XFEL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2380, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2380/1/012009.

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Abstract European XFEL is a multi-beamline x-ray free-electron laser (FEL) user facility driven by a superconducting accelerator with a nominal photon energy range from 250 eV to 25 keV. An afterburner undulator based on superconducting undulator technology is currently being investigated to enable extension of the photon energy range towards harder x-rays. This afterburner undulator would be installed downstream of the already operating SASE2 FEL beamline, emitting at the fundamental or at a harmonic of the upstream undulator system. In this contribution we describe the layout under study and present numerical simulations.

41

Lal, Shankar, V. Paramonov, H. Qian, H. Shaker, G. Shu, Ye Chen, and F. Stephan. "Design studies of a continuous-wave normal conducting buncher for European X-ray Free Electron Laser." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 1027 (March 2022): 166220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2021.166220.

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42

Potdevin, Guillaume, and Heinz Graafsma. "Analysis of the expected AGIPD detector performance parameters for the European X-ray free electron laser." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 659, no. 1 (December 2011): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.09.012.

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43

Wollenweber, L., T. R. Preston, A. Descamps, V. Cerantola, A. Comley, J. H. Eggert, L. B. Fletcher, et al. "High-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the high energy density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser." Review of Scientific Instruments 92, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 013101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0022886.

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44

Vannoni, M., and I. Freijo Martín. "Large aperture Fizeau interferometer commissioning and preliminary measurements of a long x-ray mirror at European X-ray Free Electron Laser." Review of Scientific Instruments 87, no. 5 (May 2016): 051901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4949005.

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45

Chen, Ye, Frank Brinker, Winfried Decking, Matthias Scholz, and Lutz Winkelmann. "Perspectives towards Sub-Ångström Working Regime of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser with Low-Emittance Electron Beams." Applied Sciences 11, no. 22 (November 15, 2021): 10768. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112210768.

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Sub-ångström working regime refers to a working state of free-electron lasers which allows the generation of hard X-rays at a photon wavelength of 1 ångström and below, that is, a photon energy of 12.5 keV and above. It is demonstrated that the accelerators of the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser can provide highly energetic electron beams of up to 17.5 GeV. Along with long variable-gap undulators, the facility offers superior conditions for exploring self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) in the sub-ångström regime. However, the overall FEL performance relies quantitatively on achievable electron beam qualities through a kilometers-long accelerator beamline. Low-emittance electron beam production and the associated start-to-end beam physics thus becomes a prerequisite to dig in the potentials of SASE performance towards higher photon energies. In this article, we present the obtained results on electron beam qualities produced with different accelerating gradients of 40 MV/m–56 MV/m at the cathode, as well as the final beam qualities in front of the undulators via start-to-end simulations considering realistic conditions. SASE studies in the sub-ångström regime, using optimized electron beams, are carried out at varied energy levels according to the present state of the facility, that is, a pulsed mode operating with a 10 Hz-repetition 0.65 ms-long bunch train energized to 14 GeV and 17.5 GeV. Millijoule-level SASE intensity is obtained at a photon energy of 25 keV at 14 GeV electron beam energy using a gain length of about 7 m. At 17.5 GeV, half-millijoule lasing is achieved at 40 keV. Lasing at up to 50 keV is demonstrated with pulse energies in the range of a few hundreds and tens of microjoules with existing undulators and currently achievable electron beam qualities.

46

Popov, A. N., S. V. Bobashev, N. O. Bezverkhnii, and A. A. Sorokin. "On the possibility of research the photon-photon interaction at the European X-ray Free Electron Laser – European XFEL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1400 (November 2019): 022008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1400/2/022008.

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47

Grychtol, P., N. Kohlstrunk, J. Buck, S. Thiess, V. Vardanyan, D. Doblas-Jimenez, J. Ohnesorge, et al. "The SXP instrument at the European XFEL." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2380, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2380/1/012043.

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Abstract The successful implementation of the baseline instruments at the European XFEL has triggered a second phase of instrument developments aiming to extend the portfolio of available techniques. At the soft X-ray undulator (SASE 3), the Soft X-ray Port (SXP) instrument is currently under construction. Conceived as an open port, it focuses primarily on femtosecond time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (TR-XPES), which has proven to be a powerful tool to understand the properties of materials and the interaction between their internal degrees of freedom. The extension of this technique to the soft X-ray energy range is only possible at MHz free electron lasers (FELs) due to space-charge effects which limit the maximum photon flux per pulse on the sample. In this contribution, the SXP instrument at the European XFEL and the implementation of TR-XPES using a momentum microscope are presented. The photon energy range available at SASE 3, 0.25 keV to 3.5 keV, and the variable polarization will allow for the simultaneous characterization of the electronic, magnetic, chemical and structural properties of materials with femtosecond time resolution. To this end, a wide range of laser excitation wavelengths, ranging from the XUV to the THz region, will be available.

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Geloni, Gianluca, Frank Brinker, Winfried Decking, Jan Grünert, Marc Guetg, Theophilos Maltezopoulos, Dirk Noelle, et al. "Frequency-Mixing Lasing Mode at European XFEL." Applied Sciences 11, no. 18 (September 13, 2021): 8495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11188495.

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We demonstrate generation of X-ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL) pulses in frequency mixing mode at the SASE3 line of the European XFEL. The majority of the SASE3 FEL segments are tuned at two frequencies ω1 and ω2 following an alternate pattern. Leveraging on non-linearities generated through longitudinal dispersion in the system, we obtain electron bunching at a frequency difference ωFM=ω2−ω1. FEL amplification at ωFM follows in a few last radiator segments. We report on the generation of frequency mixing at photon energies between 500 eV and 1100 eV with pulse energies, depending on the length of the radiator, in the mJ level. This method allows generating low photon energies in cases where the FEL runs at high electron energy and the target photon energy cannot be reached in the main undulator, with the simple addition of a short, custom-made afterburner.

49

Lobanova, E. Yu, S. M. Suturin, S. L. Molodtsov, and A. E. Romanov. "INVESTIGATION OF THE ULTRAFAST MAGNETIC DYNAMICS IN Co/Pt MULTILAYER STRUCTURES AND EXAMPLES OF OTHER STUDIES AT THE EUROPEAN XFEL FACILITY." Кристаллография 68, no. 4 (July 1, 2023): 621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0023476123600222.

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The European X-ray Free-Electron Laser (EuXFEL) Facility is the leading international scientific center for studying the structure and properties of materials using coherent X-rays with high temporal and spatial resolution. The results of the collaboration of the EuXFEL experts and the researchers of the ITMO University in 2015–2022 are briefly described. The unique possibilities of the EuXFEL are demonstrated by an example of studying the ultrafast magnetic dynamics by the researchers of the ITMO University in 2019.

50

Zhang, J., M. Andrä, R. Barten, A. Bergamaschi, M. Brückner, R. Dinapoli, E. Fröjdh, et al. "Towards Gotthard-II: development of a silicon microstrip detector for the European X-ray Free-Electron Laser." Journal of Instrumentation 13, no. 01 (January 26, 2018): P01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/01/p01025.

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