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1
Barkhof, Sandra. "European integration and European identity : case study : the European dimension in secondary schooling." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/436.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis explores some of the issues concerning the concept of European identity. In particular, the aim is to assess how far school education is a suitable method to foster a European identity and support for European integration. In this context, the thesis aims to investigate whether the historic and more recent political and national developments in England and Germany have resulted in different attitudes to European integration, European identity and subsequently to a European dimension in education. The analysis also compares the general attitude towards national and European identity and European integration in England and Germany and assesses if different attitudes have resulted in a different implementation of a European dimension in education. To facilitate this analysis, the political and national development in England and Germany as well as the emergence of the European idea and the history of European integration will be discussed. The assessment of a European dimension in secondary education in England and Germany includes an analysis of documentary material and selected curricula. In addition, a survey has been carried out among a sample of German and English head and subject teachers to explore aspects of the practical implementation of a European dimension. The findings show that there are significant differences between the two countries concerning their understanding and implementation of a European dimension in education. Many of these differences can be attributed to different attitudes to national and European identity and European integration.
2
Puri, Mohitkumar. "European supply chain study." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58523.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-77).
Introduction: Supply chain management has been defined as, "..a set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses and stores, so that merchandise is produced and distributed at the right quantities, to the right locations and at the right time, in order to minimize system-wide costs.... satisfying service level requirements.. " -- ".. integration of activities ..through improved supply chain relationships to achieve sustainable competitive advantage.. " -- "..coordination and collaboration with channel partners.. coordination of process and activities.. " [53] "..from the ore mine to the trash can... the production and distribution network that encompasses the sourcing, manufacturing, transportation, commercialization, distribution, consumption, and disposal of goods.. " -- "...flow of requirement information from buyer to seller which triggers all later activities, the movement of goods from sellers to buyers, transfer of ownership rights from seller to buyer and payment from buyer to seller. " The above definitions offer a broad spectrum of supply chain orientation and management choices available to companies. They could vary from a transactional orientation that is focused on low cost acquisition; to one where stronger relationships are established with key suppliers and customers in an effort to optimize and capture synergies; onward to a partnership orientation that is focused on supporting mutual goals for a sustainable competitive advantage. Making the right choice is essential. It can have a significant impact on a company's balance sheet and income statement. GSCF and SCOR are two popular process frameworks in supply chain management [36]. Corporate strategy is the starting point of the GSCF framework, with the operational aspects of customer relationship management and supplier relationship management linked to the strategy. Its process metrics are related to EVA. On the other hand, the SCOR framework focuses on transactional efficiency by integrating operational activities such as purchasing, operations, and logistics. It benchmarks process metrics to improve operational efficiency.
by Mohitkumar Puri.
S.M.
3
Di, Caprio Giulia <1995>. "European projects European funding structure and a project case study." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/15911.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nowadays, European funding represents great support for organizations having a purpose in line with the European strategy for the period 2014-2020. The main purpose of this elaborate is to state that European Funds produce positive social-economic impacts for those Countries that, through organizations, can receive them and be able to implement the proposed projects. Moreover, the thesis aims to provide a general but consistent overview of the European Funding structure and how various national and local entities can get their projects financed. To face those matters, I decided to split the thesis into two macro-categories: the first part “An introduction to the European financial tools” and the second part “The case study: ihavet project”.
The first part of this elaborate lends an acute overview on the mechanism behind the European funding system, with the purpose to provide the greatest possible understanding of how and how many financial aids, local and national organizations can obtain from Europe. With this purpose, all the process phases behind the preparation and application of the project are deep exposed. This first part ends by addressing the fundamental concept of Project Cycle Management (PCM), which is been introduced to improve the project quality and management, as well as their effectiveness. This theoretical overview is useful to better understand the project management of the Case Study.
The second part of this paper aims to validate the effectiveness of the theoretical concepts, previously presented, to the practical case IHAVET, a project that got funded by the Erasmus+ program. I joined IHAVET during my internship in Belgium at ECEPAA, a Belgian NGO. To correctly introduce the case study, firstly it is useful to propose how the Erasmus+ program is structured and how it works. This elaborate, by providing the project management of IHAVET, confirms the importance of all the theoretical process presented during the related part and, by providing a deep analysis of groups target chosen and of the expected results, it also confirms the positive impact that EU projects are having on the European society.
4
Li, Xin. "European identity, a case study." Thesis, University of Macau, 2009. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2555548.
Повний текст джерела
5
Rathinam, Karthikeyan Siddharth. "Mobile Payments - A Comparative study between European and Non-European Market." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för informations- och kommunikationsteknik (ICT), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-143495.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mobile Payments’ is a new technological mantra not only for researchers, innovators, company executives, but also for every household across the globe. True to the statement, Mobile payments are in the verge of taking a giant leap towards a cashless society. Accordingly, mobile payment services are still followed in both developed and developing countries. In the developing economies, mobile based payment services has reached a pinnacle of success in a short span of time due to the favouring conditions such as very few banked people with more mobile phone penetration etc. But in the developed markets such as Europe, USA etc., with more advanced technology and payment solutions find it difficult to reach a steady growth. In this thesis, the main objective is to find out the factors that are hindering the uptake of mobile payments in European market. This is done by comparing the Non-European market with the European one and analysing the factors for success in the developing market and this success factors are considered for the European market which can be the lessons learnt for a better uptake of mobile payments. For this, four countries are selected in each of the markets. This analysis is made by diving into two phases. In the first phase, different cases of mobile payment present in both the markets are taken and analysed. In the second phase, factors considered for influencing the success of mobile payments such as Socio-economic conditions, Technology and Hardware used, Actors involvement, Pricing, Regulatory issues and Consumer acceptance are collected, analysed for both the markets. The analysis is done for two phases and for each phase a separate framework is used. Once the analyses are done, a summary of the results are produced. Based upon the summary of both the phases, the overlying factors causing success in Non-European market are identified and explained. Then they are compared with the European market to identify where certain suitable lessons can be learnt from the developing market. The identified factors are considered as the lessons to be learnt for a big break in mobile payment industry. In the future work section, Contactless mobile payments (CMP) is explained and their future scope in mobile payment ecosystem is discussed.
6
Söderlind, Albert, and Jenny Larsson. "European migration : A study of the migration flows in the European Union." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-1219.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att analysera vilka faktorer som påverkar att människor migrerar inom den europeiska unionen. Data över in och utflöden av människor har samlats in för varje medlemsstat och använts i en regression som beroende variabel. Som oberoende variabler användes faktorer som kunde tänkas ha en påverkan på människors beslut att migrera eller inte för vilka data för varje land också samlats in. Faktorer som använts är arbetslöshet, utbildningsnivå, och ekonomisk tillväxt. En dummy variabel har använts för att skilja på de 10 "nya" medlemsstaterna och den 15 som var medlemmar innan 2004. De 10 senast blivna medlemmarna har en etta, och de tidigare 15 medlemmarna en nolla. För att analysera resultaten har human kapital modellen och Todaros migrationsmodell använts.
7
Teppett, Jonathan Lee. "An investigation into financial sector integration in the European Economic Area (EEA) : measuring and evaluating potential costs and benefits for selected European countries." Thesis, Bangor University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359666.
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8
Casu, Barbara. "A comparative study of efficiency in European banking." Thesis, Bangor University, 2000. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-comparative-study-of-efficiency-in-european-banking(af716ac6-1012-4d8d-99bf-0d53e3124171).html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis investigates whether there has been an improvement and convergence of productive efficiency across European banking markets since the creation of the Single Internal Market: it examines the main European banking systems between 1993 and 1997 and estimates the efficiency characteristics of these markets by employing nonparametric estimation techniques, in the form of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and the Free Disposal Hull (FDH) approach. In addition, this study also evaluates the productivity change across banking markets employing the Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI). Using efficiency measures derived from DEA estimation, it also evaluates the determinants of European bank efficiency using the Tobit regression model approach. Finally, this thesis extends the established literature on modelling the determinants of bank efficiency by recognising the problem of the inherent dependency of DEA efficiency scores when used in regression analysis. To overcome the dependency problem, a bootstrapping technique is applied. Overall, the results suggest that since the EU's Single Market Programme there has been a small improvement in bank efficiency levels, although there is little evidence to suggest that these have converged. The results also suggest that inference on the determinants of bank efficiency drawn from non-bootstrapped regression analysis may be biased and misleading.
9
Burke, Patrick D. M. "European Nuclear Disarmament : a study of transnational social movement strategy." Thesis, University of Westminster, 2004. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/93155/european-nuclear-disarmament-a-study-of-transnational-social-movement-strategy.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is a study of an attempt to help create a transnational movement against the nuclear arms race and the Cold War in the 1980s. The attempt began with the drafting and launch of the Appeal for European Nuclear Disarmament in early 1980. The thesis describes and analyses the work of the British group, European Nuclear Disarmament, or END, which was founded in order to further the aims outlined in the Appeal. The thesis examines END's work in three, overlapping, geographical areas: Britain, where END acted mainly as a pressure group on and/or ginger group within CND in an attempt to internationalize - END-ize - its work; in Western Europe (including Britain), where END (with other Western peace groups) was trying to create and sustain enduring ties amongst Western peace groups; and across the East-West divide, where END was one of a number of groups that engaged in dialogue with independent forces in the Soviet bloc - while maintaining relations with the regimes - with the aim of creating some kind of pan-European alliance that would bring together above all these forces and Western peace groups. The study is conducted in terms of an explanatory framework that emphasizes the pre-existing networks out of which END emerged; the distinctive END worldview or 'frame' and the ways in which END supporters campaigned in its terms, tried to persuade others to adopt it, and/or adapted it - above all in dialogue with independent groups in the Soviet bloc; the resources and structure that helped determine the work END activists could do; the way in which this campaigning was shaped by END's relationship with other peace groups, in Britain above all CND; and the political opportunities and constraints that END activists faced. To date there has been no full-length study of END nor one that analyses the various dimensions of its campaign and how they shaped each other. This thesis thus aims to be a contribution to our knowledge of the West European peace movements of the 1980s; it also hopes to add to our understanding of transnational social-movement campaigning.
10
Bilgi, Seniz. "A Comparative Study Of The European Union." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608588/index.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis mainly analyses the change in the enlargement strategy of the European Union (EU) especially in the case of Turkey. Although the Union has always sought ways to enlarge, it has been rather reluctant as far as accepting Turkey as a full member into the EU is concerned. In 2004, the EU enlarged so as to include the Central and East European countries (CEECs), but Romania and Bulgaria were left behind since they did not fulfill the membership criteria at the time. However, these two countries became members on January 1, 2007 and Turkey is still waiting in the line to become a member. Therefore, the writer has chosen Turkey and Bulgaria in order to analyze the change in the enlargement strategy of the Union. The medium to arrive at conclusions as regards the strategy is mainly the environmental aid as the two countries display noticeable differences. Furthermore, the enlargement strategy papers prepared by the European Commission have also been analyzed in order to see the changing attitude of the EU especially by re-introducing the concept of absorption capacity. Even though the Union states it keeps its open door to new members, the new enlargement strategy proves that it will be rather difficult for the candidate states and especially Turkey to enter into the EU.
11
Харчишина, Олена Володимирівна, Наталія Петрівна Прищепа, Olena Volodymyrivna Kharchyshyna, and Nataliia Petrivna Pryshchepa. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PUBLIC CSR POLICIES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES." Thesis, Національний авіаційний університет, 2017. http://er.nau.edu.ua/handle/NAU/30928.
Повний текст джерела
12
Salter, John-Paul. "Lobbying in the European regulatory arena : a study of banks and the European Banking Authority." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2015. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1473189/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Extant studies of lobbying in the European Union (EU) by private actors have focused on the legislative arena: how such actors target the Commission, or the Parliament. These works have generally considered lobbyists as uniform transnational capitalist actors, seeking to extend the reach, or depth, of the single market. Recent advances in supranational institutional capacity have begun to create a ‘single European regulatory space’ (Levi-Faur, 2011), through which the EU now seeks to achieve market delivery. However, to date there has been little study of how private actors lobby this new institutional venue. Using the example of the European Banking Authority (EBA) – one of the regulatory institutions in this new arena – this thesis examines the patterns in lobbying behaviour. It takes the cases of British and German banks, and uses the notion of durable variations in domestic contexts to account for differences in their lobbying activities. This approach draws on the work of Hall and Soskice (2001), and posits that domestic financial systems and their associated regulatory regimes shape lobbying in the European regulatory arena. These features of the national landscapes condition banks’ holding, and deployment, of lobbying resources; and shape their beliefs about European bank regulation - meaning that banks engage essentially as national capitalist actors. The thesis uses a variety of qualitative data to investigate these activities and their roots. The findings show that banks’ lobbying behaviours can be seen to remain grounded in their national contexts; and in turn that the strength of these domestic institutional and ideational structures mean that a great deal of lobbying remains distinctly national, even where directed at a supranational venue. Targeting of the EBA is fragmented and contingent.
13
Dam, Ewout. "European Innovation Policy through the European Regional Development Fund : A case study of East-Netherlands." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för fysisk planering, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-14965.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In this study is analysed how the ERDF (European Regional Development Funding) in East-Netherlands approaches innovation and how this approach is shaped and complemented byEuropean, national and regional policy. This is done by analysing how the targeted interventionapproach and the institutional approach are used in the ERDF and adjacent policies. The twoapproaches are both based on a different argument on how innovation policy makes an impact.By doing this the study contributes to the analysis of European policy and it empirically appliesconcepts used in theory on innovation and regional economic development. This gives policy makersinput for the development of innovation policy and especially for the development of Europeanpolicy post 2020. For academia this study shows theoretical gaps in the concepts applied andprovides suggestions for further research on these concepts. The study concludes that ERDF fundingin East-Netherlands is strongly based on the targeted intervention approach. The use of thisapproach results from the governance structure under which ERDF is implemented. The EU 2020strategy has been influential in the final shape of the policy, while the national level has a lessimportant role. Innovation policy at the regional level complements the ERDF policy because it is alsobased on concepts from the targeted intervention approach. The institutional policy implemented atthe European and national level has weaker links with the ERDF programme.
14
Strom̈o, ̈. Jon Erik. "A Study of the Negotiations of the European Agreements between the EU and Visegrad." av Jon Erik Strom̈o ̈Hovedoppgave i Statsvitenskap, Universitetet i Oslo, 1999. http://www.ub.uio.no/ubit/hopp/publ/stromo/.
Повний текст джерела
15
Östensson, Sandra. "Young people on the move: A study about young Europeans who participate in European Voluntary Service." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-87004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The primary aim of this study is to investigate young people´s motives and expectations for participating in the action two “European Voluntary Service” (EVS) under the Youth In Action programme supported by the European Commission at the youth center Villa Elba in Finland. The study also aims to identify which competences the young people think they have developed through EVS. The study consists of one group interview and one focus group interview with ten EVS volunteers in total who accomplish short-term EVS and long term EVS during one month respectively nine months. The methodology is based upon a qualitative research approach and in order to reach a better understanding of the respondents’ motives for participating in EVS, the theories modernity, reflexive project of the self and the individualized society were chosen. The study is also based upon background information about EVS and earlier research. The results indicate that the EVS volunteers’ main motives for participating in EVS were: acquiring new skills, meet new people, and experience an adventure in another country. The most common competence developments turned out to be in the areas of language, social and initiative skills. Moreover, the study demonstrates that many young people in Europe face difficulties in getting into the labour market and becoming independent. The main reason is the economic recession which has severely affected the situation for young people in Europe and this is also confirmed by earlier research. Even though the respondents had positive opinions about their EVS project, criticism was raised towards the European Union´s ideas of creating a feeling of European Citizenship through programmes such as EVS.
16
Göksu, Fatih. "European identity on the perspective of incoming and outgoing Eramus students: a study of stereotypes and prejudices as cultural differences." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402436.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
European education programs and European identity are acknowledged as inextricable concepts considering the fact that education programs such as Erasmus plays an important role on the construction of European identity by using exchange programs to create awareness. This study mainly tries to realize if incoming and outgoing Erasmus students are conscious of this European identity and if stereotypes and prejudices as intercultural communication barriers are obstacles in this construction based on the fact that Erasmus students live in intercultural community. European exchange programs such as Erasmus have a proved effect to strengthen relations among European societies. In this context, the research investigates if Erasmus as a most important exchange program has an effect to build European identity. Besides the research tries to understand how Erasmus student see their own identity in relation to European one and what effect are observed in students’ national identity by investigating Catalan Erasmus students.Els programes d’educació de la Unió Europea i la identitat Europea són reconeguts com a conceptes que inevitablement van de la mà, donat que programes educatius com l’Erasmus juguen un paper important en la construcció de la identitat Europea, i són utilitzats per crear consciencia. Aquest estudi tracta d’analitzar si els estudiants d’Erasmus, tant els que arriben com els que marxen, són conscients d’aquesta identitat Europea, així com determinar si els estereotips i prejudicis, tals com les barreres de comunicació interculturals, són obstacles en la construcció d’aquesta identitat, basant-nos en que aquests estudiants viuen dins de comunitats interculturals. Programes Europeus d’intercanvi com el programa Erasmus tenen el poder particular per enfortir les relacions entre les diferents societats europees. En aquest context, l’estudi investiga si l’Erasmus, com a programa d’intercanvi més important, repercuteix directament en la creació de la identitat Europea. A més, l’estudi intenta entendre com els estudiants d’Erasmus viuen la seva pròpia identitat en relació amb l’Europea, i quins efectes s’observen en la identitat nacional dels estudiants a través d’investigar els estudiants d’Erasmus catalans
17
Saxon, Belinda Sue. ""Borrowing from the east" a study of types of Western theater adaptations of Chinese opera, Japanese noh, and kabuki /." online access from Digital Dissertation Consortium access full-text, 1992. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/er/db/ddcdiss.pl?1351076.
Повний текст джерела
18
Islam, Abu Hena Md Mamnul, and Md Faisal. "Investment Diversification : A study on six European Countries." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Handelshögskolan vid Umeå universitet (USBE), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-54671.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
"It is the part of a wise man to keep himself today for tomorrow, and not venture all his eggs in one basket." - Don Quixote (Part I, Book III, Chapter 9) by Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra [1547-1616] This research aimed to investigate whether it is possible for investors to diversify their investment and reduce the risk of investment by investing in the selected European countries. Stock market cointegration and international diversification is a widely accepted topic among the scholars and academics in recent years. This current study is motivated from the significant amount of interesting studies in this field. A combination of not perfectly positively correlated instruments gives the investor an opportunity to gain from portfolio diversification. Similarly, Investors can attain diversification benefit if one country’s stock market is not cointegrated with other country’s stock market. Six European countries and a time frame of ten years (January, 2001 to December, 2010) have been taken into consideration for the purpose of this research. The countries are UK, Denmark, Germany, Spain, Poland, and Czech Republic. The time period of the study is divided into two sub period to observe the recent crisis effect on these selected countries. A quantitative approach is adopted in the research. We used an econometric model for this research which is Johansen and Juselius multivariate cointegration approach. The evidence from the study suggest that although cointegration exists among the selected countries in some extent, investors can still get some diversification opportunity by investing in the emerging countries (Czech Republic and Poland). This study is unique in the sense that in our research, we wanted to fill the research gap by combining new and old EU member countries with the latest time period of study and also considered the recent crisis effect. This study has a number of implications on portfolio managers, policy makers, and academic scholars.
19
Dargenidou, Christina. "Accounting conservatism in expected earnings : a European study." Thesis, Bangor University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.432055.
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20
Abdal-maged, Nesma Ahmed Hshmet. "A study of the impact of the single European currency on the European stock markets integration." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413922.
Повний текст джерела
21
Shepherd, Claire. "Gender role attitudes : a European cross-national study, 1990-2008." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/gender-role-attitudes-a-european-crossnational-study-19902008(7445afb9-c3fa-4805-9f1d-4726e31fbc28).html.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
There has been a renewed research focus on developments within the family as a result of the broad social, economic and cultural developments that have occurred across Europe since the middle of the twentieth century. Arguably the rise in female, and particularly maternal employment, has produced the greatest impact on family life and gender roles. Given that this division of labour is changing there is debate about whether men and women's expectations and acceptance of some aspects of gender roles - their gender role attitudes - have also changed. Gender role attitudes feed into an array of sociological debates such as those concerning gender inequalities, women's position in the labour market, declining fertility rates and family breakdown, and naturally feeds into the discourse surrounding welfare state and policy decision making. Whilst discussions that concern the family and personal life have also been littered with debates about the existence and influence of individualisation over every aspect of modern life. Three waves of the European Values Study (EVS) are used to explore gender role attitude change, focusing on the division of labour, over time from 1990 to 2008 and across 19 countries in Europe. Two data classification techniques are used to derive a three pronged and interconnected measure of gender role attitudes (Maternal employment, Job fulfilment and Economic independence). Two types of cluster analyses are then used to explore similarities in attitude change across countries and over time. Five welfare state typologies are then tested based on their efficacy to predict attitudes to gender roles. Finally cohort and sex-based variations in attitudes are also examined. The main findings are:• Gender role attitudes have shifted at the cross-European level towards more progressive perspectives over time from 1990-2008, with men found to be lagging behind women's more liberal attitudes.• There is evidence that welfares state typologies capture only a small amount of variance within gender role attitudes and therefore little evidence is found to support the idea that similarities in family-policy and socio-economic contexts are mirrored by similar attitudes.• The findings uncover evidence to indicate that both cohort and period effects are associated with gender role attitude change over time.• The results also identify some congruence with specific elements from theories of individualisation. The study supports findings of previous research that suggests people in these countries seem to be becoming more accepting of women's evolving biographies but that gender inequalities remain and men's attitudes continue to lag behind those of women. There is evidence to both support and reject the idea that we are living in more individualised societies.
22
Croxford, Gregory John. "The implementation of European Community regional policy : a study of the European Regional Development Fund and the European Social Fund in the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/608.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis develops the argument that research on the European Community (EC) could be enriched by studies of how Community policies are implemented. The processes by which EC policies are formulated have been the subject of a great deal of research. However, the way in which these policies are subsequently put into practice and whether or not their objectives are achieved has received very little attention. Yet these processes may be highly complex, involving a large variety of institutions and actors at Community, national and regional levels. The complexity of implementation and of the Community's political system offers scope for a significant "implementation gap" between policy objectives and outcomes. This study is therefore about the implementation of EC regional policy. More specifically, it focus*is- on the operation in the United Kingdom of two Community Funds with regional objectives; namely, the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the European Social Fund (ESF). In particular, the activities of the two Funds in South West England are examined. The research also assesses the roles in implementation of the European Commission and national government departments in the UK. The research shows that the UK government is able to influence many aspects of the implementation process by means of its pivotal role in decision-making and its ability to control many financial aspects of the provision of EC grants. As a result, the objectives of the ERDF and ESF may be overwhelmed by the entirely national objectives of government. On the other hand, this study demonstrates that the European Commission can exert some control in order to pursue the Funds' "Community" objectives. The organisations at regional level which actually apply for EC grants are also shown to be of importance. Their involvement is determined by factors such as government restrictions on expenditure, assisted area status, the availability of information, local iniciative and the efficiency of organisational structurcs. The research, which coincided with a period in which EC regional policy is being reformed, calls for more explicit concern in the future with how the Community's increasingly prominent regional development objectives are put into practice. Moreover, it asserts that studying how Community policies operate can help to shed more light on the nature of the EC's political system.
23
Toth, Tibor. "European integration and assessment of entry into the European Union the case study of the Slovak Republic /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 1.63Mb, 234 p, 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3181858.
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Bieler, Andreas. "Austria's and Sweden's accession to the European Community : a comparative neo-Gramscian case study of European integration." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1998. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/50773/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Since the 1 January 1995, Austria and Sweden have been members of the European Community (EC). This thesis analyses why the two countries joined the EC at a moment, when the latter's development towards a neo-liberal economic policy embodied in the Internal Market and the convergence criteria of the Economic and Monetary Union endangered their traditional Keynesian economic policy making and when the steps towards a Common Foreign and Security Policy threatened Austria's and Sweden's policies of neutrality. It is argued that the process leading to application and then the struggle around the referenda on membership in Austria and Sweden have to analysed against the background of globalisation, a structural change experienced since the early 1970s and characterised by the transnationalisation of production and finance and a shift from Keynesianism to neo-liberalism. Established theories of integration, which take existing power structures as given, are unable to explain instances of structural change. Consequently, a critical theory derived from neo-Gramscianism is developed as an alternative for the investigation of Austria's and Sweden's accession to the EC. Most importantly, its focus on social forces, engendered by the production process, allows the approach to conceptualise globalisation. Applied to the Austrian and Swedish case, it is established that alliances of internationally-oriented and transnational social forces of capital and labour respectively, supported by those institutions linked to the global economy such as the Finance Ministries, were behind the drive towards membership in the neo-liberal EC. While they succeeded in their undertaking, the forces opposed to the EC and neoliberalism should not be underestimated. Nationally-oriented labour and capital in Austria and labour mainly from the public sector in Sweden together with the Green Parties in both countries may well mount a successful challenge in the future. Changes in the international structure, although not of primary importance, implied that neutrality was no big obstacle to EC membership in the late 1980s/early 1990s. Gorbachev's liberal foreign policy and a general decline in the power of the Soviet Union in the case of Austria and the end of the Cold War in the case of Sweden allowed the pro-EC forces in both countries to redefine neutrality in a way that made it compatible with membership.
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Richt, Victoria. "A Study on the Implementation and Effect of the Common European Asylum System in the European Union." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för globala politiska studier (GPS), 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22516.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Denna uppsats ämnar att undersöka arbetet med den gemensamma asyl policyn inom EU.Beslutet för policyn togs 1999 vid EU mötet i Finska Tammerfors och började med en plan på fem år.Jag vill i denna studie se vad som har hänt sedan 1999 och effekten av detta på personer som söker asyl inom EU:s gränser. Detta är ett interdisciplinärt arbete genom att jag ser på faktorer som de legala utvecklingarna genom vilka lagar som presenterats och implementerats samt ett frågeformulär som jag sänt till personer som jobbar för organisationer i samarbete med the European Council for Refugees and Exiles för att få deras syn på utvecklingen. Jag presenterar även statistik och diagram från the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees för att illustrera mönster i utvecklingen av migrationsmönster. Utgångspunkten för harmoniseringen är att alla Medlems Stater ska behandla ansökningar om asyl på ett likvärdigt sätt, men under nuvarande omständigheter verkar det som att det finns stora skillnader i antalet ansökningar, antalet erkända flyktingar och vilken status som godkänns inom EU:s medlemsländer.Dublin regulationen uppfattas som ett orättvist verktyg mot asylsökanden eftersom staterna har olikheter i erkännandet och olika status för flyktingar. EU:s medlemsländer har en ganska lång väg kvar i harmoniseringsarbetet innan de kan hävda att de har likvärdig hantering av asylsökanden.The aim of this study is to investigate the development of the Common European Asylum System which was called for at the Tampere European Council in 1999. The intention was to harmonize the legal standards of asylum seekers and refugees and coordinating the policies Thus, with this study I want to give an account as to what has happened so far and what effect this might have had on asylum seekers in the Member States of the European Union.This is done through an interdisciplinary approach by looking at the developments in the legal section as to what laws have been passed and implemented so far but also with a questionnaire sent to organizations working in connection to European Council for Refugees and Exiles aiming to understand their perception of the harmonization process. Further, I present statistics and diagrams taken from statistic publications of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in order to illustrate patterns in the history of migration as to trends and patterns.The main idea of the harmonization process is that all Member States should treat asylum applications in a similar way. However at present there still seems to be major differences in the numbers of applications, the recognition rates and what status granted between the Member States of the European Union. The Dublin Regulation is perceived as an unjust tool against the asylum seekers since states have differences in the recognition and statuses. The Member States of the European Union still have a very long way to go in this harmonization process to claim equal treatment of asylum seekers.
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Silva, Jorge Francisco da. "How good is your english?: um Estudo dos Níveis de Proficiência do Quadro Comum Europeu (Common European Framework of Reference)." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2016. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1202.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
O objeto de investigação desta dissertação é o Quadro Comum Europeu (Common European Framework of Reference) e seus níveis de proficiência em línguas estrangeiras. O Quadro ou CEFR começou a ser desenvolvido pelos quase 50 paísesmembros do Conselho Europeu em 1991. As matrizes de referência do CEFR tornaram-se um marco internacional e oferecem atualmente orientações para a formulação de políticas linguísticas para o ensino, aprendizagem e avaliação em cerca de 30 línguas europeias, incluindo o inglês. Apesar de o CEFR também ser usado no Brasil em cursos preparatórios para testes internacionais e em vários tipos de processos seletivos, pouco se sabe sobre ele e a literatura sobre o assunto em português ainda é escassa. O objetivo geral deste estudo é investigar quais teorias de
linguagem foram usadas na elaboração do CEFR. O objetivo específico é analisar as concepções de língua/linguagem, ensino e aprendizagem, sujeito e avaliação do CEFR para entender como os seus níveis de proficiência foram determinados. Por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, foram reunidas e organizadas diversas publicações do Conselho Europeu, de suas instituições parceiras e de pesquisadores
independentes, para investigar as questões propostas nesta dissertação. Ao final, foi possível estabelecer a evolução histórica das bases teóricas do CEFR, com origem na Virada Linguística, passando pela Escola da Filosofia da Linguagem e pelas disciplinas da Sociolinguística e da Pragmática. As diferentes concepções, com destaque para a concepção de língua/linguagem no CEFR, também foram devidamente analisadas. Finalmente, foi possível compreender com mais profundidade como os referidos níveis de proficiência foram determinados.The object of research of this thesis is the Common European Framework (CEFR) and its levels of proficiency in foreign languages. The development of the CEFR by nearly 50 member countries of the European Council started in 1991. The CEFR reference scales have become an international landmark and currently provide guidelines for the formulation of language policies for teaching, learning and assessment in about 30 European languages, including English. Although the CEFR is also used in Brazil in preparatory programs and in different types of selection processes, little is known about it and the literature on the subject in Portuguese is still scarce. The general aim of this study is to investigate which language theories were used in preparing the CEFR. Our specific aim is to analyze the concepts of language, teaching, learning, self and assessment in the CEFR to understand how its proficiency levels were determined. By means of a bibliographical research, several publications of the European Council, partner institutions and independent researchers were gathered and organized to investigate the questions proposed in this research. In the end, it was possible to establish the historical evolution of the theoretical basis of the CEFR, its origins in the Linguistic Turn, with later developments from the School of Philosophy of Language and the disciplines of Sociolinguistics and Pragmatics. The different concepts, especially the concept of language in the CEFR, were also duly considered. Finally, it was possible to understand more clearly how the said proficiency levels were determined.
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Pincus, Sonja M. "Women Organize : A Study of four European Women's Organizations." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-17310.
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Havnes, Per-Anders. "Dynamics of small business internationalisation : a European panel study." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/1514.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Internationalisation has become part of the daily life of most small and medium sized enterprises (SME) in Europe. The internationalisation of enterprises is a dynamic phenomenon and is in this thesis studied as one specific example of change processes in the development of SMEs. Previous research on internationalisation has largely been explorative, most often without any modelling of causal relationships, and with insufficient definitions of concepts. The dominating dynamic models have been based on the assumption of un idirectional changes in small steps, and only cross sectional data have been used. The present research is one of the first where longitudinal date is available for studying the process of internationalisation. The data comes from a panel consisting of 1700 SMEs from 7 countries in Europe where each firm is observed 4 or 5 times in the period 1991-95. Around 47% ofthe enterprises in the panel exhibit development of their export quota which can be explained by an incremental change modeL. Importantly, an almost equally large proportion, 45% ofthe enterprises, exhibit fluctuations in their export quota which can not be explained by the incremental change models. Although variations have been found, the non-incremental change patterns are significantly represented in all countries, all size classes of enterprises and in all industry sectors; and can therefore be considered to be general features -- not patterns associated with specific sub groups of enterprises. The causal analyses of factors influencing export orientation were not able to identify a temporally stable regression model for export quota. The endogenous variable market extension has been found to be influenced by four composite measures: external interaction (+), available capacity (-), employment (+), and manager capabilities (+). Measured by growth in total sale, there is clear evidence that the non-regular change patterns of export quotas can not be regarded as indicators of failure. On the contrary, the results suggest that the non-regular change patterns identifY enterprises which successfully use adaptation and flexibility to their competitive advantage. An initial model was build on previous research where conceptualisation and relationships have mainly been tested with cross-sectional data. This model did not stand up to a test with longitudinal data. The discrepancy between cross sectional and longitudinal modelling indicates that there is a qualitative difference in what can be deduced from research based on one observation and multiple observations. The same conclusion can be derived from the fact that factor analyses as well as path analyses produced different results when the yearly data sets were analysed separately or concurrently.
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Magro, Jean Pierre. "Producing a European native transmedia project : a case study." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16480.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The delivery of fiction across multiple platforms is becoming an increasingly important component of the contemporary media landscape. Transmedia storytelling is no longer a mere buzzword. Content creators, seeking to expand the lifespan of their IP’s and their revenues, are looking for ways to exploit the migratory consumption patterns of today’s media users. However, to date, storytellers have been unable to fully exploit the possibilities transmedia provides. This practice-led PhD was inspired by the necessity to understand transmedia at a stage when a new grammatical language for creators is needed, as well as updated business models. Rather than examining transmedia from an exclusively theoretical standpoint, this work uses The Tower of Fables, a project created to re-launch fairytales to the hyperlinked kids of today, as a case study. Using research and subsequent assessments, this work aims to shed light on the current situation in Europe, examining the forces at play that influence the way practitioners conceive and design a fictional world meant to unfold across distinct media. Media production is always subject to external pressures, influences and constraints. This practice-led PhD offers a breakdown of the actual development phase of my native transmedia project. Every choice is backed up by a series of theories in the hope that these practical guideposts can be used by others. The finished work was then taken to the market with the intention of investigating the aesthetic and industrial implications on the creative and financing process, and ultimately to evaluate how they affect the final product. From this it was concluded that media convergence does not necessarily lead to industry convergence. This thesis formulates a case for the urgent need of the creation of formats to facilitate dialogue between creators and investors.
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VON, HOFSTEN LINNEA. "Understanding Financial Regulations A Case Study of European Regulations." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232495.
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Persson, Pontus, and Tatiana Dykina. "A European CSR study about the deviation of valuation." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-185719.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For the last decades, public authorities and private firms have emphasized their focus on integrating sustainability into corporate disclosure. The shift towards CSR instead of the traditional profit maximization narratives is evident in increased demand among various stakeholders for sustainability awareness. Thus, financial and non-financial disclosure legislation have become stricter, forcing companies to be more transparent (European Commission, n.d.). This thesis aims to examine CSR research by arguing from a previously unattended perspective of valuation. Thus, the formulated purpose “is to examine if CSR affects the deviation between intrinsic and market value of firms in the energy sector in Europe”. This sector is highly blamed for contributing to global warming by exhausting a large amount of greenhouse gas emissions (Mezher et al., 2010). Furthermore, this thesis distinguishes itself from other valuation articles by arguing from the paradigm of realism. In doing so, we argue that the intrinsic value is the independent reality instead of the market value. The market value is, in contrast, based on investors aggregated perception of the intrinsic value through information. This separation of the two values becomes theoretically evident from the perspective of irrationality. For this aim, a few well-established theories such as the market equilibrium theory and the efficient market hypothesis have been used to theoretically explain the deviation. To establish the empirical difference of deviation, a T-test was conducted on the ten most extreme ESG score firms in the European energy sector. The applied method for calculating the intrinsic value is a perpetuity version of the Residual Earning Method with an aggregated Capital Asset Pricing Model as the discount rate. In accordance with the implied result, we argue for a significant difference in both an absolute and relative deviation in this sector. Contradicting, our second test, regression analysis, could not validate if the stated finding depends on ESG and its components. Instead, the deviation could be viewed from the control variables: Size, risk, and profitability. Thus, a theoretical explanation could be an indirect relationship of ESG towards the deviation; however, further research is needed to verificate the finding. Ultimately, we contribute on two fronts, both towards theoretical and pragmatic knowledge by arguing from an un addressed research perspective, realism and establish that high ESG firms are undervalued compared to low ESG firms.
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Nijsten, Machteld. "Abortion and constitutional law : a comparative European-American study /." Florence : European university institute, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35732666z.
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Kulczak, Alana-Alice. "The European Union and its Citizens: Belonging together? : A Case Study of European Identity within the Europe for Citizens Programme 2014-2020." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-95854.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In recent years, the European Union has faced increased Euroscepticism and Nationalism. Fostering a sense of belonging of European citizens to and with the EU is crucial to ensuring its legitimacy. However, the EU stays relatively silent on the issue of European identity and how this identity is envisaged. Is the EU a purely political community or does it also have a cultural dimension? The Europe for Citizens Program offers a unique approach in uniting both dimensions of European identity under its objectives of fostering European remembrance and promoting civic participation by connecting them to the practice of active citizenship. This case study analyzed the conceptions of European Identity within the Europe for Citizens Program 2014-2020 and what role active citizenship plays in this context. Although the current program generation does not include an objective to foster European identity, this study found that promoting and constructing this identity in a civic and cultural dimension is a prominent part of the program. Through active participation of European citizens, a sense of belonging to and with the Union is supposed to be created. Europeans are said to belong to a political community that is based on shared cultural values that entail more than just a purely civic dimension.
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Llewelyn, C. W. "European political cooperation and the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe : a case study in European integration." Thesis, Swansea University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.637937.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This thesis is an analysis of European Political Cooperation (EPC) and its role within the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) from its inception to the Paris Charter in 1990. The thesis considers EPC as a foreign policy coordinating mechanism within the European Community (EC) and the EPC and CSCE processes, as intergovernmental structures, within the wider process of post-war European integration. The first part of the thesis examines the origins and development of EPC and before analyzing various theoretical approaches to the process of European integration and EPC's position within that process. The origins and development of the CSCE process are considered next, within the context of post-war European security concerns and the wider process of post-war European integration. The next part of the thesis deals with the CSCE process in detail and examines the operation of EPC at the Helsinki, Belgrade, Madrid and Vienna Conferences along with the various intervening subsidiary and intersessional CSCE meetings. This section assesses EPC's ability to coordinate policies efficiently and effectively and the need to deal with matters of political and military security; problems caused by traditional foreign policy orientations within the EC; relations between the EC and the USA and the Soviet Union; and continuing developments within Europe as a whole and the process of European integration. The thesis concludes with a discussion of the issues raised during the course of the inquiry and an assessment of the EPC and CSCE processes within the context of the 'New Europe'.
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Albuquerque, Nazare Alves de. "The contemporary European response to political crime : a study of the European Community, France and the United Kingdom." Thesis, University of Reading, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336062.
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Pukallus, Stefanie. "A study of the representations of European citizenship and its public communication by the European Commission 1951-2012." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2012. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3207/.
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Niblett, Robin. "The European Community and the Central European three 1989-92 : a study of the Community as an international actor." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284283.
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Webb, Trevor John. "Small European securities markets : a study of trading volume and institutional factors in the evolution of selected European markets." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1996. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1403/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The thesis examines selected small national securities markets in western and central Europe under the influence of change in the structure of world financial market practice and increased information flows. Markets studied in detail and visited on one or more occasions are those of Denmark, Austria, Portugal, Hungary, The Netherlands, Belgium and two German regional exchanges, Hamburg and Bremen. Data on the German market as a whole is studied for its relevance to neighbouring small national exchanges. The formation of new markets in the Czech Republic and Slovakia is observed based on information about, and visits to, Prague and Bratislava. Market institutions, mechanisms and participants, particularly banks and brokers, are examined for their contribution to the viability and validity of each market and the realisation of development potential. The literature of price discovery, returns generation, asymmetrical information, market microstructure and investor behaviour is reviewed, as is the history of national exchanges for determinants of their present-day form and behaviour. Structured, questionnaire-based interviews with market participants, other fieldwork information and the considerable volume of contemporary press and periodical material relating to market reforms constitute the main body of evidence. Market-by-market analysis is conducted to support conclusions based on initial hypotheses about the function and purpose of small national markets and formal models of investor, borrower and broker behaviour. Trading volume is separately analysed over the longest practicable period, using time-series econometric methods for evidence of ability to reveal information about market behaviour and reliability as an income generator to sustain market-dependent broking populations and market institutions. Institutional factors are found to determine the volume of trading in the medium term and hence, via the level of income generated, to induce virtuous and vicious circles of development. In the short term, trading volume is determined by exogenous shocks and short-run market dynamics.
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Cinnirella, Marco Goffredo. "Social identity perspectives on European integration : a comparative study of national and European identity construction in Britain and Italy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1238/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Taking a comparative perspective, the current research examines national and European identities in Britain and Italy, using a multi-methodological approach. The aims of the research are twofold: firstly, to examine current limitations with psychological theorising on social identity, and secondly, to enhance social psychological knowledge of European integration and its effects upon national and European identities. The theoretical perspective adopted is a hybrid synthesis of social identity (Tajfel, 1974; Turner, 1987) and social representations (Moscovici, 1984) approaches. Evidence for a European identity amongst British respondents and interviewees proved to be minimal: few felt any sense of European pride, and most construed European integration in instrumental terms. Italian constructions of European identity were more robust than those of the British, and consisted of both instrumental and symbolic attachments to the European ideal. Some of the social psychological bases for such cross-national differences are explored, and the prospects for the development of a European identity examined. Applying social identity theory to questions of national and European identity construction, raises questions about the current applicability of the paradigm to large-scale social categories of this type. The social representational context of intergroup relations has often been ignored, and social influence processes in large-scale entities seem more complex than previously assumed. It becomes apparent that issues of key conceptual importance to the social identity and self-categorisation paradigms are in need of urgent clarification. These include: the differences between face-to-face groups and abstract social categories; the adequacy of motivational constructs within the paradigm; and the role of the wider ideological milieu in which identity construction takes place. Along with a discussion of these issues, some of the key features of social identity construction in large-scale social categories and groups are examined, and ways in which the social identity and social representations paradigms might be reconciled explored.
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Risso, Linda. "From the European Defence Community to the Western European Union : a comparative study of France and Italy, 1950-1955." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.614895.
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Cinnirella, Macro Goffredo. "Social identity perspectives on European integration : a comparative study of national and European identity construction in Britain and Italy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1993. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1238/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Taking a comparative perspective, the current research examines national and European identities in Britain and Italy, using a multi-methodological approach. The aims of the research are twofold: firstly, to examine current limitations with psychological theorising on social identity, and secondly, to enhance social psychological knowledge of European integration and its effects upon national and European identities. The theoretical perspective adopted is a hybrid synthesis of social identity (Tajfel, 1974; Turner, 1987) and social representations (Moscovici, 1984) approaches. Evidence for a European identity amongst British respondents and interviewees proved to be minimal: few felt any sense of European pride, and most construed European integration in instrumental terms. Italian constructions of European identity were more robust than those of the British, and consisted of both instrumental and symbolic attachments to the European ideal. Some of the social psychological bases for such cross-national differences are explored, and the prospects for the development of a European identity examined. Applying social identity theory to questions of national and European identity construction, raises questions about the current applicability of the paradigm to large-scale social categories of this type. The social representational context of intergroup relations has often been ignored, and social influence processes in large-scale entities seem more complex than previously assumed. It becomes apparent that issues of key conceptual importance to the social identity and self-categorisation paradigms are in need of urgent clarification. These include: the differences between face-to-face groups and abstract social categories; the adequacy of motivational constructs within the paradigm; and the role of the wider ideological milieu in which identity construction takes place. Along with a discussion of these issues, some of the key features of social identity construction in large-scale social categories and groups are examined, and ways in which the social identity and social representations paradigms might be reconciled explored.
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Assad, Sean. "A Constructivist Approach to the Study of the European Court of Justice and Legal Integration within the European Union." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/271603.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The European Court of Justice and European integration has recently been the subject of scholarly discussion. The ECJ contributes to European integration in terms of legal integration. For legal integration to be possible, and therefore the ECJ to be successful, it is necessary for member states of the European Union to internalize the legal norms and rules of EU law, such as direct effect and EU law supremacy. The constructivist approach to European integration addresses this issue of internalization through the process of social learning whereby repeated interactions spawn new interests. The application of social learning within the member states comes from the repeated interactions of their national courts with the ECJ through the preliminary ruling procedure. Preliminary ruling enables national courts to learn the proper way in which EU law can be interpreted and applied. However, social learning by interaction with the ECJ is lost on the member states’ politicians because they are not in direct interaction with the ECJ. Therefore, the greater the position of the judicial system within the national politics of member states, which has undergone social learning with the ECJ, the higher the level of compliance with EU law there will be, furthering legal integration.
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Nguyen, Quoc Dinh. "Evaluation of MODIS products over four European ecological study sites." kostenfrei, 2009. http://opus.ub.uni-bayreuth.de/volltexte/2009/559/.
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Teräs, J. (Jukka). "Regional science-based clusters:a case study of three European concentrations." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2008. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514288890.
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Abstract The aim of this thesis is to provide an improved understanding of the structural characteristics and the dynamic evolution of regional science-based clusters. The study is based on an in-depth comparison of three non-metropolitan science-based clusters: Oulu in Finland, Luleå in Sweden, and Pisa in Italy. This thesis is the result of a qualitative multiple-case study consisting of in-depth interviews with cluster decision-makers and experts in Finland, Sweden and Italy. The thesis is structured as follows: first the theoretical framework and research method are presented, then the case study regions and clusters are described, and finally, the data from the interviews are collated and discussed. The results of the study suggest that regional science-based clusters are not isolated entities but are increasingly more connected to the external environments and global markets than before although the local cluster activities and the "social glue" between the cluster actors are still relevant. The current structures of the clusters should have more alternatives and allow more flexibility. The data from this case study, based not only on the current status of the case clusters but also on a more longitudinal approach, confirm the life cycle nature of regional science-based clusters, consisting of various stages. The results of the study show that a detailed analysis of the cluster components is more efficient than studying the cluster as an aggregate. Furthermore, the data indicate that critical mass plays an important role especially in the development of regional science-based clusters in non-metropolitan regions. This study suggests an optimal size for the non-metropolitan cluster, i.e. one which reaches the critical size of a cluster but avoids the problems related to metropolitan clusters. The study underlines the importance of cluster features, such as cluster leadership and strategic management. The study identified similarities between the case study clusters in Oulu, Luleå, and Pisa, such as e.g. a strong research community, a high proportion of ICT companies, an insufficient number of growth-oriented enterprises, and some unease about the role of intermediaries of the cluster. Differences were found in e.g. the importance of cluster locomotive companies, the roles of technology parks, and the ability of the cluster actors to commit to joint actionsTiivistelmä Tämän väitöstutkimuksen tavoitteena on syventää ymmärtämystä alueellisten tiedepohjaisten klustereiden rakenteesta, toiminnasta ja kehittymisestä. Tutkimuksessa verrataan kolmea pääkaupunkiseutujen ulkopuolista tiedepohjaista klusteria Pohjois-Suomen Oulussa, Pohjois-Ruotsin Luulajassa ja Italian Pisassa. Tämän kvalitatiivisen usean tapauksen tapaustutkimuksen pohjana ovat perusteelliset klustereiden päätöksentekijöiden ja asiantuntijoiden haastattelut Suomessa, Ruotsissa ja Italiassa. Tutkimuksessa esitellään teoreettinen viitekehys ja tutkimusmetodit, minkä jälkeen esitellään tutkimuksen kohdealueet ja klusterit, analysoidaan haastatteluaineisto ja esitetään tutkimuksen loppuarviointi. Väitöstutkimuksen mukaan alueelliset tiedepohjaiset klusterit eivät ole ulkomaailmasta eristäytyneitä yksiköitä, vaan yhä enemmän sidoksissa ulkoiseen ympäristöönsä ja globaaleihin markkinoihin – huolimatta siitä, että paikallisilla klusteritoiminnoilla ja "sosiaalisella liimalla" klusteritoimijoiden välillä on edelleen merkitystä. Tutkimuksessa ehdotetaan klusterirakenteen kuvaamiseen joustavuutta ja vaihtoehtoisia klusterirakenteita. Tutkimusaineisto, joka sisältää nykytilanteen kuvauksen lisäksi pidemmän aikavälin aineistoa, vahvistaa alueellisten tiedepohjaisten klustereiden kehityksen elinkaarimallin eri vaiheineen. Klusterien analysoinnissa on tutkimuksen mukaan pelkkää kokonaistarkastelua tehokkaampaa klusterin komponenttien yksityiskohtainen tarkastelu. Tutkimuksen perusteella kriittisellä massalla on merkittävä vaikutus alueellisten tiedepohjaisten klustereiden kehitykselle etenkin pääkaupunkiseutujen ulkopuolisilla alueilla. Väitöstutkimuksessa esitetään klusterin optimaalisen koon käsite: klusteri saavuttaa kriittisen massan, mutta välttää etenkin metropolialueiden klustereiden tyypilliset ongelmat. Väitöstutkimus korostaa lisäksi mm. klustereiden johtajuuden ja strategisen johtamisen merkitystä. Väitöstutkimuksessa tunnistettiin Oulun, Luulajan ja Pisan klustereiden välillä yhtäläisyyksiä, kuten vahva tutkimusyhteisö, informaatio- ja kommunikaatioteknologian yritysten suuri osuus, kasvuhakuisten yritysten vähäinen määrä ja klusteritoimijoiden osittainen tyytymättömyys välittäjäorganisaatioiden rooliin klustereissa. Eroja klustereiden välillä tunnistettiin mm. veturiyritysten osuudessa, teknologiakylien roolissa ja klusteritoimijoiden yhteistyökyvyssä
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Fleming, Douglas Munro. "The European study of referrals from primary to secondary care." Proefschrift, Amsterdam : Maastricht : Thesis Publishers ; University Library, Maastricht University [Host], 1993. http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?fid=5871.
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Lee, Chee Hoe Michael. "A comparative study of defense reforms in eastern European nations." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10496.
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MBA Professional ReportThis thesis analyzes the defense reforms in transitioning nations in Eastern Europe after the end of the Cold War. The objective is to compare the similarities and differences, as well as discern possible patterns of defense reform. To provide an analysis of this topic, literature on public management reforms will be studied to better understand the array of socio-economic, political and other factors, which may be involved in defense-oriented public management reforms. A proposed framework of the different forces of reforms (influence) and tides of reforms (purpose) will be developed to compare and analyze defense reforms in different countries. The model could serve as a framework for future analysis of defense reforms in other parts of the world.
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McNally, Sandra. "Aspects of structural change on European farms : an empirical study." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398021.
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Seven, Bülent. "Legal aspects of privatisation : a comparative study of European implementations." Thesis, University of Essex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.341270.
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Wu, Doris, and 吳玲綾. "Study of European exchangeable bonds." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/14711413743840485506.
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碩士國立政治大學
經營管理碩士學程(EMBA)
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The main purpose of this thesis is to discuss the possibilities, operation, management and cost-effectiveness of European Exchangeable Bonds by using a Taiwanese listed company as an example. European Exchangeable Bonds is a modern financing tool that it’s still not a popular application in Taiwan. However, international corporations are in integrated and dynamic world economic activities. We’d like to discuss how to use the advantages of the Taiwanese listed company to make use of European Exchangeable Bonds to get international funds and make profit on cost of capital. The research would choose a company as instance to discuss in deep about the feasibility of European Exchangeable Bonds and the considerations of issuing European Exchangeable Bonds. We will research the restrictions of issuing process and the international financing environment and to discover the application and operation cost effectiveness of European Exchangeable Bonds, and then compare practical benefits between European Exchangeable Bonds and other financing tools.
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夏明煌. "Study of Russian-European energy relation." Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/55754835114484575200.
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