Статті в журналах: "European goods"

1

Anton Khodasevich. "BELARUS TO REFUSE EUROPEAN GOODS." Current Digest of the Russian Press, The 73, no. 050 (December 12, 2021): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/dsp.73615391.

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2

Crucini, Mario J., Chris I. Telmer, and Marios Zachariadis. "Understanding European Real Exchange Rates." American Economic Review 95, no. 3 (May 1, 2005): 724–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/0002828054201332.

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We study good-by-good deviations from the Law-of-One-Price (LOP) for over 1,800 retail goods and services between all European Union (EU) countries for the years 1975, 1980, 1985, and 1990. We find that for each of these years, after we control for differences in income and value-added tax (VAT) rates, there are roughly as many overpriced goods as there are underpriced goods between any two EU countries. We also find that good-by-good measures of cross-sectional price dispersion are negatively related to the tradeability of the good, and positively related to the share of non-traded inputs required to produce the good. We argue that these observations are consistent with a model in which retail goods are produced by combining a traded input with a non-traded input.

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3

Goyder, Joanna. "European Community Free Movement of Cultural Goods and European Community Law." International Journal of Cultural Property 1, no. 1 (January 1992): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0940739192000201.

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4

Berlingher, Daniel. "Regulating Free Movement of Goods within the European Union." Journal of Legal Studies 21, no. 35 (June 1, 2018): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jles-2018-0005.

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Abstract The principle of the free movement of goods in one of great importance for the European Union and for in general and for the Internal Market and the European citizens in particular. Starting from the fact that the Internal market is considered to be a critical element for the present and future prosperity of the European Union in a globalized world, the objective of the present text is to present and analyse, in a concise manner, the main legal provisions that govern this field. In order to accomplish this objective we made reference to the following aspects: considerations regarding the role and importance of the free movement of goods in the European internal market; the role of the European Commission within the internal market and implicitly for the free movement of goods; Treaty provisions governing the free movement of goods; and related instruments of secondary law related to the free movement of goods.

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5

Segal-Horn, Susan, David Asch, and Vivek Suneja. "The globalization of the European white goods industry." European Management Journal 16, no. 1 (February 1998): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-2373(97)00078-9.

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6

Fras, Mariusz. "Succession of Digital Goods. A Comparative Legal Study." Review of European and Comparative Law 47, no. 4 (December 7, 2021): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/recl.12859.

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The purpose of this article is to present possible solutions to the problem of access to digital contents left by a deceased user of Internet services under different European legal systems. Discussion of this issue from a comparative perspective will allow the drawing of general conclusions about the direction de lege lata in which European legislation is heading. In my opinion there should be dedicated legal provisons introduced into the polish civil code which would pertain to digital goods. This would also facilitate the harmonization of inheritance matters in a European perspective. Technological development requires amending the civil code to fit changing reality.

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7

Van der Hijden, Peter. "Modernising higher education: the emergence of European public goods." Tuning Journal for Higher Education 2, no. 1 (December 20, 2014): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/tjhe-2(1)-2014pp19-29.

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Universities cater mainly for national audiences. But the days of splendid isolation are over. Students, graduates, faculty and staff vote with their feet. Institutions and system are, increasingly, involved in processes of regionalisation and globalisation. This article describes how a number of European initiatives are transforming the way universities operate in education, research and management. Incentives for change range from earmarked funding to projects grants and loans, from voluntary networking and benchmarking to quality audits and rankings. These instruments for change have become part of the fabric of university life, often consolidated in institutional strategies and national legislation. They are emerging as 'European public goods'. This article highlights a number of these initiatives in the various categories and points at their impact on university practice.

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8

Rosen, Barry N., and George B. Sloane. "Environmental product standards, trade and European consumer goods marketing." Columbia Journal of World Business 30, no. 1 (March 1995): 74–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-5428(95)90038-1.

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9

Balassa, Bela, and Luc Bauwens. "The determinants of intra-European trade in manufactured goods." European Economic Review 32, no. 7 (September 1988): 1421–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-2921(88)90109-2.

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10

Echebarría Fernández, Jonatan. "Jurisdiction and applicable law to contracts for the sale of goods and the provision of services including the carriage of goods by sea and other means of transport in the European Union = Jurisdicción y derecho aplicable a los contratos de compraventa de mercaderías y de prestación de servicios incluyendo el transporte de mercancías por vía marítima y otros medios de transporte en la Unión Europea." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 11, no. 2 (October 1, 2019): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2019.4950.

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Abstract: The article analyses the jurisdiction and applicable law to contracts for the sale of godos and the provision of services in the European Union. It particularly focuses on contracts that subsume different categories of contracts, such as the carriage of goods by sea, in a contract for the sale of godos and the provision of services. The European Union law and the interpretation provided by the Court of Justice of the European Union shed light into the place of performance of the contract in order to set jurisdiction for national courts. This is explained through the current legal framework and the case law in order to ascertain where and under what legal regime the claimant may start proceedings for the breach of a contractual obligation or in case of a non-contractual claim.Keywords: provision of services, sale of goods, carriage of goods by sea and other means of transport, Court of Justice of the European Union, contractual actions, place of performance of the contractual obligation, non-contractual actions, applicable law, game theory, contractual efficiency.Resumen: El artículo analiza la jurisdicción y la ley aplicable a los contratos para la venta de bienes y la prestación de servicios en la Unión Europea. En particular, se centra en los contratos que subsumen diferentes categorías de contratos, tales como el transporte de mercancías por mar, en un contrato de venta de mercaderías o de prestación de servicios. El Derecho de la Unión Europea y la interpretación dada por el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea arrojan luz sobre el lugar de cumplimiento del contrato con el fin de establecer el tribunal nacional competente. Esto se explica a través del marco legal actual y casos para determinar dónde y bajo qué régimen legal el demandante puede interponer una demanda por incumplimiento de una obligación contractual o en caso de una reclamación extracontractual.Palabras clave: prestación de servicios, compraventa de mercaderías, transporte de mercancías por vía marítima y otros medios de transporte, Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, acciones contractuales, lugar de ejecución de la obligación contractual, acciones extracontractuales, derecho aplicable, teoría de juegos, eficiencia contractual.

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11

Shahgaldiyeva, Nigar Yadulla. "VALUE ADDED TAX IN THE EUROPEAN UNION." SCIENTIFIC WORK 62, no. 01 (February 8, 2021): 186–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/62/186-189.

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Value-added tax is an indirect tax based on the sale value of goods, production and non-manufactured goods as an object of taxation. According to the mechanism and procedures for the calculation and payment of value added tax, this tax is not directly imposed by a particular person, but applies to consumers in the process of return. In this case, the value added tax is neutral for securities. In addition, value added tax is universal and is characterized by the difference between purchases at each stage of production and turnover. In connection with the calculation of value added tax, the taxpayer's tax liability to the budget consists of the difference between the amount of tax assessed on taxable turnover and the amount of tax to be deducted in accordance with the documents. Key words: European Union, value Added Tax, tax, tax system

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12

Baird, Douglas G. "Precontractual disclosure duties under the Common European Sales Law." Common Market Law Review 50, Special Issue (March 1, 2013): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/cola2013049.

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Article 23 of the Common European Sales Law requires sellers to make plain the basic attributes of what they are selling. The seller of goods has a duty to disclose "any information concerning the main characteristics of the goods . . . which [she] has or can be expected to have and which it would be contrary to good faith and fair dealing not to disclose to the other party." The largest effect of the rule may lie not in the value of the information that is communicated, but rather the legal consequences that attach to the information that is disclosed. Article 23 works in conjunction with Articles 69 and 100. These provisions require any description of the goods to serve as a warranty. Thus, the scope of the description that Article 23 requires is coextensive with the warranty that the seller must give with respect to the goods that she is selling. Because legal consequences attach to the description, sellers have reason to say less than they might otherwise. Ironically, CESL might lead to disclosure of less information and less useful information than a regime of caveat emptor.

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13

Puig, Santiago Mir. "Legal Goods Protected by the Law and Legal Goods Protected by the Criminal Law as Limits to the State's Power to Criminalize Conduct." New Criminal Law Review 11, no. 3 (2008): 409–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/nclr.2008.11.3.409.

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Amongst the limits that present-day European criminal law theory tends to impose on the state's power to criminalize conduct, the principle of "exclusive protection of legal goods" occupies a prominent place. The criminal law is only needed when the protection of legal goods requires making use of it. But not all legal goods should be transformed into legal goods protected by the criminal law. European theorists have not normally made reference to the latter concept, as they have usually limited themselves to speaking of "legal goods" in general terms. In this short piece I would like to highlight the usefulness of clearly distinguishing between legal goods that can be adequately protected by the law in general and legal goods whose protection can only be secured by the criminal law.

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14

Savanets, Liudmyla M., and Anna M. Stakhyra. "New EU legislative instruments concerning contracts for the sale of goods and supply of digital content." Pravovedenie 64, no. 2 (2020): 222–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu25.2020.202.

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On the 20th of May 2019, the European legislator adopted new Directives on the sale of goods and supply of digital content, which determine the vector of future contract law development in the European Union. Directive 2019/770 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the supply of digital content and digital services, and Directive 2019/771 on certain aspects concerning contracts for the sale of goods are the first steps in adapting European private law to the requirements of the digital economy. The article discusses the reasons and preconditions for the adoption of new Directives. The authors, making a historical excursion of the harmonization of European contract law, demonstrate the continuity of the new Directives’ norms of European tradition on the basis of Principles of European Contract Law, Acquis Principles, Draft Common Frame of Reference, Common European Sales Law and Directive 1999/44/EC on certain aspects of the sale of consumer goods and associated guarantees. The advantages and disadvantages of the selected full harmonization in new Directives are examined. The legislative freedom granted to European Union Member States on certain issues related to contractual relations for the sale of goods and the supply of digital content are analyzed. The authors pay considerable attention to the disclosure of major legislative novelties related to contractual relations for the sale of goods and the supply of digital content, in particular the conformity of goods (digital content), and requirements for conformity; the seller’s (trader’s) duty to ensure that the consumer is informed of and supplied with updates that are necessary to keep those goods (digital content) in conformity; the burden of proof; data monetization; remedies for lack of conformity of goods (digital content). The problem of the hierarchy of remedies for lack of conformity of goods in a circular economy, such as repair and replacement, is also touched upon. The authors draw attention to the fact that taking into account the peculiarities of the circular economy and in order to determine the disproportion of the chosen method of legal protection, it is necessary to enshrine in legislation on the sale of goods the requirement to take into account its impact on the environment.

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15

Maćkowiak, Henryk. "The Goods Structure of Trade between Polish Regions and the European Union (1)." Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 16, no. 16 (January 1, 2011): 57–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-011-0014-9.

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The Goods Structure of Trade between Polish Regions and the European Union (1) The goal of this article is to present the structure of trade between Polish regions (voivodships) and the European Union. The research is a dynamic analysis making it possible to compare the time before and after the expansion of the European Union. The timeframe of the discussed issues relates to 1999-2007. Attention is paid to the scale and diversified nature of the changes to the goods structure of export and import activities undertaken by Polish voivodships to (from) the European Union. The analysis is preceded by the characteristics of the European Union's role in trade of specific regions. Finally, the degree of intra-industry specialization is evaluated as is the trend in changes to the trade between Polish regions and European Union countries.

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16

Polonsky, Michael, and Jean-François Canat. "The British and French Systems of Control of the Export of works of Art." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 45, no. 3 (July 1996): 557–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300059364.

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Article 9 of the Treaty of Rome, as amended by the 1992 Treaty on European Union (the Maastricht Treaty), declares that the European Community “shall be based upon a customs union which shall cover all trade in goods and which shall involve the prohibition between Member States of customs duties on imports and exports and of all charges having equivalent effect”.1 The principle was thereby established of the free movement of goods within the European Community. The Treaty does not define “goods” for the purposes of the Articles (9 to 37) which make up the Title dealing with “Free Movement of Goods”, but the European Court of Justice has held that “goods” means “products which can be valued in money and which are capable, as such, of forming the subject of commercial transactions”. From this it is clear that works of art are included in the “goods” that are intended to circulate freely within the Community.

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17

ŁUKASIK, Zbigniew, Aldona KUŚMIŃSKA-FIJAŁKOWSKA, and Jacek KOZYRA. "Transport of dangerous goods by road from a European aspect." Scientific Journal of Silesian University of Technology. Series Transport 95 (June 1, 2017): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20858/sjsutst.2017.95.11.

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18

Baird *, Alfred J. "Public goods and the public financing of major European seaports." Maritime Policy & Management 31, no. 4 (October 2004): 375–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0308883042000304890.

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19

Nowacki, Gabriel, C. Krysiuk, and R. Kopczewski. "Dangerous Goods Transport Problems in the European Union and Poland." TransNav, the International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation 10, no. 1 (2016): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12716/1001.10.01.16.

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20

Comi, Antonio, Luca Persia, Andrea Campagna, and Antonio Polimeni. "Revealing urban goods movements: empirical evidences from some European cities." Transportation Research Procedia 30 (2018): 275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2018.09.030.

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21

Olei, Bebe Adrian, Ionel Balosin, Angelo Midan, and Dalia Simion. "Logistics of Goods Transited through the Romanian Inland Harbors." Advances in Science and Technology 110 (September 27, 2021): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.110.81.

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This work presents some relevant data regarding the amount of goods that have been transported inside the European Union borders using the inland waterway transport. There are also presented the goods quantities that were transited the Romanian harbours in the last years. In accordance with the Eurostat inland waterways freight transport report for the 2016-2019 period, the Romanian market was estimated in 2019 at the approximate value of over 33.200 thousand tones, which situated Romania on the 5th position among the European states. More, this quantity represented a total increase of 11.9% reported to the previous year. The biggest quantities of transited goods are represented by cereals, then crude mineral products and then oil and gas products.

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22

Shotter, John. "In defense of public spheres and public goods." Concepts and Transformation 8, no. 1 (July 18, 2003): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cat.8.1.02sho.

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This article examines the arguments offered by Will Hutton (2002) in drawing out a whole set of crucial differences between American and European capitalism, and why we should prefer the European version. The essential difference, as he sees it, is that while there is an ultimate preference for liberty and individualism in America, there are still in Europe a whole set of interlinked, positive attitudes towards equality, social solidarity, and the importance of public discourse. Hutton argues for the importance of these differences because, as he sees it, under the influence of the individualist values implicit in American capitalism, “the idea of the public realm is in eclipse, and with it a conception of civilization.” Hutton hinges his argument around a contrast between with the ideas of two American social theorists: the conservativism of Robert Nozick (1974) with its fixation on individual freedom as a single, political value that trumps all others, and the liberalism of John Rawls (1972) and his arguments for egalitarianism. However, as I see it, more than a contest of ideas is at stake. An issue of a much deeper kind is involved, one that goes right to the very heart of how we should conduct our reasoning in social affairs from now on. Rather than arguments over ideas, the devising and implementing of new, dialogically-structured, participatory practices is required, practices which are constitutive of “public spheres in private places” (Pålshaugen 2002). Here is where we can find important new European leads.

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23

Traykov, Metodi, Miglena Trencheva, Radoslav Mavrevski, Anton Stoilov, and Ivan Trenchev. "Using Partial Differential Equations for Pricing of Goods and Services." Scientific Annals of Economics and Business 63, no. 2 (2016): 291–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/saeb-2016-0122.

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This article is based on the methodology of comparative analysis, using an innovative approach for pricing of various goods and services. Benchmarking is the continuous search to find and adapt better pricing methods that leading to increased profits. We will consider the numerical solution of partial differential equations, based on Black-Scholes model for pricing of goods and services within European option. Also, we will present formulation and numerical behavior of explicit and implicit methods that can be use in pricing for company assets within European option.

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24

Montanarini, M. "Anti dumping EU measures against China and possible legal actions to alleviate them and/or improve relationships between EU and China." Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University, no. 2 (April 10, 2020): 133–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2020.66.2.133-159.

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Imports of goods at less than an average market price can be very harmful to fair competition and to the economies of the importing Country. The European Union has established since 2016 a standard set of regulations for its member states in order to identify dumped imported goods and apply duties to redress the situation. People Republic of China, due to its importance as exporter of goods in the European Union, at a price liable to be defined as “dumped” has been the subject of the overwhelming majority of duties leveled at dumped imports. Such a conflicting situations can be solved either applying standard international law negotiations and agreements, either making recourse to the tools oﬀered by European Union’s regulation from the aﬀected companies exporting goods to European Union’s member states.

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25

Carlos, Ann M., and Frank D. Lewis. "TRADE, CONSUMPTION, AND THE NATIVE ECONOMY: LESSONS FROM YORK FACTORY, HUDSON BAY." Journal of Economic History 61, no. 4 (December 2001): 1037–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050701042073.

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Like Europeans and colonists, eighteenth-century Native Americans were purchasing a greatly expanded variety of goods. As fur prices rose from 1716 to 1770, there was a shift in expenditures from producer and household goods to tobacco, alcohol, and other luxuries by Indians who traded furs at the Hudson's Bay Company's York Factory post. A consumer behavior model, using company accounts, shows that Indians bought more European goods in response to higher fur prices and, perhaps more importantly, increased their effort in the fur trade. These findings contradict much that has been written about Indians as producers and consumers.

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26

Zucca, Lorenzo. "The Place of Religion in Constitutional Goods." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 22, no. 1 (January 2009): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900004641.

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This paper is about the place of religion in Alan Brudner’s Constitutional Goods. More generally, it offers some thoughts on the place of religion in constitutional theory and political philosophy today. This theologico-political question was central for many centuries, but gradually faded as our secular age affirmed itself. Recent political and social events at the European and at the global level have firmly turned the tide.

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27

Kummer, Michael, Olga Slivko, and Xiaoquan (Michael) Zhang. "Unemployment and Digital Public Goods Contribution." Information Systems Research 31, no. 3 (September 2020): 801–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/isre.2019.0916.

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Economic crises have a harmful effect on employment. However, whereas the resulting loss of jobs has been shown to have many negative consequences for the affected individuals, it may also push them into new activities, such as provision of service to their communities. In this paper, we show how individuals engage in socially useful activities after an increase in unemployment. Specifically, we document increased online content generation at Wikipedia, the world’s largest user-generated knowledge repository. Leveraging German district-level and European country-level unemployment data, we analyze the relationship between the economic crisis in 2008–2010 and contributions to Wikipedia. We find increased socially valuable activity in the form of knowledge acquisition and contributions to Wikipedia. For German districts, we observe an increase in the rate of content generation on Wikipedia in more severely affected districts. These effects are even stronger at the European country level. Our findings suggest that public goods provision increases as a positive side effect of economic crises. We stress that similar patterns could apply to other digital content platforms. Under the backdrop that the potential value of the outcome of online volunteering and its societal impact is expected to grow drastically in the next years, we show that platforms could benefit from negative economic conditions in attracting volunteers. Moreover, in the coming years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence will call for a rise of online volunteering platforms. Therefore, the potential value of the outcome of online volunteering and its societal impact is expected to grow drastically in the next years.

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28

Bonifacio Ramos, Jose Luis. "Restrictions on the Trade in Cultural Goods." Advances in Social Science and Culture 4, no. 4 (November 4, 2022): p28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/assc.v4n4p28.

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Restrictions on the trade in cultural goods are of particular importance, constituting a special legal regime focussed to protect the Culture and Memory, aspects that have gained special importance nowadays. The present study intends to focus, above all, on the export, import and restitution of cultural goods, in the light of domestic law, but also under the terms of International Conventions, UNESCO and UNIDROIT, as well as European Directives.

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Zahara Silviani, Ninne, and Prita Amalia. "ASEAN-CHINA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (ACFTA) TO DEVELOP THE LEGAL REGIME ON EXTERMINATION OF GOODS SMUGGLING IN ASEAN FROM INDONESIAN PERSPECTIVE (COMPARISON STUDY: EUROPEAN UNION)." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 4 (September 17, 2020): 1204–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.84114.

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Purpose: ASEAN-China Free Trade Area or ACFTA was established by ASEAN states and China to create free trade areas by removing barriers to trade in goods and services. While economic cooperation between the ACFTA state members increases, inter-states goods smuggling still happens and affects the economy sector. This article will study, whether ACFTA regulates goods smuggling especially between China and ASEAN and, how the way the ACFTA could learn from the European Union’s systems to resolve goods smuggling and fraud to help ASEAN in reducing the rate of smuggling of imported goods from Indonesian approach. Methodology: This study has employed a normative legal research method with a comparison approach to explain how ACFTA could develop the agreement role in ASEAN to reduce and exterminate goods smuggling activities by comparing the current system with the European Union form of law system and agreement. Main Findings: This study found out that ACFTA missed the discussion about goods smuggling. Trader’s intention to avoid taxes and import duties from importing countries has pushed the import goods smuggling to increase. A large number of Indonesian traders, especially in the outermost area did goods smuggling because of their dependence through the import goods from neighborhood countries. A developed regional framework like the European Union has a special institution that coming from joint European countries authorities working to resolve smuggling matters. Implications/Applications: The study will provide the details related to ACFTA, whether they regulate the import and goods smuggling between China and ASEAN Countries. Learning from the European Union law system and agreement regarding this matter, hoped to be an example for ACFTA to develop the regulation regarding the same matter. Novelty/Originality of this study: Study about the extermination of goods smuggling in ASEAN has not got enough attention from society, meanwhile, it gave an adverse effect on taxation and the economic sector in every state.

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FRIEDEN, JEFFRY A. "The Impact of Goods and Capital Market Integration on European Monetary Politics." Comparative Political Studies 29, no. 2 (April 1996): 193–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414096029002003.

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Members of the European Union (EU) have long attempted to unify their monetary policies, whether by fixing exchange rates or moving toward a single currency. The success of these attempts has varied over time, and among EU member states. This article argues that the degree to which a country is integrated into EU trade and finance has a major impact on its willingness to make the sacrifices necessary to pursue monetary integration, especially stability against Europe's anchor currency, the Deutsche Mark (DM). Higher levels of intra-European trade and investment increase the desirability of stabilizing exchange rates between European countries. Statistical evidence indicates that greater integration of goods and capital markets is associated with greater success in fixing national exchange rates against the DM. This implies that pressures for monetary integration will continue but will vary among countries, along with the degree to which they are economically linked to European trade and investment.

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31

Lux, Michael. "A Layman’s Guide to Bringing Goods into the EU." Global Trade and Customs Journal 6, Issue 3 (March 1, 2011): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2011018.

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32

Adamiv, Marta, and Iryna Kots. "Customs procedures of the European Union: essence, typology and features of application." Management and Entrepreneurship in Ukraine: the stages of formation and problems of development 2022, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 344–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/smeu2022.02.344.

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On the way to European integration, Ukraine is facing many tasks related to the fulfillment of obligations under the Association Agreement with the European Union. One of the key places in the list of such tasks is harmonization of domestic customs legislation in terms of customs procedures with the norms of the European Union. In the context of assistance in solving this problem the essence and structure of customs procedures under the legislation of the European Union were studied. It was established that all customs procedures of the European Union are divided into three groups: release for free circulation, special procedures, export. The following special customs procedures are distinguished: transit (covers external and internal transit), storage (includes customs warehouse and free zones), special use (provides for temporary purpose and end-use), processing (includes processing in the customs territory of the European Union and outside the customs territory of the European Union). One of the most common customs procedures is the release for free circulation and export. The procedure of release for free circulation provides for: collection of duty; collection of other payments in individual cases according to the provisions of the relevant legislation, which obliges to pay them in such cases; application of trade policy instruments and prohibitions and restrictions, if they were not introduced in the previous stages; performance of other necessary formalities required when importing goods. As for the export procedure, it stipulates the following: all goods leaving the customs territory of the European Union must be placed under the customs procedure of export (only goods placed under the customs procedure of processing or transit may be an exception); goods exported outside the customs territory of the European Union are not the subject to customs duties; goods placed in the export procedure remain under customs control until they are in the customs territory of the European Union in the same condition as they were at the time of acceptance of the customs declaration; if the goods remain in the customs territory of the European Union, the exporter must promptly notify the customs authority.

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33

MATEESCU, Petronela. "The Effect of Exchange Rate Risk on Foreign Trade." Anuarul Universitatii Petre Andrei din Iasi. Fascicula Drept, stiinte economice, stiinte politice 26 (2020): 34–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/upalaw/47.

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This paper explores the effect of exchange rate volatility on international trade flows of European Union Member States by applying a model of a monthly balance panel between 2002 and 2017.Starting from a general modified weighted model, we added some control variable to measure the good governance.After a general analysis of all the European Union countries, we focus on the response of the trade on different partner regions, or various trade goods. By using country fixed effect model, we find that there is an adverse effect of the exchange rate volatility on trade flows for the European Union countries with small differences depending on partner region or the type of the goods trade. Regarding the Governance Indicators we obtain different results, most of them having negative effect but with different statistically significance.

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34

Martin, Stephen. "European community food processing industries." European Review 3, no. 2 (April 1995): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798700001447.

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A review of market structure and firm conduct in European food processing industries, as well as the policies of Member State governments toward the movement of goods across borders, suggests that the pace of market integration in this section of the EU economy will be slower than sometimes predicted.

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35

Frensch, Richard, Jan Hanousek, and Evžen Kočenda. "Trade with Final Goods in European Union: A Gravity Model Approach." Politická ekonomie 61, no. 6 (December 1, 2013): 715–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18267/j.polek.927.

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36

Slepak, V. Yu. "Legal Foundations for Exporting Dual-Use Goods from the European Union." Lex Russica, no. 1 (January 19, 2021): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2021.170.1.044-056.

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The paper is devoted to the examination of the main aspects of the legal regulation of exporting dual-use goods in the EU under Council Regulation (EU) No. 428/2009 of 5 May 2009. The main objective of the instrument under consideration is to establish a system common for EU Member States to control effectively the export of dual-use goods in order to ensure compliance of EU member States with international obligations, especially with regard to the regime of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. The author concludes that the current Regulation on export of dual-use goods is a logical extension and continuation of the EU instruments regulating arms trade with the third countries that pursues the same objectives, i.e. to implement the international legal obligations of the EU Member States assumed under multilateral control and non-proliferation regimes. Under the selected regulatory model, the EU failed to take the opportunity of replacing relevant national regulation; the Dual-Use Export Regulation defines a general framework, leaving it to Member States to take certain measures aimed at promoting an EU-wide approach. It is up to Member States to establish an appropriate control system for transactions, involving dual-use products, carried out by their nationals and legal entities. On the one hand, it allows the authorities of Member States, due to their proximity to economic entities, to take into account to a greater extent the characteristics of the national market. On the other hand, such a system leads to discrepancies in the practice of applying, in theory at least, uniform measures for the whole Union. Thus, even with the legal basis for independent and exclusive regulation of the export of dual-use products, the EU has faced with the unwillingness of Member States to adopt such restrictions and had to focus on coordinating the activities of Member States, leaving them with a considerable degree of independence and autonomy.

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37

Kornet, Nicole. "Book Review: Performance-Oriented Remedies in European Sale of Goods Law." Maastricht Journal of European and Comparative Law 17, no. 2 (June 2010): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1023263x1001700206.

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38

Goyder, Joanna. "Free Movement of Cultural Goods and the European Community: Part II." International Journal of Cultural Property 1, no. 2 (July 1992): 403–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s094073919200047x.

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39

Brzustowski, Thomas, Nicolas Petrosky-Nadeau, and Etienne Wasmer. "Disentangling goods, labor, and credit market frictions in three European economies." Labour Economics 50 (March 2018): 180–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2016.05.006.

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40

Di Fazio, A., D. Bettinelli, E. Louette, J. P. Mechin, M. Zazza, P. Vecchiarelli, and L. Domanico. "European Pathways to Introduce EGNOS and Galileo for Dangerous Goods Transport." Transportation Research Procedia 14 (2016): 1482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.222.

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41

Pickup, David M. W. "‘Trade Council’ Advertising and ‘Free Movement of Goods’ in European Law." International Journal of Advertising 4, no. 3 (January 1985): 233–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02650487.1985.11105066.

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42

Wilding, Richard, and Rein Juriado. "Customer perceptions on logistics outsourcing in the European consumer goods industry." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 34, no. 8 (September 2004): 628–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09600030410557767.

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43

Desmet, Ellen. "Balancing Conflicting Goods The European Human Rights Jurisprudence on Environmental Protection." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 7, no. 3 (2010): 303–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/161372710x540319.

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AbstractThe implementation of environmental protection measures may interfere with the enjoyment of certain human rights. The European Court of Human Rights and the former Commission have developed quite an extensive jurisprudence in which these potentially conflicting goods of human rights and nature protection are balanced. Conservation-related cases have generally concerned the right to property, the right to private life and home, the right to a fair trial and the prohibition of discrimination. Especially with regard to the right to property, an increase in conservation-related cases and findings of violations is noticeable.

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44

Twigg-Flesner, Christian. "Vanessa Mak: Performance-Oriented Remedies in European Sale of Goods Law." Journal of Consumer Policy 32, no. 2 (April 23, 2009): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10603-009-9097-6.

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45

Newman, Karl, and Stephen Weatherill. "I. Free Movement of Goods." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 45, no. 1 (January 1996): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589300058747.

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The European Court's efforts to locate the outer limits of Article 30's control of national measures have been discussed before in these surveys of current developments in EC law.1 The Court was tempted to use Article 30 to catch a wide range of measures that affected trade even where the rules applied in an even-handed manner to all traders. The most notable example of this expansionist trend was found in the so-called Sunday trading cases, in which Article 30 was exploited to challenge rules restricting commercial activity in England and Wales even though the rules did not put cross-border strategies at any particular disadvantage. The Court pursued an erratic course before finally ruling the laws compatible with Article 30.2 Academic comment, though nuanced in its detailed appreciation of the Court's stance, was largely convinced that Article 30 had been extended beyond both its intent and necessary function in the process of market integration.3

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46

Vaclavik, Kiera. "Damaging Goods? Francophone Children's Books in a Postcolonial World." International Research in Children's Literature 2, no. 2 (December 2009): 228–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1755619809000714.

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The recent furore over Tintin au Congo in Britain is symptomatic of Western concerns about the perpetuation of negative racial stereotypes within much classic children's literature. This article interrogates such anxiety via discussion of three texts (by Hergé, Michel Tournier and Maryse Condé) produced for a European readership but set and – crucially – read in other parts of the world. Each text demonstrates the difficulty of predicting responses which frequently confound expectations and vary widely according to the situation of the reader. An ostensibly disparaging text can be a source of pride and hilarity, whilst a work produced to fight the cause of an oppressed community can distress and disturb members of that very group. Critical attendance to the reception of canonical texts within colonial and postcolonial settings will, it is argued, provide the most satisfactory response to the calls for censorship which utterly neglect alternative, resistant readings and non-European readers.

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47

Gwardzińska, Ewa, and Małgorzata Chackiewicz. "Customs Smuggling of Goods Infringing the Intellectual Property Rights in the European Union." Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues 12, no. 1 (September 23, 2022): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.47459/jssi.2022.12.13.

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This research article aims to investigate the customs smuggling of intellectual property rights infringing goods in the EU. There is no doubt that it is a phenomenon that has accompanied humanity from the beginning of the development of trade, it cannot be eliminated, but its scale can be limited (D. Matthews, P. Žikovska, 2013). The analysis used data taken from reports on intellectual property right enforcement in the EU in 2009-2020. The results show the scale and new trends in customs smuggling of goods on the EU market, but the analyses carried out do not provide a clear basis lo conclude [hat the EU customs authorities are winning the fight against customs smuggling, despite the observed decrease in confiscated goods or the number of opened proceedings, as these drops are largely related to the lockdown due lo Covid-19 and the placing of goods with high customs risk under customs control.

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48

CONWAY, STEPHEN. "BRITISH GOVERNMENTS, COLONIAL CONSUMERS, AND CONTINENTAL EUROPEAN GOODS IN THE BRITISH ATLANTIC EMPIRE, 1763–1775." Historical Journal 58, no. 3 (July 24, 2015): 711–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x14000557.

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ABSTRACTThis article looks at the attempts made by British governments after the Seven Years War to reduce colonial consumption of continental European manufactures. It begins by sketching the pre-war background, focusing first on the availability of European goods in North America and the Caribbean and then on British debates about foreign commodity penetration of the Atlantic colonies. The next part charts the emergence after 1763 of a political consensus in London on the need to give British goods added advantage in American markets. The article goes on to suggest reasons for the forming of this consensus, and finally considers the success of the measures introduced by British governments to diminish colonial purchases of European products.

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49

Poncelet, Charles. "Free Movement of Goods and Environmental Protection in EU Law: A Troubled Relationship?" International Community Law Review 15, no. 2 (2013): 171–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18719732-12341249.

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Abstract This article examines the relationship between the principle of free movement of goods and the protection of the environment under the umbrella of European Union (EU) law. It will be discussed whether Member States are suitably provided with legal means which enable them to take due account of environmental circumstances when they take measures which have an impact on the circulation of goods within the internal market. To this end, the relevant provisions of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) will be critically analysed in the light of their interpretation by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) over the last decades. Particular emphasis will be given to a recent decision of the CJEU which has shed new light on this subject.

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50

Bartková, Lucia. "How do consumers perceive the dual quality of goods and its economic aspects in the European Union? An empirical study." Problems and Perspectives in Management 17, no. 3 (September 20, 2019): 382–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(3).2019.31.

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Dual quality goods have been present in Europe for over 30 years. But only recently this problem has become current. More and more EU citizens complain about its presence in the united European market. In several countries, product testing, as well as population opinions, were conducted, but the results were not uniform. The European Commission itself acknowledged the existence of dual quality and began to address it. It has developed a common testing methodology and is also preparing legislative changes. In this respect, the examination of the situation in Slovakia as one of the EU countries is up to date. The aim of this research is to examine the opinions of Slovak consumers on the dual quality of daily consumer goods in the EU and its economic aspects, to compare them with the results from abroad and to formulate conclusions and recommendations. The survey used a questionnaire method, which examined the opinions of Slovak consumers on a sample of 919 respondents. Subsequently, the hypotheses were tested by the binomial test and Pearson correlation coefficient. The study provides an overview of the results of product testing carried out in Slovakia and abroad, as well as the results of a questionnaire survey of the opinions of Slovak consumers and their comparison with abroad. In Slovakia and the Czech Republic, more than 80% of respondents disagree with the existence of dual quality. The results of the study support the demand of Central and Eastern European countries for dual quality in the EU to be banned and eliminated.

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