Дисертації: "European goods"

1

Mak, Vanessa. "Performance-oriented remedies in European sale of goods law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.439798.

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2

Silva, Ana Paula Africano de Sousa e. "The impact of European Community membership on Portuguese trade in manufactured goods." Thesis, University of Reading, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283642.

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3

Hays, Thomas Edward. "The parallel importation of trade mark protected goods under European Union law." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.619934.

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4

Can, Özberk Bahattin. "Mapping the Flow of Theft Endangered Goods in EU." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20082.

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Анотація:

Every country in world has opportunities for different type of productions and this leads compensation. According to this, International Trade has become very important in all countries worldwide for ages; it helps the developing of the country and contributes more convenient area for the citizens. It is because nations have to live with trading. In this manner, many agreements are signed to get efficient merchandising because international trade contains many risks like intervention, political, non-acceptance, credit, war and also uncontrollable events. European Union can be considered as an agreement since its fundamental principal is free movement of people and goods.Increasing of movement of these goods around the European Union is seen as “easy pickings” by crime groups and nowadays society is facing with this criminal behavior. That motivation causes many problems for supply chain and logistics. Transportation systems are being tried to adjust as more secured while opportunity to thefts attacks to goods are rising.The complexity of this problem is tried to be solved by good reporting of incidents, pointing out the hot spots or the hot products which are related to EU. It is obvious that there is lack of good reporting or coordinating.According to this thesis a lot of work can be done in order to get brief look for the theft endangered goods which are on road and dangerous zones for theft attacks at EU. This thesis will map out specific countries, cities and positions that are particularly exposed to theft attacks. (For example, Schiphol Airport is chosen as the hottest spot and its hottest products are electronic and music devices while many reports and statistical works are being observed.)

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5

Voithofer, Edith Anna. "Does the country of origin matter for sustainable products? A comparison of European sporting goods producers." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-13813.

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Abstract Title: Does the Country of Origin Matter for Sustainable Products? A Comparison of European Sporting Goods Producers Level: Final assignment for Master Degree in Business Administration Author: Edith Anna Voithofer Supervisor: Jonas Kågström, Ph.D. Date: January 24, 2013 Aim of study: The brand name and its country of origin is information that is used from consumers to make purchase decisions. Although existing research discusses several country of origin – aspects from other industries, literature within the sporting goods industry is still spare. Environmental pollution is an important topic nowadays, and the sporting goods industry is trying to include more “green” aspects within their business strategy, or is already quite successful in doing so. To fill the research gap, this thesis focuses on sustainable producers with a very good sustainable reputation in order to analyze the importance of the country of origin effect within the sustainable outdoor industry. Methodology: For this paper a conclusive research design was taken, as it is more formal, and used to test specific relationships. The quantitative research included respondents from two sustainable outdoor brands (originally from Sweden and Germany) who answered an online survey. Basis for the selection process was the independent bluesign® standard, a strong and global sustainability standard. The survey included five constructs to quantify the dimensions of brand equity and overall brand equity. Results: Both respondent groups are similar regarding their demographic data characteristics and their opinion when it comes to the quality of outdoor goods and its brand association. In particular, they seem to feel strongly connected towards the brands; they were proud and very loyal. Nevertheless, differences were identified. Sustainable products seem to be valued higher from Swedish respondents, whereas loyalty seems to be more important for German participants. Contribution of the study: Although existing research discusses several country of origin related aspects from other industries, relevant literature within the sporting goods industry, and here specifically the sustainable outdoor industry is still sparse. These topics are covered in this study. Keywords: Country of origin, Sustainability, Sporting Goods Industry, Outdoor Industry

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6

Claveres, Guillaume. "Sharing the financing of common public goods and macroeconomic risks." Thesis, Paris 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA01E045/document.

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Анотація:

Les quatre articles de recherche qui composent cette thèse étudient le partage de ressources fiscales utilisées pour produire des biens publics communs ou des transferts pour améliorer la stabilisation macro-économique. Dans le premier chapitre, on considère un problème de centralisation optimale avec des juridictions qui ont des préférences hétérogènes pour les biens publics et une base mobile pour les financer. On adopte un modèle théorique avec une structure fédérale et un continuum de biens publics aﬁn de porter plusieurs conclusions normatives sur le degré optimal de centralisation. La contribution du deuxième chapitre est de considérer un modèle de concurrence fiscale où les biens publics sont potentiellement caractérisés par des effets de déversement entre juridictions. On démontre que la coopération totale peut être atteinte si les effets de déversement dans la production de biens publics sont suffisamment grands pour l’emporter sur les incitations à demeurer un pays non-coopératif avec des taxes faibles. Dans le troisième chapitre, on construit un modèle DSGE de la zone euro (avec un cœur et une périphérie) avec des rigidités nominales, financières et sur le marché de l’emploi. Un modèle de référence où les politiques sont uniquement nationales, comme c’est le cas aujourd’hui, est établi pour le calibrage et celui-ci reproduit des observations empiriques pour la zone euro. Ensuite, on introduit une assurance chômage commune aﬁn d’étudier ses propriétés stabilisatrices. Le quatrième chapitre analyse comment une capacité fiscale ciblant directement les ménages peut améliorer la stabilisation lorsque les taux d’intérêt sont au plancher égal à zéro
The four research articles composing this PhD dissertation study the sharing of fiscal resources used to provide common public goods or transfers to contribute to macroeconomic stabilization. In the first chapter, we consider an optimal centralization problem with jurisdictions that have heterogeneous preferences for public goods and tax a mobile base to finance them. We adopt a theoretical model with a federal structure and a continuum of public goods to draw several normative conclusions from the study of the optimal degree of centralization. The contribution of this second chapter is to consider a tax competition model where public goods potentially exhibit cross-border spillovers. We show that full cooperation can be attained if spillovers in public good provision are high enough to remove the incentives to remain a low-tax non-cooperative player. In the third chapter, we build a DSGE model of the euro area (with a core and a periphery) with nominal, labor and financial rigidities. A baseline model where policies are only national, as it is the case now, is set as the reference for calibration which reproduces key empirical observations for the euro area. Then, we implement a common unemployment insurance and study its stabilization properties. The fourth chapter focuses on how a fiscal capacity targeting directly households can improve stabilization at the zero lower bound

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7

Craw-Eismont, Beverley. "The impact of European fur trade goods on some aspects of North American Indian clothing, 1560-1860." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14423.

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This thesis examines the impact of European trade goods on some aspects of North American Indian clothing. Sources include historical archives, artefacts, and artistic representations as well as the conclusions of archaeologists and anthropologists. Part One considers the beaver fur trading background. Geographically, the area extended from the northern Atlantic seaboard, through the St. Lawrence River and Great Lakes, the northern Plains and into the Canadian Subarctic. The native population included Northeast Woodland, Plains, and Athapaskan/Subarctic peoples. European goods entered at different periods and varying rates. French and British traders depended for success upon the established trade network and the extensive goodwill of the Native American population. They found it essential to determine by trial and error and "market research" the types of goods which the experienced Indian consumers would accept in exchange for their furs. The Indians were discerning in their selection of items and made critical choices which have been under-rated or over-looked in the literature of the fur trade. In the past they were often represented as simple, passive and willing to accept any trifles which came their way. In fact, European men often adopted Indian clothing appropriately suited to the environment. They also carried popular items of Indian manufacture to trade alongside imported wares. Additionally, Indian traders expected that Euro-Americans would participate in their pre-existing reciprocal ceremonial bartering practices. Since cultural values differed widely they needed to find mutually accommodating methods for dealing with each other. Part Two, based extensively on artefactual examples examines the impact and influence of introduced trade goods, and to some extent French and British "styles" on Native American clothing manufacture of hats, coats, and shoes. Decorative materials such as cloth, blankets, ribbons, silverwork, braids, laces, and beads were adopted and ingeniously used in often unique ways. Steel needles, scissors, awls and knives came to play an important part in skin preparation. The potential of new materials was skilfully realised but elements of existing technological practise continued. It is difficult to establish a case for Indian dependency when acceptance of introduced items, contrary to Eurocentric accounts, was by no means wholesale. There was instead, a mutual inter-twining of cultures. In fact, trade goods were often used in conjunction with native materials and sometimes rejected altogether. Careful creative choices were made regarding such factors as colour, lustre, and sound. Trading was seldom a simple procedure since there were sometimes hidden nuances. Goods could fulfil expressive symbolic, magic, prestige or status functions poorly recorded and comprehended by Europeans. Paradoxically, far from becoming dependent or Europeanised, in the days of the declining fur trade, it will be evident from this thesis that Native Americans produced clothing which became flamboyantly ever more distinctive and innovative as their three hundred year period of usefulness in their own right to Europeans as fur traders ended.

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8

Connor, Timothy Charles. "Free movement of goods, persons, services and capital within the European Union : jurisprudential adjudications by the Court of Justice." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6338.

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Анотація:

The published work which forms the basis of this submission by the applicant for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy represents an extensive research which has extended the boundaries of knowledge and understanding in relation to the jurisprudential adjudications by the Court of Justice concerning the application of the TFEU freedoms of goods, persons, services and capital to national measures. The publications maintain thematic analytical focus on the jurisprudential employment of the EU principles of non discrimination, market access and the rule relating to the 'selling arrangement' that are used as the modus operandi in the acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The thread is law making; the published work evidences inconsistencies, complexities and confusions in the application by the Court of Justice of the modus operandi used to ensure acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The research depicts a goods, persons, services and capital jurisprudence which displays a want of thematically consistent underpinning and some doctrinal diversity. It is the purpose of this Submission to exhibit the cohesiveness of the published work under review in the context of the contribution made to the knowledge and understanding of the jurisprudence of goods, persons, services and capital in European Union law.

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9

Connor, Timothy C. "Free movement of goods, persons, services and capital within the European Union. Jurisprudential Adjudications by the Court of Justice." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/6338.

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Анотація:

The published work which forms the basis of this submission by the applicant for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy represents an extensive research which has extended the boundaries of knowledge and understanding in relation to the jurisprudential adjudications by the Court of Justice concerning the application of the TFEU freedoms of goods, persons, services and capital to national measures. The publications maintain thematic analytical focus on the jurisprudential employment of the EU principles of non discrimination, market access and the rule relating to the ¿selling arrangement¿ that are used as the modus operandi in the acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The thread is law making; the published work evidences inconsistencies, complexities and confusions in the application by the Court of Justice of the modus operandi used to ensure acquisition of Treaty free movement rights. The research depicts a goods, persons, services and capital jurisprudence which displays a want of thematically consistent underpinning and some doctrinal diversity. It is the purpose of this Submission to exhibit the cohesiveness of the published work under review in the context of the contribution made to the knowledge and understanding of the jurisprudence of goods, persons, services and capital in European Union law.

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10

Lee, Byung-Mun. "A comparative study on the seller's liability for non-conforming goods under SISG, English law, European law, and Korean law." Online version, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.392940.

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11

Baneth, Marie-Helene O. "The use of market-based mechanisms to generate environment goods and services in the European countryside : the case for auctions." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339773.

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12

Lee, Byung-Mun. "A comparative study on the seller's liability for non-conforming goods under CISG, English law, European law and Korean law." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2001. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3088/.

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Анотація:

This thesis is a comparative and analytical study which comprises of an analysis of the rules of the seller's liability for non-conforming goods of four legal systems; Korean law, English law, the U.N. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (1980) and the E.C. Directive on Certain Aspects of the Sale of Consumer Goods and Associated Guarantees. The purpose of this study is to ask whether there is any need to introduce a unified liability system into Korean law and how to achieve the system under the existing law in order to overcome all the complexities caused by the separate existence of the general liability for non-performance and the seller's guarantee liability. A further purpose is to investigate how effectively the rules of the seller's liability for non-conforming goods protect the reasonable expectations of the parties; in particular, the interests of consumers and private sellers which are distinguished from those of commercial buyers and business sellers, respectively, and where the issue is not directly related to the particular interests of consumers or private sellers, the common interests of all the parties. The study is conducted by an internal evaluation within the boundaries of law in a legal context and an external evaluation in light of 'efficiency' as used by economists. It shows, first, that Korean law needs a unified liability system which is based on a contract to resolve the problems originating in the distinction between the general liability as a contractual liability and the seller's guarantee liability as a legal liability. Second, achieving a genuine unified liability system require one's interpretation that rescission and damages in the seller's guarantee liability should be as they are in the general liability. This would settle other problems inherent in the casuistic distinction between the general liability as a fault liability and the seller's guarantee liability as no-fault liability and its consequences in interpreting damages under the seller's guarantee liability. Finally, in what aspects of the seller's liability for non-conforming goods each jurisdiction fails to reflect the interests of consumers and private sellers, and the common interests of all the parties.

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13

Rogers, Terence Charles. "European Community internal market technical legislation : a critical review of the processes in the context of the free movement of goods." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2004. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13389/.

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Анотація:

This research project was initiated in response to concerns held by the author on aspects of the European Community (EC) internal market. These concerns applied particularly to what was understood at the time to be the perceptions of EC internal market practitioners; their perceptions on the process of EC internal market technical legislative change and on how well the EC internal market was functioning. A literature review was undertaken to determine if, and if so where, the EC internal market technical legislative change process was defined and to determine which organisations were the important players in the process. The literature review was then extended to determine more about the players in the process and the information exchanges between the defined process and individuals, such as EC internal market practitioners, having a legitimate interest in the process. Also within the literature review the views of other commentators are noted and assessed. A methodological review was undertaken. This review gave rise to the formulation of a structured interview that was applied to a purposive sample of EC internal market practitioners. Two main areas were examined via the structured interview. The first was the knowledge of the overall EC internal market technical legislative change process and of its main players. The second area was the perception of the completeness of the functioning of the EC internal market possessed by EC internal market practitioners. This research concludes that there are a number of flaws in the treaty establishing the European Community; this is the treaty that includes the high level description of the EC internal market technical legislative process. One of these flaws particularly affects the EC internal market technical legislative process. The research also concludes that the application of the treaty is not consistent and that the knowledge of the EC internal market technical legislative process exhibited by EC internal market practitioners is poor. Based on the conclusions a number of recommendations are made.

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14

Hagman, Jenni, and Elisabet Sjöberg. "The effects of beneficial attributes on satisfaction and loyalty in a B2B goods setting : A study of the European body builder market." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-57069.

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15

Evans, Helen Marie. "The syncretic continuum, a model for understanding the incorporation of European goods at Le Caron, a 17th century Huron village site, Ontario." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ40468.pdf.

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16

Crull, Donald Scott. "The economy and archaeology of European-made glass beads and manufactured goods used in first contact situations in Oregon, California and Washington." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 1998. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/3460/.

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Анотація:

This thesis examines the role played by European-made glass beads and other manufactured goods in first contact of Europeans with Native American Indian populations in Oregon, California and Washington. Utilising both the historical and archaeological record, the activities of the Spanish in Alta California, the Russians in Northern California, the Lewis and Clark expedition and the Pacific Northwest Coast companies are examined, highlighting their use of beads in gift giving and exchange with the Indians. The sources of the large volume of glass beads are presented and their method of manufacture discussed. The way In which different European nationalities and organisations progressed geographically and in the intensity of their interactions with the native populations is reflected in the archaeological assemblages, whilst processes of exchange and the use of trinkets such as beads in subjugation and pacification are clarified by study of the historical sources. Different European groups used such materials through the mission system, by pacification of groups to ensure access and safe passage and by the fur companies use of the beads as items of exchange for pelts of otters and other animals. The native Indian groups showed different preferences for specific coloured beads which then became part of their own wealth base and exchange system. The effects of such transactions, whether used deliberately as a form of subjugation or inadvertently as barter items, was to transform the economic systems of the native populations and specifically the way In which conspicuous consumption was carried out in potlatch ceremonies. The effect of both the introduction of new material items and the novel form of economic transactions bolstered other effects of the Europeans which transformed Native American cosmology and society permanently.

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17

Selander, Caroline. "The redefinition of private import of alcohol : With focus on products purchased on the Internet and the Swedish legislation." Thesis, Jönköping University, JIBS, Information Centre for Foreign Law, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hj:diva-528.

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Анотація:

The free movement of goods constitutes one of the fundamental principles of the European Union and entitles goods entrance to the internal market. Sweden had before 1995 few monopolies concerning the import, export, manufacturing, distribution and retail on alcohol, and had to as a result of entering EU abolish four of these. The monopoly on retail, Systembolaget, was retained, and is still today strictly controlled by limited number of stores as well as restricted openly-hours. Systembolaget contributes an important part of the Swedish Alcohol Policy, which main purpose is to limit the accessibility of alcohol in Sweden. Another essential purpose is to prevent alcohol to reach people under the age of twenty, and this is upheld by strict age-controls when purchasing alcohol from Systembolaget.

Lately it has been argued that the Swedish prohibition of private import of alcohol con-stitutes a restriction of the free movement of goods and in breach of Article 28 EC. The exception of such restriction is presented in Article 30 EC and allows Member States to obtain national trade barriers if a justification based on the protection of the public health could be made. The Commission is of the opinion that the Swedish prohibition constitute such a restriction referred to in Article 28 and is not willing to accept the justification to protection of the public health. The Swedish government however, is reluc-tant to remove the prohibition and argues that consumers that require a certain product can import alcohol through Systembolaget. An elimination of the ban would undermine the core purpose with Systembolaget which is to protect the public health and prevent alcohol to be distributed to people under the age of twenty.

According to the Alcohol Act a person who has turned twenty can legally import alco-hol to Sweden when he is travelling with the goods if those products are for his personal use. A proposal has been presented to a redefinition of private import, which would in-clude situation where the buyer is not personally travelling with the goods, yet the transportation is carried out on the buyer’s behalf. Such purchases are often referred to distance purchase, and in those situations should the excise duty be laid down in the coun-try where the good was released for consumption. In distance sales the seller is respon-sible for the transportation of the goods but also to pay excise duty on the products in the country of destination.

A redefinition of private import to include transportation made on the buyer’s behalf could create problems since there is no actual contract between the seller and the transporting-company. Problems can then arise since the seller has no possibility to control that the buyer is of the legal age or guaranteeing that the alcohol is for that person’s use

Den fria rörligheten av varor utgör en grundstomme inom den Europeiska Unionen, vilken erkänner varor från medlemsstaterna tillträde till den gemensamma marknaden. Sverige hade fram till 1995 fem olika monopol som reglerade importen, exporten, tillverkningen, distributionen och försäljningen av alkohol, men var tvungen som ett led i inträdet till EU att avveckla fyra av dessa. Kvar återstod försäljningsmonopolet, Systembolaget, vilket än idag är strikt reglerat genom begränsat antal butiker och öppet-tider. Systembolaget utgör in viktigt beståndsdel i den svenska alkoholpolitiken, vilken har till syfte att begränsa alkoholen och dess skadeverkningar i Sverige. Ett viktigt mål är också att motverka att alkoholen når ut till ungdomar under 20år, varvid strikta kon-troller av ålder sker vid köp på Systembolaget.

På senare tid har det diskuterat huruvida det svenska förbudet mot privat införsel av alkohol skall anses vara förenligt med den fria rörligheten av varor och den uppställda artikel 28 i EG-fördraget. Där stadgas det att inga importrestriktioner skall hindra varor tillträde till den gemensamma marknaden. Det uppställda undantaget i artikel 30 berättigar medlemsstaterna att behålla en sådan restriktion om det kan anses nödvändigt till skyddet för den allmänna hälsan. Kommission har i ett motiverat yttrande upplyst Sve-rige att förevarande förbud utgör en sådan restriktion som avses i artikel 28 och att förutsättningarna att behålla ett sådant förbud inte kan anses uppfyllda. Den svenska regeringen anser att förbudet fyller en viktig funktion genom att begränsa tillgängligheten av alkoholen på den svenska marknaden, samt upplyser att en konsument som önskar importera särskilda produkter kan göra detta genom Systembolaget. Att tillåta konsumenter att importera fritt skulle försvaga det ursprungliga syftet med Systembolaget, vilket är att skydda den allmänna hälsan och minska risken för att alkohol blir tillgänglig för ungdomar.

Enligt Alkohollagen kan en person som har fyllt 20 fritt importera alkohol till Sverige under förutsättning att denne reser in med varorna till Sverige och att dessa varor är för hans personliga nyttjande. En föreslagen utvidgning av definitionen privat import kan komma att inkludera varutransporter vilka sker för köparens räkning, ofta kallade distans köp. Detta skiljer sig då nämnvärt från distansförsäljning där säljare står för transporten, och är skyldig att betala punktskatt i destinationslandet för dessa varor. Vid distans köp skall ingen beskattning ske i destinationslandet, under förutsättning att dessa avgifter har betalts i varans ursprungsland.

En utvidgning av definition av privat import till att innefatta varutransporter organiserade av köparen kan skapa problem då inget riktigt kontrakt föreligger mellan säljaren och transportbolaget. Svårigheter kan då uppstå för säljarens då denne saknar möjlighet att kontrollera att köparen är av påstådd ålder och att alkoholen är avsedd för dennes personliga konsumtion.

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18

Kopec, Martin. "Návrh řešení dvojí kvality potravin pomocí technologie Blockchain." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-417675.

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Анотація:

The goal of this diploma thesis is to propose a system based on blockchain technology that is dealing with dual food quality problem in countries of the EU. The theore- tical part of the thesis explains basic principles of blockchain technology, provides an analysis of the dual food quality problem, EU market and the current blockchain implementations in food industry. The practical part focuses on the solution design of such a system itself.

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19

Tutkun, Secil. "Exhaustion Of Industrial Property Rights In The European Union And Its Implications On The Application Of This Principle In Turkey." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606973/index.pdf.

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Анотація:

This thesis analyzes the reconciliation of industrial property rights with the principle of free movement of goods in the EU and the implications of this solution on trade relations between the EU and Turkey in the scope of the Decision No. 1/95 of the EC-Turkey Association Council. In the second chapter, patents, trademarks, industrial designs and utility models then the EU regulations and the international regulations concerning the protection of the relevant right in the EU region is examined. Although, the need for &ldquo
EU wide protection of industrial property rights&rdquo
is not covered by these regulations, there are special provisions which stipulate &ldquo
regional exhaustion&rdquo
for trademarks and industrial designs. In the EU region there are systems for granting Community Trademark and granting Community Industrial Design which are co-exist with the national systems. However there is no system for granting Community Patent or Community Utility Models and there is no special provision which determine the geographical boundary of the exhaustion of patents and utility models. Nevertheless, the principle of regional exhaustion was accepted through ECJ decisions long before the above mentioned regulations which are very recent. In the third chapter of the thesis, firstly the provisions of the Rome Treaty regarding the free movement of goods, then the process that ECJ had faced until the regional exhaustion doctrine was reached and the implementation clauses of this doctrine is examined. Implementation of this doctrine affects both the trade relations among EU Member States and the trade relations between Member States and the non-EU countries. In the fourth chapter of the thesis, the provisions of the Decision No. 1/95 which regulates the free movements of goods between Turkey and the EU are examined with the articles of national legislation concerning the exhaustion of industrial property rights in Turkey. By considering above mentioned provisions and the different views in the doctrine, the trade relation between the EU and Turkey is examined with the economical, political and legal aspects.

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20

Streer, Jan. "Die Umsetzung der Verbrauchsgüterkaufrichtlinie im englischen Recht durch die Sale and Supply of Goods to Consumers Regulations 2002 /." Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] : Lang, 2007. http://www.gbv.de/dms/spk/sbb/recht/toc/523584539.pdf.

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21

WEHMER, CARL MARTIN. "THE ROLE OF METROLOGY AND METROLOGY-RELATED FUNCTIONS IN THE REGULATION OF THE FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS: CONSIDERATIONS ON THE REVISION OF THE EUROPEAN REGULATORY FRAMEWORK." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2009. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=15704@1.

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Анотація:

COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR
A presente dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo analisar, à luz das funções da infraestrutura tecnológica, as proposições do novo marco regulatório europeu para a livre circulação de produtos no mercado comum. Mais especificamente responder à questão formulada pela pesquisa: conseguirá esse novo marco regulatório equacionar e mitigar as deficiências do modelo anterior? Tendo em vista a atualidade do tema, o trabalho discute a importância da metrologia, da normalização, da acreditação e da avaliação da conformidade na eficiência da fiscalização do mercado em nível global e a relevância técnica e econômica que resultam desses processos. No campo institucional, a motivação pelo tema se deu pelo compromisso do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Metrologia de contribuir para o avanço do conhecimento sobre a regulação de mercados e de explorar o tema como oportunidade de fortalecer a ponte em temas da metrologia com a cidadania. No que concerne a metodologia, a pesquisa desenvolveu-se de forma estruturada segundo as seguintes fases complementares: (i) pesquisa bibliográfica e documental dos textos legais e regulamentos europeus aplicáveis; (ii) pesquisa de campo (iii) construção e aplicação do instrumento da pesquisa (questionário) junto a especialistas atuantes nas funções da infraestrutura tecnológica para a qualidade. Consubstanciando os propósitos da pesquisa de mestrado, o trabalho explicitou os resultados mais relevantes consolidados pelo amplo e participativo processo de revisão da legislação européia para a livre circulação de produtos e disponibilizou uma metodologia de avaliação. Finalmente, como conclusão, o trabalho definiu os determinantes da revisão do marco regulatório europeu à luz das mudanças de critérios de aplicação das funções da infraestrutura tecnológica.
The aim of this M.Sc. dissertation is to analyze the New Regulatory Framework for the free movement of goods in the European market, in the light of the functions of the national quality infrastructure. More specifically, to answer the question posed by the study: will the New (and recently revised) Regulatory Framework be able to mitigate the shortcomings of the previous model? Moreover, the study discusses the significance of metrology, standardization, conformity assessment and accreditation for the effectiveness of market surveillance at a global level and the economic and technical relevance of these processes. The commitment of the Postgraduate Metrology Program (Metrology for Quality and Innovation) to contribute to the improvement of technical regulation, while bridging metrology to citizenship, reflect the motivation of this work. The methodology included: (i) a review of the specialized literature (e.g.: legal documentation and applicable European regulation); (ii) a field research and (iii) the development and application of the structured questionnaire to experts in functions of the quality infrastructure and European legislation. The study highlights the most relevant results of the thorough revision of the European regulation for the free movement of goods. It also provided a methodology of assessment for related issues. In tune with the precepts of the Postgraduate Metrology Programme committed to participate in the debate of current topics in metrology and related matters, the dissertation made available to Brazilian legislators lessons learnt by the European Union on the building of a common market. In conclusion, an experience particularly valuable to those committed to make MERCOSUR a successful undertaking. An endeavor of great proportions where goods, services, capital and labor can circulate freely providing the foundation for prosperity.

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22

Cicėnas, Rokas. "Ar Lietuvoje esančios kliūtys registruoti automobilius su vairu dešinėje pusėje pažeidžia laisvo prekių judėjimo principus Europos Bendrijoje?" Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2012. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2012~D_20120619_121357-62493.

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Анотація:

ES vidaus rinka suprantama kaip teritorija be sienų, kurioje be kitų laisvių užtikrinamas ir laisvas prekių judėjimas. Laisvas prekių judėjimas yra labiausiai išplėtota iš vadinamųjų keturių „laisvių“ ir bene sėkmingiausiai veikianti Europos Bendrijos sritis. Automobilių pirkimas-pardavimas taip pat patenka į laisvo prekių judėjimo principų reguliuojamą sritį, nes autmobiliai taip pat yra „Prekės“. Taigi automobilių registravimo draudimas yra akivaizdus laisvo prekių suvaržymo pavyzdys, nes joks žmogus nebus suinteresuotas pirkti automobilį žinodamas, kad negalės jo registruoti ir naudoti. Tyrimo tikslas buvo išsiaiškinti, ar toks Lietuvoje taikomas draudimas nepažeidžia laisvo prekių judėjimo principų. Visų pirma, svarbiausio laisvam prekių judėjimui taikomo proporcingumo principo. Jis reikalauja, kad naudojamos priemonės atitiktų tą tikslą, kurio jomis siekiama. Taigi nukrypti nuo bendrosios taisyklės leidžiama tik tiek, kiek yra būtina keliamiems tikslams pasiekti. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad Lietuvos institucijų veiksmai nėra proporcingi siekiamiems tikslams. Visų pirma, proporcingumo principas nereikalauja Bendrijos šalių atsisakyti naudoti laisvą prekių judėjimą varžančias priemones. Antra, taikomas „dešiniavairių“ automobilių registracijos draudimas, nepagrindžiant moksliniais tyrimais ar skaičiavimais, negali būti pateisinamas tik dėl galinčio kilti pavojaus kitiems eismo dalyviams, žmonių sveikatai ir visuomenės saugumui. Išanalizavus kitų šalių praktiką... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
The free movement of goods is the most successful project in European Community. It is an important part of the internal market described in EC treaty as follows: the internal market shall comprise an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty. It is necessary to ensure the appropriate application of principles of free movement goods in European Community. Only this way it is possible to ensure fair competition among states companies and keep internal market competitive to the rest of the world. For the majority of products, EU countries have adopted the principle of mutual recognition of national rules. Any product legally manufactured and sold in one member state must be allowed to be placed on the market in all others. Articles 34 and 35 of the Treaty on Functioning of European Union deals with the prohibition of quantitative restrictions and measures having an equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions on imports and exports. Measures having an equivalent effect to quantitative restrictions mean laws, regulations, administrative provisions, administrative practices, and all instruments issuing from a public authority including recommendation which have similar effect to quantitative restrictions. These articles are a leading tool to deal with elimination of technical barriers which are the most dangerous to free movement of goods notion. Only on the... [to full text]

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23

Hálová, Helena. "Vývoj teritoriální struktury zbožového obchodu zemí EU v období hospodářské krize v letech 2008 až 2013." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193736.

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The object of this work is to define the role of the EU in the global economy and especialy to identify important features of the development of foreign trade of commodities of EU countries in the years 2008-2013 in the context of the global economic crisis and determine how it has changed commodity trade due to the global economic changes caused by the crisis. This thesis informs about the EU's position and changes in its trade both in terms of extra-trade and intra-trade.

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24

Pohl, Toralf. "The 'Battle of the Forms' under the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: A Comparison with the UNIDROIT Principles, the European Principles and some domestic laws." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4537.

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25

Mendo, Maria de Fátima de Jesus. "Análise comparativa das experiências portuguesa e espanhola na União Europeia : integração económica entre países com níveis diferenciados de desenvolvimento." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/12370.

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Анотація:

Mestrado em Economia Internacional
0 presente trabalho tern como objectivo o estudo dos efeitos da integração económica entre países com níveis diferenciados de desenvolvimento, baseando-se na análise comparativa das experiência portuguesa e espanhola na União Europeia, sobre o comércio externo de mercadorias, as trocas de serviços, os fluxos de investimento directo estrangeiro e as transferências financeiras, nestes dois países, e no seu relacionamento entre si e com a União Europeia. Este tema tern actualidade pelo estudo destes efeitos em si próprios, mas sobretudo porque qualquer alargamento da União Europeia, seja aos PECO, seja aos paises do Norte de África, consistirá num alargamento a países ainda menos desenvolvidos. O interesse deste tema adquire urn carácter de universalidade, quando verificamos que ao nível mundial, nos restantes espaços regionais, existe uma tendência semelhante. Este trabalho integra quatro partes. A primeira parte consiste numa introdução composta pela apresentação do objectivo e do âmbito do estudo efectuado. A segunda parte compreende um enquadramento teórico da integração económica e do IDE. Na terceira parte, procede-se à comparação das experiências portuguesa e espanhola na União Europeia, com auxílio de dados estatísticos trabalhados. Na quarta parte, expõem-se as principais conclusões extraídas da análise comparativa.
The purpose of the present work is the survey of economic integration effects between countries with different levels of development, founded on the comparative analysis of Portuguese and Spanish experiences within the European Union, specially on foreign trade of goods, exchange of services, FDI and financial transfers, not only with the other member states but also between them. This subject is updated not only because it surveys these same effects, but also and particularly, because any enlargement of the European Union, either to Eastern and Central European Countries, or to Northern African Countries, will consist in an enlargement to non developed countries. The interest of this issue gains an universal character when we acknowledge that at a world level, in the other regional areas, there is a similar trend. This work is divided in four parts. The first part, consists of an introduction composed by the presentation of the aims and the scope of the study. The second part comprises a theoretical framing about the economic integration and the FDI. In the third part, the comparison of the Portuguese and Spanish experiences within the European Union is made, supported by statistic data. The fourth part includes the main conclusions taken from the analysis.

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26

Poul, Adam. "Určení zdrojů rizik při přepravě nebezpečných látek na silnicích a návrh opatření na snížení ztrát a škod na veřejných aktivech." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-433338.

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The master‘s thesis focuses on the risks of transporting dangerous goods by road. The introductory part deals with related legislation of the Czech Republic is analyzed, followed by international legislation. In the European Union, the transport of dangerous goods is regulated primarily by the European agreement concerning the International carriage of dangerous goods by road (ADR). Between 2002 and 2019, master‘s thesis analyzes and describes the statistics of traffic accidents with the presence of dangerous goods. Furthermore, this master‘s thesis also analyzes the characteristics of the sources of traffic accident risks, and when activating the risk, the possible effects of traffic accidents and subsequent leakage of dangerous goods are described. In fulfilling the aims of the master‘s thesis, agreement was found in the causes of traffic accidents in statistics and in the literature in the fact that in 80% it is the fault of the human factor. Analysis of a set of 10 large accidents with the presence of dangerous goods using a modified "What, if" method identified impacts on public assets. Based on these identified impacts, measures were proposed that would be appropriate to apply in the public interest.

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27

Hesselink, Martijn Willem. "De redelijkheid en billijkheid in het europese privaatrecht = Good faith in European private law /." [Deventer] : Kluwer, 1999. http://www.gbv.de/dms/sbb-berlin/330425897.pdf.

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28

Simões, Marco Paulo Ventura. "Do Cáspio para o mundo : as trocas comerciais de bens do Cáucaso e Ásia Central." Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13428.

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Анотація:

Mestrado em Economia Internacional e Estudos Europeus
As transações comerciais são uma parte das relações sociais entre os homens. Ao longo dos tempos, os países organizaram-se social, e economicamente e procuram diferentes parceiros comerciais com vista ao aumento da sua riqueza e do seu bem estar, nomeadamente através das trocas de produtos. Se no século XX, o espaço europeu era a maior zona económica, neste século, outras zonas geográficas ganharam protagonismo nas trocas comerciais de bens, nomeadamente a China e o Sudeste Asiático e mais recentemente o Cáucaso e a Ásia Central. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar as trocas comerciais de bens das antigas repúblicas soviéticas (definidas pelo FMI como Cáucaso e Ásia Central) com o resto do mundo, a Rússia, a UE-28 e Portugal, tendo por base os dados obtidos da Comtrade Database da ONU no período 2004-2013, assim como demais relatórios realizados por instituições públicas e privadas.
Business' transactions are a part of social relations between men. Over time the countries have organized themselves socially and economically and look for different trading partners looking for an increasing their wealth, majority through the exchange of products. If in twentieth century, the European area was the largest economic zone, in this century, other geographical areas gained prominence in trade, like China and Southeast Asia and more recently Central Asia. The aim of this work is to analyze the trade in goods of the former Soviet republics (defined by the IMF as the Caucasus and Central Asia) with the world, Russia, the EU-28 and Portugal, based on the data obtained from Comtrade UN Database in the period 2004-2013 and other reports from public and private institutions.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

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29

Durand, Étienne. "Électricité de source renouvelable et droit du marché interieur européen." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE3072.

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Анотація:

L’Union européenne conduit une ambitieuse politique de développement des énergies renouvelables, visant à porter à 20 % la part de ces dernières dans la consommation énergétique européenne à l’horizon 2020. A cet effet, le législateur européen sollicite des Etats membres qu’ils mettent en œuvre des soutiens nationaux à la production d’électricité renouvelable, susceptibles de relever du champ de l’interdiction des entraves et des aides d’Etat. Parallèlement, la politique de réalisation du marché intérieur de l’énergie impose aux Etats membres de libéraliser le secteur économique dans lequel s’inscrit l’électricité renouvelable. Par l’observation des règles du marché intérieur, la thèse évalue l’articulation entre ces objectifs visiblement contradictoires. Si la finalité environnementale qui sous-tend le développement de l’électricité renouvelable justifie une inflexion des règles du marché intérieur, elle favorise les cloisonnements nationaux et fait naître une concurrence normative entre les Etats membres. Chacun d’eux use de l’attractivité de son droit pour inciter les opérateurs économiques à exploiter des sources d’énergie nationales, indépendamment de leur répartition naturelle à l’échelle européenne. L’observation empirique de ce phénomène met en évidence les risques qu’il fait peser sur la cohérence globale de l’action de l’Union dans le domaine des énergies renouvelables. En prenant appui sur certaines évolutions du droit positif et de la pratique des acteurs privés sur le marché, la thèse évalue les hypothèses de renouvellement des mécanismes du marché afin qu’il devienne un instrument à part entière de promotion de l’électricité renouvelable dans l’Union européenne
The European Union is pursuing an ambitious policy to develop renewable energy aimed at increasing its share to 20% in the European energy consumption by 2020. To that extent, the European legislator requests from all Member States that they implement national support for the production of renewable electricity, which may fall within the scope of the ban on restrictions and State aids. In parallel, the policy of achieving the internal energy market requires the Member States to liberate the economic sector in which renewable electricity is used. By observing the rules of the internal market, the thesis evaluates the articulation between these objectives that seem contradictory. While the environmental goal underlying the development of renewable electricity justifies an inflexion of the rules of the internal market, it promotes national separation and gives rise to normative competition between the Member States. Each of them uses the attractiveness of its own laws to persuade the economic operators to exploit national energy sources, independently of their natural distribution on a European scale. The empirical observation of this phenomenon highlights the risks it poses to the overall coherence of the European Union’s action in the field of renewable energies. By using some developments of the positive law and the practice of private actors in the market, the thesis evaluates the hypotheses to renew the market mechanisms so that the market becomes a full instrument for promoting renewable electricity in the European Union

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De, Gaulmyn Louis. "Les mécanismes de soutien à la production d'électricité de source renouvelable." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLED023.

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Анотація:

L’Union européenne conduit une importante politique de développement des énergies renouvelables, visant à porter à 20 % la part de ces dernières dans la consommation d’énergie totale en 2020. Dans ce cadre, la France a mis en place une politique de soutien à la production d’électricité renouvelable, au moyen de mécanismes de soutien consistant en un subventionnement direct de cette production. Cependant, ce mode de soutien fait face à plusieurs problématiques qui remettent en question sa pérennité. D’une part, l’évolution de la politique du marché intérieur de l’électricité renouvelle la question de la compatibilité des mécanismes de soutien avec les dispositions du droit de l’Union européenne relatives à la libre circulation et aux aides d’Etat. D’autre part, le développement important de la production d’électricité renouvelable risque de remettre en cause l’équilibre du système électrique français. Afin de faire face à ces obstacles, la France a adopté une importante réforme de ces mécanismes de soutien et a mis en place plusieurs dispositifs annexes visant à adapter la croissance de la production d’électricité renouvelable aux contraintes posées par le système électrique. En prenant appui sur les récentes évolutions du droit positif et sur les doctrines développées par les acteurs institutionnels du marché intérieur de l’électricité, la thèse évalue la capacité de cette réforme à adapter la politique de soutien à la production d’électricité renouvelable à ces différentes contraintes juridiques et systémiques
The European Union is pursuing a major policy to develop renewable energy aimed at increasing its share to 20 % in total energy consumption in 2020. In this context, France has set up a policy to support renewable electricity generation, through support mechanisms that directly subsidize this generation. However, this mode of support faces several issues, which question its durability. On the one hand, the evolution of the internal electricity market policy renews the question of the compatibility of the support mechanisms with the provisions of European Union law on free movement of goods and State aid. On the other hand, the significant development of renewable electricity generation risks threatening the balance of the French electricity system. In order to cope with these obstacles, France has adopted a major reform of these support mechanisms and has set up several linked mechanisms aimed at adapting the growth of renewable electricity generation to the constraints posed by the electricity system. By using some recent developments of the positive law and the doctrines developed by the institutional players in the internal electricity market, the thesis evaluates the capacity of this reform to adapt the policy of support for renewable electricity generation to these legal and systemic constraints

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Masuku, Gabriel Mthokozisi Sifiso. "Harmonization of SACU Trade Policies in the Tourism & Hospitality Service Sectors." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2009. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1740_1280359750.

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The general objective of the proposed research is to do a needs analysis for the tourism and hospitality industries of South Africa, Botswana, Namibia, Lesotho and Swaziland. This will be followed by an alignment of these industries with the provisions of the General Agreement of Trade in Services, commonly known as GATS, so that a Tourism and Hospitality Services Charter may be moulded that may be used uniformly throughout SACU. The specific objectives of the research are: To analyze impact assessment reports and studies conducted on the Tourism and Hospitality Industries for all five SACU member states with the aim of harmonizing standards, costs and border procedures. To ecognize SACU member states&rsquo
schedule of GATS Commitments, especially in the service sectors being investigated, by improving market access, and to recommend minimal infrastructural development levels to be attained for such sectors&rsquo
support. To make recommendations to harness the challenges faced by the said industries into a working document. To calibrate a uniformity of trade standards in these sectors that shall be used by the SACU membership. To ensure that the template is flexible enough for SACU to easily adopt and use in ongoing bilateral negotiations, for example.

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32

Techa-Apikun, Aimpaga. "La protection juridique du consommateur acquéreur de bien : étude comparative (Thaïlande, Malaisie, Singapour, Union européenne)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1082.

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Анотація:

La protection des droits des consommateurs est un sujet essentiel visant à établir un équilibre entre tous les acteurs bénéficiant de l'élargissement du marché sans frontières. Au moment où la coopération sur la protection du consommateur entre les pays membres de l'ASEAN est établie, les réflexions comparatives sur les mécanismes internes pour protéger les intérêts des consommateurs acquéreurs des biens dans ces pays s'avèrent être un sujet nécessaire pour une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes législatifs adoptés et des situations actuelles. Ceux-ci sont donc des facteurs importants pour le développement de la protection des consommateurs.Cette étude consiste à se pencher sur les mécanismes législatifs internes applicables dans les trois pays sélectionnés tels que la Malaisie, Singapour et la Thaïlande, tendant à protéger les intérêts économiques des consommateurs vis-à-vis du problème de la non-conformité du bien à l'attente légitime. Bien que ces trois pays sélectionnés soient très différents sur la forme de l'Etat et sur le système juridique applicable, ils ont partagé un point commun ; l'intégration du concept de la protection des intérêts de consommateurs dans leurs droits depuis plus de dix ans. Nos réflexions comparatives sur les mécanismes nationaux des trois pays et sur les mécanismes régionaux de l'UE exposeront la similarité et la disparité des droits des trois pays et, ainsi, proposeront une solution pour réduire ces divergences
Protecting the rights of consumers is a key issue to achieve the balance between all stakeholders benefiting from expanding market without borders. Currently, cooperation on the issue among the ASEAN member countries has been established; however, a further and analytical study on the topic is needed. A comparative reflection on states' internal mechanism of the protection of interests of consumers who possess goods will provide an insightful knowledge of current situation both in terms of legal instruments and facts. These are important factors for the development of consumer protection.This study is to analyse the internal legal systems applicable to the three selected countries which are Malaysia , Singapore and Thailand , aiming at protecting consumers' economic interests against the problem of non -conformity of goods to legitimate expectation. Although the three selected countries differ from each other in terms of the form of government and legal system, they share one thing in common; integrating the concept of protecting the interests of consumers in their law for over ten years. Our comparative reflections on the three countries' mechanisms, the regional mechanisms and the EU mechanisms exhibit similarity and disparity of law between the three countries and thus propose a solution to reduce these differences

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33

Novy, Andreas. "A Good Life for all - A European development model." WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2015. http://epub.wu.ac.at/4565/1/sre%2Ddisc%2D2015_03.pdf.

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Анотація:

This working paper analyses the potentialities of an eco-solidarian development model for Europe by mobilising theories and experiences from Latin America. The argument is based on a didactical analysis in three parts: Is-Shall-Do. In a first step, the dysfunctional neoliberal regulation in Europe will be analysed. In a second step, the good life for all is presented as a concrete utopia, inspired from Latin America. This utopia polarizes movement, classes und proposals especially with respect to a decision on whether the good life shall be realized "for the few" or "for all". In a third step, the challenges for a pluralistic search movement to implement this great transformation will be analysed. (author's abstract)
Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

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34

Silva, Jorge Francisco da. "How good is your english?: um Estudo dos Níveis de Proficiência do Quadro Comum Europeu (Common European Framework of Reference)." Universidade Católica de Pernambuco, 2016. http://www.unicap.br/tede//tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1202.

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Анотація:

O objeto de investigação desta dissertação é o Quadro Comum Europeu (Common European Framework of Reference) e seus níveis de proficiência em línguas estrangeiras. O Quadro ou CEFR começou a ser desenvolvido pelos quase 50 paísesmembros do Conselho Europeu em 1991. As matrizes de referência do CEFR tornaram-se um marco internacional e oferecem atualmente orientações para a formulação de políticas linguísticas para o ensino, aprendizagem e avaliação em cerca de 30 línguas europeias, incluindo o inglês. Apesar de o CEFR também ser usado no Brasil em cursos preparatórios para testes internacionais e em vários tipos de processos seletivos, pouco se sabe sobre ele e a literatura sobre o assunto em português ainda é escassa. O objetivo geral deste estudo é investigar quais teorias de linguagem foram usadas na elaboração do CEFR. O objetivo específico é analisar as concepções de língua/linguagem, ensino e aprendizagem, sujeito e avaliação do CEFR para entender como os seus níveis de proficiência foram determinados. Por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica, foram reunidas e organizadas diversas publicações do Conselho Europeu, de suas instituições parceiras e de pesquisadores independentes, para investigar as questões propostas nesta dissertação. Ao final, foi possível estabelecer a evolução histórica das bases teóricas do CEFR, com origem na Virada Linguística, passando pela Escola da Filosofia da Linguagem e pelas disciplinas da Sociolinguística e da Pragmática. As diferentes concepções, com destaque para a concepção de língua/linguagem no CEFR, também foram devidamente analisadas. Finalmente, foi possível compreender com mais profundidade como os referidos níveis de proficiência foram determinados.
The object of research of this thesis is the Common European Framework (CEFR) and its levels of proficiency in foreign languages. The development of the CEFR by nearly 50 member countries of the European Council started in 1991. The CEFR reference scales have become an international landmark and currently provide guidelines for the formulation of language policies for teaching, learning and assessment in about 30 European languages, including English. Although the CEFR is also used in Brazil in preparatory programs and in different types of selection processes, little is known about it and the literature on the subject in Portuguese is still scarce. The general aim of this study is to investigate which language theories were used in preparing the CEFR. Our specific aim is to analyze the concepts of language, teaching, learning, self and assessment in the CEFR to understand how its proficiency levels were determined. By means of a bibliographical research, several publications of the European Council, partner institutions and independent researchers were gathered and organized to investigate the questions proposed in this research. In the end, it was possible to establish the historical evolution of the theoretical basis of the CEFR, its origins in the Linguistic Turn, with later developments from the School of Philosophy of Language and the disciplines of Sociolinguistics and Pragmatics. The different concepts, especially the concept of language in the CEFR, were also duly considered. Finally, it was possible to understand more clearly how the said proficiency levels were determined.

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35

Johansson, Jonna. "Learning To Be(come) A Good European : A Critical Analysis of the Official European Union Discourse on European Identity and Higher Education." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Statsvetenskap, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10384.

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During the year 2007 when this thesis was completed the European Union could look back at fifty years of collaboration, which began with the signing of the Treaty of Rome in 1957 and which has developed from being mainly economic in character to incorporating a political as well as a social dimension at the European level. In 2007 the European Union also commemorated the twentieth anniversary of Erasmus, its higher education mobility programme. It is this relatively new political dimension which I have been interested in investigating in this thesis. More precisely, it is the political construction of a common European identity which is analysed using a critical discourse analysis approach. The major aim of this thesis has been two-fold. The first aim has been to investigate how the European is constructed in the discourse contained within the official European Union documents. I have been interested in analysing the various structures, in the form of ideas and norms which are used to construct 'the European'. The second aim has been to explore whether the role of higher educated, as constructed in the official European Union discourse, is given a similar identity-making role as education is argued to have in the nation-state according to the theory on national identity. I argue that there are three versions of European identity construction, i.e. cultural, civic, and neo-liberal, with their own relationship to higher education, present in the empirical material analysed, consisting of official European Union documents. Further, this thesis is also a study of the power of modern government. I argue that there is an increase in normative soft power where 'the Good European' is not something 'you' are but something 'you' become by being a responsible active citizen. Through the use of critical discourse analysis I illuminate the power which resides in the language in the discourse analysed. Thus, I have been interested in investigating how the discourse analysed works to both include and exclude individuals.
Under 2007 då denna avhandling färdigställdes kunde den Europeiska Unionen se tillbaka på femtio år av samarbete som började med Romfördraget 1957 och som har utvecklats från att vara framförallt ekonomiskt till att även behandla politiska och sociala frågor på den europeiska nivån. År 2007 firade den Europeiska Unionen även tjugoårsjubileet för Erasmus, sitt program för rörlighet inom högre utbildning. Det är denna relativt nya politiska dimension som jag har varit intresserad av att undersöka i avhandlingen. Närmare bestämt, det är den politiska konstruktionen av en gemensam europeisk identitet som analyseras med hjälp av kritisk diskurs analys. Syftet med avhandlingen har varit tvådelat. Det första syftet har varit att undersöka hur europén skapas i diskursen som finns att finna i officiella EU policy dokument. Jag har varit intresserad av att analysera de olika strukturer, i form av idéer och normer som används för att konstruera 'europén'. Det andra syftet har varit att undersöka om högre utbildning, som den konstrueras i den officiella EU diskursen, har samma identitetsskapande roll som utbildning sägs ha i nationalstaten enligt nationell identitetsteori. Jag påstår att det finns tre versioner av europeisk identitet, i.e. kulturell, politisk och neoliberal, var och en med sin egen relation till högre utbildning, i det empiriska materialet, bestående av officiella EU dokument, som har undersökts. Dessutom, avhandlingen är en studie av den makt som är del av modernt styrande. Jag påstår att det har varit en ökning då det gäller 'mjuk. makt där en 'God Europé' inte är något 'du' är utan något 'du' blir genom att vara en ansvarstagande aktiv medborgare. Genom kritisk diskursanalys belyser jag uttrycken av makt som finns att finnas i den diskurs jag analyserar. Med andra ord, jag har varit intresserad av att undersöka hur den analyserade diskursen både inkluderar och exkluderar individer.

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36

Johansson, Jonna. "Learning to Be (come) A Good European : A Critical Analysis of the Official European Union Discourse on European Identity and Higher Education." Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Department of Management and Engineering, Linköpings universitet, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-10384.

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37

Kollárová, Katarína. "Export zboží zemí EU v období let 2004 až 2009." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-76156.

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European union is an important subject of the international trade in goods. Currently EU is the world biggest exporter and importer of goods in the world. Export of goods is a significant factor of economic growth in EU. From 2004 to 2007 there was a period of boom in economy of EU15 countries. At this time intra-export and extra-export growth was recorded. In 2008 and 2009 EU15 countries were affected by economic crisis, which had impact on main macroeconomic indicators and on export of goods as well. From 2004 to 2008 there was a period of boom in economy of EU12 countries. The major export partners of EU12 countries were EU15 countries, which accounted for 60% of exports of goods EU12 countries. In 2009 EU12 countries were affected by economic crisis, which had impact on main macroeconomic indicators and also on export. In time of recession the problems of the export of goods in EU countries have been fully reflected. The main problems are shrinking production capacity, unsufficient innovation and the loss of competetiveness, territorial and commodity structure of export of goods EU countries.

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38

Koželuhová, Jana. "Problematika vlivu úkapů ropných látek na hutněné asfaltové vrstvy." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-226043.

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Aim of the Master’s thesis is analysis of problems of the dangerous goods road transportation, especially transport of flammable liquids. It analyses the European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road and its special requirements. Thesis also covers road tanker accidents and the removal of leaked petroleum products. In practical portion the work on resistance testing of asphalt mixtures against several types of fuel is presented.

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39

Gustafsson, Hall Joel. "Discrepancies in European Union Pre-accession Evaluations : An Assessment of the European Commission’s Progress Reports." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-424288.

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This study investigated whether EU Progress Reports measured the Copenhagen political criteria in a biased manner compared to independent indices. At stake is the credibility of the EU accession process and whether countries in the Western Balkans will seek partnerships with the EU or state-actors beyond the European peninsula. This is a case study of how well Albania and North Macedonia fared regarding the political criteria during 2014 and 2017. Each country was ranked against one another in order to find potential discrepancies between measurements from Progress Reports and independent indices. This paper did find evidence that suggests the European Commission disfavored North Macedonia and favored Albania. However, other results were inconclusive. The finding supported accession literature that has called into question the objectivity of the EU accession process.

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40

Loustau, Marc Roscoe. "Devotions of Desire: Changing Gods, Changing People at a Transylvanian Pilgrimage Site." Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:15821961.

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This dissertation describes how desiring subjects make devotional worlds in times of radical change. I argue that what is centrally at stake for people who pass through the Şumuleu Ciuc (Hungarian: Csíksomlyó) pilgrimage site in Transylvania, Romania is the question of what makes a good Catholic in relation to the Virgin Mary. Disputes about this question revolve around notions of the desiring subject: What role should forms of sexual, material, and affective self-interest – or lack thereof – play in the life of Mary’s devotees and the life of the Mother of God herself? This formulation of desire and change as intersubjective and relational processes involving divine and human beings breaks new ground among dominantly sociological and symbolic studies of religious change in contemporary Eastern Europe. Chapter One broadly outlines 20th and 21st century social transformations in the Ciuc valley. Chapter Two explores the annual Pentecost pilgrimage event as a ritual intricately caught up in everyday processes of emerging post-socialist masculine subject formation. Chapter Three tells the story of a young woman’s vision of the Virgin Mary that resulted in the installation of a new statue and shrine at the pilgrimage site. Where other scholars have treated similar events in terms of abstract political processes of resacralizing and nationalizing post-socialist space and time, I seek to re-site the “politics” of the shrine in the tension between religious experience and semiotic form. Chapter Four blends phenomenological and pragmatist theories of materiality to address recent infrastructural transformations to the pilgrimage site as efforts to “remodel Mary’s home.” One set of new structures outside at the shrine materialize and enact the ambivalent search for a post-socialist lay Catholic leading class that I introduced in Chapter One. Chapter Five takes up my previous concern with gender in order to examine women’s Marian healing practices in secular post-socialist hospitals. Chapter Six beings with a consideration of the intersubjective politics of storytelling and the new role played at Csíksomlyó by the global Catholic radio network, The World Family of Radio Maria.

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41

Kiehlbauch, Solange Nicole. ""The Gods Have Taken Thought for Them": Syncretic Animal Symbolism in Medieval European Magic." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1923.

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This thesis investigates syncretic animal symbolism within medieval European occult systems. The major question that this work seeks to answer is: what does the ubiquity and importance of magical animals and animal magic reveal about overarching medieval perceptions of the world? In response, I utilize the emerging subfield of Animal History as a theoretical framework to draw attention to an understudied yet highly relevant aspect of occult theory and practice. This work argues that medieval Europeans lived in a fundamentally “enchanted” world compared to our modern age, where the permeable boundaries between physical and spiritual planes imbued nature and its creatures with intrinsic power. In addition, with the increasingly pervasive influence of Christianity, animals took on supplementary and often negative symbolic dimensions within evolving magical systems, yet retained their sense of power within a new syncretic context. By surveying classical occult inheritance, the pervasive influence of Christian doctrine, the use of animals in medical magic, and their rich symbolic potential within medieval literature, this interdisciplinary work highlights the multifaceted medley of Christian and pagan elements that became intertwined in daily life despite seeming doctrinal opposition. Although further scholarly research has yet to be done, analyzing understandings of a world filled with intrinsic occult power offers a valuable and revealing contrast to an age of increasingly sharpened boundaries between animals, human beings, the cosmic realm, and nature.

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42

Hlaváček, Aleš. "Analýza účetních přístupů řešení DPH v zahraničně obchodních vztazích." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2007. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-5237.

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Diploma work contains general information about VAT. Further are described: VAT in European Union, import of goods, export of goods, trade services by export and import goods. All Themes are linked with VAT. All categories contains part about principles of VAT and part about booking of all operations. In the chapter about VAT in European Union is described example about change of VAT rate by Direct debit vendor. The chapter about import contains example about German VAT 0 %, which is transfered to the Czech conditions.

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43

Pons, Myriam. "L’Union européenne et la sécurité des transports maritimes de marchandises et substances dangereuses." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1012.

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Le transport maritime est d'une importance stratégique pour l'économie de l'Union européenne. Chaque année, un milliard de tonnes de pétrole transitent par les ports et les eaux de l'UE et deux milliards de tonnes de marchandises sont chargées et déchargées dans ses ports. C'est pourquoi, depuis le naufrage de l'Amoco Cadiz et les conséquences désastreuses, tant pour l'environnement que pour l'économie qui en découlèrent, l'Union européenne ne cesse de développer et d'intensifier sa politique de sécurité maritime dans le but de mettre un terme à la navigation sous normes, essentiellement par une application effective des règles internationales en la matière. Depuis 1993, l'UE et ses États membres sont au premier plan afin d'améliorer la législation en matière de sécurité du transport maritime de marchandises et substances dangereuses pour éliminer les navires sous-normes, augmenter la protection des équipages, réduire le risque de pollution de l'environnement et veiller à ce que les opérateurs qui suivent les bonnes pratiques ne soient pas désavantagés commercialement par rapport à ceux qui sont prêts à prendre des raccourcis avec la sécurité des navires. Les accidents de l'Erika et du Prestige encouragèrent l'UE à réformer radicalement son régime juridique et à adopter de nouvelles règles et normes de prévention des accidents en mer, en particulier celles impliquant les pétroliers. Depuis plus de trente ans l'UE n'a cessé de renforcer et d'améliorer son arsenal législatif. Elle fit évoluer sa réglementation consécutivement aux divers accidents qui vinrent frapper ses côtes ; c'est pourquoi la sécurité du transport maritime sera toujours en évolution
Maritime transport has strategic importance for the economy of the European Union. Each year, one billion tons of oil pass through the ports and waters of the EU. Two billion tons of goods are loaded and unloaded in its ports. Because of the disastrous consequences the sinking of Amoco Cadiz has had on the environment and economy, the European Union continues to develop and strengthen its policy on maritime safety in order to put an end to substandard shipping, primarily through the effective application of international rules. Since 1993, the European Union and its Member States are at the forefront improving legislation on the safety of maritime transport of dangerous goods and substances, striving to eliminate substandard ships, increase protection of the crew, reduce the risk of environmental pollution. The EU is insuring operators who are following the best practices, compared to those who are willing to take shortcuts with the safety of ships, are not commercially disadvantaged. Accidents of the Erika and Prestige encouraged the EU to radically reform its legal system and to adopt new rules and standards for the prevention of accidents at sea, particularly those involving tankers. For more than thirty years the European Union has not stopped to strengthen and to improve its legislation in order to better protect itself against the risks of pollution due to maritime transports of dangerous goods. It has updated its regulation consecutivly to several accidents which damaged its coasts ; that is why the safety of maritme transport will always be evolving

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44

Griffin, Liza. "Good governance, scale & power in the European Union : a case study of North Sea Fisheries." Thesis, Open University, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.446287.

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45

Bonavita, Valeria <1983&gt. "The EU and Dispute Settlement within the WTO: a strategy for the protection of the Union’s autonomy in the domestic regulation of goods?" Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/4716/.

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Oggetto della ricerca è l’accertamento dell’esistenza, nonché la definizione, della strategia dall’UE in materia di controversie commerciali aventi ad oggetto l’interpretazione e l’applicazione di norme facenti capo agli Accordi OMC in materia di misure sanitarie e di barriere tecniche al commercio. Nella prima parte della tesi, si ricostruiscono gli obbiettivi perseguiti dall’UE in materia di controversie SPS e TBT. In questo contesto, un’importanza di primo piano è attribuita alla difesa dell’autonomia regolamentare dell’Unione. Ad essa si riconduce la prassi UE finalizzata a prevenire il sorgere di controversie sul piano bilaterale attraverso la conclusione di accordi di mutuo riconoscimento, la cui portata ella sottolinea essere tuttavia limitata. L’analisi di cinque controversie sorte in ambito OMC di cui l’Unione è o è stata parte convenuta e che si fondano su presunte o accertate violazioni delle norme facenti capo ai due accordi menzionati consente di classificare gli argomenti giuridici avanzati dall’Unione nel contesto di tali controversie. Nella seconda parte della ricerca, la candidata identifica i mezzi a servizio della strategia UE, in primo luogo, attraverso l’analisi del quadro giuridico relativo alla partecipazione dell’Unione e degli Stati Membri al sistema OMC di risoluzione delle controversie; in secondo luogo, attraverso lo studio, da un lato, dello status delle norme OMC nell’ordinamento UE e, dall’altro, degli effetti delle pronunce dell’Organo di Risoluzione delle Controversie e della questione della responsabilità dell’Unione per violazione del diritto OMC. Sulla base del lavoro di ricerca svolto, si conclude che una strategia dell’UE esiste nella misura in cui l’Unione persegue l’obbiettivo di preservare la propria autonomia regolamentare attraverso, anche se non esclusivamente, gli strumenti afferenti all’ordine giuridico interno analizzati nella seconda parte. La candidata conclude altresì che la riforma del diritto delle relazioni esterne operata dal Trattato di Lisbona può indurre un cambiamento di tale strategia.

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46

Elbe, Stefan Heinz Edward. "European nihilism and the meaning of the European idea : a study of Nietzsche's 'good Europeanism' in response to the debate in the post-Cold War era." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2001. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2516/.

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One of the novel aspects of the European debate in the post-Cold War era is the deliberate attempt by scholars and policy-makers to articulate a more meaningful idea of Europe. Such an idea, it is hoped, would enhance the legitimacy of the European Union and could provide the basis for a European identity capable of mitigating against the rise of nationalist and racist violence in Europe. After more than a decade, however, a compelling vision of Europe that would fulfil these aspirations is still widely deemed to be lacking. The question that arises, therefore, is why, in fact, it is proving so difficult to articulate a more meaningful idea of Europe in the post-Cold War era, and how, concomitantly, this difficulty might be addressed. In response to this question, the present thesis offers a detailed analysis of the largely unexplored European thought advanced by the German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche towards the end of the nineteenth century. For, the thesis argues, Nietzsche's thinking about Europe can still significantly illuminate our understanding of the current impasse by contextualising the latter within the larger problem of European nihilism, or meaninglessness, resident in the cultural configuration of European modernity. On the basis of this understanding, moreover, the thesis subsequently turns towards a consideration of Nietzsche's own idea of the 'good European' which he developed in response to the experience of meaninglessness in modern European culture. This idea of what it means to be a 'good European,' the thesis concludes, can assist contemporary scholars of European affairs in delineating a response to the current impasse which neither posits an essentialist idea of Europe, nor falls back onto a technical and functional approach to European governance.

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47

Schwarze, Karen. "What in a Good Cause Men May Both Dare and Venture." DigitalCommons@USU, 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4742.

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“What in a Good Cause Men May Both Dare and Venture” is a historical short story that features schoolteachers in Munich, Bavaria, during the revolutionary period of 1848. The principle character, Franz Schuler, must decide whether or not to join an illegal teachers union. Simultaneously, he must choose whether or not to stand up against his emotionally abusive father. King Ludwig I, Lola Montez, Karl von Abel, and the revolutionary fervor that bubbled up in several European regions, all function as part of the backdrop of this story. Paired with current struggles educators face in the United States and around the world, “Cause” demonstrates that some social justice issues continually resurface. Every generation, whatever the location, must decide how it will respond to institutionalized injustice—whether in 19th-century Germany or modern America.

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48

Karampassis, Stilianos. "The issues of the 'general good' and professional secrecy with regard to the Second Banking and the Money Laundering Directives." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284624.

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49

Johnson, Samantha T. "A good European and a sincere racist : the life and work of Professor Charles Sarolea, 1870-1953." Thesis, Keele University, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366446.

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50

Gibert, M. V. "New wine in old bottles : the European Union's development, good governance and security policies in West Africa." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.629177.

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The European Union (EU) has fully adopted the current international trend that stresses the linkage between development, good governance and security - what is called here the 'development triangle'. Through the implementation of this holistic understanding of development, the EU has widely expanded the range of its policies in West Africa. This thesis identifies three relatively new and closely inter-related fields of European intervention and pressure for reform: security, governance and regional integration. The programmes implemented by the EU in these fields in West Africa, and studied here, all have in common that they are technical in appearance, and yet have profoundly political dimensions. The thesis outlines different reasons for this evolution of the EU's agenda in West Africa, which has failed to 'multilateralise' and 'politicise', i.e. has failed to question the traditional bilateral link between former European colonial powers and African colonies and to adopt a more political, and less technical, understanding of West African development issues. There are, first, clear institutional limits to what the EU can do in West Africa. These limits are obvious both in the field - in the European delegations' lirilited capacities and mandates -and in Brussels - in the often . unclear division of labour between Council and Commission and some member-states' continuing monopoly over relations with Africa. The thesis shows that multilateral and bilateral arrangements may co-exist for many' more decades and can even reinforce each other, so that there is little prospect for a replacement of one by the other. Africa, moreover, is still seen as a field for essentially technical and administrative interventions, not a place for politics, i.e. not a place where politics take place arid even less a place where political analysis and diplomacy are needed. The EU's agenda in West Africa is much more about adapting West African states - thus a transformational agenda - to Europe's understanding of the international order - one dominated by the Westphalian perspective -, institutional imperatives and self-promotion strategies than about adapting Europe's political strategies to West African realities and a more Weberian ideal of the state that would focus on domestic legitimacy and efficiency.

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