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Статті в журналах з теми "Eucalyptus oil Western Australia"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 6 лютого 2022

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1

Wayne, A. F., A. Cowling, C. G. Ward, J. F. Rooney, C. V. Vellios, D. B. Lindenmayer, and C. F. Donnelly. "A comparison of survey methods for arboreal possums in jarrah forest, Western Australia." Wildlife Research 32, no. 8 (2005): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr04094.

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Comparative trials of different survey methods were conducted in the southern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) forest to determine the most efficient means of detecting koomal (common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula hypoleucus) and ngwayir (western ringtail possum, Pseudocheirus occidentalis). In particular, we examined different trapping and spotlighting methods and compared these with scat surveys. Six different trapping methods (derived by combining three bait types and two trap positions) were compared at six sites. Significantly fewer koomal were caught on ‘universal’ bait (i.e. peanut butter, rolled oats and sardines) than on flour-based baits using rose oil or Eucalyptus oil as lures. Significantly more individuals of both possum species were caught in arboreal traps than in ground traps (P < 0.001 in both cases). Recapture rates of koomal were high, whereas ngwayir were rarely retrapped. There were no detection differences between six different spotlighting methods (derived by combining three spotlight intensities with two filter colours) for koomal. Significantly more ngwayir were detected using 50-W or 100-W lights than 20-W lights (P = 0.01). There were no significant differences in the detection rates for ngwayir using red or white light. There were, however, significant observer differences in the number of possums of both species detected (koomal, P = 0.025; ngwayir, P = 0.004). Spotlighting detected, on average, only 4.9% of the koomal ‘known to be alive’ by trapping. However, spotlighting with a 50-W or 100-W spotlight detected more ngwayir than did trapping. Koomal abundance measures derived from scat surveys were not related to trapping or spotlight abundance estimates. For ngwayir, however, scat counts were strongly related to spotlight counts and there were no significant observer differences for the former. We conclude that koomal are more effectively surveyed using arboreal trapping with rose or Eucalyptus lures. Ngwayir are best surveyed using scat surveys or 50-W spotlights.

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2

Aldoghaim, Fahad, Gavin Flematti, and Katherine Hammer. "Antimicrobial Activity of Several Cineole-Rich Western Australian Eucalyptus Essential Oils." Microorganisms 6, no. 4 (December 3, 2018): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms6040122.

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Essential oils from the Western Australian (WA) Eucalyptus mallee species Eucalyptus loxophleba, Eucalyptus polybractea, and Eucalyptus kochii subsp. plenissima and subsp. borealis were hydrodistilled from the leaves and then analysed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry in addition to a commercial Eucalyptus globulus oil and 1,8-cineole. The main component of all oils was 1,8-cineole at 97.32% for E. kochii subsp. borealis, 96.55% for E. kochii subsp. plenissima, 82.95% for E. polybractea, 78.78% for E. loxophleba 2, 77.02% for E. globulus, and 66.93% for E. loxophleba 1. The Eucalyptus oils exhibited variable antimicrobial activity determined by broth microdilution, with E. globulus and E. polybractea oils showing the highest activities. The majority of microorganisms were inhibited or killed at concentrations ranging from 0.25% to 8.0% (v/v). Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans were the least susceptible organisms, whilst Acinetobacter baumannii was the most sensitive. In conclusion, all oils from WA Eucalyptus species showed microorganism inhibitory activity, although this varied according to both the Eucalyptus species and the microorganism tested. These data demonstrate that WA Eucalyptus oils show activity against a range of medically important pathogens and therefore have potential as antimicrobial agents.

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3

Brooker, MIH, AFM Barton, BA Rockel, and J. Tjandra. "The Cineole Content and Taxonomy of Eucalyptus kochii Maiden & Blakely and E. plenissima (Gardner) Brooker, With an Appendix Establishing These Two Taxa as Subspecies." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 2 (1988): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880119.

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The nomenclatural history and comparative morphology of Eucalyptus kochii Maiden & Blakely and E. plenissima (Gardner) Brooker are discussed. Studies on the oils of Western Australian eucalypts are surnmarised. Populations from various locations within the distributions of both taxa were subjected to rnorphornetric analyses and studied for the components and seasonality of oil production. The two taxa established herein as subspecies, viz. E. kochii subsp. kochii and E. kochii subsp. plenissima, differ in operculum shape and cineole production, and have separate distributions.

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4

Grayling, PM, and MIH Brooker. "Evidence for the Identity of the Hybrid, Eucalyptus 'brachyphylla' (Myrtaceae) From Morphology and Essential-Oil Composition." Australian Journal of Botany 44, no. 1 (1996): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9960001.

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The putative interspecific hybrid known as Eucalyptus brachyphylla C. Gardner, which is known to occur at two sites near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, contains the non-terpenoid ester 4-methyl-2-pentyl acetate and the related alcohol 4-methylpentan-2-ol in its leaves. These compounds are otherwise known to occur in the leaves of only four Eucalyptus species and several putative interspecific hybrids. This, with the results of multivariate analyses of morphometric and oil composition data, adds considerable weight to;earlier suggestions that E. 'brachyphylla' is an hybrid of E. loxophleba Benth. and E. kruseana F. Muell. The presence at one site of two distinct chemotypes common to both parental species and to the hybrid plants is demonstrated and discussed.

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5

Byrne, M., and B. Macdonald. "Phylogeography and conservation of three oil mallee taxa, Eucalyptus kochii ssp. kochii, ssp. plenissima and E. horistes." Australian Journal of Botany 48, no. 3 (2000): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt99017.

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Eucalyptus kochii ssp. kochii, ssp. plenissima and E. horistes are planted for eucalypt oil production and land rehabilitation in Western Australia. Variation in cpDNA was investigated by RFLP analysis of 10 populations across the distribution of the three taxa. Diversity in the chloroplast genome was high, with most of the diversity distributed between populations. The three taxa formed a cohesive group that was clearly differentiated from E. oleosa, which was used as an outgroup. There was some differentiation of E. kochii ssp. kochii from E. kochii ssp. plenissima and E. horistes. Several mutations specific to the E. kochii ssp. kochii, ssp. plenissima and E. horistes haplotypes were present in a variant of E. oleosa, suggesting that introgression has occurred. Congruence between cp gene genealogy and geographic distribution was consistent with limited maternal gene flow between populations. There was little structuring of haplotype diversity and the pattern of variation in the cp genome was congruent with that previously detected in the nuclear genome.

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6

Sani, Abubakar, and Muhammad Sulaiman Rahama. "Synthesis of Piperitone Epoxide and P-Menthane-8-Thiol-3-One from Essential Oils." Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 8 - August 5, no. 8 (September 6, 2020): 1153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20aug405.

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Buchu (Barosma betulina) is a small flowering plant found in the family Rutaceae in Western Cape of South Africa, Namibia and Australia, capable of growing up to 2 meters with a simple rounded leaf that produced essential oil of strong peppermint and sweetish smell. The Buchu oil as an essential oil consist of many chemical constituents, the main components includes piperitone, pulegone, piperitone epoxide, iso-menthone, P-menthane-8-thiol3-one, 4-diosphenol. The piperitone epoxide and Pmenthane-8-thiol-3-one constituents in Buchu oil have high commercial values, which extensively used as fragrances in perform, flavor, food additives, tonic and medicinal stimulant in modern medicine in the manufacture of insecticides, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and antioxidant in cosmetic products. The extinction threat of the plant and chemistry benefit of these chemical constituents initiate scientist with synthetic route for synthesizing the compounds from Eucalyptus dives oil and pennyroyal oil, which are also an essential oils and abundant in nature. In the synthesis, purified piperitone and pulegone from the Eucalyptus dives oil and pennyroyal oil produced two enatiotiomers of piperitone epoxide and P-menthane-8- thiol-3-one respectively. The analytical analysis such infrared and GC-Mc conducted for the starting materials, synthesis processes and synthesize products showed results of significant value in terms chemical reactions and structural re-arrangement.

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7

Wann, J. M., R. Orifici, Z. E. Spadek, and J. A. Plummer. "Effects of photon flux density on photosynthesis, growth, flowering, and oil content in Boronia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 49, no. 5 (1998): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a97144.

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Boronia heterophylla is cultivated for cut flowers and B. megastigma for volatile oil production. Both species are endemic to south-western Western Australia and their natural habitat is often shaded by a canopy of Melaleuca parviflora or Eucalyptus marginata. Shade tents were used to examine the influence of reduced photon flux density (PFD) on photosynthesis, growth, and flower production in B. heterophylla and B. megastigma. Volatile oil content was also examined in B. megastigma. Photosynthesis in field-grown B. heterophylla was saturated at 16·2 µmol CO2/m 2·s under a PFD of 1022 µmol/m 2·s (75% full sunlight). Flower number was highest under 75% full sunlight but the number of harvestable stems was the same under 75% and full sunlight. More flowers were produced by B. megastigma plants grown under 75% full sunlight. Content of α-pinene and limonene decreased with decreasing light intensity, whereas β-ionone and docecyl acetate increased with decreasing light intensity

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8

Nicolle, D., M. Byrne, and M. Whalen. "A taxonomic revision and morphological variation within Eucalyptus series Subulatae subseries Oleaginae (Myrtaceae), including the oil mallee complex, of south-western Australia." Australian Systematic Botany 18, no. 6 (2005): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb04038.

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Morphological variation within Eucalyptus series Subulatae subseries Oleaginae, a group of mallee taxa distributed in south-western Australia, was assessed by adult and seedling characteristics. A total of 36 adult morphological characters and 20 seedling characters was included in phenetic analyses of 82 individuals representing 29 populations covering all the taxa and the broad geographical distribution of the series. The phenetic analyses indicate relatively weak separation of all previously recognised taxa within E. subser. Oleaginae, except for E. longissima (previously referred to as E. grasbyi), which is distinctive in its seedling morphology, and to a lesser degree, E. ultima, which is also most easily distinguished by seedling morphology. E. eremicola, E. peeneri and E. sublucida are not well differentiated from one another, differing significantly only in adult leaf colour and gloss. The three previously recognised species of the oil mallee complex (E. kochii, E. plenissima and E. ‘horistes’) are also only weakly differentiated from one another. Two variants within E. kochii were observed to differ from each other in several adult vegetative and floral characteristics and are recognised at the subspecific level. A new taxonomy for E. subser. Oleaginae is presented, based on phenetic analyses combined with extensive field, glasshouse and herbarium examination of all taxa in the subseries. A new species is described (E. longissima Nicolle sp. nov.) to accommodate populations of mallees previously erroneously referred to E. grasbyi. New combinations are made for E. peeneri [E. eremicola subsp. peeneri (Blakely) Nicolle comb. nov.] and E. oleosa var. borealis [E. kochii subsp. borealis (C. Gardner) Nicolle comb. nov.] and two new subspecies of E. kochii are described (subspp. amaryssia Nicolle and yellowdinensis Nicolle). Eucalyptus sublucida is considered to be synonymous with E. eremicola subsp. peeneri. Keys to the taxa within the subseries are presented.

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9

WILDY, D. T. "Quantifying Above- and Below-ground Growth Responses of the Western Australian Oil Mallee, Eucalyptus kochii subsp. plenissima, to Contrasting Decapitation Regimes." Annals of Botany 90, no. 2 (August 1, 2002): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcf166.

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10

Wildy, Dan T., John S. Pate, and John R. Bartle. "Variations in composition and yield of leaf oils from alley-farmed oil mallees (Eucalyptus spp.) at a range of contrasting sites in the Western Australian wheatbelt." Forest Ecology and Management 134, no. 1-3 (September 2000): 205–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0378-1127(99)00258-3.

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11

James, SA, and DT Bell. "Morphology and Anatomy of Leaves of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Clones: Variation Between Geographically Separated Locations." Australian Journal of Botany 43, no. 4 (1995): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9950415.

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Leaves of six clonal individuals of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. from five Australian locations were compared. Two clones were from Wooramel, WA while single clonal lines were from Dongara, WA, Erudina, SA, Murray Bridge, SA and Silverton, NSW. Principal component analysis of climatic factors for the five locations, derived by BIOCLIM, provided patterns of temperature, radiation and atmospheric moisture, which might be expected to influence the morphological and anatomical features of the leaves. Isozyme analysis indicated that the two Wooramel clones were closely related, but comparable similarity in isozyme pattern was also found between a Wooramel clone and the representative from Murray Bridge. Leaf morphological and anatomical features showed patterns related to the habitat climate of the parent plants, but considerable genetic variation was observable even within a single location. Leaf thickness was generally greatest for clones from the more arid locations and least for clones from the most mesic of locations, but leaf length and width were not associated with any of the climatic factors considered. Thin leaf cuticles were associated with thin leaves. Leaf thickness was determined by the thickness of the internal cell layers, as all clones contained an epidermal and three palisade parenchyma cell layers on both adaxial and abaxial sides. Adaxial palisade layers were thicker than abaxial palisade layers. Stomatal density was not related to leaf dimensions, but clones with the greatest stomatal density tended to have the smallest stomatal pore dimensions. Oil gland density was greatest for leaves of Western Australian clones. Clones from the more arid locations displayed larger chloroplasts. In general, there was a lack of correlation between leaf characteristics and climatic data. Ground water availability, root structure and internal transport of water may have a greater influence on leaf structure than atmospheric demand.

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12

Miller Jr., Orson K. "New species of Amanita from Western Australia." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 12 (December 1, 1991): 2692–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-338.

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Eleven new species of Amanita, Amanitaceae, are described from the southern Eucalyptus-dominated forests of Western Australia. One distinctive species is referred to subgenus Amanita, section Amanita. The other 10 species are members of the subgenus Lepidella, 5 in section Lepidella, 2 in section Validae, and 3 in section Phalloidae. All 11 species were fruiting in native Eucalyptus forests from 247 km north of Perth to Albany, 424 km south of Perth, on the southern coast. Key words: Basidiomycetes, Amanitaceae, Amanita, Eucalyptus, Western Australia.

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13

Shimizu, Keiichi. "Mass Production of Eucalyptus globulus Elite Trees in Western Australia." JAPAN TAPPI JOURNAL 62, no. 4 (2008): 385–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2524/jtappij.62.385.

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14

Meaton, M. "OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 39, no. 1 (1999): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj98002.

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The oil and gas production sector in Western Australia has grown dramatically in recent years and now represents the largest resource sector in the State economy. The industry has a very promising future but it faces a number of challenges if it is to achieve its full potential. Its production location in remote parts of the State confers both advantages and disadvantages. Chief among the disadvantages is the challenge of convincing the community and government of the benefits from the industry when many of those benefits are not apparent to the majority of the population. The emphasis in this paper is on economic impacts, social benefits and community attitudes.WA has produced about 820 million barrels of oil and 2000 million barrels of natural gas when gas is calculated in energy equivalent terms. Petroleum energy production has increased dramatically over the last 15 years and the State is now a substantial energy exporter. Petroleum sources provide the energy for over 85% of the final energy used in the State. Total industry investment over the last 18 years has been nearly $21,000 million for an average of $3.2 million each day. Direct employment by petroleum companies is around 2,500 people with flow-on employment in the services sector estimated at over 17,000 people. Petroleum companies have been major contributors to government revenue and to the development of remote regions in WA.

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15

O'Connell, A. M. "Litter Dynamics in Karri (Eucalyptus Diversicolor) Forests of South- Western Australia." Journal of Ecology 75, no. 3 (September 1987): 781. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2260206.

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16

Abbott, I., and PV Heurck. "Tree Species Preferences of Foraging Birds in Jarrah Forest in Western Australia." Wildlife Research 12, no. 3 (1985): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9850461.

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A study of foraging by 10 bird species suggests that selective logging of large Eucalyptus marginata will only have affected Melithreptus lunatus, but that proposed silvicultural treatments, including removal of Banksia grandis, may affect several other bird species.

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17

Bougher, N. L., and N. Malajczuk. "An undescribed species of hypogeous Cortinarius associated with Eucalyptus in Western Australia." Transactions of the British Mycological Society 86, no. 2 (March 1986): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0007-1536(86)80160-7.

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18

MAJER, J. D., H. F. Recher, and S. GANESHANANDAM. "Variation in foliar nutrients in Eucalyptus trees in eastern and Western Australia." Austral Ecology 17, no. 4 (December 1992): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1992.tb00821.x.

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19

Ghori, K. Ameed R. "Petroleum source rocks of Western Australia." APPEA Journal 58, no. 1 (2018): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj17051.

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Petroleum geochemical analysis of samples from the Canning, Carnarvon, Officer and Perth basins identified several formations with source potential, the: • Triassic Locker Shale and Jurassic Dingo Claystone of the Northern Carnarvon Basin; • Permian Irwin River Coal Measures and Carynginia Formation, Triassic Kockatea Shale and Jurassic Cattamarra Coal Measures of the Perth Basin; • Ordovician Goldwyer and Bongabinni formations, Devonian Gogo Formation and Lower Carboniferous Laurel Formation of the Canning Basin; • Devonian Gneudna Formation of the Gascoyne Platform and the Lower Permian Wooramel and Byro groups of the Merlinleigh Sub-basin of the Southern Carnarvon Basin; and • Neoproterozoic Brown, Hussar, Kanpa and Steptoe formations of the Officer Basin. Burial history and geothermal basin modelling was undertaken using input parameters from geochemical analyses of rock samples, produced oil, organic petrology, apatite fission track analysis (AFTA), heat flows, subsurface temperatures and other exploration data compiled by the Geological Survey of Western Australia (GSWA). Of these basins, the Canning, Carnarvon, and Perth basins are currently producing oil and gas, whereas the Southern Carnarvon and Officer basins have no commercial petroleum discovery yet, but they do have source, reservoir, seal and petroleum shows indicating the presence of petroleum systems. The Carnarvon Basin contains the richest identified petroleum source rocks, followed by the Perth and Canning basins. Production in the Carnarvon Basin is predominantly gas and oil, the Perth Basin is gas-condensate and the Canning Basin is oil dominated, demonstrating the variations in source rock type and maturity across the state. GSWA is continuously adding new data to assess petroleum systems and prospectivity of these and other basins in Western Australia.

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20

Bellairs, SM, and DT Bell. "Temperature Effects on the Seed-Germination of 10 Kwongan Species From Eneabba, Western-Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 38, no. 5 (1990): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9900451.

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The germination responses of 10 species (Acacia blakelyi, A. pulchella, Allocasuarina humilis, Beaufortia elegans, Conostylis neocymosa, Eucalyptus tetragona, Kennedia prostrata, Leptospermum spinescens, Melaleuca acerosa and Xanthorrhoea drummondii) to constant temperatures ranging from 5 to 35� C were studied. These Western Australian perennial species had optimum germination percentages between 15 and 20�C, except Eucalyptus tetragona which had an optimum at 25�C and Leptospermum spinescens which had an optimum at 10�C. Seeds were transferred from high and low temperatures to 15�C to determine whether high or low temperatures induced dormancy. Low temperatures tended not to affect subsequent germination but high temperature decreased subsequent germination for some species. Wetting and drying stimulated the germination of Acacia blakelyi, A. pulchella and Kennedia prostrata seeds.

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21

TAKAHASHI, N. "Water Use Efficiency of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Growing in Arid Regions in Western Australia." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 36, no. 4 (2003): 391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.36.391.

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22

Jackson, S. L., A. Maxwell, H. G. Neumeister-Kemp, B. Dell, and G. E. St J. Hardy. "Infection, hyperparasitism and conidiogenesis of Mycosphaerella lateralis on Eucalyptus globulus in Western Australia." Australasian Plant Pathology 33, no. 1 (2004): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap03068.

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23

Walker, E., M. Byrne, B. Macdonald, D. Nicolle, and J. McComb. "Clonality and hybrid origin of the rare Eucalyptus bennettiae (Myrtaceae) in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 57, no. 3 (2009): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt08148.

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Clonality and hybrid origin influence the conservation status of rare and restricted species. Eucalyptus bennettiae Carr & Carr is a rare species known only from a few individuals that may be clonal and may have arisen through hybridisation between other co-occurring species. The hybrid status and clonality of E. bennettiae was investigated with analysis of microsatellite variation in E. bennettiae compared with its putative parents, E. lehmannii subsp. parallela, E. sporadica and E. astringens subsp. redacta, identified through morphological characteristics. Analysis of microsatellite variation revealed clonality with one individual present at each location, and additivity of alleles and no unique alleles in E. bennettiae compared with two of the putative parents, E. lehmannii subsp. parallela and E. sporadica. In addition, E. bennettiae displayed intermediacy in species relationships and measures of relatedness, and assignment tests showed mixed ancestry in relation to these species but not the third putative parent, E. astringens subsp. redacta. These findings confirm that E. bennettiae is a hybrid and evaluation of the taxon for conservation protection shows that it does not satisfy the criteria for listing as a threatened species.

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24

White, Donald A., D. Stuart Crombie, Joe Kinal, Michael Battaglia, John F. McGrath, Daniel S. Mendham, and Scott N. Walker. "Managing productivity and drought risk in Eucalyptus globulus plantations in south-western Australia." Forest Ecology and Management 259, no. 1 (December 2009): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.039.

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25

Fergusson, B., and AJ Graham. "A Quantitative Study of Soil-Plant Relations in the Eastern Goldfields of Western Australia." Rangeland Journal 20, no. 1 (1998): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj9980119.

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The soil and plants at a 27.4 ha field site near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, were surveyed and analysed with multivariate statistics. Cluster analysis identified four distinct plant communities at the study site. These were: Acacia acuminata shrubland Eucalyptus gvfithsii woodland Eucalyptus salrnonophloia woodland 'Ground Covers' - areas characterised by the presence of generalist herbs, low shrubs and weeds, and the absence of dominant upper storey species. Discriminant function analysis identified site elevation and soil exchangeable Ca as the primary environmental discriminants between the plant communities. Using these two variables, sample points were classified into one of the four plant communities. The two methods of classification matched well, with classification based on the two environmental variables providing an indication of which plant community would be most likely to establish in disturbed areas. This type of information can be important to revegetation programs in the region, guiding the use of appropriate plant species under different rehabilitation conditions. Key wcrds: environmental variables, plant communities, multivariate analysis, classification, revegetation

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26

Muto, Atsushi. "Oil and gas exploration and development in Western Australia." Journal of the Japanese Association for Petroleum Technology 62, no. 5 (1997): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3720/japt.62.392.

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27

Walker, D. I. "Major oil spill off the coast of Western Australia." Marine Pollution Bulletin 22, no. 9 (September 1991): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-326x(91)90199-3.

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28

Osborne, D. G., and E. A. Howell. "THE GEOLOGY OF THE HARRIET OILFIELD, OFFSHORE WESTERN AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 27, no. 1 (1987): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj86014.

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The Harriet Oilfield, discovered in November 1988, is situated within offshore permit WA-192-P in the Barrow Sub-basin. Following the Harriet 1 discovery well, detailed seismic surveys were recorded and a further ten wells were drilled on the structure between 1988 and 1985. Nine of the wells were completed as producers and one was plugged and abandoned as a dry hole.The oil accumulation occurs in a low relief, fault-dependent closure on the upthrown side of the Lowendal Fault. The trap is mainly structurally controlled but stratigraphic barriers are believed to be locally present, based on differing oil-water contacts in Harriet B-3 and Harriet A-5. These indicate the presence of three hydrocarbon pools separated by permeability barriers.The massive Flag Sandstone reservoir of Lower Cretaceous (Neocomian) age was deposited in a submarine fan environment, northward of the advancing Barrow Group delta. Reservoir quality is very good, with average core porosity of 22 per cent and permeabilities mainly in the range 800-2 000 md. However, a broad oil-water transition zone is developed above the oil-water contact. A residual oil zone is present below the oil-water contact in the northeastern area of the field, suggesting tilting of the structure after initial accumulation of the oil. The gross oil column in the main, Central Pool is 19-21 m with a gas cap up to 10 m thick. The 37° API crude is a relatively unaltered, high quality, paraffinic oil probably sourced from the Jurassic Dingo Claystone.The Harriet Field is the first commercial development of a Barrow Group hydrocarbon accumulation. Recoverable oil reserves are currently estimated at 21 million barrels. The field came on stream in January 1986 and by October 1986 oil production was averaging 10 000 barrels/day.

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29

Byrne, M., and B. Hines. "Phylogeographical analysis of cpDNA variation in Eucalyptus loxophleba (Myrtaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 52, no. 4 (2004): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt03117.

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Comparative phylogeography can reveal significant historical events that have had common influences on species with similar distributions. Phylogeographic analyses of eucalypts should provide insight into the influence of historical processes, since eucalypts are a dominant component of the Australian flora. However, use of chloroplast DNA in eucalypts is complicated by sharing of haplotypes among species, which has been attributed to hybridisation and introgression, although these patterns could also be accounted for by incomplete lineage sorting of ancestral polymorphism. Phylogeographic patterns in the cp genome of E. loxophleba Benth., a widespread species throughout southern Western Australia, were investigated by using RFLP analysis. The chloroplast diversity was structured into two geographically distinct lineages and nested clade analysis inferred historical fragmentation as the major influence on the phylogeographic pattern. The divergence between the lineages and their geographic distributions were similar to geographically discrete divergent lineages that have been identified in two other unrelated species from different families in southern Western Australia. Congruence of phylogeographic patterns in the three species provides evidence to support the hypothesis of significant influence of climatic instability during the Pleistocene caused by cyclic contraction and expansion of the mesic and arid zones.

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30

Bell, DT, S. Vlahos, and LE Watson. "Stimulation of Seed-Germination of Understorey Species of the Northern Jarrah Forest of Western-Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 35, no. 5 (1987): 593. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9870593.

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Glasshouse trials in trays of soil measured the germination response to high temperatures and the presence of charcoal in 40 non-leguminous understorey species of the northern jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata Donn ex Smith) forest. Species producing relatively low proportions of viable and germinable seeds tended to be the long-lived resprouting species where reproductive output may not be of major adaptive significance. Three species, Conostylis setosa, Trymalium ledifolium and T. spathulaturn, with seed stored in the soil, were stimulated to germinate by high temperatures. Bradysporous, obligate reseeding species showed either no temperature effect (mainly species of Dryandra) or death at high temperatures (species of Hakea, whose seeds normally are protected by woody fruits). Charred wood of Eucalyptus marginata induced an increase in the proportion of Burchardia umbellata germinating under the test conditions. Relationships of the seed germination results to aspects of r- and K- selection theory and fire management policy in the northern jarrah forest are also discussed.

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31

Bell, Sarah J., Allan F. M. Barton, and Laura J. Stocker. "Agriculture for Health and Profit in Western Australia: The Western Oil Mallee Project." Ecosystem Health 7, no. 2 (June 2001): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-0992.2001.007002116.x.

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32

Loch, A. D. "Phenology of Eucalyptus weevil, Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), and chrysomelid beetles in Eucalyptus globulus plantations in south-western Australia." Agricultural and Forest Entomology 8, no. 2 (May 2006): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-9563.2006.00294.x.

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33

KOJIMA, Toshinori, Noriko SAITO, Yoshiko TANAKA, Hiroyuki HAMANO, Shigeru KATO, Kiyotaka TAHARA, Nobuhide TAKAHASHI, and Koichi YAMADA. "Behavior of Nutrions in Sap of Eucalyptus camaldulensis in Arid Land of Western Australia." JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY & WATER RESOURCES 20, no. 4 (2007): 340–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.20.340.

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34

Fox, J. E. D., J. R. Neilsen, and J. M. Osborne. "Eucalyptus seedling growth and salt tolerance from the north-eastern goldfields of Western Australia." Journal of Arid Environments 19, no. 1 (July 1990): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)30828-0.

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35

Carnegie, A. J., P. J. Keane, and F. D. Podger. "The impact of three species of Mycosphaerella newly recorded on Eucalyptus in Western Australia." Australasian Plant Pathology 26, no. 2 (1997): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ap97012.

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36

Callister, A. N., N. England, and S. Collins. "Genetic analysis of Eucalyptus globulus diameter, straightness, branch size, and forking in Western Australia." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 41, no. 6 (June 2011): 1333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x11-036.

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Eucalyptus globulus Labill. is increasingly considered for supply of solid-wood products such as sawlogs, yet genetic studies of solid-wood traits have been lacking. We estimated genetic parameters of growth and form traits that affect log value in full-sib families from two advanced-generation breeding populations on eight sites in Western Australia. Mean single-site heritability was 0.11 ± 0.01 for diameter at breast height (DBH), 0.28 ± 0.05 for stem straightness, 0.09 ± 0.02 for branch thickness, and 0.05 ± 0.02 for forking incidence. Dominance effects were significant (p < 0.05) at four sites for DBH and branch thickness and at three sites (one population) for straightness. Mean intersite additive genetic correlations were 0.76 ± 0.06 for DBH (n = 7), 0.75 ± 0.11 for stem straightness (n = 7), and 0.58 ± 0.07 for branch thickness (n = 4). Mean intersite dominance genetic correlations were 0.90 ± 0.04 for DBH (n = 7), 0.26 ± 0.27 (n = 4) for straightness, and 0.68 ± 0.11 for branch thickness (n = 3). Additive genetic correlations between DBH and straightness ranged from –0.71 ± 0.23 to 0.33 ± 0.19 with an average of –0.18 ± 0.12 (n = 8). Genetic correlations between DBH and branch thickness were mostly weak although straightness was generally associated with thinner branches (mean additive correlation 0.44 ± 0.15, n = 6). We conclude that prospects appear favourable for improving the solid-wood value of E. globulus by selection and breeding.

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37

Moore, T. L., M. D. Craig, L. E. Valentine, G. E. St J. Hardy, and P. A. Fleming. "Signs of wildlife activity and Eucalyptus wandoo condition." Australian Mammalogy 36, no. 2 (2014): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am13022.

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Soil disturbance by terrestrial vertebrates when foraging for food and shelter is not only a sign of activity but an ecosystem function required for soil health. Many forests and woodlands worldwide are currently showing signs of a decline in condition due to various causes. Eucalyptus wandoo, endemic to south-west Western Australia, has undergone a decline in condition over the last decade. This paper explores the influence of E. wandoo condition (e.g. loss of canopy) and the associated changes in the habitat (e.g. changes in leaf litter and bare ground cover) on the foraging activities and soil disturbance by vertebrates. The number of diggings and scats, a representation of the foraging effort by some vertebrates, were recorded in Dryandra Woodland and Wandoo Conservation Park, Western Australia. Mixed-model ANOVAs were used to explore the relationships between the number of scats and diggings with tree and habitat characteristics. More vertebrate diggings and scats were recorded beneath healthier E. wandoo trees. Diggings and scats were also correlated with time since last fire and seasonal differences, with more time since last fire and wetter months related to more diggings and scats. Changes in foraging effort, or turnover of soil by vertebrates, could be a result modification of the level of soil turnover and alter many ecosystem services such as tree recruitment and nutrient cycling, in turn altering the habitat quality and even tree condition itself.

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38

Burgman, MA. "Cladistics, Phenetics and Biogeography of Populations of Boronia inornata Turcz. (Rutaceae) and the Eucalyptus diptera Andrews (Myrtaceae) Species Complex in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 33, no. 4 (1985): 419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9850419.

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Numerical cladistic and phenetic analyses were undertaken on morphometric data from 22 Western Australian populations of the southern Australian shrub Boronia inornata and from the southern Western Australian tree Eucalyptus diptera and its unnamed allies. The E. diptera species complex includes four taxa, three of which are at present unnamed. These species are largely allopatric, although in one location the ranges of two species overlap. Two subspecies of Boronia inornata are described and one of them, subsp. leptophylla, contains three informal variants. Subsp. inornata and two of the variants of subsp. leptophylla are restricted to Western Australia. One variant of subsp. leptophylla is sympatric with subsp. inornata in Western Australia and also occurs in southern South Australia. The events which gave rise to the four species of the E. diptera complex and to the subspecies and variants of B. inornata occurred within the semiarid mallee zone of Western Australia, probably during the Quaternary. Speciation has occurred in a replacement pattern across the southern transitional rainfall zone, which is reflected in at least one other, unrelated taxon.

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39

Gerali, Francesco, and Jenny Gregory. "Harsh oil: finding petroleum in early twentieth century Western Australia." Geological Society, London, Special Publications 442, no. 1 (December 2, 2016): 425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/sp442.33.

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40

Slate, Tony, Ralf Napalowski, Steve Pastor, Kevin Black, and Robert Stomp. "The Pyrenees development: a new oil development for Western Australia." APPEA Journal 50, no. 1 (2010): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09014.

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The Pyrenees development comprises the concurrent development of three oil and gas fields: Ravensworth, Crosby and Stickle. The fields are located in production licenses WA-42-L and WA-43-L, offshore Western Australia, in the Exmouth Sub-basin. The development will be one of the largest offshore oil developments in Australia for some time. It is a complex subsea development consisting of a series of manifolds, control umbilicals and flexible flowlines tied back to a disconnectable floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) vessel. The development involves the construction of 17 subsea wells, including 13 horizontal producers, three vertical water disposal wells and one gas injection well. The project is presently on production with first oil achieved during February 2010. This paper gives an overview of the field development and describes the engineering and technologies that have been selected to enable the economic development of these fields. The Pyrenees fields are low relief, with oil columns of about 40 metres in excellent quality reservoirs of the Barrow Group. Two of the fields have small gas caps and a strong bottom water drive common to all fields is expected to assist recovery. The oil is a moderate viscosity, low gas-to-oil ratio (GOR), 19°API crude. Due to the geometry of the reservoirs, the expected drive mechanism and the nature of the crude, effective oil recovery requires maximum reservoir contact and hence the drilling of long near horizontal wells. Besides the challenging nature of well construction, other technologies adopted to improve recovery efficiency and operability includes subsea multiphase flow meters and sand control with inflow control devices.

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41

Alexander, R., T. J. Currie, and R. I. Kagi. "THE ORIGINS OF COASTAL BITUMENS FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 34, no. 1 (1994): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj93059.

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A total of 83 samples of stranded bitumens collected from the western and southern coasts of Western Australia have been classified into eight groups on the basis of their biomarker compositions. The source rock characteristics inferred for these bitumens, in terms of organic matter type and depositional setting indicated by the biomarkers, suggest strongly that the bitumens originate from a variety of areas in SE Asia in the vicinity of the Indonesian archipelago. In fact, in seven of the eight cases a good correlation is observed between biomarker composition of each bitumen group and a produced crude oil or oil seep from this region. The bitumens are transported to and around the Australian coastline by a system of ocean currents.

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42

Shearer, BL. "Impact and Symptoms of Armillaria-Luteobubaliula in Rehabilitation Plantings of Eucalyptus-Saligna in Forests of Eucalyptus-Marginata in South-Western Australia." Australasian Plant Pathology 24, no. 2 (1995): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/app9950077.

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43

Tinapple, W. L. "TRENDS AND OUTLOOK FOR EXPLORATION IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 41, no. 1 (2001): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj00024.

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Petroleum exploration activity in Western Australia over the past decade has been on the increase, boosted by the positive results of many new discoveries, mainly on the North West Shelf but also in frontier areas. Significant discoveries in 1999–2000 resulted from new exploration concepts including deep plays in the Barrow/Dampier Sub-basins, heavy oil plays in the Carnarvon Basin, a deep-water gas play west of Gorgon, large gas/condensate plays in the Browse Basin, and a new gas play in the southern Bonaparte Basin. Discovery itself is a great incentive to the industry to further exploration; however, concerns over oil price, the Australian dollar, markets, policies and perceived prospectivity impact on exploration spending. The short-term outlook for WA is good as a result of existing work commitments including an average of 50 exploration wells to be drilled each year for the next three years. Onshore, where exploration has been subdued, there are signs of increased activity. The Western Australian government is playing a key role in promoting the State through gazettals, promotional activities— conferences and publications, acquiring precompetitive data and making petroleum data more accessible. The government funded Petroleum Exploration Initiatives program is continuing and efforts are being made to facilitate exploration. Sustained high oil prices, improvements in technology and efforts to expedite access to land are just some of the factors which will assist companies in their endeavours. In the longer term, continued growth in Western Australia’s petroleum industry is projected.

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44

Walden, L. L., R. J. Harper, D. S. Mendham, D. J. Henry, and J. B. Fontaine. "Eucalyptus reforestation induces soil water repellency." Soil Research 53, no. 2 (2015): 168. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr13339.

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There is an increasing interest in eucalypt reforestation for a range of purposes in Australia, including pulp-wood production, carbon mitigation and catchment water management. The impacts of this reforestation on soil water repellency have not been examined despite eucalypts often being associated with water repellency and water repellency having impacts on water movement across and within soils. To investigate the role of eucalypt reforestation on water repellency, and interactions with soil properties, we examined 31 sites across the south-west of Western Australia with paired plots differing only in present land use (pasture v. plantation). The incidence and severity of water repellency increased in the 5–8 years following reforestation with Eucalyptus globulus. Despite this difference in water repellency, there were no differences in soil characteristics, including soil organic carbon content or composition, between pasture and plantation soils, suggesting induction by small amounts of hydrophobic compounds from the trees. The incidence of soil water repellency was generally greater on sandy-surfaced (<10% clay content) soils; however, for these soils 72% of the pasture sites and 31% of the plantation were not water repellent, and this was independent of measured soil properties. Computer modelling revealed marked differences in the layering and packing of waxes on kaolinite and quartz surfaces, indicating the importance of interfacial interactions in the development of soil water repellency. The implications of increased water repellency for the management of eucalyptus plantations are considered.

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45

Shearer, BL, and JT Tippett. "Distribution and Impact of Armillaria luteobubalina in the Eucalyptus marginata Forest of South-Western Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 4 (1988): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880433.

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Armillaria luteobubalina is a widespread primary pathogen in the Eucalyptus marginata forest of south-western Australia. Over 200 infection centres were identified during the 5-year period between 1981 and 1985. The fungus sporulated during June and July, usually from roots but sometimes from stems (e.g. E. calophylla). Armillaria luteobubalina basidiomes were found originating from roots of 34 plant species, with greatest incidence on roots of E. marginata. Root systems were excavated and patterns of A . Luteobubalina invasion recorded. Rhizomorphs were not found and fungal spread between hosts was via root to root contacts, Variation in host species' susceptibility to the fungus was reflected in different patterns of xylem compartmentalisation and variable amounts of cambial damage. The degree of resistance expressed at the collar or lower stem determined the fate of individuals of the various species. Lack of resistance in Eucalyptus wandoo to tangential spread of A. luteobubalina often resulted in death by the time columns of decay had advanced into the lower stem or butt. Banksia grandis, E. calophylla, E. gomphocephala, and E. marginata resisted to varying degrees. Inverted V-shaped lesions, often mis- taken for fire scars, were evidence of the ability of E. gomphocephala and E. marginata individuals to resist tangential spread and prevent girdling of stems. In stems of E. calophylla, lesions did not have a definite V shape, decay penetrated deeper and the fungus persisted longer than in those of E. marginata. Host mortality following infection was greater in the intermediate- and low-rainfall zones of the eastern E. marginata forest than in the high-rainfall zone to the west.

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46

Koch, J. M., and S. C. Ward. "Thirteen-year growth of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) on rehabilitated bauxite mines in south-western Australia." Australian Forestry 68, no. 3 (January 2005): 176–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00049158.2005.10674963.

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47

Elliott, C. P., and M. Byrne. "Phylogenetics and the conservation of rare taxa in the Eucalyptus angustissima complex in Western Australia." Conservation Genetics 5, no. 1 (2004): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:coge.0000014063.56405.93.

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48

Mazanec, R. A., and M. L. Mason. "Genetic variation in Eucalyptus diversicolor F. Muell. in Western Australia and potential gains from selection." Forest Ecology and Management 62, no. 1-4 (December 1993): 285–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(93)90055-r.

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49

Jackson, S. L., A. Maxwell, T. I. Burgess, G. E. StJ Hardy, and B. Dell. "Incidence and new records of Mycosphaerella species within a Eucalyptus globulus plantation in Western Australia." Forest Ecology and Management 255, no. 12 (June 2008): 3931–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2008.03.024.

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50

Calviño-Cancela, María, and Eddie J. B. van Etten. "Invasive potential of Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus radiata into native eucalypt forests in Western Australia." Forest Ecology and Management 424 (September 2018): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2018.05.001.

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