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Статті в журналах з теми "Ethylene"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 16 листопада 2024

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1

Guo, Weijun, Junqing Yin, Zhen Xu, Wentao Li, Zhantao Peng, C. J. Weststrate, Xin Yu, et al. "Visualization of on-surface ethylene polymerization through ethylene insertion." Science 375, no. 6585 (March 11, 2022): 1188–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abi4407.

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Polyethylene production through catalytic ethylene polymerization is one of the most common processes in the chemical industry. The popular Cossee-Arlman mechanism hypothesizes that the ethylene be directly inserted into the metal–carbon bond during chain growth, which has been awaiting microscopic and spatiotemporal experimental confirmation. Here, we report an in situ visualization of ethylene polymerization by scanning tunneling microscopy on a carburized iron single-crystal surface. We observed that ethylene polymerization proceeds on a specific triangular iron site at the boundary between two carbide domains. Without an activator, an intermediate, attributed to surface-anchored ethylidene (CHCH 3 ), serves as the chain initiator (self-initiation), which subsequently grows by ethylene insertion. Our finding provides direct experimental evidence of the ethylene polymerization pathway at the molecular level.

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2

Liu, Chunyan. "Biodegradable Poly(ethylene succinate-co-ethylene oxalate-co-diethylene glycol succinate): Effects of a Small Amount of Ethylene Oxalate Content on the Properties of Poly(ethylene succinate)." Polymer Korea 45, no. 2 (March 31, 2021): 294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2021.45.2.294.

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3

Gu, Mengmeng, James A. Robbins, and Curt R. Rom. "The Role of Ethylene in Water-deficit Stress Responses in Betula papyrifera Marsh." HortScience 42, no. 6 (October 2007): 1392–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.6.1392.

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One-year-old paper birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.) seedlings were exposed to water deficit, ethylene, or inhibitors of ethylene action under greenhouse conditions to investigate ethylene's role in water-deficit stress-induced leaf abscission. Exposing well-watered and water-stressed paper birch to 20 ppm ethylene resulted in more than 50% leaf abscission after 96 h regardless of plant water status. However, application of a physiological level (1 ppm) of ethylene did not cause leaf abscission in either well-watered or water-stressed paper birch. Inhibitors of ethylene action (1ppm 1-methylcyclopropene or 0.1 mm silver thiosulfate) did not affect predawn water potential, gas exchange, or chlorophyll fluorescence. A significant increase in ethylene production was not detected in water-stressed paper birch before the onset of significant leaf abscission. Based on these observations, ethylene would appear to play a minor role in water-deficit stress-induced leaf abscission in paper birch.

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4

Khan, Sheen, Ameena Fatima Alvi, and Nafees A. Khan. "Role of Ethylene in the Regulation of Plant Developmental Processes." Stresses 4, no. 1 (January 8, 2024): 28–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/stresses4010003.

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Анотація:

Ethylene, a gaseous phytohormone, is emerging as a central player in the intricate web of plant developmental processes from germination to senescence under optimal and stressed conditions. The presence of ethylene has been noted in different plant parts, including the stems, leaves, flowers, roots, seeds, and fruits. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the regulatory impact of ethylene on pivotal plant developmental processes, such as cell division and elongation, senescence, abscission, fruit and flower development, root hair formation, chloroplast maturation, and photosynthesis. The review also encompasses ethylene biosynthesis and signaling: a snapshot of the regulatory mechanisms governing ethylene production. Understanding of the impact of ethylene’s regulatory functions on plant developmental processes has significant implications for agriculture, biotechnology, and our fundamental comprehension of plant biology. This review underscores the potential of ethylene to revolutionize plant development and crop management.

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5

Cheong, Minserk, and Ajeet Singh. "A Density Functional Study on Ethylene Trimerization and Tetramerization Using Real Sasol Cr-PNP Catalysts." Molecules 28, no. 7 (March 30, 2023): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28073101.

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To gain molecular-level insight into the intricate features of the catalytic behavior of chromium–diphosphine complexes regarding ethylene tri- and tetramerizations, we performed density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The selective formation of 1-hexene and 1-octene by the tri- and tetramerizations of ethylene are generally accepted to follow the metallacycle mechanism. To explore the mechanism of ethylene tri- and tetramerizations, we used a real Sasol chromium complex with a nitrogen-bridged diphosphine ligand with ortho- and para-methoxyaryl substituents. We explore the trimerization mechanism for ethylene first and, later on for comparison, we extend the potential energy surfaces (PES) for the tetramerization of ethylene with both catalysts. The calculated results reveal that the formation of 1-hexene and 1-octene with the ortho-methoxyaryl and para-methoxyaryl Cr-PNP catalysts have nearly similar potential energy surfaces (PES). From the calculated results important insights are gained into the tri- and tetramerizations. The tetramerization of ethylene with the para-methoxyaryl Cr-PNP catalyst lowers the barrier height by ~2.6 kcal/mol compared to that of ethylene with the ortho-methoxyaryl Cr-PNP catalyst. The selectivity toward trimerization or tetramerization comes from whether the energy barrier for ethylene insertion to metallacycloheptane is higher than β-hydride transfer to make 1-hexene. The metallacycle mechanism with Cr (I)–Cr (III) intermediates is found to be the most favored, with the oxidative coupling of the two coordinated ethylenes to form chromacyclopentane being the rate-determining step.

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6

Cao, Yihan, Wei-Chun Shih, Nattamai Bhuvanesh, and Oleg V. Ozerov. "Reversible addition of ethylene to a pincer-based boryl-iridium unit with the formation of a bridging ethylidene." Chemical Science 11, no. 40 (2020): 10998–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sc04748a.

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7

Truong Quoc, Hung, Nhat Phan Long, and Tuy Dao Quoc. "Synthesis of mesoporous Co/Al-SBA-15 catalyst and application to ethylene hydropolymerization." Vietnam Journal of Catalysis and Adsorption 9, no. 2 (July 31, 2020): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.51316/jca.2020.037.

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Liquid fuel, a mixture of ethylene’s liquid oligomer, from ethylene was successfully carried out by oligomerization of ethylene in the presence of Co/Al-SBA-15. The mesoporous Co/Al-SBA-15 catalyst was prepared through impregnation of varies amount of Co (5, 7.5, 10, and 15 wt.%) into Al-SBA-15. The conversion of ethylene was performed at atmospheric pressure and 190°C in the presence of CO and H2, and 08 hour/day. Through all of Co impregnated proportion on Al-SBA-15 (5, 7.5, 10 and 15 wt.%), the GC-MS result showed the liquid hydrocarbon were obtained as naptha (15.37÷30.53%), gasoline (10.65÷21.17%), kerosene (1.49÷20.50%) and diesel (3.21÷3.69%) fraction. The highest conversion of ethylene into liquid fuel was found in the presence of 7.5%Co/Al-SBA-15, with the yield of 20%. Byproducts was also obtained during the conversion, e.g. 3,4,5-methylnonane, 2,3 dimethylnonane, 3-methylheptane, and 4-ethylheptane, which was approximately 30% of total product volume.

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8

Ali, Amjad, Muhammad Nadeem, Jinwei Lu, Jamile Mohammadi Moradian, Tahir Rasheed, Tariq Aziz, Chanez Maouche, et al. "Rapid kinetic evaluation of homogeneous single-site metallocene catalysts and cyclic diene: how do the catalytic activity, molecular weight, and diene incorporation rate of olefins affect each other?" RSC Advances 11, no. 50 (2021): 31817–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra06243c.

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9

Foster, Gillian. "Low-Carbon Futures for Bioethylene in the United States." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 22, 2019): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101958.

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The manufacture of the chemical ethylene, a key ingredient in plastics, currently depends on fossil-fuel-derived carbon and generates significant greenhouse gas emissions. Substituting ethylene’s fossil fuel feedstock with alternatives is important for addressing the challenge of global climate change. This paper compares four scenarios for meeting future ethylene supply under differing societal approaches to climate change based on the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. The four scenarios use four perspectives: (1) a sustainability-focused pathway that demands a swift transition to a bioeconomy within 30 years; (2) a regional energy-focused pathway that supports broad biomass use; (3) a fossil-fuel development pathway limited to corn grain; and (4) a fossil-fuel development pathway limited to corn grain and corn stover. Each scenario is developed using the latest scientifically informed future feedstock analyses from the 2016 Billion-Ton report interpreted with perspectives on the future of biomass from recent literature. The intent of this research is to examine how social, economic, and ecological changes determining ethylene supply fit within biophysical boundaries. This new approach to the ethylene feedstocks conundrum finds that phasing out fossil fuels as the main source of U.S. ethylene is possible if current cellulosic ethanol production expands.

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10

Ali, Amjad, Muhammad Khurram Tufail, Muhammad Imran Jamil, Waleed Yaseen, Nafees Iqbal, Munir Hussain, Asad Ali, Tariq Aziz, Zhiqiang Fan, and Li Guo. "Comparative Analysis of Ethylene/Diene Copolymerization and Ethylene/Propylene/Diene Terpolymerization Using Ansa-Zirconocene Catalyst with Alkylaluminum/Borate Activator: The Effect of Conjugated and Nonconjugated Dienes on Catalytic Behavior and Polymer Microstructure." Molecules 26, no. 7 (April 2, 2021): 2037. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26072037.

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Анотація:

The copolymerization of ethylene‒diene conjugates (butadiene (BD), isoprene (IP) and nonconjugates (5-ethylidene-2-norbornene (ENB), vinyl norbornene VNB, 4-vinylcyclohexene (VCH) and 1, 4-hexadiene (HD)), and terpolymerization of ethylene-propylene-diene conjugates (BD, IP) and nonconjugates (ENB, VNB, VCH and HD) using two traditional catalysts of C2-symmetric metallocene—silylene-bridged rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2ZrCl2 (complex A) and ethylene-bridged rac-Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 (complex B)—with a [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] borate/TIBA co-catalyst, were intensively studied. Compared to that in the copolymerization of ethylene diene, the catalytic activity was more significant in E/P/diene terpolymerization. We obtained a maximum yield of both metallocene catalysts with conjugated diene between 3.00 × 106 g/molMt·h and 5.00 × 106 g/molMt·h. ENB had the highest deactivation impact on complex A, and HD had the most substantial deactivation effect on complex B. A 1H NMR study suggests that dienes were incorporated into the co/ter polymers’ backbone through regioselectivity. ENB and VNB, inserted by the edo double bond, left the ethylidene double bond intact, so VCH had an exo double bond. Complex A’s methyl and phenyl groups rendered it structurally stable and exhibited a dihedral angle greater than that of complex B, resulting in 1, 2 isoprene insertion higher than 1, 4 isoprene that is usually incapable of polymerization coordination. High efficiency in terms of co- and ter- monomer incorporation with higher molecular weight was found for complex 1. The rate of incorporation of ethylene and propylene in the terpolymer backbone structure may also be altered by the conjugated and nonconjugated dienes. 13C-NMR, 1H-NMR, and GPC techniques were used to characterize the polymers obtained.

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11

Wang, Yi-Cong, Pei-Yi Cheng, Zhi-Qian Zhang, Ke-Xin Fan, Rui-Qi Lu, Shu Zhang, and Yi-Xian Wu. "Highly efficient terpolymerizations of ethylene/propylene/ENB with a half-titanocene catalytic system." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 44 (2021): 6417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py01140e.

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Анотація:

Highly efficient terpolymerization of ethylene, propylene and 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene using a half-titanocene containing iminoimidazolidine with methylaluminoxane/Al(iBu)3/2,6-ditertbutyl-4-methyl-phenol was achieved.

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12

Gubrium, E. K., D. G. Clark, H. J. Klee, T. A. Nell, and J. E. Barrett. "Analysis of Horticultural Performance of Ethylene-insensitive Petunias and Tomatoes." HortScience 32, no. 3 (June 1997): 499D—499. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.499d.

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We are studying the horticultural performance of two model plant systems that carry a mutant gene that confers ethylene-insensitivity: Never Ripe tomatoes and petunia plants transformed with the mutant etr1-1 gene isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana. Having two model systems to compare side-by-side allows us to determine with greater certainty ethylene's role at different developmental stages. Presence of the mutant etr1-1 gene in transgenic petunias was determined using three techniques: PCR analysis, the seedling triple response assay (inhibition of stem elongation, radial swelling of stem and roots, and an exaggerated apical hook when grown in the dark and in the presence of ethylene), and the flower wilting response to pollination, which is known to be induced by ethylene. Flowers from ethylene-insensitive petunias took almost four times as long to wilt after pollination as wild-type plants. It is well known that fruit ripening in Never Ripe tomato is inhibited, and a similar delayed fruit ripening phenotype is observed in petunia plants transformed with etr1-1. In an effort to maintain ethylene-insensitive petunia plants by vegetative propagation, we observed that the rate of adventitious root formation was much lower with transgenic plants than in wild-type plants. In subsequent experiments on adventitious root formation in Never Ripe tomato, we observed the same result. Therefore, while ethylene-insensitive tomato and petunia plants appear phenotypically normal for many characters, other factors are altered by the presence of this mutation. The fact that these changes are present in two model systems helps to define the role of ethylene perception in plant growth and reproduction.

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13

Schaller, G. Eric, and Joseph J. Kieber. "Ethylene." Arabidopsis Book 1 (January 2002): e0071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1199/tab.0071.

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14

Shibuya, Kenichi, and David G. Clark. "Ethylene." Journal of Crop Improvement 18, no. 1-2 (October 17, 2006): 391–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j411v18n01_05.

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15

Bleeker, Anthony. "Ethylene." Current Biology 11, no. 23 (November 2001): R952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00571-1.

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16

Luttrell, William E., and Luke R. Fletcher. "Ethylene." Journal of Chemical Health and Safety 23, no. 3 (May 2016): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchas.2016.04.006.

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17

Abeles, F. B., and L. J. Dunn. "Ethylene-enhanced ethylene oxidation inVicia faba." Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 4, no. 1-4 (February 1985): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02266950.

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18

Jasinki, Joseph M. "Fifth CH overtone spectra of ethylene and deuterated ethylenes." Chemical Physics Letters 123, no. 1-2 (January 1986): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(86)87025-7.

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19

de Roo, C. Maurits, Johann B. Kasper, Martin van Duin, Francesco Mecozzi, and Wesley Browne. "Off-line analysis in the manganese catalysed epoxidation of ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) with hydrogen peroxide." RSC Advances 11, no. 51 (2021): 32505–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra06222k.

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Анотація:

Epoxidation of ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM), based on 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, to epoxidized EPDM (eEPDM) opens routes to cross-linking and reactive blending, with increased polarity aiding adhesion to polar materials such as silica.

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20

Abd Allah, Elrafie Ahmed, Abdel Elhameed M. O. Kasif, Yasir Awad Alla Mohamed, and Ayat Abdel Elkhalig H. Mahmoud. "Simulation of ethylene oxide production from ethylene cholorhydrin." Proceedings of the Voronezh State University of Engineering Technologies 84, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 222–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20914/2310-1202-2022-1-222-225.

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This research has been performed in the Ethylene Oxide production process. It is a flammable and colorless gas at temperatures above 11 °C. It is an important commodity chemical for the production of solvents, antifreeze, textiles, detergents, adhesives, polyurethane foam, and pharmaceuticals. Small amounts of Ethylene Oxide [EO] are used in manufacturing fumigants and sterilants for spices and cosmetics, as well as hospital sterilization for surgical equipment. Modern Ethylene oxide [EO] productions employ either air or oxygen (O2)to oxidize ethylene (C2H4) with a silver catalyst on an alumina oxide carrier[Ag/Al2O3]catalyst packed in a fixed-bed reactor (plug-flow reactor)but the oxygen-base reaction process is more desirable here we used oxygen. Mainly two reactions occur, partial oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide and total oxidation of ethylene to carbon dioxide and water. The design models of the process in this research based on a three-part system. They are: the reaction system, absorption system and Ethylene Oxide [EO] purification system. The largest cost in production of ethylene oxide is ethylene therefore, it’s important to optimize the selectivity towards ethylene oxide and thus reduce the consumption of Ethylene. The aim of this work is to create a simulation model of the Ethylene Oxide production process from Ethylene using Aspen Hysys V9. Also to knowing the optimum operational conditions (temperature –pressure –flow rate) for the oxidation reactions of Ethylene. The simulation was running three times with various operational conditions to make a good result. The conclusion was that during operational time the activation energy increased for both reactions which have to be compensated with increasing reactor temperature. At the same time the selectivity for producing Ethylene Oxide decreases, i.e. more carbon dioxide and water are formed. The simulation models yield Ethylene Oxide with purity of 99.2%.

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21

Kim, Heejung, Elizabeth E. Helmbrecht, M. Blaine Stalans, Christina Schmitt, Nesha Patel, Chi-Kuang Wen, Wuyi Wang, and Brad M. Binder. "Ethylene Receptor ETHYLENE RECEPTOR1 Domain Requirements for Ethylene Responses in Arabidopsis Seedlings." Plant Physiology 156, no. 1 (March 8, 2011): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.170621.

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22

Iijima, Takao, Hiroshi Ono, and Masao Tomoi. "Modification of bismaleimide resin by poly(ethylene phthalate-co-ethylene terephthalate), poly(ethylene phthalate-co-ethylene 4,4?-biphenyl dicarboxylate), and poly(ethylene phthalate-co-ethylene 2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate)." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 81, no. 10 (2001): 2352–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1676.

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23

Hrabovský, Ján, Jaroslav Kováč, and Mária Kaprinayová. "5-Nitro-2-thienylvinylation. Preparation of 2-substituted 1-(5-nitro-2-thienyl)ethylenes." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 51, no. 5 (1986): 1127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19861127.

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The preparation of 2-substituted 1-(5-nitro-2-thienyl)-ethylenes based on the reaction of (Z)-2-bromo-1-(5-nitro-2-thienyl)ethylene with aromatic or heteroaromatic compounds in the presence of aluminum chloride is described. The structure of the derivatives prepared was investigated by means of 1H NMR and UV spectra and dipole moments measurement.

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24

Filios, P. M., and W. B. Miller. "ETHYLENE AND ANTI-ETHYLENE TECHNOLOGIES IN LILIES." Acta Horticulturae, no. 900 (July 2011): 283–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2011.900.35.

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25

Grotevendt, Anne G. D., Justin A. M. Lummiss, Melanie L. Mastronardi, and Deryn E. Fogg. "Ethylene-Promoted versus Ethylene-Free Enyne Metathesis." Journal of the American Chemical Society 133, no. 40 (October 12, 2011): 15918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja207388v.

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26

Hall, Brenda P., Samina N. Shakeel, and G. Eric Schaller. "Ethylene Receptors: Ethylene Perception and Signal Transduction." Journal of Plant Growth Regulation 26, no. 2 (June 23, 2007): 118–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00344-007-9000-0.

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27

Komatsu, T., K. Momonoi, T. Matsuo, and K. Hanaki. "Biotransformation of cis-1,2-dichloroethylene to ethylene and ethane under anaerobic conditions." Water Science and Technology 30, no. 7 (October 1, 1994): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1994.0313.

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cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene (cis-DCE) is frequently found at significant concentrations in groundwater which is contaminated with tetrachloroethylene or trichloroethylene. Under anaerobic conditions, cis-DCE can be biotransformed via reductive dechlorination to ethylene. Several factors affecting this transformation were investigated using anaerobic sewage sludge as an inoculum. The reductive dechlorination of cis-DCE was observed at 25°C and 15°C but not at 35°C. Supplying a suitable electron donor (organic substrate or hydrogen) was necessary to sustain reductive dechlorination. Glucose, yeast extract, propionate, and hydrogen stimulated dechlorination, while methanol and acetate did not. Anaerobic enrichment cultures capable of dechlorinating cis-DCE to ethylene were developed from the sludge. In the presence of either glucose, yeast extract or propionate (100 mgCOD/l), 0.46 mg/l of cis-DCE was almost completely dechlorinated to ethylene within 4 days by the cultures at 25°C. Transformation rate was somewhat lower in the culture fed with hydrogen. Dechlorinating ability was sustained even in the cultures fed with low concentrations (10 mgCOD/l) of glucose or hydrogen, although the transformation was sometimes insufficient. These results suggest that anaerobic bioremediation processes can be used for removal of chlorinated ethylenes from contaminated groundwater.

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28

Muzeni, Richard J. "Rapid Gas Chromatographic Determination of Ethylene Oxide, Ethylene Chlorohydrin, and Ethylene Glycol Residues in Rubber Catheters." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 68, no. 3 (May 1, 1985): 506–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/68.3.506.

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Abstract Isothermal gas chromatography with flame ionization detection was used to determine residual ethylene oxide (EtO), ethylene chlorohydrin, and ethylene glycol in soft rubber catheters that had been sterilized with EtO. Catheter samples were extracted by shaking with carbon disulflde, and the extract was analyzed on a 3% Carbowax 20M on 80- 100 mesh Chromosorb 101 column, using nitrogen as the carrier gas. Ten replicate injections of a mixed standards solution gave coefficients of variation of 1.91, 1.23, and 4.74% for EtO, ethylene chlorohydrin, and ethylene glycol, respectively. A linear response was obtained with concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 7.9 μg EtO, 14.0 to 88.0 μg ethylene chlorohydrin, and 31.0 to 98.5 μg ethylene glycol. The proposed method detected as little as 0.5, 5.0, and 16.5 ng EtO, ethylene chlorohydrin, and ethylene glycol, respectively.

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29

Khlebnikova, Elena, Irena Dolganova, Elena Ivashkina, and Stanislav Koshkin. "Modeling of Benzene with Ethylene Alkylation." International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Applications 8, no. 1 (February 2017): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijcea.2017.8.1.631.

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30

Chkhubianishvili, Nodar, and Lali Kristesashvili. "Investigation of Reaction of Ethylene Telomerization." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 10. Innovatcionnaia deiatel’nost’, no. 2 (May 2015): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu10.2015.2.3.

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31

Kurchii, B. A. "Proposals for the ISS: «Ethylene» Experiment. Role of ethylene and abscisic acid in biological effects of microgravity." Kosmìčna nauka ì tehnologìâ 6, no. 4 (July 30, 2000): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/knit2000.04.962.

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32

Chagué, Véronique, Levanoni-Visel Danit, Verena Siewers, Christian Schulze Gronover, Paul Tudzynski, Bettina Tudzynski, and Amir Sharon. "Ethylene Sensing and Gene Activation in Botrytis cinerea: A Missing Link in Ethylene Regulation of Fungus-Plant Interactions?" Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 19, no. 1 (January 2006): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-19-0033.

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Ethylene production by infected plants is an early resistance response leading to activation of plant defense pathways. However, plant pathogens also are capable of producing ethylene, and ethylene might have an effect not only on the plant but on the pathogen as well. Therefore, ethylene may play a dual role in fungus—plant interactions by affecting the plant as well as the pathogen. To address this question, we studied the effects of ethylene on the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea and the disease it causes on Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Exposure of B. cinerea to ethylene inhibited mycelium growth in vitro and caused transcriptional changes in a large number of fungal genes. A screen of fungal signaling mutants revealed a Gα null mutant (Δbcg1) which was ethylene insensitive, overproduced ethylene in vitro, and showed considerable transcriptional changes in response to ethylene compared with the wild type. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG)-treated, ethylene-nonproducing N. benthamiana plants developed much larger necroses than ethylene-producing plants, whereas addition of ethylene to AVG-treated leaves restricted disease spreading. Ethylene also affected fungal gene expression in planta. Expression of a putative pathogenicity fungal gene, bcspl1, was enhanced 24 h after inoculation in ethylene-producing plants but only 48 h after inoculation in ethylene-nonproducing plants. Our results show that the responses of B. cinerea to ethylene are partly mediated by a G protein signaling pathway, and that ethylene-induced plant resistance might involve effects of plant ethylene on both the plant and the fungus.

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33

Goren, Raphael, Chic Nishijima, and George C. Martin. "Effects of External Ethylene on the Production of Endogenous Ethylene in Olive Leaf Tissue." Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 113, no. 5 (September 1988): 778–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.113.5.778.

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Abstract Olive (Olea europaea L.) leaves are characterized by their ability to respond to exogenous ethylene by a 100- to 400-fold enhanced ethylene production irrespective of leaf age or time of year when sampled. The autoenhancement of ethylene production from intact or detached leaves is positively correlated with the concentration of external ethylene. A lag time of 72 to 120 hr occurred before the autoenhancement of ethylene production could be observed. An autoinhibition of ethylene production was usually observed during the first 24 to 48 hr. The effect was, however, much less pronounced. This autoinhibition of ethylene production apparently does not involve wound ethylene. Olive fruit normally produce only negligible amounts of ethylene, and the enhanced ethylene evolution, which was observed after the fruits were exposed to exogenous ethylene, was found to be exogenous ethylene that was trapped by the fruit tissue during its exposure to ethylene. In leaves, however, autoenhancement of ethylene production evidently is a physiological response that may induce a senescing process in the leaves rather than abscission.

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Choi, Soohee, and Youngjin Jeong. "Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Nanocomposites." Polymer Korea 38, no. 2 (March 25, 2014): 240–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7317/pk.2014.38.2.240.

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35

Mason, Michael G., and G. Eric Schaller. "Histidine kinase activity and the regulation of ethylene signal transduction." Canadian Journal of Botany 83, no. 6 (June 1, 2005): 563–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b05-053.

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Ethylene is a gaseous hormone that regulates many aspects of plant growth and development. Although the effect of ethylene on plant growth was discovered a century ago, the key players in the ethylene response pathway were only identified over the last 15 years. In Arabidopsis, ethylene is perceived by a family of five receptors (ETR1, ETR2, ERS1, ERS2, and EIN4) that resemble two-component histidine kinases. Of these, only ETR1 and ERS1 contain all the conserved residues required for histidine kinase activity. The ethylene receptors appear to function primarily through CTR1, a serine/threonine kinase that actively suppresses ethylene responses in air (absence of ethylene). Despite recent progress toward understanding ethylene signal transduction, the role of the ethylene-receptor histidine-kinase activity remains unclear. This review considers the significance of histidine kinase activity in ethylene signaling and possible mechanisms by which it may modulate ethylene responses.Key words: ethylene receptor, ETR1, histidine kinase, two-component, phosphorylation, Arabidopsis.

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36

Saeed, Mostafa, Lan Zhao, Ahmed K. Rashwan, Ahmed I. Osman, Zhuyun Chen, Guoyun Wang, Chaochao Zhou, et al. "Ethylene-Induced Postharvest Changes in Five Chinese Bayberry Cultivars Affecting the Fruit Ripening and Shelf Life." Horticulturae 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2024): 1144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10111144.

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Ethylene is an essential indicator of fruit ripening and climacteric or non-climacteric nature. This study investigated the postharvest behavior of five Chinese bayberry cultivars ‘Biqi’, ‘Dongkui’, ‘Fenhong’, ‘Xiazhihong’, and ‘Shuijing’. The fruits were harvested mature and stored at room temperature (25 °C) and under cold storage conditions (4 °C) to investigate the dynamics of ethylene production, firmness, anthocyanin content, and cell wall polysaccharide composition, as well as basic fruit physicochemical characteristics. The results show that Chinese bayberry is a climacteric fruit with ethylene production peaking shortly after harvest, especially at room temperature. Fruit color intensified over time due to anthocyanin accumulation, particularly in the flesh core. Darker cultivars produced more ethylene, which correlated with higher anthocyanin levels. At room temperature, ‘Biqi’ (black) had the highest ethylene production (4.03 µL·kg−1·h−1) and anthocyanin content (0.91 mg/g FW), while ‘Shuijing’, the white cultivar, had the lowest ethylene levels (1.9 µL·kg−1·h−1) and anthocyanin content (0.03 mg/g FW). Firmness significantly decreased at room temperature due to the degradation of hemicellulose and insoluble pectin, whereas cold storage mitigates this effect. After 3 days at room temperature, the average of firmness decreased by 23.7% in the five cultivars, compared to 12.7% under cold storage. Total soluble solids increase during storage, enhancing sweetness, especially at room temperature, with ‘Biqi’ increasing from 9.2 to 10.9% at 4 °C. Titratable acidity slightly decreased over time: the value for ‘Biqi’ decreased from 1.2% to 0.95% at room temperature and 1.1% at 4 °C. Citric, malic, and tartaric acid generally declined at room temperature but stabilized under cold storage. Sucrose, fructose, and glucose increased or remained stable, with significant varietal differences. Our results indicate that storing Chinese bayberry at 4 °C effectively preserves its quality and extends postharvest life. These findings underscore ethylene’s key role in regulating ripening, postharvest quality, and shelf life by influencing fruit color, firmness, and overall consumer appeal.

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&NA;. "Ethylene oxide." Reactions Weekly &NA;, no. 1382 (December 2011): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00128415-201113820-00067.

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TOBITA, Takashi. "Ethylene Carbonate." Journal of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan 45, no. 2 (1987): 169–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.45.169.

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39

Napier, R. M. "P7 Ethylene." Journal of Experimental Botany 47, supp1 (May 1, 1996): 82–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jxb.a022917.

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40

Herd, Philippa. "Ethylene glycol." In Practice 14, no. 6 (November 1992): 298–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/inpract.14.6.298.

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41

Vale, Allister. "Ethylene Glycol." Medicine 31, no. 10 (October 2003): 51–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.31.10.51.27819.

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42

Kende, H. "Ethylene Biosynthesis." Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology 44, no. 1 (June 1993): 283–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.44.060193.001435.

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43

TREMBLAY, JEAN-FRANÇOIS. "DOWNSIZING ETHYLENE." Chemical & Engineering News 88, no. 23 (June 7, 2010): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v088n023.p012a.

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44

FRINK, C. R., and G. J. BUGBEE. "ETHYLENE DIBROMIDE." Soil Science 148, no. 4 (October 1989): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198910000-00010.

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45

Haney, Patricia E., Bernadette A. Raymond, and Linda Cecile Lewis. "Ethylene Oxide." AORN Journal 51, no. 2 (February 1990): 480–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0001-2092(07)66079-7.

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46

HAGGIN, JOSEPH. "ETHYLENE TECHNOLOGY." Chemical & Engineering News 72, no. 29 (July 18, 1994): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v072n029.p006.

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47

Pirrung, Michael C. "Ethylene biosynthesis." Bioorganic Chemistry 13, no. 3 (September 1985): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0045-2068(85)90024-0.

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48

Luttrell, William E. "Ethylene oxide." Journal of Chemical Health and Safety 15, no. 6 (November 2008): 30–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchas.2008.09.010.

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49

Gong, Yutao, Carmen Chen, Ryan P. Lively, and Krista S. Walton. "Humid Ethylene/Ethane Separation on Ethylene-Selective Materials." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 60, no. 27 (June 30, 2021): 9940–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01291.

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50

Li, Baozhong, Jiayan Yu, Seungwoo Lee, and Moonhor Ree. "Crystallizations of poly(ethylene terephthalate co ethylene isophthalate)." Polymer 40, no. 19 (September 1999): 5371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(98)00743-5.

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