Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Ethical lapses"

Finance and accounting are an area that are many unethical activities could be happen especially in this fourth industrial revolution today. In this study, we analyze the impact among the dispositional affect (positive affect and negative affect), gender, age, educational background, work experience to ethical lapses behavior. Dispositional affect is divided into four states which are the enthusiastic, the happiness, the frustration, and the fear. We find that disspositional affect, age, education background, work experience and gender are not significantly influences the ethical lapses behavior. Enthusiastic and happy people will try to avoid doing ethical lapses even from their superior’s behest because they have genuinely positive achieve goals and nobel expectations into their job. Negative affect of frustration and fear also have no significant influence to the ethical lapses behavior. The ambiguity of situations that tend to be uncertain and unpredictable can cause anxiety in other psychological cases. The frustation and fear make people tend to aware and protect themselves from bad consequence of ethical lapses. Other than variable educational background, age, work experience, negative affect of frustrated and negative affect of fear have highly significant correlation. The implications from this study for practice and research are also provided.

This essay is in response to Thomas Crosbie and Meredith Kleykamp’s article that investigates relationships between what they consider to be three fault lines in the American military profession: ethical lapses, expertise, and identity. As they explore the literature to contemplate how professionalism might help to prevent ethical lapses, they also seek to reveal relationships between lapses, military expertise, and identity. To enhance the relevance of their research, it is recommended that they examine ethical lapses more broadly. Their core subject is American civil–military relations, which is a complex, contentious, and often ambiguous topic. They can mitigate the ambiguity by developing a clear problem statement and a set of research assumptions. In addition, because not all lapses are treated the same, they can be categorized to identify more serious lapses, which will allow for a focused examination of institutional responses to the lapses. Also, integrating other academic approaches such as political science and history into their research will improve the theoretical and explanatory power of their investigation. Adopting these and other aspects of inquiry will support the testing of their six hypotheses and improve our understanding of the military profession.

In a recent issue of this journal, we published an article titled “Fault Lines of the American Military Profession”. Donald S. Travis subsequently wrote a Dipustatio Sine Fine rejoinder that raised a number of criticisms of our piece and suggested several ways forward. For our part, we detect three serious problems in Travis’s analysis and offer a single syncretic response. Our solution builds on the insights of Travis’s critique while avoiding the pitfalls of his specific line of reasoning. We conclude by urging others to continue to debate and research these very consequential and timely issues.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess if a firm’s ethical lapses, which result from unethical behavior or actions, influence its social disclosure (SD) practices as well as how ethical lapses affect both the firm’s legitimacy within society and its standing in financial markets. This study addresses two-related questions: do a firm’s ethical lapses undermine the credibility of its SD in financial markets, either directly or through a firm’s legitimacy? Do ethical lapses affect a firm’s market value and is this effect mediated by SD and legitimacy? Design/methodology/approach Three hypotheses are derived based on two theoretical approaches, information economics and institutional theory. The hypotheses lead ultimately to an examination of a firm’s legitimacy. Ethical lapses are inspired by the Global Reporting Initiative grid and by ISO 26000. Findings The results suggest that a firm’s ethical lapses underlie its SD practices and affect its legitimacy and standing in financial markets, the latter being proxied by financial analysts’ forecasts. Research limitations/implications The limitations of this study include that alternative ways exist to measure the constructs employed, the measurement of SD is subject to discretionary choices, and the North American sample results may not be generalizable to other countries. Originality/value The originality and contributions of this study are based on the use of information economics and institutional theory in a complementary way that recognizes information as serving various purposes and constituencies. Additionally, the paper extends prior research on the SD aspects of CSR by showing it matters to both financial markets and non-financial stakeholders.

There is much research that examines the connection between different elements of corporate governance to specific firm outcomes (Brahmana et al., 2021; Fakhfakh & Jarboui, 2022), including ethical outcomes (Veldman et al., 2023). However, little is written about how to prevent ethical lapses from ever happening. Using the framework of agency theory, this study examined the effect of the board of directors’ power and the chief executive officer’s (CEO’s) power on the firm’s ethical behaviors. We sought to find out if strong governance, whether CEO or Board, could play a role in stopping ethical lapses before they happen. To evaluate this relationship, two indices were used. The board power index included board size, non-duality, lead director, board composition, and ownership. The CEO power index included tenure, ownership, and board member nominations. The sample consisted of 102 large, public United States (U.S.) firms. Logistic regression was utilized to determine if board power or CEO power could influence ethical firm behaviors. The findings indicated that strong boards were associated with more ethical firms. CEO power did not seem to have the same relationship. These findings are important to help firms structure boards to increase vigilance and reduce the likelihood of ethical lapses.

On the first day after the mass murder, a qualitative content analysis was conducted on nine daily newspapers in Republic of Srpska and Serbia. It aimed to determine the existence of similarities in the reporting of daily newspapers in the two countries, compare the existing reporting with current media regulations and self-regulation, identify any violations, and provide recommendations for future, more ethical reporting, given that a number of ethical lapses were observed in the reporting. The analysis of this event has both scientific and societal justification because the event impacted all members of society, and one of the tasks of science is to provide concrete advice on how to report ethically, professionally, and in accordance with recommendations and existing norms. Ethical lapses in the media can have consequences during times of crisis, shock, disbelief, panic and concern, which were understandably triggered in the audience, given that an event of this nature had not been recorded in our societies before.

This study uses secondary data to examine Obiora’s education ethics vis-à-vis the higher education system in Nigeria. The discourse centered on government educational agencies such as the National Universities Commission (NUC); National Board for Technical Education (NBTE); National Commis-sion for Colleges of Education (NCCE) and Tertiary Education Trust Fund (TETFund) and their roles in the management of the educational system in Nigeria. The study further highlights the ethical lapses in the tertiary education system in Nigeria. The researcher suggests that, the government should encourage private ownership of tertiary institutions, while the government through its agencies supervises them.

Contexte : Cette thèse se concentre sur les essais cliniques au Liban, un sujet peu exploré jusqu'à présent. La conduite d'essais cliniques reste indispensable pour faire progresser la recherche scientifique. Ces trois dernières années, le Liban a été confronté à une série de crises majeures, notamment la crise socio-économique, la pandémie de Covid-19 et l'explosion du port de Beyrouth en août 2020. Il est probable que les essais cliniques aient été significativement impactés par ces événements en raison de la détérioration du système de santé. Dans ce contexte, ce travail examine les enjeux éthiques entourant les essais cliniques au Liban, en mettant l'accent sur les perspectives des médecins, acteurs clés de ces essais, dans un environnement socio-économique, juridique et politique complexe. Méthode : Dans le but de compléter l'analyse exploratoire de la littérature, qui s'est avérée insuffisante pour répondre à notre question de recherche, nous avons opté pour une étude qualitative basée sur des entretiens dirigés. Cette méthode permet d'explorer la problématique en évaluant les représentations des médecins quant à la possibilité de réaliser encore des essais cliniques, en particulier face aux enjeux éthiques, dans le contexte actuel de crise. Grâce à cette approche, les motivations et les préoccupations des médecins pourront être mieux comprises. Résultats : Dans le contexte de la crise économique, politique et sanitaire au Liban, les médecins ont adopté des attitudes mitigées vis-à-vis des essais cliniques. Certains médecins restent intéressés par les essais cliniques ; ils les voient comme une opportunité d'accéder à des traitements innovants pour leurs patients et de contribuer à l'avancement de la recherche médicale malgré les défis auxquels ils sont confrontés. D'autres, cependant, sont préoccupés par les difficultés liées à la conduite des essais cliniques dans un environnement instable, avec des ressources limitées et une pénurie de médicaments et de matériel. En outre, la charge de travail accrue et le stress émotionnel liés à l'insécurité financière, la pandémie de Covid-19 et l'explosion du port de Beyrouth semblent contribuer à un manque de motivation chez les médecins. De plus, l'émigration de médecins qualifiés a rendu difficile la conduite des essais. Selon plusieurs médecins de l'étude, la corruption et l'instabilité politico-économique, ont également conduit à des préoccupations émergentes et une méfiance quant aux conditions de sécurité et d'éthique dans lesquelles les essais sont menés. Discussion : Au Liban, malgré les différentes crises qui ont secoué le pays ces trois dernières années, les essais cliniques sont encore possibles. Cependant, en état de crise, les essais cliniques présentent de nouveaux enjeux éthiques tels que la pertinence des sujets de recherche, la sécurité des participants à l'étude, la qualité de leur information et de leur consentement libre et éclairé, ainsi que l'équité dans leur recrutement. La pression économique sur les établissements de recherche et les chercheurs peut aboutir à une négligence des aspects éthiques de la recherche, telle qu'une supervision inadéquate. La priorisation des essais cliniques dans le contexte de la crise sanitaire peut également entraîner des conflits d'intérêts entre la nécessité de répondre aux besoins urgents de la population et l'évaluation rigoureuse des risques et des avantages de ces essais. Les enjeux éthiques de la recherche clinique au Liban en état de crise nécessitent donc une attention particulière et une application appropriée de la régulation pour assurer la sécurité et le respect des droits des participants. Il convient de noter que les priorités changent en période de crise, et que les besoins en termes d'accès aux soins de base peuvent être plus urgents que les besoins en recherche clinique. Dans ces circonstances, il peut être difficile de trouver un équilibre entre les priorités concurrentes
Context: This thesis focuses on clinical trials in Lebanon, a topic that has been little explored until now. Conducting clinical trials remains essential for advancing scientific research. Over the past three years, Lebanon has faced a series of major crises, including the socio-economic crisis, the Covid-19 pandemic, and the explosion at the port of Beirut in August 2020. It is likely that clinical trials have been significantly impacted by these events due to the deterioration of the healthcare system. In this context, this work examines the ethical issues surrounding clinical trials in Lebanon, with a focus on the perspectives of physicians, key actors in these trials, in a complex socio-economic, legal, and political environment. Method: In order to supplement the exploratory analysis of the literature, which proved insufficient to answer our research question, we opted for a qualitative study based on directed interviews. This method allows us to explore the problem by evaluating the representations of physicians regarding the possibility of still conducting clinical trials, particularly in the face of ethical issues, in the current crisis context. Through this approach, the motivations and concerns of physicians can be better understood. Results: In the context of the economic, political, and health crisis in Lebanon, physicians have adopted mixed attitudes towards clinical trials. Some physicians remain interested in clinical trials; they see them as an opportunity to access innovative treatments for their patients and to contribute to the advancement of medical research despite the challenges they face. Others, however, are concerned about the difficulties associated with conducting clinical trials in an unstable environment, with limited resources and a shortage of drugs and medical equipment. In addition, the increased workload and emotional stress associated with financial insecurity, the Covid-19 pandemic, and the explosion at the port of Beirut appear to contribute to a lack of motivation among physicians. Moreover, the emigration of qualified physicians has made it difficult to conduct trials. According to several physicians in the study, corruption and political-economic instability have also led to emerging concerns and mistrust regarding the safety and ethical conditions under which trials are conducted. Discussion: In Lebanon, despite the various crises that have shaken the country over the past three years, clinical trials are still possible. However, in a state of crisis, clinical trials present new ethical issues such as the relevance of research subjects, the safety of study participants, the quality of their information and free and informed consent, as well as equity in their recruitment. Economic pressure on research institutions and researchers can result in neglect of ethical aspects of research, such as inadequate supervision and poor personnel training. The prioritization of clinical trials in the context of the health crisis can also lead to conflicts of interest between the need to respond to the urgent needs of the population and the rigorous evaluation of the risks and benefits of these trials. The ethical issues of clinical research in Lebanon in a state of crisis therefore require special attention and appropriate regulatory enforcement to ensure the safety and respect for the rights of participants. It should be noted that priorities change in times of crisis, and that the need for access to basic healthcare may be more urgent than the need for clinical research. In these circumstances, it can be difficult to find a balance between competing priorities

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)
Background: Recent literature on medical professionalism claims that self-awareness and the ability to reflect upon one’s experiences is a critical component of professionalism; however there is a paucity of empirical evidence to support this claim. This study employed a mixed methods approach to explore the utility of reflective writing and self- and peer assessments in explaining professionalism lapses among medical students. Methods: A retrospective case-control study was conducted using students from Indiana University School of Medicine (IUSM) who had been disciplined for unprofessional behavior between 2006-2013 (case group; n=70). A randomly selected control group (n=230) was used for comparison. Reflective ability was assessed using a validated rubric to score students’ professionalism journals. Mean reflection scores and assessment scores were compared using t-tests. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the impact of reflection scores and self- and peer assessment scores on the likelihood of having been disciplined for unprofessional behavior. Subsequent qualitative analysis further explored when and how students learned professionalism during their clinical experiences. Results: The study found that students in the case group exhibited lower reflective ability than control students. Furthermore, reflective ability was a significant factor in explaining the odds that a student had been cited for professionalism lapses. There were no differences in self-assessment scores between the two groups, but students in the case group had significantly lower peer assessment scores than control students. Peer assessment scores also had the greatest influence on the odds that a student had been cited for professionalism deficiencies during medical school. Qualitative analysis revealed that students learn professionalism from role models who demonstrated altruism and respect (or lack thereof). Conclusions: These findings suggest that students should be provided with guidance and feedback on their reflective writing to promote higher levels of reflection, which may reduce the number of students who are cited for professionalism lapses. These findings also indicate that peer assessments can be used to provide students with insightful feedback regarding their professional development. Finally, role models have a strong influence on students’ professional development, and therefore must be cognizant of the implicit messages their behaviors convey.

Despite the fact that the public’s trust in the news media is at historic lows, despite the fact that hardly a day goes by without another report of unethical behavior by news professionals, journalists and teachers remain dedicated to ethical issues—perhaps more so now than at any other time in history. News companies are developing rigorous codes of conduct; journalists and editors are vigorously reporting on ethical lapses by their peers, and many journalism schools are creating standalone courses in journalism ethics and hiring faculty members who are devoted to ethics research and instruction. Using more than two-dozen actual cases from around the world to examine and apply those principles of ethical journalism, Knowlton and Reader suggest an easy-to-follow, commonsense approach to making ethical decisions in the newsroom as deadlines loom. Moral Reasoning for Journalists serves as an introduction to the underpinnings of journalism ethics, and as a guide for journalists and journalism teachers looking for ways to make ethical choices beyond going with your gut.

To the extent that these neo-Aristotelian value realisms offer multi-dimensional accounts of the good and very flexible appreciations of different virtues (of both character and art) in different contexts, they account well for the varieties of characters, actions, and works of art that we value. But it is not always easy to see exactly how the particularism fits with the objectivism. When there is that much variety in judgements of value, often indexed to local cultural or historical circumstance, then, even if it need not be true, the thought that such judgements are mere expressions of individual or social preference looms. When, in contrast, the overall theory of the good or the beautiful is given more shape and content, so that common features of beauty or goodness in different particulars are discernible, then the particularism lapses.

Focussing on the evolution of Anthony Burgess’s prose style from A Clockwork Orange through later works like Nothing Like the Sun, MF, and Earthly Powers, this chapter argues that Burgess developed a ‘higher morality’ predicated on linguistic particularity and wordplay, as a means for existing in and through the difficulties of moral choice. Reading Burgess against his own readings of James Joyce (outlining a Joycean ethics) and the work of Vladimir Nabokov, it suggests that for Burgess a baroque style related intimately to questions of free will and moral choice, and came to supply a surrogate faith for his lapsed Catholicism.

Most ethical transgressions by private practitioners arise from errors rather than bad intentions. Such slips often occur when the clinician attempts to take unwise shortcuts, lacks awareness, or shows lapses in judgment. This chapter explores the most common triggers of ethical breaches among practitioners and suggests preventive strategies. Common problems include failure to maintain competence in evidence-based practice or in serving diverse populations. Other important issues include risky business practices, challenges associated with newer technologies such as telepractice, recordkeeping, billing, professional isolation, and role slippage. Suggestions are offered to promote ethical practice and reduce the risk of adverse incidents.

India has recently witnessed several allegations of corporate governance lapses and failure. The alarming situation prompted the government and the regulators to take serious note to make the companies accountable for the allegations and to bring in regulations to contain the policy leaks. The governing body and the board of directors must abide by ethical standards, demonstrating an unwavering commitment to discipline, transparency, fairness, and accountability for their actions. This work uses a case study approach to examine various recent corporate governance failures in India. The examination is made in the following dimensions: accountability, transparency, equitability, responsibility, ethical conduct, board independence, risk management, corporate social responsibility, stakeholder engagement, and regulatory compliance. The study scrutinized various classic and recent corporate governance lapses in established corporate entities and startups and in Indian banks. The measures implemented by regulatory bodies, including the RBI, SEBI, and the MCA, were analyzed.

In this chapter we will explore the issues related to individual and organizational accountability for error, particularly when a patient suffers harm that is attributable to physician error. We will review the blameless culture and “just culture” models, as well as related issues of peer-review, regulatory compliance, medicolegal, and ethical aspects of error in this context. We will discuss the ethical duty to provide open disclosure of all errors and lapses directly to patients and their families, regardless of cause (and separated from the issue of blame) and in some circumstances coupled with financial or other compensation for any harm done.

This chapter examines the unusually swift downturn in Russo-Bulgarian relations between 1879 and 1883. In 1879, relations between the two countries were unusually good, founded on a basis of mutual sympathy, geopolitical necessity, and strong administrative ties. By 1883, however, a series of lapses in Russian diplomatic practice damaged Russo-Bulgarian relations to the point that all of Bulgaria's political elite was united in opposition to the Russians, and by 1886 diplomatic relations were severed altogether. This chapter examines three incidents in particular – the Titles Controversy of late 1879/early 1880, the Coup of 1881, and the tenure of Generals L. N. Sobolev and A. V. Kaul'bars in 1882-1883. Ultimately, this chapter demonstrates how flawed diplomatic practice may result in undesirable foreign policy outcomes.

Globalization has amplified interdependence among nations, creating an increasing need for leaders to function in a variety of cultures. Leaders face ever-expanding complexities and challenges, many of which include ethical dimensions. Lapses in ethical leadership in recent decades have resulted in the destruction of companies and harm to individuals, societies, and economies. Although many leadership theories have been offered to date, scholars and practitioners still search for answers to failed leadership. A recent theoretical construct of ethical leadership has been proposed that may offer a solution (Brown, Trevino, & Harrison, 2004; Trevino, Brown, & Hartman, 2003). This chapter addressed these issues by exploring ethical leadership as a viable theory that may be considered for use across cultures. Research consisted of interviews with experienced international managers who also held MBA degrees. The results led to recommendations for international managers in leadership positions as well as directions for future research.

Ethics involves wrestling with difficult, conflicting courses of action. Medical ethics, and psychiatric ethics in particular, is especially challenging, given the need to negotiate a course of action with patients and family. Confidentiality, which is at the centre of psychiatric practice, and is essential if psychiatric treatment is to be successful, has been challenged and even somewhat eroded by legal developments and social change. Psychiatrists cannot promise absolute confidentiality to their patients. While it is tempting to look to ‘the law’ to determine when breaking confidentiality is the ethical decision, psychiatrists must decide whether acting in accordance with the law is the more ethical choice to make when grappling with a difficult clinical situation. The need for strict confidentiality also places constant demands on the psychiatrist to be mindful lest inadvertent lapses in vigilance results in the unethical sharing of patient information. This chapter explores ethical dilemmas in confidentiality in a range of clinical situations involving hospitals, clinics, and private outpatient settings. The unique ethical issues that arise in the treatment of children, adolescents, families, and groups are discussed in detail. The chapter also examines the ethical dilemmas that are often encountered in academic settings, speaking, and publishing. Considerable attention is devoted to the implications of the Tarasoff decision in California and to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, which has had a profound impact on the practice of psychiatry in the United States, as well as influencing the law in other countries.

Abstract This chapter considers some of the ethical challenges facing the defense industry and the U.S. Department of Defense’s newest service, the Space Force, in relation to technology for outer space. The chapter finds that because many of the “new space” startups are nontraditional contractors, established norms in the defense industrial sector are unfamiliar to such newcomers. This includes matters such as gift rules and restrictions on post-government employment, as well as impartiality and fair dealing standards. These rules have proven to be essential controls for preventing, identifying, and punishing misconduct, and they must be established and enforced anew for the many nondefense contractors in the space sector. The chapter also offers a broad overview of the concerns that motivate the ethical standards governing relationships between the military and the defense industry. The chapter points out that the government’s concern for ethical lapses arises not only from their intrinsic wrongfulness but also from the understanding that such failures can have tertiary consequences potentially harmful to national security interests.