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Готові списки джерел за темами / Etching, German 19th century / Статті в журналах

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Статті в журналах з теми "Etching, German 19th century"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 4 червня 2021

Оновлено: 2 лютого 2022

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1

Driel, Lodewijk van. "19th-century linguistics." Historiographia Linguistica 15, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1988): 155–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.15.1-2.09dri.

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Summary In this paper an attempt has been made to draw a picture of linguistics in the Netherlands during the 19th century. The aim of this survey is to make clear that the influence of German linguistics on Dutch works of the period is characteristic of the development of Dutch linguistics in that century. Emphasis has been placed on the period 1800–1870; three traditions are distinguished: First of all there is the tradition of prescriptive grammar and language instruction. Next attention is drawn to the tradition of historical-comparative linguistics. Finally, by about the middle of the century, the linguistic views of German representatives of general grammar become prominent in Dutch school grammars. Successively we point to the reception by the schoolmasters of K. F. Becker’s (1775–1849) work; then Taco Roorda (1801–1874) is discussed, and the relationship between L. A. te Winkel (1809–1868) and H. Steinthal (1823–1899) is presented. In conjunction with Roorda’s work on Javanese the analysis of the so-called exotic languages is mentioned, an aspect of Dutch linguistics in the 19th century closely connected with the Dutch East Indies. It is obvious that the German theme is one of the most conspicuous common elements in 19th-century Dutch linguistics, as Dutch intellectuals in many respects took German culture as a model.

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2

Baier, Martin. "The Importance of Dutch and German 19th-Century Sources." Anthropos 110, no. 1 (2015): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2015-1-206.

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3

Southcott, Jane E. "Early 19th century music pedagogy – German and English connections." British Journal of Music Education 24, no. 3 (November 2007): 313–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051707007607.

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Calls to improve congregational psalmody in 18th century England strongly influenced early music pedagogy. In the first decades of the 19th century English music educators, concerned with psalmody and music in charitable schools, looked to Germany for models of successful practice. The Musikalisches Schulgesangbuch (1826) by Carl Gotthelf Gläser (1784–1829) influenced the music materials designed by Sarah Anna Glover (1786–1867). These, in turn, directly influenced John Turner (dates unknown), William Hickson (1803–1870) and, indirectly, John Curwen (1816–1880). It is illuminating to explore how influential a small collection of German didactic songs could be during an early and very active phase of the development of English school music curricula.

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4

Ritz, Eberhard, Martin Zeier, and Peter Lundin. "French and German Nephrologists in the Mid-19th Century." American Journal of Nephrology 9, no. 2 (1989): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000167958.

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5

Curran, Kathleen. "The German Rundbogenstil and Reflections on the American Round-Arched Style." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 47, no. 4 (December 1, 1988): 351–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990381.

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This article investigates the German Rundbogenstil and its influence on the American "round-arched style." A stylistic and theoretical phenomenon of the 19th century, the German Rundbogenstil held both a specific and a generic meaning: as a contemporary building style and as a term for historical round-arched architecture. In modern scholarship, the Rundbogenstil has come to denote any round-arched building with Romanesque or Italianate features designed by certain early to mid-19th-century German architects. A general contextual analysis of the complex nature of the 19th-century round-arched styles or "tendencies" in Germany helps to define more precisely the Rundbogenstil. Following a theoretical and stylistic examination of major monuments in Karlsruhe, Munich, and Berlin, the present paper outlines the salient characteristics of the Rundbogenstil and its influence in America in the hands of certain central European emigrant architects in New York and two major mid-19th-century American architects. The fundamental theoretical change which the style underwent in the United States in both of these groups warrants a distinct label-the American "round-arched style."

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6

Somers Heidhues, Mary. "Dissecting the Indies: The 19th Century German Doctor Franz Epp." Archipel 49, no. 1 (1995): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arch.1995.3034.

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7

Kitai, Isao. "German reconstruction of the actio-system in the 19th century." Journal of Human Environmental Studies 4, no. 1 (2006): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4189/shes.4.1_1.

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8

Fremdling, Rainer. "German national accounts for the 19th and early 20th Century." Scandinavian Economic History Review 43, no. 1 (January 1995): 77–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03585522.1995.10415896.

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9

Meyn, Norbert. "Prince Albert and Anglo-German Connections in 19th-Century Music." Angermion 13, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 197–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/anger-2020-0013.

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10

Badalian, Dmitrii A. "“German Parties” in the Russian Science of the 19th Century." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 58 (October 1, 2020): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-3-175-192.

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The article is the devoted to the issue of German and Russian groups opposition that arose in various scientific institutions and associations in Russia in the 19th century, such as Russian Geographical Society, Russian Archeological Society, Imperial Public Library and others. The author examines the influence of those groups on the development of certain scientific lines of research, which demonstrated itself in the choice of the scientific language, scientific priorities and strategies, also very often – in the choice of scientific methodology, and finally – in the formation of scientific schools. All this confirms the ideas of the Slavophils and N.Ya. Danilevsky formulated in the 19th century regarding the influence on science of national consciousness and specific worldviews of the scientists.

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11

Nagode, Aleš. "Benjamin Ipavec‘s Solo Songs on German Texts: Slovenian Patriot to German Muse." Musicological Annual 54, no. 1 (June 29, 2018): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.54.1.23-30.

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Benjamin Ipavec is deemed to be the key composer of Slovenian nationalistic movement in the 19th Century. But he also composed solo songs with piano accompaniment on German texts. He is typical representative of musical “biedermeier”. He attempted to achieve the synthesis of perfect form and profound emotional expression.

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12

김동하. "Political Portrait of the 19th Century German Liberalism: the German Origin of Anti-Westernism." Journal of Contemporary European Studies 33, no. 2 (September 2015): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17052/jces.2015.33.2.49.

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13

Breger, Claudia. "Gods, German Scholars, and the Gift of Greece." Theory, Culture & Society 23, no. 7-8 (December 2006): 111–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0263276406069886.

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This article argues that the abundance of Greek figures and scenarios in Kittler’s recent work points to a shift in his oeuvre, which, however, does not represent a radical break with his ‘hardware studies’. At the turn of the 21st century, Kittler champions an emphatic notion of culture as a necessary supplement to science and technology. This conceptual marriage mediates grand historical narratives of cultural identity. Specifically, Kittler’s texts provide us with narratives of Greek origin which serve to re-capture collective identities in the age of globalization. On the explicit level, this identity is predominantly European, but the search has national components as well. With his turn to culture, the organizing trope of 19th-century German nationalism, Kittler has also embraced the legacy of German philhellenism, which articulated national identities through the theme of ‘elective affinity’. Kittler’s Greece occupies the very structural place it had in 19th-century German philhellenism: It stands in for both the foundation of European civilization and its virtual better self, a realm of sensual culture untainted by modern capitalism and Empire. Most of the figures inhabiting this realm are familiar from 19th-century discourse as well, but these discursive loops are fueled by contemporary feedback. Kittler’s Greek narratives have developed out of postwar academic discourses and connect to other post-unification Greek fantasies.

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14

D’Alonzo, Jacopo. "Ludwig Noiré and the Debate on Language Origins in the 19th Century." Historiographia Linguistica 44, no. 1 (July 21, 2017): 47–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.44.1.02dal.

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Summary Among the scholars who tackled the topic of language origins in the 19th century, the German philosopher Ludwig Noiré (1829–1889) deserves special mention. To him, the unique sociability of humans implies cooperation and cooperation in turn involves language. Remarkably, Noiré’s theory deeply influenced the debate on language origins until the 1950s. Before offering some theoretical and historical explanations for the enduring influence of Noiré’s theory, it is necessary to describe the general features of his theory and the context in which it arose. After dealing with the German-English debate on language origins during the 19th century, a section will be especially devoted to Noiré’s theory of language origins. Finally, a comparison between Noiré’s insights and the naturalistic framework of the 19th century is provided.

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15

de Mendonça Figueirôa, Silvia. "German-Brazilian Relations in the Field of Geological Sciences During the 19th Century." Earth Sciences History 9, no. 2 (January 1, 1990): 132–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.9.2.x805715275065573.

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This paper analyses the German presence in the development of geological sciences in Brazil during the 19th century, taking into account the local situation - for Brazil was Portugal's colony until 1822 - as well as the importance of mineral extraction activities which played an embryonic role in that process. The German-Brazilian geoscientific relations may be classified as follows: Brazilians sent to visit and to study in German institutions, especially in the Bergakademie Frieberg; German functionaries invited by the Portuguese government to work in mining activities in Brazil; German travelers in Brazil; exchange of geological and mineralogical samples; Brazilian geological problems studied by German scientists.

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16

Cienki, Alan. "19th and 20th century theories of case." Historiographia Linguistica 22, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1995): 123–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.22.1-2.06cie.

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Summary This article considers the similarities and differences between two types of semantically-based approaches to the study of grammatical case. One approach, which views the basic meanings of cases as spatial, stems from the localist hypothesis, which claims that spatial expressions serve as structural templates for other expressions. This view was most strongly espoused by certain German linguists in the 19th century, but has found support in the 20th century as well. The range of localist theories of case and the extent of the claims made by different localists are considered. These are compared and contrasted with contemporary approaches subsumed under the banner of ‘cognitive linguistics’. Research in this vein has focussed on the role of spatial notions in the semantics of case, but within a broader framework of human conceptualization. According to this view, space is only one of several domains which are basic to cognitive representation.

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17

Gosewinkel, Dieter. "Einbürgern und Ausschließen. Staatsangehörigkeit und Bürgerrecht in Deutschland während des 19. und 20. Jahrhunderts." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 137, no. 1 (August 25, 2020): 364–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zrgg-2020-0006.

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AbstractNaturalizing and excluding. Nationality and citizenship law in 19th and 20th century Germany. Nationality law in Germany came up as a legal institution of German federal states at the beginning of 19th century and underwent a process of nationalization. The principle of descent (Abstammungsprinzip), which was – before a legal reform in 2000 – hegemonic, was used to define German nationality primarily as a community of ethno-cultural descent. This restrictive use of German nationality law did not establish, however, a direct line of conceptual and political continuity between ‘ethno-cultural’ and ‘racial’ criteria, and it was primarily based on a politico-social constellation of political, demographic and national instability, not on a specific German national discourse.

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18

Pavlova, O. A. "HOFFMANANDSCHUMANN - GREAT ROMANTIES OF THE 19TH CENTURY. «KREISLERIANA»." National Association of Scientists 4, no. 26(53) (2020): 4–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31618/nas.2413-5291.2020.4.53.182.

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This article will present the aesthetic views and worldview positions of one of the outstanding representatives of German Romanticism — E. T. A. Hoffman. The author's literary heritage will be analyzed, the views and spiritual values of the writer, his attitude to the musical art will be generalized. An important issue considered in the context of this article will be the influence of the views and ideals of E. Hoffman on the work of R. Schumann. We will study the content and idea of the cycle, its musical and stylistic features related to the expression of images of the literary heritage of E. Hofmann's.

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19

Engmann, Birk, and Holger Steinberg. "Some comparative psychiatric studies in the 19th century." Transcultural Psychiatry 55, no. 3 (April 6, 2018): 428–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363461518767033.

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This article analyses 19th-century publications which dealt with the social and cultural aspects of psychiatric disorders in different parts of the world. Systematic reviews were conducted of three German medical journals, one Russian medical journal, and a relevant monograph. All these archives were published in the 19th century. Our work highlights the fact that long before Kraepelin, several, mostly forgotten, publications had already discussed cultural aspects, social conditions, the influence of religion, the influence of climate, and also “race” as a trigger or amplifier of psychiatric diseases. These publications also reflect racist notions of the colonial period.

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20

Kim, Hakie. "The Emotions of the German in the 19th and 20th Century." Korean Journal of German Studies 30 (November 30, 2015): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.17995/kjgs.2015.11.30.97.

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21

Jeehwan Park. "German Historicism in the 19th Century and Franz Boas’ Historical Method." Locality and Globality: Korean Journal of Social Sciences 40, no. 3 (December 2016): 113–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33071/ssricb.40.3.201612.113.

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22

Bernhart, Walter. "Examples of Byron's Impact on 19th Century German and Austrian Music." Byron Journal 15 (January 1987): 38–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/bj.1987.5.

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23

Potthoff, Kerstin. "The use of ‘cultural landscape’ in 19th century German geographical literature." Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift - Norwegian Journal of Geography 67, no. 1 (February 2013): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00291951.2012.759617.

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24

Dencker, Berit Elisabeth. "Class and the Construction of the 19th Century German Male Body." Journal of Historical Sociology 15, no. 2 (June 2002): 220–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-6443.00177.

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25

Vrgoč, Dalibor, and Bernardina Petrović. "Juxtaposing the croatian military terminology of two groundbreaking 19th century dictionaries." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Splitu, no. 13 (2020): 65–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.38003/zrffs.13.7.

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The aim of this paper was to revisit and shed new light on the generally accepted view that the impact of German-Illyrian dictionary (Nĕmačko-ilirski slovar) by Ivan Mažuranić and Jakov Užarević of 1842 on Bogoslav Šulek’s German-Croatian dictionary (Nĕmačko-hrvatski rĕčnik) of 1860 was decisive and indispensable in many aspects, nothing if not a fundamental dictionary in Šulek’s work. This research was undertaken to put to the test this assertion by investigating more in depth the military subcorpora of both dictionaries, especially bearing in mind Šulek being the founding father of Croatian military terminology. The primary goal was to excerpt Croatian military terminology from both dictionaries in order for them to be mutually juxtaposed and made subject to a combination of quantitative and qualitative research. In terms of quantitative outcomes, we tried to detect and register German headwords and their corresponding Croatian equivalents to the most comprehensive extent possible, having produced two parallel subcorpora. The results of the correlational analysis prompted us to re-evaluate the proportions of Mažuranić and Užarević’s influence on Šulek. In terms of qualitative results, the research primarily outlined the spectrum of word-formation methods in both dictionaries and linguistic purism tendencies. In the final analysis, it can be reasonably assumed that Šulek did resort to the German-Illyrian dictionary as one of his valuable sources but in all likelihood as an auxiliary one, let alone a fundamental one.

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26

Schreuder, Y. "The German-American Pharmaceutical Business Establishment in the New York Metropolitan Region." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 30, no. 10 (October 1998): 1743–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a301743.

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Between World War 1 and World War 2, the New York metropolitan region became the main region for the production of organic synthetic pharmaceuticals in the United States. The leaders in this area of specialization were subsidiaries of foreign—mostly German—companies which had established distribution networks in the 19th century and had begun manufacturing pharmaceuticals in the region at the turn of the century. By looking back to the mid-19th century, the author analyzes the relationships between the German professional and business immigrant community in New York (among them the Forty-Eighters), the development of the New York hinterland, and the success of the German-American pharmaceutical business establishment, in an effort to discern one possible explanation of the concentration of the pharmaceutical industry in New York metropolitan region.

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27

Engelbrecht, Wilken. "The Genesis of the Idea ‘Dutch Written Literature’ in Bohemia." Werkwinkel 11, no. 1 (June 1, 2016): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/werk-2016-0004.

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Abstract Since mid-19th century Dutch and Flemish literature has often been translated into Central European languages. We find authors like Conscience, Multatuli or Heijermans almost everywhere, often with the same works. Until the late 19th century translations were often made via German. Czech had a special position. Though there is not that much translated into this language as into German, until World War II Czech was the language into which was translated more than into other Central European languages. Until the 20s many translators were writers themselves. This gives rise to questions such as how the choice was made, what is the position of a particular author or his work within translated literature? How was Dutch literature defined? In this paper, we give a look how the choice was made, at the position of translators of Dutch literature in the late 19th and early 20th century in the Czech literary field, the position of Dutch in their work and how this literature was received in translation.

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28

Mudry, Albert, Robert Mlynski, and Burkhard Kramp. "History of otorhinolaryngology in Germany before 1921." HNO 69, no. 5 (April 13, 2021): 338–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00106-021-01046-9.

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AbstractIn 2021, the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery is celebrating the 100th anniversary of its foundation. The aim of this article is to present the main inventions and progress made in Germany before 1921, the date the society was founded. Three chronological periods are discernible: the history of otorhinolaryngology (ORL) in Germany until the beginning of the 19th century, focusing mainly on the development of scattered knowledge; the birth of the sub-specialties otology, laryngology (pharyngo-laryngology and endoscopy), and rhinology in the 19th century, combining advances in knowledge and implementation of academic structures; and the creation of the ORL specialty at the turn of the 20th century, mainly concentrating on academic organization and expansion. This period was crucial and allowed for the foundation of the German Society of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery on solid ground. Germany played an important role in the development and progress of ORL internationally in the 19th century with such great contributors as Anton von Tröltsch, Hermann Schwartze, Otto Körner, Rudolf Voltolini, and Gustav Killian to mention a few.

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29

Popławska, Irena, and Stefan Muthesius. "Poland's Manchester: 19th-Century Industrial and Domestic Architecture in Lodz." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 45, no. 2 (June 1, 1986): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990093.

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So far, 19th-century architecture in any of the three parts of the divided country of Poland has received virtually no attention from Western (and that includes German) architectural or town-planning historians. Lodz was undoubtedly the most important Polish town developed in the 19th century. The rapidity of the growth, especially in the later 19th century, was astonishing even by western European standards; the degree of preservation of late-19th-century industrial buildings-understood to include not only factories, but also workers' dwellings and factory owners' mansions-is considerable. After examining more briefly the early development of the textile colonies, which were supported very much by the State, the article deals in more detail with large industrial buildings erected by the most important entrepreneurs, Scheibler and Poznański. An attempt is made to relate the particular configuration of workers' houses and mansions to the social set-up locally and generally.

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30

Sammons, Jeffrey L., and Jefferson S. Chase. "Inciting Laughter: The Development of 'Jewish Humor' in 19th-Century German Culture." Modern Language Review 96, no. 4 (October 2001): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3735958.

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31

Robbers, Gerhard. "German Parliamentary Documents from the Beginning of the 19th Century to 1945." Philosophy and History 22, no. 1 (1989): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philhist198922168.

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32

Reitter, Paul, and Jefferson Chase. "Inciting Laughter: The Development of "Jewish Humor" in 19th Century German Culture." German Quarterly 74, no. 2 (2001): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3072851.

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33

Crouter, Richard, and Jefferson W. Chase. "Inciting Laughter: The Development of "Jewish Humor" in 19th Century German Culture." German Studies Review 24, no. 3 (October 2001): 617. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1433434.

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34

Adamczyk, Andrzej. "Dyskusja na temat odpowiedzialności odszkodowawczej państwa za szkody wyrządzone przez bezprawne działania urzędników na Kongresie Prawników Niemieckich w Kilonii w 1906 roku." Opolskie Studia Administracyjno-Prawne 15, no. 2 (June 30, 2017): 131–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/osap.1276.

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One of the most important legal problems discussed in the 19th century by German lawyers was that of state liability due to damages resulting from illegal acts of its officials. An influential forum of exchange of ideas was the German Association of German Jurists which organized all-German congresses to solve legal questions in order to promote German unity. Although the problem of state responsibility was discussed at some of the Association congresses in the 19th century, the most interesting was that held in Kiel in 1905. It was due to the fact that many German states had at that time legal regulations concerning state liability, but they were quite different. That generated many complications, making realization of a legal unity within the German Reich difficult. Two proposals for solving this situation were presented at the Congress in Kiel by Otto von Gierke and Rudolf von Herrnritt. Their ideas constituted bases for the discussion which followed. The paper presents the discussion on the state liability, which took place at the Congress in Kiel.

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35

Karstein, Uta. "Konkurrenzbeziehungen: Allgemeine und konfessionelle Kunstvereine im Kunstfeld des 19. Jahrhunderts." Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 45, no. 2 (November 9, 2020): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2020-0019.

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AbstractThe article compares secular and faith-based art societies in the 19th century. Of special interest are the societies’ missions and purposes, as well as their activities and organizational structures. The main thesis is based on the work of German sociologist Georg Simmel and his conflict theory. I argue that the competition of these societies had invigorating effects on the field of art and its institutionalization in the course of the 19th century.

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36

Kiehnle, Arndt. "The long journey of ‘Privatautonomie’." Tijdschrift voor Rechtsgeschiedenis 87, no. 4 (December 19, 2019): 473–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718190-00870a09.

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SummaryIndividual autonomy was rediscovered in modernity when it came to the persecution of dissenters in Germany after the Reformatio n. Since the 18th century the ‘Privatautonomie’ of the individual has been established in German private law. Later, in the 19th century, the term autonomy gained ground in the legal terminology of French private law, also thanks to the German emigrant Foelix. In the 20th century autonomy, not least thanks to German-speaking jurists who fled from the Nazis, became a legal term also used in the private law of the USA and Great Britain.

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37

Barrett, Robert J. "Conceptual Foundations of Schizophrenia: II. Disintegration and Division." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 32, no. 5 (October 1998): 627–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679809113114.

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Objective: This is the second of two papers that aim to identify some cultural themes and institutional processes that shaped the development of schizophrenia as a disease concept. Method: A number of domains within 19th century European history are explored for evidence of the concept of the divided or disintegrated person. These include German academic psychiatry, Mesmerism and hypnosis, neurology and neurophysiology, psychoanalysis and German Romantic literature, and its descendants within a wider European literature. Results: Representations of division or disintegration are evident in all these domains, enjoying widespread currency and penetration throughout the 19th century. Conclusions: These culturally based ideas, combined with the idea of degeneration, were important elements in the foundation of the schizophrenia concept.

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38

Kiermayer, Alex. "The evolution of German Cut Fencing in the 19th century viewed through the works of Friedrich August Wilhelm Ludwig Roux." Acta Periodica Duellatorum 6, no. 2 (October 20, 2020): 77–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/apd-2018-008.

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This article takes a look at the characteristics of German civilian fencing with cutting swords in the 19th century, especially the style taught by the Roux family of fencing masters. One of the most prominent members of this family was Friedrich August Wilhelm Ludwig Roux. By comparing his early work Anweisung zum Hiebfechten mit graden und krummen Klingen and his later work Deutsches Paukbuch one is able to discern some of the changes in German Hiebfechten or fencing with cutting weapons during the 19th century, in particular on the students’ duelling ground. Fencing in 19th century Germany was practiced for a number of different reasons. These included military service, physical education and the civilian duel. A particular form of the civilian duel in Germany was the student’s Mensur. The works of the Roux family naturally revolve mostly but not exclusively around thissubject as most of them were employed as University fencing masters. In the military and in physical education the contemporary method of the “Berliner Turnschule” was more popular.

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39

Pawlik, Michael. "Review Essay – The Criminal Judge as Modern Inquisitor." German Law Journal 10, no. 9 (September 1, 2009): 1274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200018137.

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The term “inquisition” has had bad press for a long time. Comparably bad is the reputation of the inquisitorial system, a judicial model that dominated German criminal law enforcement until the beginning of the 19th century. A distinctive feature of inquisitorial proceedings is the eminently strong position of the inquisitor who unifies the functions of an investigator, a prosecutor, and a judge in one and the same person. Although the codes of criminal procedure in the German states – which in 1871 formed the Kaiserreich (German Empire of 1871-1918)– included detailed rules of evidence to prevent arbitrary investigations, at the beginning of the 19th century it was a common opinion that these control mechanisms were practically insufficient and that the inquisitorial system ought to be replaced by a judicial model, which would guarantee more effective protection of the defendant against unjustified conviction.

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40

Karamanou, Marianna, Gregory Tsoucalas, Konstantinos Pantos, and George Androutsos. "Isolating Colchicine in 19th Century: An Old Drug Revisited." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 6 (May 10, 2018): 654–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180115105850.

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Colchicine is a tricyclic alkaloid extracted from the herbaceous plant Colchicum autumnale. Known since antiquity for its therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of gout, colchicine was reintroduced in 19th century pharmacopeia, thanks to the work of the French chemists and pharmacists Pierre-Joseph Pelletier (1788-1842) and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou (1795-1877) who in 1819, isolated a peculiar substance in the roots of Colchicum autumnale. In 1833, the substance was further analyzed by the German pharmacist and chemist Philipp Lorenz Geiger (1785-1836), who coined the name colchicine. In 1884, the French pharmacist Alfred Houde (1854-1919) produced for the first time pure crystallized colchicine in granules of 1milligram which is still sold under this trade name in several countries. In the last two centuries, colchicine's indications were furthermore expanded. From anti-gout drug during antiquity and a diuretic in 19th century, colchicine is currently administered in several affections such as Adamantiades-Behcet's disease, familial Mediterranean fever, pericarditis and atrial fibrillation.

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41

Han, Qing. "Fiscal Thoughts and Their Evolution before the 19th Century." Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 1 (January 22, 2020): 315–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.71.7684.

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The tradition of English classical public finance thinks the government are out of the society and can intervene it. Base on former thought and the market failure theory, the mainstream public finance has a clear tendency to oppose the market and the government. This approach not only ignored the political functions of government but also cannot explain the PPP and NPM. The cameralism’s view of the government provided new ideas for explaining this issue. Through the analysis and comparison of the financial thoughts of Britain and Germany before the 19th century, this paper clarifies the evolutionary logic of British fiscal thought, compares the similarities and differences between the British and German financial thoughts. Besides this paper also discusses the roots of these two traditions view of the government. The fiscal theory of cameralism not only reflects the subjective initiative of the government but also conforms to the reality of our country. These traditions interdisciplinary research tendency should also be re-emphasized.

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42

Reick, Philipp. "Gentrification 1.0: Urban transformations in late-19th-century Berlin." Urban Studies 55, no. 11 (September 5, 2017): 2542–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017721628.

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This article explores how contemporary theories of gentrification improve our understanding of past urban change. Discussing municipal housing statistics and local newspaper coverage from late-19th-century Berlin, it first illustrates the tremendous increase in rents that the German capital witnessed in the second half of the century. Rather than focusing on the rise of highly segregated neighbourhoods as urban historians usually do, the article then studies to what extent the growth of industrial cities like Berlin was accompanied by physical displacement in existing proletarian and middle-class quarters. Based on a methodologically innovative use of historical address books, it thus portrays an uneven geography of inner-city transformation. By compiling samples of socio-demographic change on the micro-level of individual streets, this article reveals that historical patterns of displacement followed a peculiar logic that affected socio-economic groups very differently. The article indicates that there exists a contentious pre-history of gentrification that has been utterly neglected in urban studies so far. At the same time, it epitomises the potential of historical research for the advancement of urban theory.

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43

Arutynyan, A. A. "German history of art of 19th century and problems of Armenian Medieval heritage." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 2 (31) (June 2017): 147–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2017-2-147-150.

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The science of art in Germany is based on the classical tradition, associated with a focus on ancient heritage, and a romantic perception of Gothic as a manifestation of the national school. In the mid-nineteenth century the first General history of art appeared, which, along with the national art and culture examined regional schools. Armenian medieval art is systematized and concisely described in the work of Kugler, in Schnaase’s book analysis becomes more comprehensive, detailed and consistent.

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Platt, Heather. "Changing Images of Young Women in 19th-Century German Lieder, Literature, and Art." International Journal of the Arts in Society: Annual Review 5, no. 5 (2011): 117–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1833-1866/cgp/v05i05/57752.

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45

Schröder, Wilfried, and Karl-Heinrich Wiederkehr. "Geomagnetic research in the 19th century: a case study of the German contribution." Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 63, no. 15 (October 2001): 1649–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1364-6826(01)00038-4.

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46

Braasch, Jonas. "On the development of German beating‐reed organ pipes during the 19th century." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 115, no. 5 (May 2004): 2566. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4784040.

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47

Nusser, Tanja. "Apes, Great Apes, and Mankind in 19th and early 20th Century German Literature." Recherches germaniques, HS 10 (July 6, 2015): 217–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/rg.888.

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48

Kokova, A. V. "Determinates of Formation and Development of German Newspaper-Publicistic Style in 19th Century." Nauchnyy dialog 4 (2017): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2017-4-34-43.

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49

Pickle, Linda Schelbitzki, and Dorothea Diver Stuecher. "Twice Removed: The Experience of German-American Women Writers in the 19th Century." German Studies Review 15, no. 2 (May 1992): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1431192.

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50

Haack, K. "Carl Wilhelm Ideler (1795-1860): a controversial German psychiatrist of the 19th century." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 77, no. 8 (May 18, 2006): 947. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2006.089177.

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