Дисертації з теми "État insulaire"
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Leclerc, Camille. "Biodiversité endémique insulaire face aux changements globaux : état des lieux dans un contexte de conservation." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS507.
Повний текст джерелаGlobal changes, because of human activities, are associated with numerous population declines and species extinctions, which are especially pronounced in island systems. The important biodiversity of such ecosystems is particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures because of several characteristics (e.g. island syndrome, low functional redundancy, island geographical isolation). Despite this increased vulnerability, few studies have so far looked at these systems as a study model for assessing patterns of threats to the different facets of diversity (taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic). However, such work would improve our understanding of islands threats. In this sense, the aim of this PhD thesis is to describe patterns of insular endemic diversity in the current context of global changes and in a future climate change context, by exploring different facets of diversity. The purpose of this work is to highlight potential conservation priorities for these particularly vulnerable ecosystems. We have addressed all of this thesis work on a large scale using two databases of worldwide islands and endemic species. In a first part, we characterized threats to island ecosystems at a global scale and also explored their distributions within different taxonomic groups and island regions. In a second part, we analyzed the impact of threats on the functional component of island endemic biodiversity. In a third part, we have identified priority areas for insular endemic biodiversity representativeness and conservation across different dimensions of biodiversity and explored their levels of protection through protected areas and threats affecting them. In a last part, we studied the future vulnerability of islands and endemic biodiversity to climate change by 2050 based on endemic mammals. In the light of our results (identification of major threats whose importance varies according to the taxonomic groups, the island regions and also the dimensions of biodiversity considered), we discussed the implications of global changes for island endemic biodiversity in a conservation context. This PhD thesis reveals the importance of integrating multiple threats and diversity dimensions for global changes and conservation approaches
Prasad, Naren. "Stratégies de développement dans les petits États insulaires." Paris 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA020029.
Повний текст джерелаBouchard, Christian. "Transition énergétique dans le contexte des petits États et territoires insulaire." ACFAS-Sudbury, 2009. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/356.
Повний текст джерелаMaoulida, Fahad. "Modélisation et optimisation d'un système hybride de génération d'énergie pour l'habitat rural en Afrique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LORR0043.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis focuses on the development of renewable energy solutions to address the growing demand and fluctuating prices of fossil fuels. In collaboration with LERMAB of the University of Lorraine and LEMA of the University of Comoros, the study proposes hybrid systems combining solar, wind, and diesel with optimized energy storage management for rural areas in Comoros. Using software such as Homer Energy, Trnsys, and Polysun, the study designs these systems by leveraging the solar potential (5 kWh/m²/day) and wind potential (over 6 m/s) of Comoros for continuous and decarbonized energy distribution by SONELEC. Two hybrid solutions are developed in this thesis. The first, intended for a rural village, integrates wind, solar photovoltaic, and a backup diesel generator. It produces an excess of 660,087 kWh/year, representing a 74.2% energy surplus, with a cost of dollar 0.29/kWh, lower than that offered by SONELEC. Production is dominated by solar (82%), followed by wind (18%), with diesel minimized to nearly 0%, ensuring a 100% renewable share and zero gas emissions. The PV-Wind-Diesel-Battery system optimizes local resources and includes batteries to ensure stable power supply despite fluctuations. The second solution, validated at the IUT of Longwy, targets individual homes with PV/T systems for electrical energy and hot water. Combining photovoltaic panels and thermal collectors, these systems allow for dual production of electricity and heat. A hybrid PV/T collector model, designed and validated by experimental studies at LERMAB, covers 70% of hot water needs and 80% of electrical energy needs, with a total efficiency of 40%. Effective year-round, these systems remain efficient even in variable climatic conditions. This research proposes a sustainable energy policy for Comoros, aiming to reduce dependence on diesel, improve quality of life, and stimulate the local economy. It highlights the importance of financing mechanisms, training of local communities, and the integration of hybrid systems with PV/T collectors for optimal energy efficiency
Gazano, Antoine. "Les régimes constitutionnels des états insulaires de l'Asie du sud-est." Nice, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996NICE0043.
Повний текст джерелаLaforest, Marie-Noelle. "Les États insulaires face aux changements climatiques : la nécessité de revoir le concept d'État." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/10666.
Повний текст джерелаMartin, Philippe. "Le volcanisme Permien d'arc insulaire des Klamath orientales (Californie, USA) : pétrogenèse et implications géodynamiques." Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10068.
Повний текст джерелаBouchard, Christian. "Le contexte énergétique des petites îles du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien." Agence Régionale de l’Énergie Réunion (ARER), 2005. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/329.
Повний текст джерелаTeeroovengadum, Vittiyaiye. "L’accord sur la facilitation des échanges et le développement durable des petits états insulaires en voie de développement : un cas d’étude sur l’Ile Maurice." Thesis, Paris 10, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA100113.
Повний текст джерелаThe development of a country cannot now be seen only from the economic point of view, the social and environmental aspects must also be considered. The various trade conventions and decisions must promote and enable sustainable development. The thesis examines the link between the articles of the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) and the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of Small Island Developing States (SIDS). TFA is the last major agreement of the World Trade Organization, its purpose is to make trade in goods more fluid through an efficient import, export and transit system among others. The agreement will help less developed countries to participate more actively in international trade. The substantive articles of the TFA are critically studied in the light of sustainable development but also the articles which deal with the mechanism of implementation of the TFA. The latter is very particular and innovative because it adapts to the level of development of the country. The SDGs most affected by the implementation of the TFA have been identified. In addition, this thesis considers the context of the SIDS which are countries with particularities specific to them and Mauritius is studied as a case study to allow a critical analysis of the subject. Recommendations for the WTO and SIDS are made for effective implementation of the AFE
Sabino, Magali. "Bioaccumulation of trace elements in Seychelles marine food webs." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LAROS026.
Повний текст джерелаFood security, that is guarantying food supply and quality while sustainably managing resources, is closely linked to knowing the biology and ecology of consumed species. In a context of global changes that are threatening seafood safety, it is thus necessary to establish baselines on marine ecosystem functioning, as well as nutrient availability and contamination occurrence in seafood. This is all the more important in Small Island Developing States (SIDS), where populations rely on marine resources for their subsistence, and where capture fisheries resources are the main sources of proteins and micronutrients (i.e. essential trace elements) in local populations’ diet. In spite of the importance of tropical systems in ensuring food security, they remain largely understudied compared to polar and temperate systems. This thesis thus aims to better understand the functioning of tropical marine systems, and to establish a baseline on micronutrient availability and metal(loid) contamination in a wide diversity of capture fisheries resources from the Seychelles (Western Indian Ocean), a tropical SIDS. By investigating trace element concentration patterns at the inter- and intraspecific levels, it was possible to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing trace element bioaccumulation in tropical capture fisheries resources. We thus highlighted the importance of considering different scales (individual, species, and ecosystem) to better understand essential trace element availability and non-essential trace element occurrence in seafood
Mallatrait, Clémence. "Origine et construction de la coopération régionale. L'exemple de l'Océanie insulaire face aux changements climatiques." Thesis, Lyon 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO30033.
Повний текст джерелаThe failure of the climate negotiations in Copenhagen in 2009 prompts us to reflect on a complementary model of international environmental governance, whose premises have emerged through the voice of the island States of AOSIS. States, coming together on the basis of a shared perception of risk, highlighting increasing fragilities, this is the starting point of this investigation. The regional level is presented as one of the complements to the crisis of universalism. But reflecting on alevel of international governance environment requires identifying the conditions for its emergence and for its efficiency. We will focus on the first ones. We will question the identity of the actors of its creation, the tools they use and the reasons why this regionalism, allowing fighting against climate change, is created. Various trends of international relations offer a theoretical approach to regional cooperation, and regionalism more generically, without having identified a uniform model. The theoretical approach through environmental issues at the regional level requires the intervention of several schools of thought to explain the phenomenon: constructivism by building a climate threat and its perception , theories of hegemonic stability by seeking a regional hegemon encouraging other States to cooperate, institutional neoliberalism to explain the role of networks and the search for profit States can expect by entering the cooperative process, theories of complex interdependence through the intervention of non- State actors. Do these various approaches succeed or fail to explain this phenomenon?
Longépée, Esméralda. "La résilience des systèmes socio-écologiques des États atolliens dans le contexte du changement climatique : le cas de Kiribati (Pacifique Sud)." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LAROS007/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe threats to states entirely composed of atolls from climate change and associated sea-level rise have been widely publicized. The Republic of Kiribati is an atoll country situated in Pacific Ocean settled by 100,000 inhabitants. Over the past centuries, the atoll communities of Kiribati have developed natural resource management systems that have enabled their survival. Over the past decades, globalization has caused rapid changes, especially regarding lifestyles and relationships of atoll communities to their natural environment. Given the highly integrated nature of the societal system and the ecosystem in the atolls, this thesis addresses the question of the future of atoll countries in the context of climate change by studying the resilience of their social-ecological systems. Resilience is the capacity of a system to absorb disturbance and reorganize while undergoing change so as to still retain essentially the same function, structure, identity, and feedbacks. This thesis postulated that an assessment of social-ecological resilience of climate- and marine-related disturbances required a preliminary analysis of their general resilience. Such assessments are based on conceptual models made from interviews and surveys and from the analysis of aerial imagery. The future of atoll countries is discussed considering different scenario: adaptation, transformation, migration and collapse
Aza, Ondine. "Enjeux et défis de la trajectoire de développement de deux petits États insulaires anglophones : étude comparée de Maurice et de Trinidad des origines à l’ère de l’économie de la connaissance." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCA021/document.
Повний текст джерелаAt a time when economic growth is thought to be driven primarily by knowledge, the purpose of this research is to analyse to what extent two Small Island Developing States – Mauritius and Trinidad – are adequately equipped for this new economic context. As former British colonies, they both joined the Commonwealth upon gaining independence in the nineteen-sixties and they have since largely succeeded in overcoming their initially unfavourable conditions. Today, their good political, economic and social development is widely acknowledged. The main focus of this research is to evaluate how far colonial legacy, which is still visible in the contemporary institutions of both these states, can favour the transition they wish to undertake towards knowledge-intensive activities as drivers of economic growth. For this purpose, the research analyses the development trajectory followed by their institutions and their economy spanning the whole period of their colonial and post-independence history; additionally, this research considers the steps which are undertaken nowadays to build the framework required to foster a knowledge economy by studying more specifically the role of higher education as an essential tool for human capital formation. While upholding that some of the assets which could help them achieve their objectives can be linked to their colonial past, the research contends that the transformation of these two countries into knowledge-based economies could be hindered by the legacy of colonisation on some of their current features and which, decades after gaining independence, impedes the widespread diffusion of knowledge amongst their population
Blein, Olivier. "Les séquences magmatiques d'arc du Paléozoïque supérieur et Trias du Nevada (Etats-Unis d'Amérique) et de Colombie britannique (Canada) : structure, pétrologie et géochimie : implications dans l'évolution géodynamique des Cordillères nord-américaines et des processus d'accrétion continentale." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00690779.
Повний текст джерелаBlein, Olivier. "Les séquences magmatiques d'arc du Paléozoïque supérieur et Trias du Nevada (Etats-Unis d'Amérique) et de Colombie britannique (Canada) : structure, pétrologie et géochimie : implications dans l'évolution géodynamique des Cordillères nord-américaines et des processus d'accrétion continentale." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10077.
Повний текст джерелаFrancisco, Albertino da Boa Morte. "Construção de um novo modelo conceptual de estratégia de desenvolvimento económico para os pequenos Estados insulares em desenvolvimento." Doctoral thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10284/5960.
Повний текст джерелаSmall Island Developing States (SIDS), as a category of countries, was created by the UN system in 1992 to describe small island states that share economic, social and environmental vulnerabilities peculiar to them, arising from their insularity and small size. For this reason, in 1994, the UN created the Barbados Plan of Action (BPOA) to help these countries overcome the above vulnerabilities. The BPOA was unanimously adopted by SIDS and has been the only international development instrument designed for these countries, which was endorsed collectively by them. However, economic development strategies based on this action plan, being implemented in SIDS since its adoption, for over two decades, have not responded adequately to the development needs of these countries. In some cases, the vulnerabilities come up worse. The failure of the BPOA in helping SIDS to achieve the objectives for which it was designed stems from its focus on environmental management at the expense of economic growth (GDP), and its exogenous development approach, which places emphasis on international assistance and exacerbates the dependence of these countries to exogenous factors, at the expense of promotion or utilization of endogenous development. In search of a viable alternative to the BPOA, this study used the constructive research methodology to design a new economic development strategy model for SIDS (EDS-SIDS), adopting an endogenous development approach and a focus on economic growth, seeking a balance between creation of wealth, social development and environmental sustainability. The EDS-SIDS was validated conceptually with 73 focal points of 43 international, bilateral and regional bodies, and a panel of 392 experts operating in the public, private, social and international sectors directly or indirectly linked to development issues of SIDS. It was illustrated with the case of Sao Tome and Principe (STP), which made approach to the case of one of the SIDS.
Petits États insulaires en développement (PEID) comme une catégorie de pays a été créée par le système des Nations Unies en 1992 pour décrire les petits Etats insulaires qui partagent vulnérabilités économiques, sociales et environnementales qui leur sont propres, découlant de leur insularité et petite taille. Pour cette raison, en 1994, l’ONU a créé le Plan d'action de la Barbade (PAB) pour aider ces pays à surmonter les vulnérabilités ci-dessus. Le PAB a été adopté à l’unanimité par les PEID et a été le seul instrument de développement international conçu pour ces pays, qui a été approuvé collectivement par eux. Cependant, les stratégies de développement économique fondées sur ce plan d’action, mis en oeuvre dans les PEID, depuis son adoption, depuis plus de deux décennies, ne l’ont pas répondu de manière adéquate aux besoins de développement de ces pays. Dans certains cas, les vulnérabilités viennent pire. L’échec du PAB pour aider les PEID à atteindre les objectifs pour lesquels il a été conçu découle de l'accent mis sur la gestion de l’environnement au détriment de la croissance économique (PIB), et sa démarche de développement exogène, qui met l’accent sur l’assistance internationale et exacerbe la dépendance de ces pays à des facteurs exogènes, au détriment de la promotion ou l’utilisation d’un développement endogène. A la recherche d’une alternative viable au PAB, cette étude a utilisé la méthodologie de la recherche constructive pour concevoir un nouveau modèle conceptuel de stratégie de développement économique pour les PEID (EDE-PEID), en adoptant une approche de développement endogène et un accent sur la croissance économique, à la recherche d’un équilibre entre la création de la richesse, le développement social et la durabilité environnementale. L’EDE-PEID a été validé conceptuellement avec 73 points focaux de 43 organismes internationaux, régionaux et bilatéraux, et un panel de 392 experts opérant dans les secteurs publics, privés, sociaux et internationaux directement ou indirectement lié à des questions de développement des PEID. Il a été illustré par le cas de Sao Tomé-et-Principe (STP), qui a fait l’approche au cas de l’un des PEID.