Дисертації з теми "Estimation de mesures de Dirac"
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Laville, Bastien. "Reconstruction sans-grille de courbes : théorie et applications en microscopie de fluorescence." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023COAZ4062.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD thesis aims to define and explain the tools for curve reconstruction using off-the-grid variational methods, as part of a range of applications in biomedical imaging, and more specifically in fluorescence microscopy.Several convex or non-convex numerical algorithms have already been developed within the Morpheme research team, where this thesis was conducted, in the context of non-convex sparse optimisation. These techniques were developed in the discrete case, on a grid, which means that the super-resolved image is defined on a finer grid than the observed images. In contrast, in this PhD thesis, we are developing off-the-grid also called gridless methods, while working on the space of bounded measures. This choice brings several advantages: the source is not limited by a fine grid and can be located continuously, quantitative bounds on the discrepancy between the reconstruction and the source can be written, and these approaches allow encoding structural/geometric information in the variational problem, to recover a source of a certain shape, such as a point or a curve.We will begin by reviewing the state of the art in off-the-grid methods, focusing on the reconstruction of point sources. In particular, we will illustrate its practical interest in fluorescence microscopy, especially compared with classical models: the reconstructions proposed are as convincing as those produced by deep learning models, and this without requiring a learning set or hyperparameters tuning.We will then introduce a gridless method for fluctuation-based fluorescence microscopy. This method exploits the independence of fluctuations in fluoroform luminosity, which means that specific and expensive acquisition equipment is not required. The limitations of this model, formulated for the reconstruction of point sources, will lead us to define a new off-the-grid method, this time for the reconstruction of curve.We will further study the design of an off-the-grid method, addressing the struggle of fluoroform along filaments that form curves in the images; a problem which is not taken care of in the literature. In particular, we will define the involved optimisation space, namely the space of vector measures with finite divergence, also known as the space of charges. We will further explain how to define curve measures, and we will write a new functional called CROC (for Curves Represented On Charges). We will finish by showing that there is a solution to this energy that can be written as a finite linear combination of measurements carried by curves.Finally, we will study the numerical implementation of this problem, using an adaptation of the greedy algorithm widely used in the literature. We will discuss the properties of our algorithm, called Charge Sliding Frank-Wolfe, and the difficulties encountered in the definition of the observation model, in choosing the discrete parametrisation of the curves, and so on.The thesis will be concluded with a reminder of the main points encountered in each chapter, and an opening section summing up the possible avenues of research that we have identified over the course of the chapters
Ginoux, Nicolas. "Une nouvelle estimation extrinsèque du spectre de l'opérateur de Dirac." Universität Potsdam, 2003. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2005/564/.
Повний текст джерелаWe prove a new upper bound for the smallest eigenvalues of the Dirac operator on a compact hypersurface of the hyperbolic space.
Magnis, Lionel. "Estimation de vitesse de rotation par mesures de direction." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0039/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis addresses the general question of estimating the angular rate of a rigid body from on-board direction sensors (e.g. magnetometers, Sun sensors). The objective is to replace rate gyros which are very expensive compared to direction sensors, prone to saturation during high rate rotations and subject to failure. In a first part of the thesis, we address the specific cases of single-axis and slightly perturbed axis rotations.In a second part, we address the general case by an asymptotic non-linear observer. We build the observer from two non-collinear vector measurements or from a single vector measurements. The knowledge of the inertial coordinates of the reference vectors is not necessary. We then extend the observer to further estimate unknown torques and inertia parameters. The Euler’s equations play a central role in all the works developed in this thesis. It appears that, at least for the illustrative cases considered, rate gyros could be replaced with an estimation algorithm employing direction sensors which are much cheaper,more rugged and more resilient sensors
Melliani, Saïd. "Solutions mesures de Dirac de systèmes de lois de conservation (Equations de Saint-Venant 2D) et diffusion acoustique." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10318.
Повний текст джерелаSeck, Cheikh Tidiane. "Estimation non-paramétrique et convergence faible des mesures de pauvreté." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00825389.
Повний текст джерелаUsseglio-Carleve, Antoine. "Estimation de mesures de risque pour des distributions elliptiques conditionnées." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1094/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD thesis focuses on the estimation of some risk measures for a real random variable Y with a covariate vector X. For that purpose, we will consider that the random vector (X,Y) is elliptically distributed. In a first time, we will deal with the quantiles of Y given X=x. We thus firstly investigate a quantile regression model, widespread in the litterature, for which we get theoretical results that we discuss. Indeed, such a model has some limitations, especially when the quantile level is said extreme. Therefore, we propose another more adapted approach. Asymptotic results are given, illustrated by a simulation study and a real data example.In a second chapter, we focus on another risk measure called expectile. The structure of the chapter is essentially the same as that of the previous one. Indeed, we first use a regression model that is not adapted to extreme expectiles, for which a methodological and statistical approach is proposed. Furthermore, highlighting the link between extreme quantiles and expectiles, we realize that other extreme risk measures are closely related to extreme quantiles. We will focus on two families called Lp-quantiles and Haezendonck-Goovaerts risk measures, for which we propose extreme estimators. A simulation study is also provided. Finally, the last chapter is devoted to the case where the size of the covariate vector X is tall. By noticing that our previous estimators perform poorly in this case, we rely on some high dimensional estimation methods to propose other estimators. A simulation study gives a visual overview of their performances
Ferrieux, Dominique. "Estimation de densités de mesures moyennes de processus ponctuels associés." Montpellier 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON20245.
Повний текст джерелаBreuer, Axel. "Estimation de l'humidité des sols par des mesures SAR polarimétriques." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10115.
Повний текст джерелаNégrel, Jean. "Estimation du débit des fleuves à partir de mesures satellitaires des variables de surface sans mesures in situ." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20239/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe water issue is currently a major challenge for our societies. Even if water is a renewable resource, its natural cycle supports great stresses, both human activity and climate change.River discharge is a key variable of the water cycle, whose quantification requires heavy field measurements. Therefore the global monitoring of river discharge remains problematic and satellite remote sensing techniques could be a major asset. Earth Observation radar techniques are currently limited to the measurement of surface variables and cannot measure river bottom hydraulic parameters. The current study proposes a method to estimate these parameters from surface variables, in order to estimate the river discharge. This method has been validated on exact simulated data and its robustness to measurement noise has been studied on noisy simulated data and on real data.The second part of this work explores the abilities of radar along-track interferometry to measure river surface velocity. Velocity measurements carried out on the Rhône river during an airborne campaign (ONERA-Cemagref) show a strong consistency with ADCP field measurements. M4S backscattering model, tested in the framework of this study, is poorly adapted to river scenes : it appears to be extremely sensitive to wind intensity which could be explained by a poor modeling of surface roughness. As part of the SWOT mission program (NASA-CNES) a method allowing in situ characterization of river surface roughness has been developed. It was validated under laboratory controlled conditions. It was implemented on the Rhône river to characterize water surface and quantify the influence of wind intensity on the water surface roughness parameters
Tolomeo, Mathias. "Estimation des forces de contact intergranulaires par mesures de champs cinématiques." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAI074/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the experimental study of the micro-mechanics of granular materials, measuring inter-particle contact forces is still a challenging task, if compared to the well-established tools and techniques for the kinematic characterisation at particle scale. This doctoral thesis addresses this problem. The proposed approach consists of two parts: an experimental characterisation of the granular network geometry and of particle-scale kinematics, which can be carried out with common imaging techniques such as Digital Image Correlation; a numerical approach aiming to exploit these measurements for the estimation of forces.One imposed constraint was to only make use of the rigid motions of particles, together with the knowledge of the contact network, to infer contact forces. Three different numerical techniques have been proposed to this purpose, referred to as Contact Elasticity Method (CEM), Contact Dynamics-based Method (CDM) and Quasi-Static Method (QSM). Each of these techniques is based on the formulation of common approaches in the family of Discrete Element Methods, respectively the classical Cundall-like DEM, the Non Smooth Contact Dynamics and a quasi-static approach accounting for both contact elasticity and plasticity. It is shown that memory of the history of the packing is the main concern with all the chosen techniques.The three methods are first presented and validated by applying them to the estimation of forces in 2D granular systems generated by means of explicit-time DEM simulations. We refer to these simulations as "ideal" experiments since they are meant to provide the same information that can be extracted from experiments, but without any measurement error. An obvious benefit of this strategy is to get reference force sets that are taken as ground truth. Based on this, the main aspects that affect the determination of forces can be investigated. In particular, the crucial role of history is emphasised here, and some solutions to take it into account in the force inference have been investigated.An assessment of the influence of measurement error has also been carried out, to predict the applicability of each method to real experiments. A short analysis of the variability of the solutions is also provided.Finally, some attempts have been made to infer forces from experiments carried out in the 1gamma2epsilon device. Particle kinematics and connectivity have been assessed by means of the Digital Image Correlation technique.The benefits and drawbacks of the three methods have been demonstrated. They conduct us to envision a combined usage of the three methods. In the future, studying the stability of equilibrium might help reducing the variability of the solutions
Oliveira, Paulo Eduardo de. "Infinie divisibilité, principes d'invariance et estimation de noyaux de transition en théorie des mesures aléatoires." Lille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL10016.
Повний текст джерелаCaillault, Cyril R. "Le risque de marché : mesures et backtesting : approche par les copules dynamiques." Cachan, Ecole normale supérieure, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DENS0009.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis deals with the copulas in order to measure the market risk. Chapter 1, we recall the Most important results concerning copulas : definition, Sklar's theorem, constructions, tail dependence, concordance measures, and simulation's algorithms. In Chapter 2, we develop a non parametric estimation method based on tail dependence concept that we compare with the “Omnibus" estimator. We show that the choice of the best copula could be different according to the method. Then, our results show existence of co movements between Asian markets. Chapter 3, we develop dynamical methods to compute the Value at Risk and Expected Shortfall measures. The choice of the measure is discussed according to the Basle amendment. Chapter 4, we introduce the dynamical copula to calculate Value at Risk. Three tests are proposed in order to validate this computations method
Fabre, Jean-Pierre. "Suites mélangeantes de mesures aléatoires : estimation fonctionnelle et inégalités de grande déviation." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20098.
Повний текст джерелаCastelier, Etienne. "Estimation d'un champ de permeabilite a partir de mesures de charge hydraulique." Paris, ENMP, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ENMP0579.
Повний текст джерелаGirres, Jean-François. "Modèle d'estimation de l'imprécision des mesures géométriques de données géographiques." Thesis, Paris Est, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PEST1080/document.
Повний текст джерелаMany GIS applications are based on length and area measurements computed from the geometry of the objects of a geographic database (such as route planning or maps of population density, for example). However, no information concerning the imprecision of these measurements is now communicated to the final user. Indeed, most of the indicators on geometric quality focuses on positioning errors, but not on measurement errors, which are very frequent. In this context, this thesis seeks to develop methods for estimating the imprecision of geometric measurements of length and area, in order to inform a user for decision support. To achieve this objective, we propose a model to estimate the impacts of representation rules (cartographic projection, terrain, polygonal approximation of curves) and production processes (digitizing error, cartographic generalisation) on geometric measurements of length and area, according to the characteristics and the spatial context of the evaluated objects. Methods for acquiring knowledge about the evaluated data are also proposed to facilitate the parameterization of the model by the user. The combination of impacts to produce a global estimation of the imprecision of measurement is a complex problem, and we propose approaches to approximate the cumulated error bounds. The proposed model is implemented in the EstIM prototype (Estimation of the Imprecision of Measurements)
Humbert, Louis. "Recalage des modèles éléments finis à partir de mesures vibratoires." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 1999. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/TH_T1821_lhumbert.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаFor the last twenty years, finite element model updating has drawn researcher's attention a lot, especially in the aeronautical and automotive industries. Many techniques have been proposed, but they were strongly limited by the available experimental data. The development of high performance acquisition systems, allowing an accurate and wide investigation of structure behaviour, revives interest in this subject. This study deals with holographic and thermoelastic measurement techniques. - that respectively provide an unidirectionnal mesure of the mode shape and the experimental dilatation field on several hundreds and even thousands points - to update turbine blades for SNECMA. One of the original aspect of this work is the use of thermoelastic data which allows us to improve the model predictivity against stress data. At first, we have developed techniques to project the different kinds of measure on the finite element model. After this projection step, measured data are available as degree of freedom on the model, and the difference with the predicted behaviour can be easily evaluated. The selected updating scheme is based on an iterative selection and correction of erroneous parameters, which has the advantage of preserving the physical meaning of the model. The selection of the parameters is done thanks a modelling error location in which measurement errors are taken into account by an inequality constrain on experimental data. Wehave especially developed a new resolution technique based on an iteractive linearization of the distance between measured and computed data, which simplifies the resolution of this constrained minimization problem. Furthermore to improve the modelling error location we have introduced a correlation between modal error location indicators. Erroneous parameters are finally corrected by the optmization of a cost function involving all experimental data
Bécu, Laurianne Guilaine. "Modélisation des propriétés optiques et radiatives des cirrus dans l'infrarouge : validation à l'aide des mesures effectuées lors de l'expéience FRENCH/DIRAC 2001." Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-213-214.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBécu, Laurianne Guilaine Brogniez Gérard Parol Frédéric. "Modélisation des propriétés optiques et radiatives des cirrus dans l'infrarouge validation à l'aide des mesures effectuées lors de l'expéience FRENCH/DIRAC 2001 /." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://www.univ-lille1.fr/bustl-grisemine/pdf/extheses/50376-2003-213-214.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGuerre, Emmanuel. "Méthode non paramétriques d'analyse des séries temporelles multivariées : estimation de mesures de dépendances." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066110.
Повний текст джерелаCABOT, FRANCOIS. "Estimation de l'albedo de surface a l'echelle globale, a l'aide de mesures satellitaires." Paris 11, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA112497.
Повний текст джерелаBentoumi, Rachid. "Étude et estimation de certaines mesures de risque multivariées avec applications en finance." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2011. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/2262/1/030269814.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаMusso, Christian. "Méthodes rapides d'estimation en trajectographie par mesures d'azimuts." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1993. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00343877.
Повний текст джерелаArnault, Anthony. "Reconstruction de champs aérodynamiques à partir de mesures ponctuelles." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ECLI0023/document.
Повний текст джерелаReal time monitoring of turbulent flows is a challenging task that concerns a large range of applications. Evaluating wake vortices around the approach runway of an airport, in order to optimize the distance between lined-up aircraft, is an example. Another one touches to the broad subject of active flow control. In aerodynamic, control of detached flows is an essential issue. Such a control can serve to reduce noise produced by airplanes, or improve their aerodynamic performances. This work aims at developing tools to produce real time prediction of turbulent velocity fields from a small number of punctual sensors. After a literature review focused on a popular reconstruction method in fluid mechanics, the Stochastic Estimation (SE), the first step was to evaluate its overall prediction performances on several turbulent flows of gradual complexity. The accuracy of the SE being very limited in some cases, a deeper characterization of the method was performed. The filtering effect of the SE in terms of spatial and temporal content was particularly highlighted. This characterization pointed out the strong influence of the sensor locations on the estimation quality. Therefore, a sensor location optimization algorithm was proposed and extended to the choice of time delays when using Multi-Time-Delay SE. While using optimized locations for the sensors hold some accuracy improvements, they were still insufficient for some test cases. The opportunity to use a data assimilation method, the Kalman filter that combines a dynamic model of the flow with sensor information, was investigated. For some cases, the results were promising and the Kalman filter outperforms all SE methods
Lavalette, Sophie. "Mesures et caracteristiques du logiciel en milieu industriel : vers un modele de cout." Paris 7, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA077012.
Повний текст джерелаYver, Camille. "Estimation des sources et puits du dihydrogène troposphérique : développements instrumentaux, mesures atmosphériques et assimilation variationnelle." Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00633825.
Повний текст джерелаRebafka, Tabea. "Estimation dans le modèle d'empilement avec application aux mesures de la fluorescence résolue en temps." Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005715.
Повний текст джерелаBerrabah, Nassif. "Problèmes inverses pour le diagnostic de câbles électriques à partir de mesures de réflectométrie." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S140/document.
Повний текст джерелаElectric cables are ubiquitous in many devices and systems where they are used for data or power transmission. These connection links are most often installed for long periods of operation during which they are subject to aging and sometimes exposed to harsh environments. While electric cables fulfill important and sometimes even critical functions, they might fail due to the hard constraints they have to endure. This motivates the need for monitoring tools, in order to detect early faults and to intervene as soon as possible, before they mutate into heavier damage whose consequences can be detrimental and expensive. EDF company is very affected by this problematic insofar as it operates significant lengths of cables for energy distribution, but also in power plant for power supply of the diverse apparatus, to route data and to transmit measurement. The company has been leading several studies regarding cable aging, cable faults, and wire diagnosis methods. The CAIMAN project (Cable AgIng MANagement), sponsored by the Engineering Department of Nuclear and Thermal Projects (SEPTEN), deals with these questions. The work presented in this dissertation were led in this context and results from a collaboration with Inria (French National Institute for Research in Applied Mathematics and Computer Sciences). Starting from the observation that existing cable diagnosis methods do not offer full satisfaction, we targeted the goal of developping new tools to improve the state of the art. Existing techniques rely on a range of tests, some of which are destructive or involve in-lab investigations, but these still cannot detect some kind of faults. Among major techniques, reflectometry has the most promising results. This technique consists in the same principle as a radar. One sends a wave down a cable from one end. Then the reflected signal is analysed searching for signs of faults. Yet, this method also suffers some limitations and soft faults remain hard to detect. Researchers and industries multiply the investigations in the domain of reflectometry-based techniques, and some get interesting results. Scientists from Inria developped algorithms for cable parameter estimation from reflectometry measurements, following an inverse-problem approach. The goal of our work was to extend these methods to meet the specific needs of EDF. One of the main challenges we coped with was to take into account electric losses in the resolution of the inverse problem. Our main contribution is a method to estimate the per unit length resistance profile of a cable. This estimation reveals resistive faults that most often only produce weak reflections in reflectometry measurements. Other contributions concerns the improvement of the method based on pre-processing of the data whose role is to erase the effect of impedance mismatches. This work breaks new grounds in the domain of reflectometry-based wire diagnosis techniques
St, Fleur Sadrac. "Estimation des mouvements sismiques à Port-au-Prince (Haïti) : mesures des amplifications locales et simulations numériques." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR4099/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn order to help estimating the seismic ground motion expected in the Port-au-Prince area (Haiti), we characterize local site effects, pointing out the seismic waves trapped in the loose layer of Cul-de-Sac basin, and provide realistic synthetic accelerograms for an hypothetical future earthquake.To this end, we propose to analyze signals from 78 earthquakes that occurred between March 2010and February 2013, by applying two methods of spectral ratios : The H/V earthquake method and the classical spectral ratio (SSR). A strong spatial variability was observed in the measured amplifications, which is quite consistent with the heterogeneous surface geology of the area. We notice in particular strong amplification on marine sediments close to the coast. In the foothills of the Massif de la Selle the reflection of the seismic waves lead to the concentration of the wave fields that strongly amplify seismic ground motion at the top of the hills. In addition, an increase of the signal duration due to the presence of surface waves was also highlighted on some stations of the plain. For the generation of synthetic accelerograms, we first use Empirical Green functions (EGF) method. The results show that the strongest acceleration is expected in Quaternary sediments near the coast and on the ridge of south hills of Port-au-Prince. Then, a hybrid simulation method combining complex transfer functions (amplitude and phase) and the EGF simulation on bedrock was set up and validated from testing on instrumented sites in the metropolitan area of Port-au-Prince
Sandu, Leontina. "Inversion de modèles paramétriques : application aux mesures indirectes de températures." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112343.
Повний текст джерелаThe general context of this work is the non-linear reconstruction of a mesurand or so-called the non-linear inverse problem with a very small data set. We are concerned with an inverse problem of heat conduction that deals with the determination of the internaI temperature from measured temperatures outside a heat conducting body. Ln order to solve this measurement problem, we propose different modelling techniques: analytical, numerical and the tehnique using external parametric models. Good existing results obtained from parametric estimation of temperature profiles lead us to study more deeply the external parametric models. Previous work has also demonstrated the interest of parametric functions as forward model for other applications. Those functions are simple to implement and result in good pelformance of the inversion process. We study the problem of construction of some candidates for parametric models. The discrimination between candidates is studied. Some theoretical notions for construction of parametric functions are advanced. We demonstrate that the choice of the parametric function depends on the significant quantity to estimate. This quantity could be the parameter vector, the model function in some points "inaccessible" to observation or an other parametric function. The proposed criteria choose the "best" function with respect to the inversion goal using the information gained in the experiment. The best model will be specific to the measurement goal and must be "sufficiently" close to real observations. Instruments for temperature measurement or other physical quantities measurement could include this type of model
Baili, Hana. "Caractérisation statistique de mesures dynamiques continues à partir d'un modèle de connaissance." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112077.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we deal with statistical characterization of dynamical continuous measurements within a knowledge-based model. A measurement is any quantity to be observed within a system; we talk about indirect measurement when this quantity cannot be directly given by some sensors. The term dynamic refers to the evolution of the measurement in time. The model is said knowledge-based because it comes from the mathematical traduction of the system physics, as opposed to black-box models. The quantities that when fixed, cause the others to be determined uniquely, are called model's data, such as initial conditions, observations, controls, etc. Often, some of them are unknown because they are random or deterministic but the model comes from an incomplete description of the system. A prior information about some uncertainty can be acquired; it will consist of its average and dispersion, if it is random, or of some set that specifies its values, if it is deterministic. Given the model described below, what's about the measurement? We propose here a probabilistic approach to characterize the measurement; in fact the modelling step, involved at the beginning, consists in transforming the model into a stochastic differential equation (sde) determining a process such that estimating the probability density function (pdf) of this process achieves the ultimate measurement; this is the "statistical characterization". Chapter 3 describes the modelization task in general, using McShane's stochastic calculus as theoretical basis. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 present our methods for estimating the pdf of the (extended) measurement
Messager, Cyril. "Estimation des flux de gaz à effet de serre à l'échelle régionale à partir de mesures atmosphériques." Phd thesis, Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077114.
Повний текст джерелаI build up a new System to measure continuously CO2 (or CO), CH4, N2O and SF6 mixing ratios. It is based on a commercial gas chromatograph (Agilent 6890N) which have been modified to reach better precisions. Reproducibility computed with a target gas on a 24 hours time step gives: 0. 06 ppm for CO2, 1. 4 ppb for CO, 0. 7 ppb for ChU, 0. 2 ppb for N2O and 0. 05 ppt for SF6. The instrument's run is fully automated, an air sample analysis takes about 5 minutes. In July 2006, I install instrumentation on a telecommunication tall tower (200m) situated near Orleans forest in Trainou, to monitor continuously greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6), atmospheric tracers (CO, Radon-222) and meteorological parameters. Intake lines were installed at 3 levels (50, 100 and 180 m) and allow us to sample air masses along the vertical. Continuous measurement started in January 2007. I used Mace Head (Ireland) and Gif-sur-Yvette continuous measurements to estimate major greenhouse gases emission fluxes at regional scale. To make the link between atmospheric measurements and surface fluxes, we need to quantify dilution due to atmospheric transport. I used Radon-222 as tracer (radon tracer method) and planetary boundary layer heights estimates from ECMWF model (boundary layer budget method) to parameterise atmospheric transport. In both cases I compared results to available emission inventories
Imran, Jamal. "Estimation des variations de température par IRM : optimisation des conditions expérimentales et de la précision des mesures." Compiègne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000COMP1253.
Повний текст джерелаKasper, Kévin. "Apprentissage d'estimateurs sans modèle avec peu de mesures - Application à la mécanique des fluides." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLN029/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis deals with sparsity promoting techniques in order to produce efficient estimators relying only on a small amount of measurements given by sensors. These sensor locations are crucial to the estimators and have to be chosen meticulously. The proposed methods do not require dynamical models and are instead based on a collection of snapshots of the field of interest. This learning sequence can be acquired through measurements on the real system or through numerical simulation. By relying only on a learning sequence, and not on dynamical models, the proposed methods become general and applicable to a variety of systems.These techniques are illustrated on the 2-D fluid flow around a cylindrical body. The pressure field in the neighbourhood of the cylinder has to be estimated from a limited amount of surface pressure measurements. For a given arrangement of the sensors, efficient estimators suited to these locations are proposed. These estimators fully harness the information given by the limited amount of sensors by manipulating sparse representations and classes. Cases where the measurements are no longer made on the field to be estimated can also be considered. A sensor placement algorithm is proposed in order to improve the performances of the estimators.Multiple extensions are discussed : incorporating past measurements, past control inputs, recovering a field non-linearly related to the measurements, estimating a vectorial field, etc
Zargouni, Yadh. "Évaluation de l'efficacité des mesures de sécurité routière." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066194.
Повний текст джерелаArtus, Samuel. "Estimation et pronostic de températures de disques de frein : application aux véhicules industriels." Lille 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIL10159.
Повний текст джерелаActive safety systems are of growing importance in automotive applications, including commercial vehicles. Their development is deeply based on embedded electronic modules. The first objective of this thesis consists in developing a brake disc temperature estimation for commercial heavy vehicles. Trucks manufacturer knowledge limitations impose to consider this problem via a global energetic approach. This approach is applied at the vehicle level to reach a systemic point of view and represent the manufacturer's vision of the system integration. Our algorithms have shown promising results on prototype vehic1es, where tests and demonstration were performed for a European project contribution. The proposed model based approach is also able to address prediction objectives. Thus, this work presents the prediction of commercial heavy vehicle brake disc temperature. Considering temperature estimation, it seems feasible to define the temperature evolution over a near future time window. Required assumptions to achieve the brake disc temperature prediction are discussed in the last part of the thesis
Henrich, Nathalie. "Etude de la source glottique en voix parlée et chantée : modélisation et estimation, mesures acoustiques et électroglottographiques, perception." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00123133.
Повний текст джерелаDerennes, Pierre. "Mesures de sensibilité de Borgonovo : estimation des indices d'ordre un et supérieur, et application à l'analyse de fiabilité." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30039.
Повний текст джерелаIn many disciplines, a complex system is modeled by a black box function whose purpose is to mimic the real system behavior. Then, the system is represented by an input-output model, i.e, a relationship between the output Y (the observation made on the system) and a set of external parameters Xi (typically representing physical variables). These parameters are usually assumed to be random in order to take phenomenological uncertainties into account. Then, global sensitivity analysis (GSA) plays a crucial role in the handling of these uncertainties and in the understanding of the system behavior. This study is based on the estimation of importance measures which aim at identifying and ranking the different inputs with respect to their influence on the model output. Variance-based sensitivity indices are one of the most widely used GSA measures. They are based on Sobol's indices which express the share of variance of the output that is due to a given input or input combination. However, by definition they only study the impact on the second-order moment of the output which may a restrictive representation of the whole output distribution. The central subject of this thesis is an alternative method, introduced by Emanuele Borgonovo, which is based on the analysis of the whole output distribution. Borgonovo's importance measures present very convenient properties that justify their recent gain of interest, but their estimation is a challenging task. Indeed, the initial definition of the Borgonovo's indices involves the unconditional and conditional densities of the model output, which are unfortunately unknown in practice. Thus, the first proposed methods led to a high computational burden especially since the black box function may be very costly-to-evaluate. The first contribution of this thesis consists in proposing new methodologies for estimating first order Borgonovo importance measures which quantify the influence of the output Y relatively to a scalar input Xi. First, we choose to adopt the reinterpretation of the Borgonovo indices in term of measure of dependence, i.e, as a distance between the joint density of Xi and Y and the product distribution. In addition, we develop an estimation procedure combining an importance sampling procedure and Gaussian kernel approximation of the output density and the joint density. This approach allows the computation of all first order Borgonovo with a low budget simulation, independent to the model dimension. However, the use of Gaussian kernel estimation may provide inaccurate estimates for heavy tail distributions. To overcome this problem, we consider an alternative definition of the Borgonovo indices based on the copula formalism
Henrich-Bernardoni, Nathalie. "Etude de la source glottique en voix parlee et chantee : modelisation et estimation, mesures acoustiques et electroglottographiques, perception." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066315.
Повний текст джерелаPujos, Cyril. "Estimation de la rhéologie d'un polymère dans une filière d'extrusionSimulation d'écoulement avec transferts thermiques et inversion de mesures." Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13253.
Повний текст джерелаCOMBAL, BRUNO. "Contribution a l'analyse du probleme inverse. Estimation des caracteristiques du couvert vegetal a partir de mesures de teledetection." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CLF22174.
Повний текст джерелаNeukermans, Griet. "Les particules en suspension dans les eaux côtières turbides : estimation par mesures optique in situ et depuis l'espace." Thesis, Littoral, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012DUNK0406/document.
Повний текст джерелаParticles suspended in seawater include sediments, phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria, viruses, and detritus, and are collectively referred to as suspended particulate matter, SPM. In coastal waters, SPM is transported over long distances and in the water column by biological, tide or wind-driven advection and resuspension processes, thus varying strongly in time and space. These strong dynamics challenge the traditional measurement of the concentration of SPM, [SPM], through filtration of seawater sampled from ships. Estimation of [SPM] from sensors recording optical scattering allows to cover larger temporal or spatial scales. So called ocean colour satelittes, for example, have been used for the mapping of [SPM] on a global scale since the late 1970s. These polar-orbiting satellites typically provide one image per day forthe North Sea area. However, the sampling frequency of these satellites is a serious limitation in coastal waters where [SPM] changes rapidly during the day due to tides and winds.Optical instruments installed on moored platforms or on under-water vehicles can be operated continuously, but their spatial coverage is limited. This work aims to advance in situ and space-based optical techniques for [SPM] retrieval by investigating the natural variability in the relationship between [SPM] and light scattering by particles and by investigating whether the European geostationary meteorological SEVIRI sensor, which provides imagery every 15 minutes, can be used for the mapping of [SPM] in the southern North Sea. Based on an extensive in situ dataset, we show that [SPM] is best estimated from red light scattered in the back directions (backscattering). Moreover, the relationship between [SPM]] and particulate backscattering is driven by the organic/inorganic composition of suspended particles, offering opportunities to improve [SPM] retrieval algorithms. We also show that SEVIRI successfully retrieves [SPM] and related parameters such as turbidity and the vertical light attenuation coefficient in turbid waters. Even though uncertainties are considerable in clear waters, this is a remarkable result for a meteorological sensor designed to monitor clouds and ice, much brighter targets than the sea! On cloud free days, tidal variability of [SPM] can now be resolved by remote sensing for the first time, offering new opportunities for monitoring of turbidity and ecosystem modelling. In June 2010 the first geostationary ocean colour sensor was launched into space which provides hourly multispectral imagery of Korean waters. Other geostationary ocean colour sensors are likely to become operational in the (near?) future over the rest of the world's sea. This work allows us to maximally prepare for the coming of geostationary ocean colour satellites, which are expected to revolutionize optical oceanography
De in zeewater aanwezige zwevende materie zoals sedimenten, fytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteriën, virussen en detritus, worden collectief "suspended particulate matter" (SPM) genoemd. In kustwateren worden deze deeltjes over lange afstanden en in de waterkolom getransporteerd door biologische processen of wind- of getijdenwerking, waardoor SPM sterk varieert in ruimte en tijd. Door deze sterke dynamiek wordt de traditionele bemonstering van de concentratie van SPM, [SPM], door middel van filtratie van zeewaterstalen aan boord van schepen ontoereikend. Optische technieken die gebruik maken van de lichtverstriioongseigenschappen van SPM bieden een gebieds- of tijdsdekkend alternatief. Zogenaamde "ocean colour" satellieten bijvoorbeeld leveren beelden van o.a. [SPM] aan het zeeoppervlak op globale schaal sinds eind 1970, met een frequantie van één beeld per dag voor de Noordzee. Deze frequentie is echter onvoldoende in onze kustwateren waar [SPM] drastisch kan veranderen in enkele uren tijd. Optische instrumenten aan boord vann schepen of op onderwatervoertuigen kunnen continu meten, maar de gebiedsdekking is deperkt. Dit werk heeft tot doel de lichtverstriioongseigenschappen van SPM te karakterizeren en te onderzoeken of de Europese geostationaire weersatelliet, die elk kwartier een beeld geeft, kan worden gebruikt voor de kartering van [SPM] in de zuidelijke Noordzee. Op basis van een grote dataset van in situ metingen tonen wij aan dat [SPM] het nauwkeurigst kan worden bepaald door de meting van de verstrooiing van rood licht in achterwaartse richtingen (terugverstrooiing). Bovendien blijkt de relatie tussen [SPM] en terugverstrooiing afhankelijk van de organische-anorganische samenstelling van zwenvende stof, wat mogelijkhenden biedt tot het verfijnen van teledetectiealgoritmen voor [SPM]. Voorts tonen woj aan dat de Europese weersatelliet, SEVIRI, successvol kan worden aangewend voor de kartering van [SPM] en gerelateerde parameters zoals troebelheid en lichtdemping in de waterkolom. Hoewel met grote meetonzekerheid in klaar water toch een opmerkelijk resultaat voor een sensor die ontworpen werd voor detectie van wolken en ijs! Op wolkenvrije dagen wordt hierdoor de getijdendynamiek van [SPM] in de zuidelijke Noordzee voor het eerst detecteerbaar vanuit de ruimte, wat nieuwe mogelijkheden biedt voor de monitoring van waterkwaliteit en verbetering van ecosysteellodellen. Sinds juni 2010 is de eerste geostationaire ocean colour satelliet een feit : elk uur een multispectraal beeld van Koreaanse wateren. Vermoedelijk zullen er in de (nabije?) toekomst meer volgen over Europa en Amerika. Dit werk laat toe ons maximaal voor te bereiden op te komst van zo'n satellieten, waarvan verwacht wordt dat zij een nieuwe revolutie in optische oceanografie zullen ontketenen
Jourdin, Frédéric. "Assimilation de mesures marégraphiques et altimétriques dans un modèle hydrodynamique de marées océaniques." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30175.
Повний текст джерелаRabhi, Abdelhamid. "Estimation de la dynamique du véhicule en interaction avec son environnement." Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005VERS0033.
Повний текст джерелаThe general framework of the research is the application of the nonlinear control tools (sliding mode observers, robust control. . . ) and methods for diagnostics in order to improve the security of the vehicle. Motivation of our work is due to the fact that the infrastructure is involved the majority of accidents. The was born, which uses as more as possible the environmental information's in order to study the comportment of the vehicle in its trajectory. The difficulties and the high costs of the sensors, to measure contact forces belween wheel and the ground were an important motivation for design of non linear and robust observers. Then, a new technique for the estimation with cascaded observers was developed to dedu the angular velocities and accelerations of wheels by use of the ABS encoders. This method al/ows us to estimate the longitudinal stiffness of each tire and its effective radius. The adherence also can be reconstructed. Robust observers with unknown inputs are proposed to estimate the road features (profile, slope and inclination angle), which are used to assist the driving. Final/y, we present a method for detecting faults in the dynamics of the vehicle. We have considered only Iwo types of faults: Faults in the suspension system Variation of pressure in tire
Reybet-Degat, Ghislaine. "Proposition d'une règle de discrimination séquentielle adaptée à la fusion de mesures." Compiègne, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996COMPD928.
Повний текст джерелаHurtgen, Michaël. "Wide-area state estimation using synchronized phasor measurement units." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209924.
Повний текст джерелаThe classical state estimator currently used is based on SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) measurements. Weaknesses of the SCADA measurement system are the asynchronicity of the measurements, which introduce errors in the state estimation results during dynamic events on the electrical network.\\
Wide-area monitoring systems, consisting of a network of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) provide synchronized phasor measurements, which give an accurate snapshot of the monitored part of the network at a given time. The objective of this thesis is to integrate PMU measurements in the state estimator. The proposed state estimators use PMU measurements exclusively, or both classical and PMU measurements.\\
State estimation is particularly useful to filter out measurement noise, detect and eliminate bad data. A sensitivity analysis to measurement errors is carried out for a state estimator using only PMU measurements and a classical state estimator. Measurement errors considered are Gaussian noise, systematic errors and asynchronicity errors. Constraints such as zero injection buses are also integrated in the state estimator. Bad data detection and elimination can be done before the state estimation, as in pre-estimation methods, or after, as in post-estimation methods. For pre-estimation methods, consistency tests are used. Another proposed method is validation of classical measurements by PMU measurements. Post-estimation is applied to a measurement set which has asynchronicity errors. Detection of a systematic error on one measurement in the presence of Gaussian noise is also analysed. \\
The state estimation problem can only be solved if the measurements are well distributed over the network and make the network observable. Observability is crucial when trying to solve the state estimation problem. A PMU placement method based on metaheuristics is proposed and compared to an integer programming method. The PMU placement depends on the chosen objective. A given PMU placement can provide full observability or redundancy. The PMU configuration can also take into account the zero injection nodes which further reduce the number of PMUs needed to observe the network. Finally, a method is proposed to determine the order of the PMU placement to gradually extend the observable island. \\
State estimation errors can be caused by erroneous line parameter or bad calibration of the measurement transformers. The problem in both cases is to filter out the measurement noise when estimating the line parameters or calibration coefficients and state variables. The proposed method uses many measurement samples which are all integrated in an augmented state estimator which estimates the voltage phasors and the additional parameters or calibration coefficients.
Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Rabehi, Djahid. "Estimation par Intervalles des Systèmes Cyber-physiques." Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE3038.
Повний текст джерелаCyber-Physical Systems are smart integrations of computation, networking, and physical processes. In this thesis, we deal with interval observers for cyber-physical systems in which the continuous-time physical systems are estimated and monitored using discrete-time data transmitted over network.The contributions of the presented material are threefold: (i) we design an interval impulsive observer for continuous-time linear systems with sporadically available measurements; (ii) we propose a finite L1-gain event-triggered interval impulsive observer for continuous-time linear systems, in which we develop a co-design procedure to simultaneously design the observer gain and the event-triggering condition; (iii) using the interval impulsive observer, we develop a secure estimation strategy for multi-output systems under cyber-attacks
Mesbah, Mounir. "Estimation et tests dans les tables de contingence mixtes en présence d'erreurs de mesure." Paris 5, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA05S015.
Повний текст джерелаAmirach, Nabil. "Détection d'évènements simples à partir de mesures sur courant alternatif." Thesis, Toulon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUL0006/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe need to save energy is an important focus of recent decades, hence the need to monitor the energy consumption of residential and industrial processes. The research works presented in this manuscript are within the monitoring power consumption area in order to enable energy saving. The final goal is to have a clear and reliable knowledge of a given grid. This involves the decomposition of the overall power consumption of the electrical network to provide a detailed analysis of the consumed energy. The objective of this thesis is to develop a non-intrusive approach to achieve the event detection and feature extraction steps, which precede the classification and the power consumption estimation steps. The algorithm resulting from the works performed in this thesis can detect events which occur on the current and associates to them an information vector containing the parameters characterizing the steady and transient states. Then this information vector is used to recognize all the events linked to the same electrical load
Lemaire, Vincent. "Estimation récursive de la mesure invariante d'un processus de diffusion." Phd thesis, Université de Marne la Vallée, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011281.
Повний текст джерелаLa principale hypothèse sur ces solutions (diffusions) est l'existence d'une fonction de Lyapounov garantissant une condition de stabilité. Par le théorème ergodique on sait que les mesures empiriques de la diffusion convergent vers une mesure invariante. Nous étudions une convergence similaire lorsque la diffusion est discrétisée par un schéma d'Euler de pas décroissant. Nous prouvons que les mesures empiriques pondérées de ce schéma convergent vers la mesure invariante de la diffusion, et qu'il est possible d'intégrer des fonctions exponentielles lorsque le coefficient de diffusion est suffisamment petit. De plus, pour une classe de diffusions plus restreinte, nous prouvons la convergence presque sûre et dans Lp du schéma d'Euler vers la diffusion.
Nous obtenons des vitesses de convergence pour les mesures empiriques pondérées et donnons les paramètres permettant une vitesse optimale. Nous finissons l'étude de ce schéma lorsqu'il y a présence de multiples mesures invariantes. Cette étude se fait en dimension 1, et nous permet de mettre en évidence un lien entre classification de Feller et fonctions de Lyapounov.
Dans la dernière partie, nous exposons un nouvel algorithme adaptatif permettant de considérer des problèmes plus généraux tels que les systèmes Hamiltoniens ou les systèmes monotones. Il s'agit de considérer les mesures empiriques d'un schéma d'Euler construit à partir d'une suite de pas aléatoires adaptés dominée par une suite décroissant vers 0.
Poulalion, Guy. "Détection et estimation conjointes en analyse spectrale haute résolution : application à l'analyse de signaux issus de mesures de surface équivalente radar." Bordeaux 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR10647.
Повний текст джерела