Дисертації з теми "Essay films"
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1
Smith, Caitlin Nicole. "Negotiating Cinematic Truths: Ethnographic and Essay Films as Parallel Forms." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321959.
2
Konstantinidou, Eirini. "Mnemophrenia : a science fiction film-essay on the future of cinema and artificial memories." Thesis, Brunel University, 2014. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7968.
Анотація:
“What is more real than the thoughts in your mind?”, “Re/structure your memories, re/construct your reality, re/define yourself”. The foundation of my research is about practising theory instead of theorising practice. My project begins with theory, which then leads to the science fiction film Mnemophrenia that constitutes the practical aspect of it. I attempt to demonstrate how theory and practice can be joined to create a fruitful union, each one feeding the other. In my research, I am inspired by Marshall McLuhan’s idea and use the medium as the message in order to depict and explore how cinema can affect human memory and more specifically create artificial memories and thus contribute to the dissolution of any boundaries between reality and fiction. The key research question that Mnemophrenia explores is: what would happen if in a future postmodern society the Bazinian myth of ‘total’ cinema becomes a reality? If ‘total cinema’ is pure realism and cinema can lead to artificial memories, then artificial memories and pure realism become one and films become artificial memories. Mnemophrenia depicts a different kind of human being or species, a schizophrenic ‘cyborg’ changed from within due to the advancement of virtual reality films which signals the end of cinema as we know it today. Mnemophrenia is about the future of cinema and maintains a horizon of hope that could lead to utopia; it does not discard technology as something evil as many previous science fiction films have done. I am interested in depicting through the film and examining in my thesis the possibility of a society where the dissolution of borders between fiction and reality does not lead to horrific consequences for humanity but instead promotes a potential for a new kind of identity that is an amalgam of real and artificial memories.
3
Williamson, Harry Alexander. "The essay, the time image and the double : a study of the films of Chris Marker." Thesis, University of Ulster, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268596.
4
Pourvali, Bamchade. "L'"Essai filmé" comme forme de la modernité cinématographique, 1953-1997." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST0034.
Анотація:
La modernité cinématographique désigne une remise en cause de la représentation classique au moment de la Seconde Guerre mondiale qui se manifeste par un retour au documentaire. Celui-ci se traduit de deux manières : au sein du cinéma hollywoodien, comme en témoignent la fin du Dictateur de Charlie Chaplin et le début de Citizen Kane d’Orson Welles; et dans l’Europe de l’après-guerre avec le néo-réalisme italien. Dans ce contexte, la critique cinématographique définit l’essai comme une des finalités du cinéma moderne alliant ontologie et langage comme en témoignent les textes d’Alexandre Astruc, André Bazin ou Jacques Rivette. Au milieu des années 1950, le cinéma moderne propose une épure de ces formes cinématographiques avec, d’une part, Nuit et Brouillard d’Alain Resnais, film emblématique de « l’école française du court métrage » et, d’autre part, Voyage en Italie de Roberto Rossellini, affirmation d’un « néo-réalisme plus pur », selon les termes de son auteur. En 1963, deux films français sont à la fois les héritiers du cinéma classique américain et le point de départ d’une réflexion plus approfondie sur l’essai cinématographique, il s’agit de La Jetée de Chris Marker et du Mépris de Jean-Luc Godard. C’est à travers l’étude comparée du parcours de ces deux cinéastes que nous nous proposons de définir l’essai cinématographique comme une forme liée à l’histoire d’un art à un moment particulier. C’est ainsi que l’essai qui connaît ses premières grandes réussites dans les années 1960 se développera dans les années 1990 autour du centenaire du cinéma. De nouveaux enjeux associés à la modernité cinématographique se dessinent alors entre le Nord et le Sud, l’Est et l’Ouest, dans ce passage d’un siècle à l’autre du cinémaIn the field of cinematic studies, modernity refers to the attempts to challenge classical modes of representations at the time of the Second World War, which take the form of a return to the documentary. This process takes two expressions: one runs through Hollywood productions, for instance the opening scene of Chaplin’s Great Dictator and the conclusion of Orson Welles’ Citizen Kane; the other is apparent in post-war Europe with Italian neorealism. In this context, film criticism defines the essay as one of the objects of modern cinema, joining ontology to language, as described in the works of Alexandre Astruc, André Bazin or Jacques Rivette. In the middle of the 1950s, modern cinema offers striking examples of these cinematographic forms with, on the one hand Alain Resnais’ Night and Fog, a film which is typical of “the French school of short films”, and on the other hand Roberto Rossellini’s Journey to Italy, which its author has described as the expression of “a refine form of neorealism”. In 1963, two French films are at once heirs to the tradition of classic American cinema and the start of a deeper reflection on the cinematographic essay, Chris Marker’s The Jetty and Jean-Luc Godard’s Contempt. By comparing the evolution of both these directors we will attempt to define the cinematographic essay as form closely linked to a certain moment in the history of cinema. Thus the essay, after producing its first major works in the 1960s will develop during the 1990s around the time of the hundredth anniversary of cinema. New stakes arise at that time to define cinematographic modernity between North and South, East and West, as cinema enters a new century
5
Kochbati, Hatem. "Projection numérique au cinéma : les nouvelles modalités de consommation des films art et essais (les cinémas Utopia / vidéo en poche)." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAG016/document.
Анотація:
Ce travail de recherche consiste à analyser et à restituer les principaux faits qui illustrent les changements provoqués par le numérique dans les industries culturelles et les pratiques du cinéma Art et Essai en particulier. A l’ère de la projection numérique, les salles de cinéma vivent une véritable révolution technologique. Cette dernière induit un changement dans les modes de consommation et d’accès à la culture. L’analyse des salles de cinéma Utopia et le concept « vidéo en poche » témoigne d’un nouveau usage des biens culturels à l’ère de l’économie numériqueThe present research sets out to study and scrutinise the key facts that illustrate the change in conditions caused by digital cultural industries and practice of the art of cinema and particularly the essay. In the era of digital projection, cinema halls are facing a true technological revolution. The latter induces a change in the consumption patterns and the access to culture The analysis of Utopia cinema halls and the video-in-pocket concept tell us a lot about this postmodern use of cultural artifacts at the age of digital economy
6
Essoukan, epee Hermann. "La Vision poétique du 'Monde' dans les films-essais Méditerranée de Jean-Daniel Pollet, Sans soleil de Chris Marker et Asientos de François L. Woukoache." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALL024.
Анотація:
La présente étude s’intéresse non seulement à l’idée d’un cinéma qui pense et participe à la pensée poétique, c’est-à-dire à l’idée de « la coulée du film qui s’apparenterait à celle de la pensée » pour parler comme Norman McLaren ; elle défend également l’idée d’un cinéma poétique et d’une poétique du cinéma axés sur une esthétique nouvelle de médiation et de création qui explore l’univers poétique. En plus de s’engager dans la définition d’un cinéma de poésie et d’une poétique du cinéma, cette étude entend contribuer à la compréhension de certains mécanismes esthétiques et artistiques qui affectent poétiquement l’attention des percept’acteurs (attention poétique) lorsqu’ils sont face aux effets et aux procédés filmiques qui ne jouent plus sur des effets immersifs et déterminants comme on peut le voir dans les cinémas populaires, de divertissement, de narration, et dans les films documentaires, mais sur des indéterminations perceptives, sur « la promenade esthétique » pour parler comme Jean-Marie Schaeffer et sur la « poétique du désœuvrement ».Les films-essais Méditerranée de Jean-Daniel Pollet, Sans soleil de Chris Marker et Asientos de François L. Woukoache, font naviguer les percept’acteurs – néologisme que nous employons à la place de spectateur, puisqu’il ne s’agit plus de spectacle dans ces films – dans une sphère atemporelle et les amènent à l’extérieur du temps, afin de briser la relation qu’ils entretiennent avec les films classiques et de proposer un regard nouveau de l’œuvre. Pour ces cinéastes de la poésie et de la mémoire, il s’agit de façon ambivalente de déraciner et d’ensevelir le mot, de bousculer les conventions et de rompre avec l’accoutumance à travers une vision poétique et « politique » au sens large (politico-historique) du monde, une esthétique nouvelle, un bricolage et braconnage artistique, engendrant une sorte de réinvention du langage.Mots-clés : Films-essais, modernité cinématographique, cinéma de poésie, attention esthétique, attention poétique, percept’acteurs, création artistiqueThe present study does not only examine the idea of a cinema that thinks and participates in the poetic thought, as stated by Norman McLaren as: ‟the flowing movement of the film that echoes that of the thought”, but it also argues for the idea of a poetic cinema and a poetics of cinema focused on a new aesthetic of mediation and creation that explores the poetic universe. In addition to engaging in the definition of a cinema of poetry and a poetics of cinema, this study intends to offer a deeper insight into the understanding of certain aesthetic and artistic mechanisms that poetically affect the attention of percept’acteurs (poetic attention) when they are faced with filmic effects/texts and processes that no longer rely on immersion and determining factors such as observed in popular cinemas, entertainment, storytelling, and documentary films. The attention of the percept’acteurs is rather drawn to the visual/perceptual indeterminacy, of the ‟aesthetic walk”, to sound like Jean-Marie Schaeffer and on the ‟poetics of idleness”.The essay-films Méditerranée by Jean-Daniel Pollet, Sans soleil by Chris Marker and Asientos by François L. Woukoache, make the percept’acteurs – a neologism that we use instead of spectator, since these films no longer deal with spectacle – to navigate in a timeless sphere and export them beyond the time, in order to break the relationship they maintain with classic films and to encourage a new look towards the artwork. For these filmmakers of poetry and memory, it’s about an ambivalent way to uproot and bury the word in order to defy conventions and break habits through a poetic and ‟political” vision in the broaden sense (Political-historical) of the world, a new aesthetic, a diy and artistic poaching, leading to a kind of reinvention of the language.Keywords: Essay films, Modern cinematography, a poetic cinema, aesthetic attention, poetic attention, percept’acteurs, artistic creation
7
Brink, Joram ten. "The essay film." Thesis, Middlesex University, 1999. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6876/.
Анотація:
This thesis on the essay film is written from the film maker's point of view, following the production of the film The Man Who Couldn't Feel and Other Tales, (54 min, 16mm). The film and the thesis together form the PhD submission. Examination of the completed film led to the definition of the essay film as an avantgarde, non-fiction film genre. The thesis rejects the current positioning of the essay film as a part of the documentary genre. The essay film creates an aesthetic coherence through the use of image and sound fragments, narrative and nonnarrative structures, 'methodically unmethodically' edited together. The essay film follows Vertov's and Astruc's steps in 'writing' fragments as they occur to the film maker, which are in turn put together using the editing traditions of the film avantgarde and modernist poetry. The film maker's presence in the essay film results in the cinematic 'text' becoming the 'reflective text' - the mediating medium between the film maker and the spectator. Beside its avant-garde roots, the genre owes much to the literary essay tradition established since Michel de Montaigne. Many of the literary essay's aesthetic, thematic and structural elements are to be found in the essay film genre. Each and every essay film is unique in its structure, and the genre as a whole does not conform to a pre-determined cinematic construction. Nevertheless, the thesis charts some useful characteristics and definitions for the establishment of an independent essay film genre.
8
Hoydicz, Jennifer. "The narc files /." Full text available online, 2006. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/find/theses.
9
Oliveira, João Daniell Ferreira de. "Foi isso que ela disse: ensaísmo e estilo autoral em Jogo de Cena de Eduardo Coutinho." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2017. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/8069.
Анотація:
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This research proposes a reflection on the relationship between the documentary and the essay film in the film Jogo de Cena (2007) by Brazilian documentary filmmaker Eduardo Coutinho. It is investigated if there is a tension between the analyzed domains in the analyzed film. From this question I seek to understand how the technical and aesthetic choices that constitute Coutinho's style assume essayistic contours in the research object. In order to answer the research question, I aim to understand how Coutinho 's cinematographic style is characterized and constituted; to understand how Jogo de Cena (2007) plays in the tradition of the documentary and to understand how the essay film was constituted and how it can be identified in the cinema. Methodologically, a proposal for the analysis of documents by Francisco Elinaldo Teixeira was adopted in three moments: 1. Inventory of composition materials; 2. Inventory of compositional modes; 3. Reflection on narrative modes and camera functions. Through the analysis it is indicated how it is possible to recognize essayistic strategies in Jogo de Cena (2007) as: the voice of essay tone, the dialectic of materials, the montage between word and image, the heterogeneity of the composition materials, second reading order. Thus, it is concluded that the film studied even belonging to the documentary domain presents a strong essayistic inflexion.
Este trabalho propõe uma reflexão em torno da relação entre o documentário e o filme-ensaio no filme Jogo de Cena (2007) do documentarista brasileiro Eduardo Coutinho. Investiga-se se no filme analisado existe um tensionamento entre os domínios abordados. A partir desta questão, busca-se compreender como as escolhas técnicas e estéticas que constituem o estilo de Coutinho assumem contornos ensaísticos no objeto de pesquisa. Para responder ao problema da pesquisa temos como objetivo compreender como se caracteriza e se constituiu o estilo cinematográfico de Coutinho; compreender como Jogo de Cena se inscreve na tradição do documentário e entender como se constituiu o filme-ensaio e de que forma identificá-lo no cinema. Metodologicamente adota-se a proposta de análise de documentários de Francisco Elinaldo Teixeira que por sua vez divide-se em três momentos: 1. Inventário dos materiais de composição; 2. Inventário dos modos de composição; 3. Reflexão sobre os modos narrativos e funções da câmera. Por meio da análise realizada indica-se como reconhecer estratégias ensaísticas em Jogo de Cena (2007) tais como: a voz de tom ensaístico, a dialética de materiais, a montagem entre palavra e imagem, a heterogeneidade dos materiais de composição e a leitura de segundo grau. Desse modo, conclui-se que o filme estudado mesmo pertencendo ao domínio do documentário apresenta forte inflexão ensaística.
10
Mourão, Catarina. "The Wolf's Lair : dreams and fragmented memories in a first-person essay film." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25710.
Анотація:
This PhD by practice is an attempt to understand personal archives through filmmaking, and the kind of knowledge we can extract from them as well as how we can connect them to a wider social and political context. These questions are the core of my research and are explored in their different ways through both the film/practice and dissertation. I have chosen to make a film about my absent grandfather and his lost relationship with my mother during Fascist Portugal between the 1940s and the 1960s. Family archives have been largely used in films as a way of documenting realities, in the same way as any other public archival footage. In this instance, I tried to explore family and official archives acknowledging their contradictions and omissions with a view to finding a new “way of knowing” that is more closely connected to our emotions. I believe we all own a family archive regardless of its form. I named this archive “the subjective archive” and in it, I include physical archives such as paper documents, photographs and films, as well as a more intangible archive, which includes our memories, the stories we tell and listen to (oral history) and our dreams. The progression of the film is closely related to my journey as I become immersed in the story and learn things through many layers of archive documents. As a conclusion, I argue that these invisible elements of the subjective archive contain truth independent of their indexical nature, whereas physical documents can mislead us.
11
Exadaktylos, Dimitrios. "Essays on firms' competitiveness." Thesis, IMT Alti Studi Lucca, 2022. http://e-theses.imtlucca.it/362/1/Exadaktylos_phdthesis.pdf.
Анотація:
As competition becomes intense, firms seek strategies to keep afloat. Among others, they carefully choose their activity location, recruit a talented workforce, and engage in innovation. In this thesis, we shed light on these three features empirically, mainly using econometric techniques. Our contribution is in the literature of firms’ competitiveness, industrial organization and economic geography. At first, we study regional productivity disparities and their interplay with local agglomeration advantages. To do so, we apply a density-based machine learning clustering algorithm to identify firms’ clusters at a fine-grained geographic scale on a sample of Italian firms. Then, we observe simultaneously the extent to which clusters explain agglomeration economies and firm selection effects. Our findings suggest that dense clusters generate agglomeration externalities that are heterogeneous across regions. In the second part of the thesis, we
investigate the impact of foreign managers on firms’ competitiveness on a sample of firms operating in the United Kingdom. We show that domestic firms become more efficient
after recruiting foreigners to their management team due to
previous industry-specific experience. In the last part, we assess the impact of patents on market share and labour productivity in the global Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) sector. Using a recent difference-in-difference approach, we find that patenting increase market share without significantly affecting labour productivity. Our evidence indicates some concerns regarding the implications of property rights from innovation on market competition.
12
Liang, Ying. "Essay on Monetary Policies and Firms' Behaviors." Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU10003.
Анотація:
Le résumé en français n'a pas été communiqué par l'auteurIn this paper, I study the effect of risk-free rate shocks on firms that are exposed to interest rate risk. To examine their influence on the firms’ investment behaviours, I define an interest rate exposure, which is measured by the total floating debt, so that the impact of interest rate shocks on firms can be measured by the product of the interest rate exposure and the change in the interest rate. Using the Compustat data from 1974-2012 and the US annual fundamental financial data, I firstly find that the firms, which are exposed more to interest, have more sensitive cash flows of interest payments and retained earnings. Secondly, I find that exposed firms’ investment behaviours are sensitive to the interest rate shocks as well: the higher the exposure to interest rate risk, the more the firms would react to interest rate shocks. Furthermore, I show that financially constrained or high-leverage firms are more sensitive to interest rate shocks than financially non-constrained or low-leverage ones. Interestingly, I find that the fact that firms have different reactions to the interest rate shocks of different signs also works for R&D policies. Finally, I show that the model structure changes a lot after the 2008 financial crisis. We study the reactions of insurance companies to the unexpected interest shocks, which are defined by using the level and the slope of future contract interest rates. We find that on average, insurance companies have significantly positive abnormal returns following a positive unexpected shock in the level or the slope of interest rates: a 1% increase in the level or the slope of interest rates will increase the abnormal returns on average by 2.59% and 1.63%, respectively. We also find that insurance firms engage in maturity transformation in the opposite direction of banks: insurance companies, whose long-term debts will maturate in a very long term, will benefit from the increase in interest rate slope shocks rather than banks’ riding on the yield curve through a large mismatch between assets and liabilities. The empirical results provide important policy implications: interest rate shocks boost the value of insurance equities, with a decreasing effect on life, property & causality, and multi-line, but not for the reinsurance or insurance brokers. I investigate how the 2011 and 2014 EU stress tests affect the risk-taking of Euro-pean banks. I document a non-monotonic relationship between banks’ risk-shifting resulting from regulatory arbitrage and the tightness of their capital constraint (i.e., the distance between their ex-ante capital ratio and the regulatory level): banks with capital ratios marginally above the regulatory level do more regulatory arbitrage than banks with a level of capital ratio significantly below or above the regulatory level. I also study the indirect effect of the tests on the financing costs of banks which are excluded from the tests: their financing costs on the corporate bond market increase with the level of negative information released in the country in which they are located
13
Bielecki, Anton Gallegos. "The found footage narrative : reflexive mythology of survivor memory." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-found-footage-narrative-reflexive-mythology-of-survivor-memory(808152e8-26cb-49c6-881f-b59ab64285d8).html.
Анотація:
In 2014, as the number of survivors dwindles, the representation of their memory and testimony after they have gone becomes increasingly important. Although it is critical to discuss the historical facts of the atrocities of World War II, those facts often do not reach the personal experiences of many survivors, who can only express many of the details of their experiences through an expression of their memories through testimony. One such testimony is that of Wanda Bielecka, a survivor of Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp. This practice-based research (consisting of a film and accompanying thesis) explores her memories as they are expressed through her own testimony, and the testimony of her testimony of eleven members of her family. The practice element of the PhD consists of a 73-minute film called Wanda. Wanda is a found footage narrative, a new form of film developed to answer the following research question: how is survivor experience represented in the collective memory of a survivor’s family, and how can the form of the found footage narrative be used as a way of understanding the construction of that memory? This research will explore the collective memory of the Bielecka family around the events of Wanda’s life during World War II from her incarceration in Auschwitz to her eventual liberation and journey to Paris. This collective memory will be explored as a mythology around Wanda’s experience. The film itself will then reflexively reveal its’ own place in the construction of that mythology. A formal conception of the dialectical image is fundamental to the film’s form. This form has been developed through research into essayistic modes in literature and film. It will be shown that the found footage narrative is a form of film that can be used to research, not just the collective memory around Wanda’s experience, but also other instances of collective memory.
14
Canto, Cláudia Seneme do [UNESP]. "A imagem - pensamento: o potencial educativo do filme-ensaio com o Grupo Kino-Olho." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/144641.
Анотація:
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A seguinte pesquisa aborda o processo de construção de filmes-ensaio pelo Grupo de Pesquisa e Prática Cinematográfica Kino-Olho, de Rio Claro, interior de São Paulo que tem como objetivo ensinar cinema a jovens e adultos criando um espaço de aprendizado diferenciado capaz de trazer novas formas de pensar a educação e a educação e o cinema. Conforme explica MACHADO (2003), a produção de um filme-ensaio não tem como objetivo final atingir uma perfeição artística, mas sim o processo de produção; como se estes fossem rascunhos de uma obra, visando o pensamento e a construção por trás do filme. Assim, a pesquisa traz uma reflexão sobre os modos de afetação e de criação que possibilitam estas imagens e como elas escapam às modulações já existentes. A pesquisa se propõe a lidar com a incerteza e com o estar fora dos lugares fixos e estabelecidos. Aberta a mostrar quais pensamentos e que modos de produção de pensamentos as imagens do Grupo Kino-Olho criam, possibilitam, produzem e qual experiência é possível aos integrantes do grupo nesta produção. Como metodologia a pesquisa utilizará do registro e da leitura de dados em vídeo, abrangendo as discussões do grupo, o material dos filmes-ensaio e filmagem dos bastidores na realização dos mesmos. Tais filmagens (filme-ensaio e filmagem dos bastidores) resultarão num texto narrativo.
The following research approaches the essay-films construction process within the Kino-Olho Research Group from Rio Claro, the Rural section of São Paulo’ state. This group aims teaching youngs and adults how to make movies through the creating a space of learning capable of bringing new ways of thinking about education, and education and cinema, in general. According to MACHADO (2003), the production of essay-films does not aim artistic perfection. Instead, the focus is on the production process as if the masterpiece were being sketched through the thoughts and the construction behind the film. The research brings out new ways of deliberate on the modes of affection and creation that allow these images being created and how they escape the existent modulations. The present work, proposes to deal with the uncertainty of being out of the stablished places. Shows how and which thoughts and modes of production the pictures, from Kino-Olho create, allow, produce and what experience is possible for the people involved on this production. Concerning the methodology, the research is going to use the reading of the video data containing the group debates, the essay-films materials and the shootings making of the movies. Such shootings (essay-film and making of) are going to result in a narrative writing.
15
Yun, Ke. "Essays on firms' accounting quality." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/54179.
Анотація:
This dissertation consists of two essays that present new evidence on the determinants and consequences of accounting quality. The first essay examines the consequences of earnings quality on a firm’s use of trade credit. I use earnings smoothness, asymmetric timeliness of earnings (conservatism), and earnings management to proxy for earnings quality. Consistent with high accounting quality reducing information asymmetry between firms and stakeholders, I hypothesize and find that firms with higher accounting quality are able to obtain more trade credit from their suppliers. Using a customer-supplier paired subsample, I show that the results are robust after controlling for suppliers’ characteristics. Moreover, using the 2007–2008 financial crisis as an exogenous shock to credit supply, I show that the positive relation between trade credit and accounting quality is more pronounced during a period of credit tightening. Furthermore, I find that the characteristics of transacted products also impact the relation—the association is stronger when companies purchase services or differentiated goods. Finally, I show that the positive association is concentrated in small firms and firms without credit ratings on senior debt. Overall, the evidence suggests that high earnings quality facilitates firms’ access to trade credit from suppliers.
The second essay documents the effect of stock underpricing on firms’ financial reporting quality. I use mutual fund fire sales to identify relatively underpriced stocks and use performance-matched discretionary accruals to proxy for earnings management. Using difference-in-differences tests, I find that firms subjected to mutual fund fire sales increase their level of earnings management relative to unaffected firms. I also show that the effect is greater for firms experiencing more severe underpricing, firms with higher information asymmetry, and lower stock liquidity. In addition, earnings management is more pronounced in financially constrained firms. Finally, I examine whether earnings management helps stock price recovery, but find no evidence to support this hypothesis. In sum, the second essay finds that stock underpricing adversely affects firms’ financial reporting quality, an indirect effect of the stock market that has been previously overlooked.Business, Sauder School of
Graduate
16
Duo, Yi. "Essays on politically connected firms." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/63324.
Анотація:
This thesis explores a number of issues related to politically connected firms in two separate chapters. I follow Goldman et al. (2009), defining politically connected firms as those with at least one former politician serving as member of its board of directors, and construct a sample containing the S&P 500 firms between 2004 and 2013. The first chapter explores why firms seek these political connections, and how they benefit from two direct value extraction channels: government procurement and subsidies. I find that firms that aim for government contracts seek executive branch connections, while those that face heavy regulations target congressional connections. Next, I show that politically connected firms do get more government contracts and subsidies. Firm performance (using accounting based measures) suffers with government contracts and subsidies, and political connections fail to increase or decrease this negative relation, which suggests effective safeguards against overpricing and cronyism. However, politically connected firms do seem to enjoy a temporary increase in future ROA, when government contracts are taken into consideration. The second chapter asks if politically connected firms pay higher audit fees, and explores the underlying reasons. Prior studies have mixed implications on how risky these clients are for auditors. On the one hand, some studies suggest politically connected firms have lower accounting quality and face higher political risk, hence incur higher audit fees. On the other hand, less investor pressure and lower litigation and bankruptcy risks would decrease audit fees for firms with political connections. I find that politically connected firms do pay higher audit fees, and the effect is stronger for those with executive branch connections. Neither lower accounting quality nor higher political risk is found to be the underlying reason. The fact that many politically connected firms are government contractors, who are subject to additional regulations and government audit, is found to be the main factor for this difference in audit fee.Business, Sauder School of
Accounting, Division of
Graduate
17
Bajgar, Matej. "Essays on firms and globalisation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:cdee11d5-263e-4d9a-a11f-10e0f019bc2a.
Анотація:
This dissertation consists of three stand-alone substantive chapters. It examines how various aspects of globalisation - openness to international trade, inflows of foreign direct investment and exposure to foreign demand shocks - affect economic performance through their impact on individual firms. The first substantive chapter presents a theoretical model of international trade with heterogeneous firms that differ not only by their productivity but also by the distortions they face. For a particular distribution of productivity and distortions, it shows that the distortions which affect the domestic and export sales in the same way and are correlated with productivity reduce the welfare gains from trade, while the distortions affecting only domestic sales tend to increase them. In addition, it documents that correlated distortions lead to a bias in an influential recent method for estimating the gains from trade. The following chapter empirically examines the link between the presence of multinational companies and the export sophistication of domestic firms in an emerging economy. The analysis is based on the matched firm and customs panel data from Romania covering the period 2005-11. The results show a positive relationship between the unit values of goods exported and imported by Romanian firms and the multinational companies' presence in downstream (input sourcing) industries. These results are consistent with quality upgrading being an additional channel through which local suppliers benefit from contacts with their multinational customers. The last chapter examines how Romanian manufacturing firms reacted to a dramatic drop in the export demand during the global trade collapse of 2008 and 2009. The exogenous effect of a fall in exports is identified by instrumenting exports with a firm-specific index of foreign demand. The results indicate that exporting firms were unable to redirect their sales to the domestic market and were forced to abruptly reduce their employment, material expenditure and investment, passing the shock to their suppliers. The results suggest that the export status of a firm may be a poor predictor of its vulnerability to a negative foreign demand shock.
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Staes, Aurore. "Essays on Firms' Private Information." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020EHES0091.
Анотація:
Cette thèse est constituée de trois chapitres et s'organise en deux parties. Chaque partie traite d'un problème théorique particulier relatif à la question de l'information privée des entreprises.La première partie traite de l'architecture des politiques environnementales et de l'information privée des entreprises. Le premier chapitre analyse la possibilité de mettre en place un accord climatique international quand l'asymétrie d'information touche à la fois les pays et les entreprises domestiques. Nous prenons en compte les contraintes clés dans la modélisation d'un tel accord: hétérogénéité des pays, asymétrie d'information aux niveaux national et international et participation de tous les pays. Nous obtenons l'accord de premier et de deuxième rang. Nous montrons que l'accord optimal ne se caractérise pas nécessairement par un prix unique du carbone. En effet, en présence d'un double niveau d'asymétrie d'information, l'accord de deuxième rang se définit par des prix du carbone qui diffèrent d'un pays à l'autre. Nous mettons ainsi en lumière la sous-optimalité d'un accord qui reposerait sur un prix unique du carbone. La seconde partie de la thèse, organisée en deux chapitres, s'intéresse à l'interaction entre deux outils de communication le signal par le prix et la divulgation d'information par un tiers qui sont utilisés par les entreprises pour révéler leur information privée aux consommateurs. Le deuxième chapitre s'attache à l'examen d'une divulgation d'information par un tiers sous la forme d'une certification menée par un intermédiaire: un certificateur. Un monopole a le choix entre payer pour cette certification ou utiliser son prix pour signaler sa qualité. Le certificateur est stratégique, soit à la recherche de son propre profit, soit il agit dans l'intérêt du monopole. Je montre tout d'abord que la structure des coûts d'audit engagés par le certificateur détermine le type de monopole qui choisit la certification. Je montre ensuite que les caractéristiques de la certification la probabilité d'audit et les frais de certification varient selon la motivation du certificateur. Le troisième chapitre étudie une divulgation d'information par un tiers qui se caractérise par deux étapes: la certification et l'obtention d'un label.Celle-ci implique deux intermédiaires: un certificateur et un détenteur du label et deux types de coût: un frais de certification et un prix du label. Un monopole choisit entre payer pour cette divulgation ou signaler sa qualité par le prix. Je caractérise la divulgation quand le certificateur maximise son profit et le détenteur du label est soit à la recherche de son propre profit, soit il agit dans l'intérêt du monopole. Je montre que, quand le détenteur du label défend le monopole, le prix du label ainsi que la répartition du surplus dépendent de la nature de la compétition entre certificateurs. En particulier, si ce détenteur du label souhaite empêcher la capture du surplus par un certificateur, il devra favoriser la compétition entre certificateurs ou, quand cela est impossible, choisir un prix du label élevéThis thesis consists of three chapters and is organized in two parts. Each part deals with a particular theoreticalissue of firms' private information.The first part of the thesis is devoted to the architecture of global warming policies and firms' private information.The first chapter analyses which global agreement can be implemented in presence of two-tiers asymmetry of information coming from both countries and domestic firms. We impose several key constraints on the design of such a regulatory policy: heterogeneity of countries, two-tier private information both at domestic and international levels and full participation. We derive the optimal first and second-best agreement. It is shown that the optimal global agreement does not always entail a uniform price for carbon. In presence of domestic firm's private information, the second-best agreement entails prices for carbon that differ from one country to another. We thereby highlight the failure of the Law of One Carbon Price. In the second part of the thesis that comprises two chapters, I study the interaction between two communication tools --- price signaling and third-party disclosure --- that firms may use to reveal their private information to consumers. The second chapter examines a third-party disclosure that consists in a certification handled by a middleman: a certifier. A monopolist has the choice between paying for that disclosure or using price to signal quality. The strategic certifier is either a for-profit entity or an entity that defends the monopolist' interest. I first show that the structure of audit costs incurred by the middlemen affects the type of monopolist that chooses certification. I then show that the characteristics of the certification ---audit probability and certification fee--- vary with the motivation of the strategic middleman. More specifically, a for-profit certifier, whenever it is possible, will not audit and put the highest feasible fee while a certifier defending the monopolist will audit with a certain probability and select the lowest possible fee. This chapter thereby contributes to a better understanding of the certification industry.The last chapter studies a third-party disclosure that consists of two steps: certification and labeling. It involves two middlemen --- the certifier and the owner of the label --- and it includes a certification fee and a price for the label. A monopolist has the choice between paying for that disclosure or signaling quality through price.I derive the disclosure when the certifier is a for-profit private entityand the label owner is private either a for-profit entity or an entity that defends the monopolist' interest. I show that, when the label owner defends the monopolist, the price of that label and the sharing of the surplus depend on the nature of certifiers' competition. In particular, I find that, a label owner defending the monopolist in order to prevent the certifier from capturing the surplus should favor competition between certifiers or, when that is not possible, monetize the label
19
Santoleri, Pietro. "Essays on young firms' dynamics." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E011.
Анотація:
A la lumière du rôle de premier plan joué par les entreprises jeunes dans la définition du processus de destruction créatrice et dans la création globale d’emplois, cette thèse fournit de nouvelles preuves de la dynamique de ce segment du système de production. La thèse s’articule autour des thèmes suivants : i) le rôle joué par les activités d’innovation dans la promotion de la croissance de l’emploi dans les jeunes entreprises ; ii) l’impact de la récession économique sur les taux de croissance des jeunes entreprises par rapport aux petites entreprises ; iii) le rôle joué par les politiques publiques dans le soutien aux entreprises innovantes. Le chapitre 1 examine le lien sous-étudié entre les activités d’innovation et la croissance de l’emploi dans les entreprises nouvellement créées. Basés sur un ensemble de données représentatif d’une cohorte d’entreprises américaines créées en 2004, les résultats soulignent la pertinence de la recherche et du développement et des brevets pour favoriser la croissance et, en particulier, la performance à forte croissance des entreprises nouvellement créées. Le chapitre 2 fournit des éléments de preuve supplémentaires sur la relation entre innovation et croissance en utilisant des données chiliennes et se concentre sur les différences de rendement de l’innovation pour les entreprises jeunes et matures. Les résultats montrent que l’innovation profite aux entreprises à forte croissance. Cependant, ces résultats se concrétisent en particulier pour les entreprises matures et dans le cas d’innovation de procédé, alors que les activités innovantes ne semblent pas être une condition préalable à la performance à forte croissance des jeunes entreprises. Ces résultats mettent en évidence le fait que les rendements de l’innovation pourraient être spécifiques au contexte. Le chapitre 3 porte sur l’impact de la récession à double creux sur la performance de croissance des jeunes entreprises par rapport aux petites entreprises. En utilisant des données pour dix pays de la zone euro, les résultats montrent que les petites entreprises n’ont pas été particulièrement touchées, voire plus performantes, alors que les jeunes entreprises ont enregistré une nette diminution de leur taux de croissance. Dans l’analyse, nous constatons également que le canal de la contrainte financière semble être l’une des forces responsables des résultats susmentionnésIn light of the prominent role played by young firms in shaping the creative destruction process and contributing to overall job creation, this thesis provides novel evidence on the dynamics of these segment of the productive system. In particular, the dissertation revolves around the following topics: i) the role played by innovation activities in fostering employment growth in young firms; ii) the impact of the economic recession of the growth rates of young vs. small firms; iii) the role played by public policies in supporting innovative entrants. In more detail, Chapter 1 examines the under-researched nexus between innovation activities and employment growth in newly born firms. Based on a representative dataset for a cohort of US firms born in 2004, the results highlight the relevance of R&D and patenting to foster growth and, especially, high-growth performance for newly-born firms. Chapter 2 provides additional evidence on the relationship between innovation and growth by using Chilean data and focus on how returns to innovation differ for young and mature firms. Results show that innovation benefits high-growth firms. However, these results materialize especially for mature firms and in the case of process innovation whereas innovative activities do not appear to be a prerequisite for high-growth performance in young businesses. These findings highlight how the returns to innovation might be context specific. Chapter 3 focuses on the impact of the double-dip recession on the growth performance of young vis-à-vis small firms. Using data for ten Eurozone countries, the findings show that small firms were not particularly affected - if anything they performed better - whereas young firms experienced a marked decrease in their growth rates. In the analysis we also find that the financial constraint channel appears to be one of the forces responsible for the above results. In Chapter 4 the main focus is the investigation of the role of public policy in providing support for the performance of innovative new firms. In particular, we investigate the impact of a recent policy implemented in Italy (i.e. the “Start-up Act”). The analysis indicates an overall positive effect of the program on a wide range of firm-level outcomes
20
Sellier, Geneviève. "Les films de jean gremillon : essai d'analyse narratologique." Paris 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA030227.
Анотація:
La these aborde successivement et chronologiquement les longsmetrages de fiction de jean gremillon, depuis maldone (1927) jusqu'a l'amour d'une femme (1954), avant de faire la synthese de l'oeuvre. A travers l'analyse des ecarts entre histoire, recit et narration, de la construction des personnages et du travail sur les acteurs, enfin de l'utilisation du montage narratif et des figures de focalisation, il s'agit de montrer un fonctionnement recurrent du texte filmique, mais aussi des ruptures et des evolutions. Cela nous amene a tenter d'evaluer la place de gremillon dans la production de son temps, en particulier son rapport au melodrame; puis nous mettons en evidence une problematique centree sur la critique du cinema dominant comme alienation du spectateur, et sur la construction de personnages feminins "alternatifs", destines a valoriser le quotidien, dans un cadre qui utilise systematiquement les exterieurs naturelsThe thesis deals in chronological order with the full length films of jean gremillon, from "maldone" (1927) to "the love of a women" (1954), before discussing his work as a whole. By analysing the divergence between the story itself and the sequence of events and their presentation, the creating of the characters and the interpretation of the actors, and lastly the editing of the narrative and of the visual images, we have attempted to show how certain themes recur in the films while others are developed and break new ground. This leads us to try to evaluate the position of gremillon's films in relation other works of this period and in paricular to other melodramas. Finally we discuss the question of a cinema wich aims to alienate the audience, and of the cration of "alternative" female characters who reinstate the value of everyday life in sets wich systematically make use of natural exteriors
21
Sellier, Geneviève. "Les Films de Jean Grémillon essai d'analyse narratologique /." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37609868c.
22
Broad, Lynne English Media & Performing Arts Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences UNSW. "Chris Marker: A stylistic analysis of his film and media work." Publisher:University of New South Wales. English, Media, & Performing Arts, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41548.
Анотація:
This thesis explores the poetics of editing in the films and multimedia works of Chris Marker. From his first essay films of the 1950s to his 1998 CD-ROM Immemory, the directors work has attracted critical attention for its beauty and originality of expression. Much existing analysis engages with this work in terms of its subject matter and themes and their relationship with its associational, rather than linear, narrative form, with relatively little focus on the stylistics of Markers editing. While questions of the directors thematic concerns also arise in my study, I argue that Markers contribution to cinema and the visual arts cannot be fully appreciated without a systematic understanding of his stylisticshis expressive use of cinematic forms and patterns. In developing such an understanding, this thesis utilises the work of a number of film writers explicitly concerned with the expressive use of cinematic space and time. From Andr?? Bazin, I take the idea of rapprochement to mean the way the comparison between two juxtaposed events or images suggests or expresses the meaning of their juxtaposition. From Jean-Andr?? Fieschi, I draw on the idea that the dialectical interaction of the plastic, formal and narrative elements of a film gives meaning to its cinematic space and time. My approach synthesises and builds upon both ideas for its account of the stylistics of Markers work. Starting with a preliminary analysis of one cinematic comparison in The Case of the Grinning Cat (2004), I then consider Markers exploration of the imaginative potential of a single image sequence in The Last Bolshevik (1993). After this, I explore examples of the stylistic figure of rapprochement in Letter from Siberia (1958), and the stylistic figure of transformation in Sunless (1982). The thesis then studies articulations of rapprochement and transformation in the museum installations Zapping Zone: Proposals for an Imaginary Television (1991), Silent Movie (1995) and the CD-ROM Immemory.
23
Wellton, Pascal. "Att tala i ord och bild: : Den audiovisuella essäns historiska utveckling." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Bildproduktion, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-30730.
Анотація:
The audio visual essay, or ”film/video essay” as it might be better known, has in recent years started to enjoy a level of popularity previously unseen in its long and obscure history; encouraging a proper reexamination of the genre through the years, to see how it has developed and changed throughout its lifetime to finally arrive at where it is today. With a lineage stretching back across the centuries, through to the 16th -century writings of Michel de Montaigne, the essay format, either as it manifests in the traditions of literature or the audio visual mode, is a curious form of expression, preferring an indirect route towards knowledge, marked by quandary, reflection, the trying and retrying ideas in a process built around the act of searching. Because of its unusual and shifting nature, on both a formal and discursive level, coupled with a propensity for analysis and dialectical reasoning, it has been a staple of transgressive aesthetic practices, landing it with several of leading experimental filmmakers and movements of the pre- and postwar eras. Interestingly, however, in the new cultural landscape, shaped by the advent of the digital revolution, it has also been involved in a politically transgressive arena of democratized home productions, sparking discussion about the imperative conditions and potential future possibilities of media creation as a whole. To make sense of these historical proceedings, and the forces which impel them, a cohesive definition of the genre is in order, which can then be used as the basis of a functional historical model. As such, the following questions are prompted: What characteristics define the audio visual essay, in what ways has it manifested throughout its history and, by extension, how does one go about formulating a conception of its history? To accommodate these queries both an essayistic mode of analysis, concerning a work’s discursive and formalistic properties, and a chronological lineage of the audio visual essay, is proposed, and applied to different historical examples, to map out paths of development and progression as well as the genres response to the varying cultural, social, political and technological forces during its lifetime.
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Cencig, Javier Esteban. "Estrategias do discurso no cinema não ficcional." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/284666.
Анотація:
Orientador: Marcius Cesar Soares FreireDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Artes
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Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar estratégias do discurso no domínio documentário ou não ficcional a partir da análise de três filmes de diferentes épocas e suas particularidades metodológicas, abordando a formação histórica que os envolve. O principal critério para a escolha dos filmes, além do grande apreço que lhes tenho, foi o fato de terem como tema condições de vida em cenários de exclusão, quer seja por meio da marginalização ou da reclusão, de homens e mulheres em diferentes contextos sociais
Abstract: This work's main purpose is to identify discourse strategies in the non-fictional domain based on the analysis of three movies from different moments and their methodological particularities, approaching their historical formation. The choice of the movies was carried out based on the fact they share the subject of life conditions in exclusion scenarios, whether it is by reclusion or marginalization, of men and women in different social contexts.
Mestrado
Mestre em Multimeios
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Niney, François. "L'epreuve du reel a l'ecran essai sur le principe de realite documentaire." Paris 3, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA030122.
Анотація:
Depuis l'invention des freres lumiere, actualites, documentaires, reportages nous convient a des visions toujours plus "immediates", plus proches, plus "vraies" de la realite "sur le vif". Que valent ces miroirs argentiques et electroniques des evenements ? que nous donnent-elles a voir et croire ces doublures auxquelles nous confions la tache paradoxale de nous demontrer le monde et d'en produire la verite ? a travers l'evolution historique des formes du documentaire, ce travail questionne nos manieres de representer et voir la realite a travers le discours des images, ainsi que les regimes de croyance que suscite la soi-disant "objectivite" des prises de vues. Croire a l'adequation de l'image au reel "tel quel", du commentaire aux "evenements" comme s'il y avait des vues sans point de vue, des faits sans interpretation - n'est-ce pas couper dans toutes les propagandes audiovisuelles qui ont en commun de promettre la verite a ciel ouvert ? en contrepoint de cette critique de fond, l'ouvrage explore les figures du langage cinematographique comme manieres de decouper, traduire, reflechir le monde, de decouvrir de nouvelles relations sujet/objet, reel/fiction, voir/savoir, ou au contraire de reproduire des cliches vraisemblables. Tableau vivant du cinema primitif, invention du montage, documentarisme social et propagandiste d'avant-guerre, nouvelle-vague de l'apres-guerre, documentaire joue a l'americaine et neo-realisme italien, cinema-verite et cinema direct, dogme de l'objectivite tv et preuve par l'image, camera subjective et machines de vision, archives, reconstitutions: telles sont les entrees dans ce parcours critique ou realite et fiction, vrai et faux jouent a cache-cache. Andre bazin ne disait-il pas que "le cadre est un cache ?".
26
Bai, Jie Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Essays on firms in developing countries." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/104483.
Анотація:
Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Economics, 2016.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 223-231).
This thesis consists of three chapters on microeconomic issues of firms in developing countries and the impact of government policies on business growth. The first chapter examines firms' incentive to establish a reputation for quality. A key problem in developing countries is the lack of reliable provision of high quality goods and services. I designed an experiment to understand this phenomenon in a setting that features typical market conditions in a developing country: the retail watermelon market in a major Chinese city. I begin by demonstrating empirically that there is substantial asymmetric information between sellers and buyers on sweetness, the key indicator of quality for watermelons, yet sellers do not sort and price watermelons by quality. I then randomly introduce one of two branding technologies into 40 out of 60 markets-one sticker label that is widely used and often counterfeited and one novel laser-cut label. I track sellers' quality, pricing and sales over an entire season and collect household panel purchasing data to examine the demand side's response. I find that laser branding induced sellers to provide higher quality and led to higher sales profits, establishing that reputational incentives are present and can be made to pay. However, after the intervention was withdrawn, all markets reverted back to baseline. To rationalize the experimental findings, I build an empirical model of consumer learning and seller reputation. The results indicate that information frictions and fragmented markets lead to significant under-provision of quality in this setting. Though there is a high demand for quality, trust could take a long time to establish under the existing branding technology, which makes reputation building a low return investment. While the new branding technology enhances consumer learning, small individual sellers do not have the incentive to invest in this technology due to their small market size and market competition. The second chapter (co-authored with Seema Jayachandran, Edmund J. Malesky and Benjamin Olken) considers how local governments' bribe extraction could interact with firms' growth. We propose a model in which government officials' choice of how much bribe money to extract from firms is modulated by inter-jurisdictional competition. The model predicts that economic growth decreases the rate of bribe extraction under plausible assumptions, with the benefit to officials of demanding a given share of revenue as bribes outweighed by the increased risk that firms will move elsewhere. A second prediction is that the negative effect of growth on bribery is larger if firms are more mobile. We find empirical support for these predictions. In particular, we employ two instrumental variables strategies-one based on growth in a firm's industry in other provinces within Vietnam and another based on industry growth in neighboring China and find that growth causes a decrease in bribe extraction. Our results suggest that as poor countries grow, corruption could subside on "its own." Consistent with the model's predictions, we find that the effect is for firms whose property rights to their land are transferable and who have operations in multiple provinces, two proxies for geographic mobility. The third chapter examines the impact of internal trade barriers on firms' performance and export activities. It is well known that various forms of non-tariff barriers exist among Chinese provinces. However, empirically, it is difficult to measure these barriers because they can take many forms. I take advantage of an export VAT rebate policy reform in 2004 as a natural experiment to identify the existence of internal trade barriers and study the impact on TFP and resource allocation. In particular, as a result of shifting tax rebate burdens, the 2004 reform leads to a greater incentive for the provincial governments to block the domestic flow of non-local goods related to exporting. I find that foreign trade companies in the coastal region become more "inward-looking" in the years after the reform, consistent with rising local trade barriers. The value of exports through intermediaries grows less in the inland region relative to the coastal region, and the negative effect is larger in inland provinces with greater exposure to the reform, measured using baseline reliance on trade through intermediaries. I extend the standard open-economy heterogeneous firm model by adding an intermediary sector as in Ahn, Khandelwal and Wei (2011) but with a new focus on the intermediary's role of domestic sourcing. The model can be used to analyze general equilibrium effects, examine firms' entry and exit into exporting, and quantify the distortion on TFP.
by Jie Bai.
Ph. D.
27
Grassi, Basile. "Essays on firms dynamics in macroeconomics." Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010089.
Анотація:
Les entreprises sont l’unité de production d’une économie moderne. Les matières premières y sont transformées en biens destinés à la consommation ou en biens utilisés par d’autres entreprises. Ces entreprises sont nombreuses et très différentes. Certaines sont très grandes, tandis que d’autres sont de petite taille. Ces entreprises hétérogènes font face à l’évolution de leur demande et de leur productivité qui façonnent leur dynamique. Le produit intérieur (PIB) est la somme de la valeur ajoutée des entreprises hétérogènes qui composent une économie. Il semble donc naturel de penser que la dynamique du PIB est l’agrégation de la dynamique des entreprises. Cependant, la littérature macroéconomique traditionnelle, par exemple la théorie des cycles réels (RBC), suppose une entreprise représentative. La dynamique de l’agrégat est seulement déterminée par un choc qui affecte cette entreprise représentative. Ceci est équivalent à supposer que des chocs parfaitement corrélés affectent toutes les entreprises d’une économie de la même manière. [...]Firms are the productive unit of a modern economy. It is where inputs are transformed in goods used for consumption or as inputs for other firms. These firms are numerous and very different from one another. Some are very large, while others are small. These heterogeneous firms face changes in their demand and productivity that shape their dynamics. The growth domestic product (GDP) is the sum of the value added of all the heterogeneous firms that compose an economy. It thus seems natural to think that the dynamics of the GDP is the aggregation of the dynamics of firms. However, the conventional wisdom in the macroeconomics literature, for example the real business cycle (RBC) theory, assumes one representative firm. The dynamics of the aggregate is only driven by a shock that affects the representative firm. This is equivalent to assuming perfectly correlated shocks that affect all the firms of an economy in the same way. […]
28
Zhang, Yanren. "Essays on incentives in family firms." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=192157.
Анотація:
This thesis consists of one literature review and three self-contained essays that discuss management transfers, work incentives and age structures in family firms. In the literature review, I summarize and structure recent studies on management transfer in family firms. The first essay focuses on the incentive effects of age structure in a single firm, and argues that compressed age structures are negatively related to firm performance, which provides a mechanism that causes the underperformance of dynastic management. In the second essay, I extend the single-firm analysis to a multi-firm scenario and find children prefer to work for their own family if the age gap between levels is large. Otherwise, they leave and work for other families. As a result, increased life expectancy leads to the separation between ownership and management, and family-managed firms have more compressed age structures than their professionally managed counterparts. In the third and final essay, I study the issue of self-enforcement in promotion tournaments and find organizations using rank-order contracts may still act opportunistically even when there exists no agency problem between owners and managers. Furthermore, both the wage-seniority profile and governance structure determine the credibility of rank-order contracts, which provides an alternative rationale for returns to seniority and underperformance of dynastic management.
29
Adrjan, Pawel. "Essays on firms and employee compensation." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b1ae8a91-5c82-4148-9956-fd5a5e6843ed.
Анотація:
This DPhil thesis is a collection of three empirical papers that study the role of firms in the UK labour market. Each chapter focuses on firms at different points in their lifecycle. Young firms are an engine of job creation but little is known about the quality of the jobs that they offer. In Chapter 1, I use a matched employer-employee dataset to study how starting wages and lifecycle earnings of employees differ between young and mature firms. I find that young firms pay a small premium to new hires, but subsequent wage growth is better at mature firms, both within continuing job matches and when individuals change jobs. Crucially, highly-paid and stable jobs at young firms have become increasingly rare over time, as young firms themselves have become less likely to survive and attain high productivity levels - both in absolute terms and relative to mature firms over the same period. Policies that aim to stimulate job growth by encouraging the formation of new firms should therefore pay close attention to the types of firms that form. Chapter 2 asks what determines the proportion of a firm's income that workers receive as compensation. I use longitudinal firm data from a period of substantial labour share variation to understand the firm-level determinants of the labor share of income - a question that has typically only been addressed with country- and sector-level data. Estimating a dynamic model using GMM, I find that firms with greater market power and a higher ratio of capital to labour allocate a smaller proportion of their value added to workers. Testing the impact of tangible and intangible capital on low- and high-wage firms leads to conclusions consistent with the hypothesis of capital-skill complementarity. Overall, the results suggest that firm-level drivers play a key role in the evolution of the aggregate labour share, which has declined significantly since the 1970s. Chapter 3 co-authored with Brian Bell, focuses on mature firms and asks how wages at such firms respond to idiosyncratic firm-level cost shocks. We create a unique dataset that links longitudinal data on workers' compensation to the unexpected costs related to firms' legacy defined benefit pension plans. We show that firms are able to share the burden of such costs when a significant share of their workers are current or former members of the plan. We also find that firms that respond to deficits by closing down the pension plans effectively reduce the total compensation of plan members. These results point to significant frictions in the labour market, which we show are a direct result of the pension arrangement that workers have. Yet closing schemes has an implicit cost for firms, since it reduces the frictions that workers face, and increases mobility.
30
Costa, Magali Pedro. "Three essays on firms' financial distress." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/17512.
Анотація:
Financial and output market decisions are crucial to the success or failure of an or-
ganization. These decisions are influenced by the dynamic and competitive economic
environment in which firms operate and, in turn, affect the ability of firms to meet their
debt obligations.
This thesis is constituted by three separate but interrelated essays which explore the
impact of financial and operating decisions on the default risk. The first two essays study
the equilibrium default probability, in a two-stage differentiated product duopoly model
with uncertainty, where firms decide their financial structure in the first stage and their
quantities in the second stage. These two essays analyze the impact of changes in the
parameters of the model, on the equilibrium default probability (the first essay uses com-
parative statics tools while the second uses numerical simulation). The impact of changes
in the uncertainty level, in the degree of product substitutability, in the marginal costs
and in the default cost on the financing and output decisions and on the default risk are
analyzed. The third essay tests empirical the relationship between market structure and
capital structure decisions and their relationship with the default probability using a sam-
ple of eleven members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD).
The three essays reach a coherent set of conclusions. In particular, they show that
uncertainty, market structure and default costs influence financial and product market de-
cisions and the probability of default. Moreover, they show that the default probability is
influenced directly by the parameters, but it is also influenced by the way firms optimally
adjust their financial and product market decisions when the parameters change. There-
fore a less favorable environment does not necessarily imply higher default probability, as
firms may respond by financing less with debt; RESUMO:Decisões financeiras e no mercado do produto são cruciais para o sucesso ou falência de
uma organização. Estas decisões são influenciadas pelo ambiente econômico, dinâmico e
competitivo em que as empresas operam e, por sua vez, afetam a capacidade das empresas
cumprirem suas obrigações.
Esta tese é constituída por três ensaios distintos, mas interrelacionados que exploram
o impacto das decisões financeiras e operacionais sobre o risco de incumprimento. Os dois
primeiros ensaios estudam a probabilidade de incumprimento de equilíbrio, num modelo
duopólio, com produtos diferenciados, com dois estágios e com incerteza, onde as em-
presas no primeiro estágio decidem a sua estrutura financeira, e no segundo estágio as
suas quantidades. Estes dois ensaios analisam o impacto de alterações dos parâmetros
do modelo na probabilidade de incumprimento de equilíbrio (o primeiro ensaio usa ferra-
mentas de estática comparada, enquanto o segundo usa simulação numérica). É analisado
o impacto de mudanças no nível de incerteza, no grau de substituibilidade do produto,
nos custos marginais e no custo de incumprimento sobre as decisões de financiamento e
de produção, e sobre o risco de incumprimento. O terceiro ensaio testa empíricamente a
relação entre estrutura de mercado e as decisões da estrutura de capital e a sua relação
com a probabilidade de incumprimento, utilizando uma amostra de onze membros da
Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Económico (OCDE).
Os três ensaios chegam a um conjunto coerente de conclusões. Nomeadamente, mostram
que a incerteza, a estrutura de mercado e custos de incumprimento infuenciam as decisões
financeiras e no mercado do produto e a probabilidade de incumprimento. Além disso,
mostram que a probabilidade de incumprimento é infuênciada diretamente pelos parâmetros
, mas também é infuênciada pela forma como as empresas ajustam de forma ótima as
suas decisões financeiras e no mercado do produto quando os parâmetros alteram. Por
conseguinte, um ambiente menos favorável não significa necessariamente maior probabilidade
de incumprimento, uma vez que as empresas podem responder financiando-se com menos dívida
31
Runmark, Henrik. "I mellanrum och marginaler: Essäfilm : En närläsning av essäistisk form och samhällskritik i två svenskproducerade filmer." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för film och litteratur (IFL), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-103947.
Анотація:
This study is a close reading of how Shapeshifters (Sophie Vuković, 2017) and Inuti diamanten (Viktor Johansson, 2020) produce social criticism through essayistic forms. Using relevant research and theories on essay film, the first part of this study explores essayistic form in above mentioned films. It demonstrates how the use of voiceover, narrative structure and other filmic forms in Shapeshifters and Inuti diamanten can be described as essayistic. The second part combines the implications of the first part with theories on essayistic form and its capacity of societal critique. It reveals how an essayistic form allows these filmmakers to produce social critique in similar and different ways. Research about essay film is an expanding field of film studies that has become increasingly relevant in our postmodern society. Investigating a more personal, complex and open style of filmmaking, essay film studies offer new ways of making, watching and analyzing film. A shortage of attentiveness to essay film in Swedish film studies has urged this study to expand the research and explore essay filmmaking in contemporary Sweden.
32
Brunet, Nicole. "Essai d'analyse cinématographique de la communauté des Sauniers de l'île de Noirmoutier." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375964656.
33
Choi, Hye Lin. "Essays in Multinational Firms and Productivity Growth of Domestically-Owned Firms." The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1396886658.
34
Sainati, Augusto. "Le rapport film-comique-spectateur : essai de typologie et d'analyse." Paris 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA030177.
Анотація:
Le but decette these est d'etudier les determinations qui pesent sur la lecture du film comique effectuee par le spectateur. Apres avoir fait le point sur l'etat de la recherche en matiere de film comique, dans la premiere partie du travail on propose une typologie des configurations textuelles susceptibles e donner lieu a un effet comique. Cette typologie est developpee a partir de la problematique de la coherence. Une analyse des positions que le film assigne au spectateur lors de la lecture est egalement proposee. Dans la deuxieme partie, apres une discussion des limites des conceptions purement textualistes, on analyse l'influence du contexte historico-culturel dans la determination du comique. L'exemple choisi est celui des films de l'acteur italien toto, consideres dans leur fonctionnement comique par rapport aucontexte socio-culturel de l'italie des annees trente et de l'apres-guerre. Enfin, dans la conclusion, on met en question l'applicabilite de la notion d'effet-fiction au film comique a la lumiere des analyses proposees, pour conclure que celui-ci n'est pas un film de fictiion au sens pleinThe aim of this thesis is the study of influences which determine comic film interpretation by the spectator. After an overview of the state-of-the-art research in the field of comic film, in the first part a typology of textual structures that can lead to comic effects is proposed. This typology is developed on the basis of theories on coherence. An analysis of positions that film assigns to spectator in the course of interpretation is also proposed. In the second part, after a discussion of the limits in referring only to theories on text, we study historical and cultural influences in determining the reading of comic films. As an example, we study some films of the italian actor toto, examined in their comic functioning with reference to the italian cultural context of the thirties and of the post-war period. Finally, we discuss the apppicability of notion of fiction effect to comic film, and we argue that comic film is not completely a fiction film
35
Queiroz, Ruben Caixeta de. "Les Waiwai du nord de l'Amazonie (Brésil) et la rencontre interculturelle : un essai d'anthropologie filmique." Paris 10, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA100049.
Анотація:
Jusqu'aux annees quarante, les indiens waiwai vivaient disperses dans la region de la frontiere separant le bresil de la guyane. Appartenant au groupe carib, ils etaient repartis en petits villages lies entre eux par un reseau d'echanges d'ordre commercial, matrimonial et rituel. Vers 1947, une mission evangeliste nordamericaine introduisit de nouveaux elements dans la societe waiwai et contraignit les indiens a modifier leurs anciennes formes culturelles pour les adapter au nouvel ordre religieux. Le sujet de la these traite de cette rencontre interculturelle et de certains de ses effets. Grace a l'observation directe et aux enregistrements filmiques concernant deux techniques materielles et un rituel, est montree la maniere dont les waiwai se sont approprie les elements materiels et symboliques provenant du monde exterieur en vue de reproduire et raviver leur societe. L'enquete ethno-cinematographique revele une societe dynamique, creative, qui ne se borne pas a reproduire les formes traditionnelles. Aussi ce travail s'inscrit-il dans une perspective differente de celles adoptees par la plupart des cineastes americanistes. En effet, ces derniers montrent ou evoquent plus volontiers, soit les indiens figes dans le monde de leurs traditions, evitant le contact avec l'exterieur, soit, au contraire, des societes indigenes au seuil de la disparition et de la degradation culturelle, perverties par le monde occidental. La premiere partie de la these presente des exemples d'anthropologues-cineastes qui ont traite de la rencontre interculturelle, a partir d'un panorama general dela production de films ethnographiques sur les indiens du bresil. Puis sont exposees les conditions dans lesquelles nous nous sommes inseres dans la societe waiwai lors de la realisation de nos films {rati, kanawayischiputire, shodewiko). La deuxieme partie, concernant certaines techniques materielles waiwai, decrit la methode et les mises en scene utilisees pour realiser nos films. Nous y presentons les raisons pour lesquelles ont ete adoptees certaines strategies filmiques. La troisieme partie, tout en evoquant les attitudes methodologiques qui ont guide la realisation, compare le rituel traditionnel du shodewiko tel que l'a decrit niels fock en 1963 avec le rituel actuel, tel qu'il apparait dans nos enregistrements. Cela nous permet de proposer une interpretation des changements affecta
36
Riedel, Nadine. "Essays on the Taxation of Multinational Firms." Diss., lmu, 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-85304.
37
Xu, Ting. "Essays on entrepreneurship and closely-held firms." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62597.
Анотація:
This thesis contains three essays on entrepreneurship and close-held firms. The first essay examines the feedback role of crowdfunding, a new financing method that allows entrepreneurs to raise finance online directly from the public. Using a novel dataset from Kickstarter, I show that crowdfunding outcome signals to entrepreneurs the product market potential of their projects and guides entrepreneurs’ subsequent commercialization decisions. Exploiting weather-induced variation in pledged funds within unfunded projects (which receive no financing), I find that entrepreneurs who received more pledging are more likely to complete and commercialize their projects. Consistent with the real option value of crowdfunding feedback, entrepreneurs on Kickstarter launch riskier projects when crowdfunding becomes more costly relative to alternative financing. These results highlight the role of crowdfunding in improving the information environment faced by early-stage entrepreneurs. The second essay, co-authored with Jan Bena, studies how product market competition affects firms’ ownership structures. Using a large sample of closely held firms in eighteen European countries, we show that firms operating in more competitive environments have lower inside ownership and that the stakes of their outside shareholders are more dispersed. These results are explained by competition increasing the need to raise external equity and reducing private control benefits. Our findings suggest that, by changing corporate ownership structure, competition mitigates incentive misalignment among shareholders, leading to better firm performance and gains in economic efficiency. The third essay studies the effect of shareholder excess control rights on creditors. I show that excess control rights can benefit creditors despite its negative effect previously documented on minority shareholders. Using a sample of U.S. dual-class firms, I find that dual-class firms take less business and financial risk than similar single-class firms, consistent with controlling insiders’ emphasis on long-term survival to access ongoing private benefits of control. Such risk avoidance translates into lower borrowing costs for dual-class firms. Further, lenders seem to be able to use specific covenants to prevent potential expropriations by controlling insiders. These results suggest that the overall effect of excess control rights on firm value may not be as negative as we previously thought.Business, Sauder School of
Finance, Division of
Graduate
38
Wilson, Linus. "Essays on the financial governance of firms." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2007. http://ora.ouls.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d7b12d53-d530-438e-bbe6-366d356ac37f.
39
Kattuman, Paul A. "Three essays on the growth of firms." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.295124.
40
Kuegler, Alice. "Empirical essays on inventors, workers and firms." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/267840.
Анотація:
My research seeks to understand the behaviour of workers and firms and how their decisions affect labour market outcomes. My PhD dissertation consists of three separate Chapters that use detailed historical, census and administrative data to gain insights into the mechanisms at play when incentives for production and location decisions change. Chapter 1 asks whether financial incentives can induce inventors to innovate more. I exploit a large reduction in the patent fee in the United Kingdom in 1884 to distinguish between its effect on increased efforts to invent, and a decrease in patent quality due to a lower quality threshold. For this analysis I create a detailed new dataset of 54,000 British inventors with renewal information for each patent. In the longer run high-quality patenting increases by over 100 percent, and the share of new patents due to greater effort accounts for three quarters of the pre-reform share of high-quality patents. To test for the presence of credit constraints I generate two wealth proxies from inventor names and addresses, and find a larger innovation response for inventors with lower wealth. These results indicate efficiency gains from decreasing the cost of inventing and in addition, from relaxing credit constraints. In Chapter 2 we assess the effects of changes in ethnic neighbourhood composition in England and Wales. A change in social housing allocations in the 1990s serves as instrument for changes in the local ethnic composition. For the analysis we create a dataset of highly disaggregated census geographies for 1991-2011. The results imply that an exogenous increase in social housing minority share by 10 percentage points raises the minority share in private housing by 1.2 percentage points initially. This sorting effect is larger for privately rented than for privately owned housing. We further show that an increase in the minority share leads to higher local population growth and a small decrease in house prices in the longer run. Chapter 3 proposes a new approach for analysing responses to comprehensive labour market reforms. Using detailed micro data we evaluate the German Hartz reforms that aimed at reducing unemployment. The timing of the reforms affects the model parameters, which are estimated using matched data on 430,000 workers in 340,000 firms. Contrary to previous findings, our analysis shows that the reforms marginally reduced unemployment at the cost of a pronounced decline in wages. Low-skilled workers suffered the largest wage losses. Furthermore, we decompose the contribution of each reform wave on employment and wages, and document a structural shift in the factors that govern overall wage dispersion.
41
Huang, Hanwei. "Three essays on firms and international trade." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2018. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3753/.
Анотація:
The first chapter of the thesis investigates the resilience of Chinese manufacturing importers to supply chain disruptions by exploiting the 2003 SARS epidemic as a natural experiment. I show both in theory and empirics that geographical diversification is crucial in building a resilient supply chain. I also find that reduction in trade costs induces firms to further diversify. Connectivity to the transportation network facilitates diversification in input sourcing and reduces the negative impact of SARS. Infrastructure is therefore useful not only in improving the efficiency of the economy, but also in increasing its resilience to shocks. The second chapter studies how changes in factor endowments, technologies, and trade costs jointly determine structural adjustments, which are defined as changes in the distributions of production and exports. During 1999 to 2007, Chinese manufacturing production became more capital-intensive while exports did not. A structurally estimated Ricardian and Heckscher-Ohlin model with heterogeneous firms reconciles this seemingly puzzling pattern. Counterfactual simulations show that capital deepening made Chinese production more capital intensive, but technology changes that biased toward the labour intensive sectors and trade liberalizations provided a counterbalancing force. The last chapter examines how firm heterogeneity shapes comparative advantage. Drawing on matched customs and firm-level data from China, we find that export participation, exported product scope and product mix, and firm mix within industries vary systematically with firms’ labour intensity. This is rationalized by a model in which firms from industries of comparative disadvantage face tougher competition in the export market. The competitive effect induces reallocation within and across firms and generates endogenous Ricardian comparative advantage, which dampens ex ante comparative advantage. Using sufficient statistics to measure and decompose comparative advantage, we find that the dampening mechanism is quantitatively important in shaping comparative advantage for a calibrated Chinese economy.
42
Iodice, Irene. "Three essays on firms in international markets." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E015.
Анотація:
La thèse contient trois essais sur les entreprises internationales. Le premier essai était développé par Iodice et Tomasi et étudie l'évolution de la structure du travail et des salaires des secteurs manufacturiers italiens au début des années 2000s. Il ressort que les travailleurs s’orientent principalement vers les secteurs non qualifiés, en cohérence avec l'avantage comparatif de l'Italie dans les industries plus traditionnelles. La plupart des changements se sont produits au sein d’industries et surtout au sein d’entreprises, alors que les salaires ne s'ajustent pas proportionnellement. Le deuxième essai est un travail conjoint avec Fontagné et Secchi, il décrit la diversification des produits exportés comme le résultat du choix des entreprises hétérogènes. Nous proposons un indice de similarité des produits des entreprises et nous l’interprétons comme une mesure des forces fondamentales plutôt que spécifiques à l'entreprise dans la diversification. Nous calculons les avantages comparatifs révélés (ACR) pour la France et nous constatons que les industries à forte similarité de produits sont les plus résistantes à la perte d'ACR lorsque les plus grandes entreprises ne sont pas prises en compte. Enfin, le troisième essai étudie la nature protectrice des réglementations techniques. Nous construisons une base de données historique des règlements techniques (TBT) intégrée à un panel d'exportateurs français. Il ressort que plus d'un tiers des pays n'ont pas publié la TBT avant sa mise en application. Dès lors, la TBT provoque un arrêt temporaire de l'exportation et cela suggère que les pays peuvent entraver la concurrence étrangère en augmentant l'incertitude du marchéThe thesis contains three essays on international firms. The first essay extends Iodice and Tomasi and studies the evolution of the labor and wage structure of Italian manufactures in the early 2000s. We decompose the skilled-wage bill ratio into labor and wage movements, occurred between and within industries and firms. We find that workers moved mostly towards unskilled intensive sectors, consistently with the comparative advantage of Italy in traditional industries. Most of the changes occurred within industries and mostly within firms, while wages did not adjust proportionally. The second essay is a joint work with Fontagné and Secchi. We describe the aggregate diversification, the products exported towards a destination, as the output of choices of heterogeneous firms. We propose an index of firms product similarity and interpret it as a measure of fundamental rather than firm-specific forces in diversification. We compute the Revealed Comparative Advantages (RCA) for France and we find that industries with high firms' product similarity are more resilient to loose the RCA when removing individual firms. The third essay studies the protective nature of non transparent technical regulations. I build a database on the history of Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) that have been contested to the WTO and I match it with a panel of French exporters. I find that in more than 1/3 of the cases, countries have not disclosed the TBT before the enforcement. In these cases, TBTs cause a temporary halt of the exporting activity. This suggests that countries can hinder foreign competition by rising the uncertainty in the market and firms' incentives to delay their export investment
43
Buisson, Bernard. "Essays on innovation management in established firms." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/233155.
Анотація:
Abstract for Chapter 2:Most of the debate related to innovation now focuses on the disruption theory.This theory is the result of years of research and multiple contributions over the last forty years, the most important ones coming from Clayton Christensen.Still it comes with limitations. This paper therefore examines the usefulness of the theory compared with the contributions of the strategy literature.It concludes that the disruption theory is mostly descriptive, that using it as a prescriptive theory to build a strategy can be quite dangerous, and that incumbents could probably design more relevant strategies using contributions from the strategy literature. Abstract for Chapter 3:Innovation is widely recognized as a major driver of long-term corporate growth. Successful innovators who manage to dominate new markets enjoy Schumpeterian rents for their inventions. How then can a firm dominate a new market? Two streams of literature have proposed opposite answers to this question.The First Mover approach indicates that by setting up a strong differentiation strategy,companies are supposed to create a new area where profits abound. This approach issupported especially by Kim and Mauborgne (2004) who coined the term Blue Ocean to describe it.The Fast Second approach, defended by Markides and Geroski (2005), contends, onthe contrary, that companies should not try to become pioneers, but should target the newly created market in second position, and colonize it.But neither Blue Ocean nor Fast Second are able to convincingly explain successfulmarket domination. Our study of 24 innovation cases suggests that innovation which leads to market domination is instead achieved by using four kinds of breakthroughs, separately of simultaneously.Abstract for Chapter 4:The question addressed in this study is: "Is there a relationship between the level of R&D internationalization and the innovation performance?"Using a sample of 237 companies, representing 126,824 priority patents with country information, it turns out that no link can be found between innovation performance and the proportion of foreign R&D (the proportion of patents which were not invented in the company home country), but that innovation performance is positively related to the geographical dispersion of R&D (the number of countries where a given company invented patents), and that this relationship is statistically significant at the 1% level. This paper also discards the possibility of any reverse causality.Abstract for Chapter 5:This paper investigates the dynamics of innovation, profits and economic performance of multinational corporations. Using a panel of 1130 companies with financial data over a three-year period (2011, 2012 and 2013), this paper confirms that contemporaneous relationships exist between innovation performance and profits, but comes up with two unexpected results: 1) innovation performance is positively related to profits and 2) profits are negatively related to innovation performance.Models are estimated using alternative methods as suggested by the literature. The modelling methods are not implemented to suggest a simultaneous structure per se, and are implemented to mitigate concerns related to circularity (endogeneity) issues. Innovation performance and profits are used as independent variables including a proxy for economic performance as dependent variable. Empirically, this paper indicates that economic performance is positively related to both innovation performance and profits, and that this relationship is statistically significant at the 1% level.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Kudrimoti, Sanjay. "Two essays on financial condition of firms." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2008. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002734.
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Phan, Khanh Thi Quoc. "Three Essays on the Organisation of Firms." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/15747.
Анотація:
This thesis examines the organisation of firms under various circumstances Endogenous mergers in an international context In a two country model where firms vary in their production efficiency, amodel of endogenousmergers is developed to examine equilibriummerger configurations and their welfare implications. In autarky, it is found that profitable mergers are welfare decreasing. On the other hand, in the presence of international trade in goods, domestic mergers increase welfare in a country as long as the country is not too large or the country has all the most efficient firms. Cross-border mergers result in the two most efficient firms acquiring all other firms and only increase welfare in the relatively small country. Mergers in a mixed oligopoly Potential mergers among a high cost public firm and two low cost private firms are examined. Mergers can either involve two firms merging with a share of ownership or one firmpurchasing the other through a lumpsum payment. It is shown that two private firms having the same costs do not merge, regardless of the merger type. However, a potential merger between a public and a private firm is possible depending on the marginal cost of the merged firm and the cost difference between the public and private firm. The role of intermediaries in the choice between outsourcing and ver- tical integration Within an incomplete contracts framework, this chapter examines how firms choose to organise their production – to internally produce the intermediate inputs through vertical integration, or to engage in arm’s-length viii transactions either directly with the input suppliers or through intermediary firms. Themodel suggests that the firm’s choice depends on the relative intensity of headquarter services and intermediate inputs in the final good, as well as the elasticity ofmarket demand for the final good. In particular, it is found that an intermediary firm is used when the final-good production is very intermediate-input intensive and the final-goods market demand is relatively elastic.
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BOTTA, ENRICO. "Essays on enviromental regulation and firms' performance." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/581498.
Анотація:
The increasing concerns over the environmental sustainability of current development trajectories have brought numerous countries to adopt “greener growth strategies”. However, given the numerous failures that hinder the well- functioning of market mechanisms in relation to the environment, environmental regulations are considered as necessary to align private and public marginal benefit (and cost) curves. This dissertation aims at contributing to the on-going debate in literature on the impact of environmental policies on economic growth.
To this end, the first essay of this thesis reviews the literature on the link between economic performance and environmental policy. The assessment underlines the different views on the effects of environmental regulations on firms’ productivity proposed by the neoclassical economic theory and by the so- called Porter’s hypothesis. The former considers environmental regulations as necessary to cope with market failures related to environmental externalities but as detrimental to firms’ productivity. Michael Porter challenged this interpretation almost 25 years ago by arguing that “well-designed” policies do not necessarily hinder the competitiveness of firms but might actually increase it. Within this context, the essay first reviews the wide empirical literature on the Porter’s hypothesis and highlights the often contrasting results. In fact, the number of studies estimating a negative effect of tighter environmental norms on firms’ competitiveness appears to be almost equal to those finding a positive impact. Then, the multifaceted nature of environmental regulation is discussed as a potential explanation for the non-homogeneous results across studies. In fact, notwithstanding Porter and van de Linde (1995) underline how “well- designed” regulations may lead to higher competitiveness for firms, the vast majority of studies mainly focus on the stringency of enforced norms. Instead, a number of other aspects of regulations are likely to play a key role in determining their overall impact on economic performance. Building on the literature examining what features a “well-designed” environmental regulation should exhibit, the essay finally discusses the role that elements such as stringency, flexibility or policy-induced uncertainty may have in shaping the economic outcomes of environmental policies. The proceedings of this work constitute the backbone of an article published in the journal “Energia” (edited by Stefano Clò, published in Italian) in September 2016
The review of the first chapter underlines the presence of several gaps in the literature in relation to the impact of environmental regulation on innovation. In fact, while market-based instruments are often highlighted by scholars as providing higher dynamic incentives than non-market-based regulation, few papers have been able to empirically test such claims within the same study also given the difficulties of comparing environmental policy norms across countries. Secondly, in a resources-constrained world, environmental policy is more likely to steer the direction of technological change toward rather than increase green innovation. Nonetheless, studies on the Porter’s hypothesis have often omitted to
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consider the impact of environmental policies on the technologies not explicitly targeted by the introduced regulation. To this end, the second essay focuses on the consequences of increasingly stringent regulation on the technologies the environmental policy aims to promote and on other innovation. Building on the discussion of what a well-designed regulation entails, the paper distinguishes between market- and non-market-based policies. In order to capture the full extent of induced innovation, we adopt a cross-sectoral approach. This is due to the assumption that innovations designed in order to comply with environmental regulation are not necessary developed in the regulated industry. In line with theoretical results, market-based instruments are shown to be the main driver of increased innovation in the technological field that environmental policy wishes to promote. At the same time, the estimations suggest that non- market-based regulations mainly decrease inventive efforts directed towards non-environmental technologies, possibly because of a negative impact on “polluting technologies”. In addition, the results show the presence of path- dependency in innovation. This work has been presented at the 2016 AIEAR Annual Conference in February 2016 and at the University College of London within the seminar series “Innovation and Technological Change Research” in April 2016.
The third essay adopts an experimental approach and focuses on a second feature often highlighted as characterizing well-designed regulation in the literature, namely (limited) uncertainty. More precisely, the paper assesses how policy-induced risk may affect investment decisions in renewable power plants. To this end, the paper first reviews the main characteristics of auction frameworks across Europe since these are being increasingly adopted by OECD and Non-OECD countries to support renewable energy deployment but are limitedly studied in the literature. The review underlines how auction designs can vary along a number of dimensions, including how planning, winner selection, construction and operation stages are regulated. Since the policy features connected to the winner selection stage are the most novel and most unique to renewable energy technologies (RET) support through auction, these are discussed in more detail. Then, a stated preference approach is leveraged to investigate how auction design and the uncertainty regarding the future arrangements between the UK and the EU contribute to determine the cost of equity for renewable energy projects. The results show that improved design can lead to a moderate decrease in the cost of equity. The largest decrease is provided by the introduction of moderate financial bid-bonds but the analysis also underlines how long-term auction programs strengthen the cost reduction effects typical of tendering competition. The adoption of “technology-specific” auctions seems also to decrease business risks. The evidence on Brexit is rather weak and, if anything, suggests the higher relevance of these negotiations for English-based investors rather than for those based in EU27.
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Lafleur, Sylvain. "Le film-essai : outil d'historicisation politique." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/7364.
Анотація:
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de MontréalPour respecter les droits d'auteur, la version électronique de cette thèse ou ce mémoire a été dépouillée, le cas échéant, de ses documents visuels et audio-visuels. La version intégrale de la thèse ou du mémoire a été déposée au Service de la gestion des documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.
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Piveteau, Paul. "Essays on Global Firms." Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8GF0THH.
Анотація:
The field of International Trade aims to study the consequences of the spatial disconnection between the activities of production and consumption, which has been allowed by the increasing opening of the economies. However, while most of the history of the field has focused on the role played by production in shaping trade patterns, only recently researchers have emphasized the importance of demand characteristics. This dissertation follows these recent works by containing three essays that specifically study the importance of demand characteristics on export patterns at the microeconomic level.
In the first chapter of this dissertation, I explore the importance of the dynamic aspects of demand on the export decisions made by firms. Standard dynamic models of trade identify sunk entry costs as the main export barrier faced by firms. However, these large entry costs are inconsistent with the existence of many small new exporters with low survival rates in foreign markets. In this chapter, I study the role of destination-specific demand dynamics by introducing, in a dynamic model of trade, the idea that firms gradually accumulate consumers in foreign markets. Estimating the model using export data from individual French firms, I show that this consumer margin is consistent with the dynamics of sales, prices and survival of exporters, but also leads to much lower estimates of the entry costs of exporting - about one third of those estimated in the standard model. Moreover, this change in the nature of trade barriers has important implications at the aggregate level. In contrast to the standard model, this model correctly replicates the slow response of trade to shocks and the increasing contribution of the extensive margin in this response. Finally, I demonstrate using out-of-sample predictions that the model better predicts actual trade responses to an observed shock than the standard model.
The second chapter presents a novel instrumental variable strategy to estimate product quality at the micro level using trade data. Written with Gabriel Smagghue from University Carlos III of Madrid, this work develops a new firm-specific instrument, based on variations in exchange rates combined with firm-specific import shares, that delivers, under weak assumptions, consistent estimates of demand elasticity and firm product quality. Implementing our method using French customs data, we document the reliability of these measures through correlations with firm characteristics and alternative measures of quality. Finally, we use our estimates to document the quality response of French firms when facing low-wage competition on foreign markets.
Finally, in the third chapter of this dissertation, I document the positive correlation between the size of a firm and its advertising intensity - measured by the amount spent in advertising as percentages of sales. Taking advantage of firm-level information about advertising expenditures from the Chilean manufacturing census, I show that this correlation holds between firms operating within a similar industry, and is stronger in industries with a larger scope for vertical differentiation. Building on these findings, I develop a model of advertising with heterogeneous firms, based on Arkolakis (2010). In addition to using advertising to inform consumers about the existence of their good, firms can use advertising to affect consumers' valuation of their products. Consistent with the empirical findings, this latter feature of advertising leads to a positive link between the advertising intensity of a firm and its size. Moreover, this link is amplified by a parameter describing the degree of vertical differentiation of the product.
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Tung, Yu-Ching, and 董宇卿. "A Critique Essay on Animated Film " Dreamland "." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/gks298.
Анотація:
碩士國立臺北藝術大學
新媒體藝術學系碩士班
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This essay presents the creative process and discusses the final outcome of the author’s thesis project – a 3-dimensional digital animated short film entitled "Dreamland." The story of this animation is set in a fictive world, which is situated between the fantasy and the reality. The author tries to present the animation in a style of fairy tale, which is achieved through the use of a digital technique imitating the hue of water color that allows colors to move fluently on screen, thus making the audience feel like reading a children''s picture book. The first chapter of this essay discusses the motivation behind, and the author’s goal of, creating this animated work. The second chapter elaborates on the theme of the animation and reviews the literature of psychoanalysis, in which several scholars theorized how people deal with inner conflicts when compromising one’s own goal in order to conform to the demand from a group into which (s)he tries to integrate. The author also discusses in this chapter how characters in several feature and animated films resolve such conflicts and/or achieve a compromise. The third chapter presents the idea and story outline, as well as discusses the design of characters, background setting, and the reference materials of the animation. The forth chapter describes the production process of the thesis animation and the difficulties the author had encountered, as well as the adjustment she made in order to complete the work. Finally, the author made a self-critique in the fifth chapter, hoping to avoid making the similar mistakes in the future works.
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宋淳. "A Critique essay on the film script ." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qj27t3.